restorative justice using victim–offender mediation (VOM) and victim–offender reconciliation mediation (VORM). Challenges with implementation of the JJA Though the JJA made many reforms to the juvenile justice system, some argue that it continues to fail to implement these reforms. Part of the challenges of implementation are due to a lack of resources and funding. For example, probation officers are supposed to follow up with a child on probation. But in one study performed by Dr. Beatrice Adumea Kumi, probation officers state that they do not have enough resources to trace the parents or relatives of the juvenile. Probation officers in this study reported that they often have to use their own funds to properly follow up with a juvenile on probation. In addition the same report stated that officers had a lack of proper training. For example, there is a law in the JJA that states that juveniles should not remain in custody for more than 48 hours after arrest. In a case study performed by Dr. Stephanie Hoffman and Corrine Baerg, many police officers did not even know this law. Another study performed by Dr. Robert K. Ameh, analyzed the status of the JJA and focused on the Juvenile Justice System in Accra. Their findings suggest that the JJA is not meeting the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice or the JJA's standards. For example, Section 7.1 of this UN standard says that juveniles have a right to the presumption of innocence, a right to counsel, a right to the presence of a parent or guardian among many others. The study done in Accra noted that most juveniles did not have parents or guardians present or legal representation. The study noted that parents were only notified after the juvenile had been arrested. In addition, both the JJA and UN standard says that parents or guardians must be immediately informed of a juveniles arrest or contact with the juvenile justice system. In reality the researchers observed that the police rarely do this. They also observe that bail is rarely granted despite UN standards outlined in Section 10.2 and the laws of the JJA. In addition, though they identified a lack of organization in the court noting that dockets were often missing or wrong. The study also pointed out that though the JJA outlined non-institutional and institutional ways to deal with juveniles in conflict with the