centuries. However actual slave revolts were not politically motivated and typically bore little resemblance to the highly structured plots that whites fabricated in their heads.Peter Charles Hoffer, The Great New York Conspiracy of 1741: Slavery, Crime, and Colonial Law (2003). Settlers on the frontier often connected isolated incidents to indicate Indian conspiracies to attack them, but these lacked a French diplomatic dimension after 1763, or a Spanish connection after 1820. American Revolution Thomas Hutchinson, the royal governor of Massachusetts, was a leader of the forces loyal to the King and focused his attention on uncovering Patriot conspiracies by the likes of James Otis Jr. and Samuel Adams. The Patriot cause through speeches, pamphlets and newspapers presented a well-developed hyperbolic rhetoric focused on the conspiracy of Parliament to deny Americans the rights of Englishmen. In 1783, after the war ended, unpaid officers met with General George Washington and asked him to force Congress to satisfy their demands. Washington squelched the threat, which historians have called the Newburgh Conspiracy. According to a reviewer of A Crisis of Peace: George Washington, the Newburgh Conspiracy, and the Fate of the American Revolution, (2019) by David Head, the book: 20th century First Red Scare in 1919-1920 John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories New World Order (conspiracy theory) 21st century The Big Lie, election denial by Donald Trump and the MAGA movement, "Stop the steal!," associated with attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election See also Among the Truthers: A Journey Through America's Growing Conspiracist Underground History of homeland security in the United States The Paranoid Style in American Politics, 1964 essay by Richard Hofstadter Xenophobia in the United States References Further reading Aaronovitch, David. Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History (Penguin, 2011) Arnold, Gordon B. Conspiracy theory in film, television, and politics (ABC-CLIO, 2008). Barkun, Michael. A culture of conspiracy: Apocalyptic visions in contemporary America (Univ of California Press, 2013). Brotherton, Rob. Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories (Bloomsbury USA, 2015). online Butter, Michael, and Peter Knight. "Bridging the great divide: conspiracy theory research for the 21st century." Diogenes 62.3-4 (2015): 17–29. online Butter, Michael, and Peter Knight, eds. Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories (2021) excerpt Butter, Michael, and Maurus Reinkowski, eds. Conspiracy theories in the United States and the Middle East: A comparative approach (de Gruyter, 2014). excerpt