to survive were later located at Mani where the anti-Ottoman activity was still preserved. In Ioannina the Ottoman governor under the pretext that local nobles were in contact with Venetian and Spanish spies proposed the expulsion of the entire Christian community from the castle and their replacement with Muslim settlers. As a result during the last quarter of the 16th century Greek refugees fled to nearby Venetian-controlled areas, in particular the Ionian islands. The victims of the Ottoman reprisals are estimated to c. 30,000. In Greece, new uprisings occurred in both the mainland and the islands in 1573-1574, where the Archbishop of Ohrid, Joakim, was involved in discussions and preparations in order to organize an uprising against the Ottoman Empire. Albania After the battle of Lepanto revolutionary movements in Himara were organized by metropolitan bishop Joakim of Ochrid. In 1577, 38 chieftains of the Himara region, signing as the Albanian elders of the Himara, appealed to Pope Gregory XIII for arms and supplies. They also reported that their fellow Albanians of Zhulat had recently battled the Ottomans and, with great losses for both sides. They promised to switch allegiance from the Orthodox to the Roman Catholic Church, and recognize Philip II of Spain as their sovereign, under condition that they retain their Orthodox liturgical customs. Legacy Greece The period c. 1570-1620 witnessed the first major wave of large scale uprisings in the Greek peninsula after the Fall of Constantinople (1453). Contemporary Ottoman records usual preserve descriptions of the events in various codices of the correspondent era. Both Greek and Ottoman contemporary literature agree that heavy taxation imposed on the Christian subjects of the regions was one of the main reasons that triggered the revolt. References Sources 1560s conflicts 1570s conflicts 1560s in Europe 1570s in Europe 1560s in the Ottoman Empire 1570s in the Ottoman Empire Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573) 1567 16th century in Greece 16th-century rebellions