They would replace a lost servant or family member with another to fulfill the sexual or labor needs. With the Creek Indians, slaves were treated almost as prisoners of war but through time and hard work, could elevate their status in society and become part of the family that owned them. As European influence strengthened, Native Americans joined the slave trade and became owners of black slaves themselves. If a Native woman married an African man, him and their children would be free of servitude, and could rise in the ranks of the community. After the American Revolution, Native Americans signed the Treaty of Holston in 1791, which had the Cherokee adopt a sedentary and farming-based life in which the United States would provide the basics for them. These basics included slaves for manual labor, and a majority of Euro-Cherokee individuals used them. Though some pure-blooded Cherokee members held slaves, a majority of slaveholders were of European descent, as they were taught the benefits of slavery from their family. For decades, these slaves provided labor, relations, and translation to settlers, becoming a part of Indian culture and history. Because slaves mostly did the work that women did, they were looked down on as inferiors in some tribes. The reason for the switch from traditional captive-taking to chattel slavery is disputed, but many believe it was on the basis of assimilation. Assimilation occurred either from government force or in an effort to prevent removal. Tribes became "westernized" as Europeans and American settlers moved through and tribal leaders of mixed race rose to power. In 2017, a federal court ruling ensured that African Americans who were descendants of those owned by the Cherokee were entitled to tribal citizenship and the rights thereof. 1842 Slave Rebellion On the Joseph Vann plantation in 1842, slaves locked their masters in their homes and stole supplies. The escaping Cherokee slaves met Creek slaves and headed to Mexico, where slavery was illegal. The group of 35 runaways were eventually caught or executed by a Cherokee-ordered militia. Civil War The first Confiscation Act was passed August 6, 1861 and declared that the Union could seize property used in the rebellion. Most of this property was slaves. The second corresponding act was passed July 17, 1862 and authorized the seizure of property from traitors, not just the Confederacy. It also stated that slaves captured by the Union would be