colonists attempted to reform the delinquents through both the body and the mind. This included physical discipline, as well as labor and education. She also stated it was geared towards reforming the juvenile delinquents into being economically productive and morally abiding citizens. Criminal Procedure Code (Act 30) of 1960, Juvenile Justice in Independent Ghana The Criminal Procedure Code (Act 30) reformed the previous juvenile justice systems implemented by the British. The Criminal Procedure Act raised the age of juveniles from 16 to 17. The code gave the juvenile court exclusive control over the cases and decisions involving juveniles. The structure of the court involved an appointed Chief Justice of the court and included a panel of three people, the magistrate, and two lay magistrates. The court was tasked with ruling if the juvenile is guilty. Court hearings were private and not open to the public. The code also allowed the juveniles who were accused a lawyer. The court dealt with juveniles delinquents through two overarching methods, non-institutional and institutional ways. Non-institutional ways included supervision by a probation officer, committal to the care of a relative or other fit person, payment of fines, damages or costs, or payment of fines by parents or guardians deemed to have contributed to the commission of a crime by the juvenile. The institutional options included industrial schools, probation homes, remand homes, or the Borstal Institute. It is important to note that girls had many fewer institutional options available to them. The Code also empowered the Juvenile Court with not only seeing juveniles who broke the law, but overseeing cases of juveniles in need of care and protection. Those in need of care and protection have not committed any crimes or broken any rules of the code rather were placed into the juvenile justice system out of pure necessity. This ultimately caused those in need of care to be treated very similarly to those who committed a crime. The 1960 Criminal Code was adapted to conform to the current fourth republican constitution of Ghana established in 1992. Problems with the Criminal Procedure Code (Act 30) of 1960 Many argued that the Code lacked adequate resources to carry out the processes the code laid out. For example, one mandate of the code was that officers must make contact with parents/guardians when a juvenile is arrested. Though the code mandated this, Drs Baerg and Hoffman noted that in