education but also in the broader field of culture and various ideological movements: books were published in Hebrew and Yiddish, mainly in the fields of rabbinic literature, commentary and Hasidism, but also poetry and prose files. The most famous Lodz poet was Itzhak Katzenelson, who lived in Lodz from 1896 to 1939 when he escaped the city. He founded the Habima Hebrew Theater in Lodz. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he fled to Warsaw. He devoted himself to literary activity in the Warsaw ghetto and even led a dramatic troupe in the ghetto. In 1943 he was sent to the Vital detention camp in France, and from there to Auschwitz, where he was murdered. In addition, daily newspapers, weekly magazines and periodicals in Yiddish and Hebrew appeared in Lodz. II World War and holocaust Lodz Ghetto The ghetto was officially demarcated on February 8, 1940, and was the first to be built by the Nazis and the last to be destroyed. Its area was less than 4 square kilometers, most streets had no sewers. To speed up the transition to the Nazi ghetto, a pogrom was carried out on March 1, during which many Jews were killed, and on April 30 the ghetto was closed to 164,000 Jews. The inhabitants of the ghetto suffered from hunger, and soon the inhabitants were left without means of subsistence, which led to demonstrations and riots, the situation improved somewhat after the establishment of production plants for the needs of Germany. In August 1942, 91 ghetto factories employed about 78,000 workers. About 15,000 people were sent to labor camps, only a few returned, and for many years there were periods when Germans brought remnants from various communities to the ghetto, which increased Residents suffered from famine, overcrowding and sanitation that caused epidemics, typhus and tuberculosis, and Rumkowski created a network designed to meet the needs of the population between 1940 and 1942, headed 7 hospitals, five pharmacies, an education department with 47 schools, a food department, a welfare department, nursing homes, dormitories, courts, and prisons, etc. Jewish police maintained order in the ghetto, but handed over deportations and recruitment to forced labor and even confiscated Jewish property, some opposed to Rumkowski. People's Republic of Poland In the first years after World War II, when Warsaw had not yet been rebuilt from its ruins, Łódź actually served as the capital of