of an England-like region of Middle-earth, and the social and political organisation of their home, the Shire. It is accompanied by six lengthy appendices describing the history of Middle-earth's kings, its chronology over more than 6,000 years of the Second and Third Ages, family trees, calendars, and guides to pronunciation and the Elvish scripts, and to the languages of Middle-earth. Film has different capabilities from prose fiction. The film version translates descriptions of landscape into actual landscapes, whether those of New Zealand or computer-generated imagery; something of the feeling aroused by the descriptions is conveyed by the choice of landscape and the photography, from woodland scenes in the Shire to wide panoramas of majestic mountains. Subtle effects such as Tolkien's indirect suggestion of the power of the Ring are difficult to replicate. Dialogue is sometimes taken unchanged from the book, but much is cut; some elements are voiced by other characters. The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey noted that Jackson was under much greater financial pressure than Tolkien, who was risking nothing more than his spare time. In his view, Jackson was obliged to address different audiences, including teenagers who expected Arwen to have some of the characteristics of a "warrior princess", and who delighted in jokes about Dwarf-tossing, something that, he commented, Tolkien would not have understood. Omissions Film-makers can omit written materials that do not materially further the story to be told in the film. The early chapters "A Conspiracy Unmasked", "The Old Forest", "In the House of Tom Bombadil", and "Fog on the Barrow-Downs", all of which concern a deviation on the Hobbits' journey from their home in the Shire to the village of Bree, are essentially omitted completely, though brief mentions of these are made later. The penultimate chapter "The Scouring of the Shire", in which the Hobbits use the skills of leadership and warfare that they have acquired to cleanse their home region of the enemy, is omitted, although a vision of it is seen by Frodo in the Mirror of Galadriel. Additions Film-makers can add scenes to make a film flow better. An addition to Tolkien's main text that critics felt worked well is the incorporation of an appendix, "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen", as a secondary plot line on the "bittersweet love affair" between a man, one of the heroes of the film, and an immortal Elf. Another major addition is the attack