volumes, Columbia University, New York (1915–1990). A large collection of translations of classical and medieval Western and Asian works. (cf. German Wikipedia, Records of Civilization: Sources and Studies) Encyclopedias The first encyclopedia article on the Crusades is credited to Denis Diderot in the 18th century. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, three notable encyclopedia articles appeared. These are Philip Schaff's article in the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge; Louis Bréhier's two works on the Crusades and their Bibliography and Sources in the Catholic Encyclopedia; and the work of Ernest Barker in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, later expanded into a separate publication. All three have interesting bibliographies showing histories deemed important at the time. Denis Diderot. Denis Diderot (1713–1784), French author who regarded the effects of the Crusades as "uniformly dire" (Oeuvres, Volume 14). Encyclopédie (1751–1772). The entry on Crusades in Volume 2 is based on Voltaire's Histoire des Croisades. Oeuvres, 26 volumes, edited by French philosopher and editor Jacques-André Naigeon (1738–1810), published 1821–1834. Philip Schaff. Philip Schaff (1819–1893), a Swiss theologian and ecclesiastical historian. History of the Christian Church, 8 volumes (1858–1867). Volume 5: The Middle Ages from Gregory VII (1049) to Boniface VIII (1294). Chapter VII: The Crusades, covers the First Crusade through the fall of Acre in 1291. Includes discussion on literature. Schaff-Herzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge (1884). Editor of the general work and author of influential article on the Crusades in Volume 3, pp. 315–318. Covers the first eight Crusades (combining the last two into one). Topics include: The First Crusade, 1096–1099; The Second and Third Crusades, 1147–1149, 1189–1192; The Fourth Crusade, 1202–1204; The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Crusades, 1228–1270; Power of Papacy Increased, also Intolerance; Devotion Stimulated, Absolution Extended; The Renaissance and Reformation; with extensive bibliography. James Wood. James Wood (1820–1901), a Scottish editor and encyclopaedist. The Nuttall Encyclopædia (1900). A concise and comprehensive dictionary of general knowledge named for Dr. Peter Austin Nuttall. Includes a brief discussion of the first eight Crusades. Louis R. Bréhier. Louis R. Bréhier (1869–1951), a French historian specializing in Byzantine studies. Crusades (1908). In the Catholic Encyclopedia (1907–1912), edited by Charles G. Herbermann (1840–1916). An overview of the history of the Crusades, numbered as eight. Topics include: I. Origin of the Crusades; II. Foundation of Christian states in the East; III. First destruction of the Christian states (1144–1187); IV. Attempts to restore the Christian states and