potential inaccuracies and fallacies in research models. Criticism While many cities have implemented policies along the 15-minute city concept, disagreement remains over whether the model benefits residents. Georgia Pozoukidou and Zoi Chatziyiannaki write in the journal Sustainability that the creation of dense, walkable urban cores often leads to gentrification or displacement of lower-income residents to outlying neighborhoods due to rising property values; to counteract this, Pozoukidou and Chatziyiannaki argue for affordable housing provisions to be integral to FMC policies. Further, price increases, like those associated with gentrification, could be harmful to marginalized groups like people with disabilities, forcing move-outs. Similarly, as the concept's origin is largely European, critics have argued that implementing the model could be colonialist and perpetuate harm to marginalized communities. In addition, critics have noted that models are not universal, as cities with less urban sprawl, like those in Europe, are more likely to implement the concept than are cities with extensive sprawl, like those in Asia and North America. Noted exceptions include Chengdu, which utilized the 15-minute city concept to curb sprawl, and Melbourne, where Sally Capp, the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, stressed the importance of public transit in expanding the radius of the 15-minute city. Conspiracy theories Unfounded conspiracy theories about the 15-minute concept theories have flourished, including claims that the model will fine residents for leaving their home districts. British Conservative Party MP Nick Fletcher called 15-minute cities an "international socialist concept" during a debate in the UK Parliament in February 2023. See also References External links </ref>. Sustainable urban planning New Urbanism Transportation planning