Okanagan dry forests is a temperate coniferous forest ecoregion in the Pacific Northwest of North America, as defined by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) categorization system. It is closely associated with the Okanagan region of British Columbia and Washington. Only 20% of the ecosystem is still intact, and continues to be under threat for preservation due to land clearing and urban expansion, alongside the increasing threats of fire and extreme weather due to climate change. Geography This ecoregion occupies the south-central interior of British Columbia and adjacent Washington state between the Rocky Mountains to the east and the Pacific Ranges to the west. It is composed of gently rolling hills of Tertiary sediments and volcanic rocks between 1220-1525 metres (4000-5000 ft) in elevation. These hills are incised by numerous bodies of water such as the Columbia River, Thompson River, and Okanagan Lake. Climate The ecoregion has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with very warm to hot, dry summers and moderately cool winters with little snowfall. A strong elevational gradient in precipitation occurs, ranging from 250 mm (9.8 in) to over 1000 mm (39.4 in) per year. On average, precipitation is in the range of 400 mm (15.75 in) on the plateaus. The mean annual temperature is around 7°C (44.6°F), mean summer temperature ranges from 15°C (59°F) to 16.5°C (61.7°F), and mean winter temperature is around -2.5°C (27.5°F). The driest place in Canada outside of the Arctic is in the Kamloops region of Thompson Country, which falls within the northwestern bounds of this ecoregion. The Okanagan dry forests ecoregion is sometimes referred to as a desert due to its hot, dry climate relative to the rest of Canada. However, it and the neighbouring Columbia Plateau ecoregion near Osoyoos are semi-arid ecoregions and are not true deserts. Ecology Flora Vegetative cover in this region encompasses forests and grasslands that change in character with increasing altitude. Lower elevations contain communities of ponderosa pine, bluebunch wheatgrass, blue grass, June-grass, and Great Basin sagebrush. Mid-slope elevations are home to communities of Douglas-fir and pinegrass. Higher elevations are home to communities lodgepole pine, quaking aspen, white spruce, and Douglas-fir. The southernmost portion of the ecoregion within Canada features a unique antelope brush plant community. Fauna Mammals in this region include Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), moose (Alces alces),