hoard, something that fitted naturally into the story in the book, they awkwardly get their swords from Aragorn on Weathertop as the party is threatened with imminent attack: he just happens to be carrying four Hobbit-sized swords with him, all the more surprising as he had only been expecting to meet Frodo and Sam. Transformations of characters Film-makers can transform the book's characters to suit the film's purposes. Scholars such as Janet Brennan Croft state that many of Jackson's characters are "demonstrably different" from Tolkien's: she lists Arwen, Faramir, Denethor, Théoden, Treebeard, Gimli, and "even Frodo, Sam, and Gollum". But the character she picks out as radically transformed is the hero Aragorn, who appears as a humble Ranger of the North, and ends as King of Gondor and Arnor. She suggests that the changes reflect Joseph Campbell's "heroic 'monomyth'" in which the hero ventures into a supernatural realm, fights strange forces, wins, and returns with enhanced power. The American variant is that the hero begins as a lone outsider, seeks justice for the community, is morally pure, and returns accepted by the community. Croft writes that Tolkien's quest fits Campbell's model quite closely, but that it is Frodo who sets out as the fairytale hero, the ordinary person who as Verlyn Flieger writes "stumbles into heroic adventure and does the best he can"; Tolkien then switches about Frodo's and Aragorn's roles as heroes. Jackson puts the Shire under violent threat from the start. Tolkien has Aragorn always aiming for marriage with Arwen; Jackson, in keeping with the chastity required in the American monomyth, has Aragorn avoid both Arwen and Éowyn, who carries a torch for him. Both critics and film-makers are aware that transformations can be controversial. The scholar of literature Victoria Gaydosik notes that the screenwriters Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens joke about "crimes against the book" on the extended edition DVD, and investigates the transformation of Arwen in the films. In the film of The Fellowship of the Ring, Arwen takes on elements of the "warrior princess" role not found in the book. This prompted debate on fan sites about how she might feature in The Two Towers; a photograph showed Arwen "in full armor wielding her father's sword at Helm's Deep", but what Boyens jokingly called that "slight departure" from Tolkien did not appear in the film of The Two Towers, where Arwen returns to being "passively