as specialised hunters in long-distance trading networks to stress three accelerations of this process. Direct colonization of Sámi lands took place by settlers (Norse-speaking fishermen and farmers in northern Norway and Karelians in the east), who increasingly integrated Sámi people into their own economic and administrative structures. The regions inhabited by Sámi people were increasingly brought under the control of different political spheres of influence from emergent states: Norway, Sweden (which was also expanding among the Suomi Finns, Hämäläiset and Karelians), and Novgorod. And Christianisation began as a cultural arm of these demographic, economic and political developments. The chapter uses a series of archaeological case-studies, discussing reindeer trapping in East Finnmark and particularly Varanger, arguing that this ancient technology was expanded to a dramatic degree around the fifteenth century. The authors discuss the appearance (and disappearance) during the period of innovative, multi-roomed houses in the same region, arguing that they reflect complex interactions of Sámi, Norwegian, Russian, and perhaps even turf-building Icelandic fisherment, in the region and cannot be associated with a single ethnic group. They consider the development of a range of sedentary fishing and farming practices based in round turf houses in Troms. The chapter explores the beginnings of a slow shift towards reindeer pastoralism that was had profound effects on those communities that undertook it. Hansen and Olsen argue that external demands of trade and taxation increased the pressure to produce a surplus of animal products; pressure from neighbouring societies discouraged social conservatism; complex trapping systems demanded and encouraged an organisational elite, concepts of property (either of systems, land, or caught animals); and the trapping systems enabled the capture of live animals. They emphasise, however, that these changes were far from inevitable, happening to the east in the Skolt Sámi areas much later. The chapter also surveys evidence for Sámi ritual life in the context of expanding Christian culture. The focus of Chapter 5, 'State Integration and Sámi Rights ca. 1550–1750' shifts to written, historical evidence. It explores the extensively evidenced process of early-modern Scandinavian states consolidating their powers and jurisdictions and formalising their borders, and the diverse ways in which Sámi people complicated Scandinavian-speakers' statist programmes. It studies the varied impacts of state integration on Sámi populations in different regions. Chapter 6, 'Missionaries and Shamans: Sámi Religion and the Campaign against it' recapitulates the history of Sámi encounters with Christianity, reaching back into the Middle Ages;