result of European rather than Muslim reformist pressure. Some people like the anthropologist and colonial official McPherson blamed secular modernism and “Americanism”. With time, Saʿdīs’ position weakened and even though they were at the head of ʿAlī al-Bakrī’s convention of mashāyikh in 1289/1872, they were placed last in the ranks of the official tariqas processions in 1905. In modern times, Sheikh Ḥamūda al-Khuḍarī disallowed music in the dhikr as well as dancing and self-mutilation “in the houses of God”. The current sheikh is ʿAlī b. Ḥamūda al-Khuḍarī. He claims authority over all of the Saʿdīs from the Bāb al-Naṣr zāwiya in Syria. The tariqa is especially popular in Upper Egypt. It is worth noting that the Cairene mashaykha was passed two times to matrilineal descendants. Turkey Abu ’l-Wafāʾ al-Shāghūrī’s visits to Turkey in the 12th/18th century most likely represent the earliest spread of the Saʿdiyya. There are two other transmissions: by Sheikh ʿAbd al-Salām (d. 1165/1751) and by Sheikh ʿUthmān from Kastamonu. In 19th-century Istanbul out of 259 opportunities to attend various dhikrs every week, 26 were Saʿdi. There were 25 Saʿdi tekkes mentioned in the last official survey of Istanbul tekkes and the figure is considered to be similar for the turn of the 20th century. Ottoman state tried to institutionalize the orders in Turkey on the Mewlevī and Bektāshī "mother zāwiya" model. In the same year, Muḥammad ʿAlī gave Muḥammad al-Bakrī leadership over the Egyptian tariqas (1812) and Sultan Maḥmūd II ordered all Saʿdī tekkes to recognize the ʿAbdül-Selām as their āsitāne. Balkans The most important implantation of the order outside Syria, Egypt, and Turkey is in the Balkans and it continues to live today. There was a strong bond between the local Saʿdī leaders there and the Damascene Saʿdīs, who issued khilāfāt-nāme to the āsitānes in Đakovica and Prizren. Dates for the Saʿdi arrivals are uncertain, but some Saʿdī tekkes were established by the 18th century in Kosovo, Macedonia, Southern Serbia, and Belgrade. They joined eight other orders in 1947 and formed an organization different from the official Sunnī community and a similar body was founded in Albania in 1936, called “Divine Light”. Abu ’l-Wafāʾ al-Shāghūrī initiated the founder of the Saʿdiyya-ʿĀdjiziyya in Albania, Adjize Baba, into the order in Istanbul. Adjize Baba constructed the first Saʿdī tekke in Đakovica in 1111/1699. Beliefs and practices Even though there are not a lot of texts documenting the belief