in forests outside their home area, provided that they usually pursue this gainful activity without the help of non-family workers." Raw Materials and Processing The raw resin is light yellow in color. It is rich in organic hydrocarbons, but it has a low oxygen content and is nitrogen-free. Additionally, raw resin is largely a mix of terpene-derived substances, with many having acidic properties. The resin owes its spicy, aromatic smell to the abundant essential oils it contains. The resin flow within a tree differs based on the time of year and the weather, with warmth and humidity having beneficial effects. Between 3 and 4 kilograms of Pitch could be obtained from a single trunk in one year. So, in order for a Resin Worker to live modestly with his family, he had to extract resin from about 3000 trees. The workdays usually began before sunrise with the commute to the work area in the pine forest, and Resin Workers would often work 10 to 12 hours. The tree resin was melted from the raw resin balm in special huts through a distillation process, the so-called the "Boiling Pitch". During this process, the impurities were first skimmed off or sieved before the oil and water were evaporated and collected in a collection container. The lighter turpentine oil floated to the top of the mixture during this process, and it was poured out. The "Boiling Pitch," now freed from water and Turpentine oils, became a dark yellow, hard and brittle mass after cooling -- this is known as: "Rosin." This collected Terpentine Oil and the Rosin were primarily used in the paper, varnish, soap, wire, and shoe-polish industries. Seasonal Work and Working Methods The work of a Resin Worker varied based on the season. The most important work in the winter was the preparation of equipment, especially the making of pitch notches via the use of a special tool called a "Notch Planar." Pitch notches were wooden planks, which were inserted against the tree after bark removal (between the bare trunk and the remaining bark on the edges) to help direct resin flow. The most complex work took place in the spring, when the actual resin collection was done, and different methods were used. Pitch Container Variations and General Collection Methods "Grandl" or "Scrap" Method In the earliest method of resin extraction, the resin was collected near the base of the trunk