fans "no doubt ... would have been impressed by some elements of [the film trilogy] and annoyed by others"; Alberto called it remarkable that Thompson consciously treats both scholars and fans as audiences worthy of consideration. Creating a modern folklore tradition The scholar of literature Dimitra Fimi wrote that Jackson had succeeded in transforming Tolkien's book for the screen, in the process creating a modern folklore tradition. She noted that Tolkien made use of medieval myth, legend, and fairytale. In turn, his Middle-earth has, she states, influenced both fantasy authors and the role-playing game industry, redefining or creating widely-used races such as Elves, Dwarves, Wizards, and Halflings. Jackson was thus taking on what Weta Workshop's creative supervisor, Richard Taylor, called "an opportunity to bring a piece of modern English folklore to the screen". Fimi notes especially the monstrous Balrog, the graceful Elves, and the Dead Men who follow Aragorn. Tolkien leaves unclear whether the Balrog had wings; it appears as a being of monstrous size, wreathed in flame and shadow. Jackson consulted with fans and decided to give it satanic bat-wings; this has become its definitive form in fantasy artwork and games. Tolkien's Elves are rooted firmly, Fimi writes, in Anglo-Saxon, Middle English, and Norse tradition, but influenced also by Celtic fairies in the Tuatha Dé Danann. Jackson's Elves are "Celtic" in the romanticised sense of the Celtic Revival. Fimi compares Jackson's representation of Gildor's party of Elves riding through the Shire "moving slowly and gracefully towards the West, accompanied by ethereal music" with John Duncan's 1911 painting The Riders of the Sidhe. She notes that Jackson's conceptual designer, the illustrator Alan Lee, had made use of the painting in the 1978 book Faeries. Tolkien does not attempt to describe the Dead, noting only the reactions of dread they inspire in Aragorn's men and the Dwarf Gimli in the dark and chilling "Paths of the Dead". Jackson's Dead are instead "visible in a misty greenish light, partly skeletons, partly ghosts and partly rotten-fleshed zombies", following cinematic tradition. Fimi commented that the more embodied form for the Dead Men probably prevailed because they had to fight a battle (for the Corsair's ships); she noted that Jackson's first successes as a director were horror films. The scholar of fantasy literature Amy Sturgis noted that the Tolkien fan fiction community rests on the shoulders of both Tolkien and Jackson; their writings explore the