Locke ("Liberty as property, post-Cold War liberalism"), with openings on Kant ("project of perpetual peace" to be compared with the emergence of international organizations such as the United Nations, in the world of Hobbes, that is to say the war of all against all, and the search for maximum security, with overtures on Nietzsche (war as an agent of identity reaffirmation) and Marx (socio-economic disparities as a still a valid reading grid for international relations). Thus he sees in the events of September 11 and the policies that followed (preventive wars, laws on terrorism which reinforce the powers of the State, to the detriment of freedoms) as a victory of the security conceptions of Hobbes, Nietzsche and Marx over conceptions imprinted with freedom from thinkers such as Kant and Locke). Works Change and Security in Europe, Adelphi Papers 45 and 48, London, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1968 "Kant" and "Hegel", edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, History of Political Philosophy, Chicago, 1973. La Revanche des passions: Métamorphoses de la violence et crises du politique, Paris, Fayard, 2015 Justifier la guerre? De l'humanitaire au contre-terrorisme (with Gilles Andréani, ed.), Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, 2005. La Terreur et l'Empire. La violence et la paix II, Paris, Le Seuil, 2003. Guerre et sociétés. États et violence après la guerre froide (with Roland Marchal, ed.), Paris, Karthala, 2003. Washington et le Monde. Dilemmes d'une superpuissance (with Justin Vaïsse), Paris, Autrement, 2003. La Violence et la Paix. De la bombe atomique au nettoyage ethnique, Paris, Le Seuil. (Coll. "Points"), 2000. Partial and augmented re-edition of four texts of the work published by Éditions Esprit in 1995. References Writers from Paris Romanian Jews Romanian emigrants to France