claims of Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei and Malaysia. Further escalating the conflict, the PRC announced the establishment of Sansha City, which included the entirety of the Paracel Islands and Spratly Islands. East China Sea The PRC frequently deploy ships since the 2010s to contest Japanese claim over the Senkaku Islands. India China maintains territorial disputes with India with regard to Aksai Chin and the McMahon Line. The Chinese government claims the Aksai Chin as part of Xinjiang and Tibet, while the government of India claims the territory as part of Ladakh. The McMahon Line, negotiated at the 1914 Simla Convention, demarcated the border between India and Tibet, a border which the Chinese government has rejected as being legally binding. Tensions between the two countries have erupted into war several times, with the largest war being the Sino-Indian War of 1962 in which China was victorious and gained control over Aksai Chin, and the 1967 conflict in which India won. The 2020 border clashes, which caused casualties for both sides, further strained Sino–Indian relations. China has reinforced its claim by publishing maps depicting South Tibet as Chinese territory. China also pushed forward to reinforce its claim over Sikkim and Ladakh, and consolidating border control in Aksai Chin. Bhutan On June 29, 2017, Bhutan protested to China against the construction of a road in the disputed territory of Doklam. On the same day, the Bhutanese border was put on high alert and border security was tightened as a result of the growing tensions. In 2020, China claimed that the Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary was also part of the territory in dispute. See also Colonialism Chinese expansionism Chinese nationalism Han chauvinism Anti-Chinese sentiment Sinicization Sinocentrism Tributary system of China Pax Sinica Golden ages of China Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China Notes References China Chinese nationalism Politics of China