Indicator 12.4.2: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Department of Economic and Social Affairs-Statistics Division (DESA/UNSD) Indicator 12.5.1: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) Indicator 12.6.1: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the UN Environment (United Nations Environment Programme/UNEP) Indicator 12.8.1: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UNESCO-UIS) and the UNESCO Education Sector, Division for Peace and Sustainable Development, Section of Education for Sustainable Development (UNESCO-ED/PSD/ESD) Indicator 12.a.1: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Indicator 12.b.1: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Progress An annual report is prepared by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, which evaluates the progress towards all the Sustainable Development Goals, including Sustainable Development Goal 12: Ensure responsible consumption and production. Challenges Globalization has been increasingly recognized to have a role in the achievement of sustainable development. In a report released by United Nations in 2015, it showed that although globalization provides many opportunities for sustainable development, it also creates a wide array of challenges, causing negative consequences. The food system has drastically evolved in the context of rapid population growth and globalization. It is notable that a number of significant challenges, with wide-reaching consequences, have arisen due to globalization and threatening the sustainability of the food system. Globalization can undermine the sustainability of the food system in a number of different ways. Firstly, globalization has changed people’s eating habits and dietary patterns. Nowadays, people tend to consume fewer local foods and prefer eating diversified imported, non-seasonal, and greenhouse gases-intensive foods, such as red meat. However, high demand for imported goods increases the use of transposition and associated carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. Changes in eating habits also influence the cultural connection with local food which led to food waste behavior. Secondly, the food supply chain is greatly lengthened under globalization, consequently, food supply chain management issues continue to rise and greatly contribute to food loss. Particularly, globalization lengthens the food supply chain significantly increasing the chances of supply chain disruption, uncertainty, and risk of food loss and waste. Thirdly, globalization has made international trading more competitive and has a huge impact on the domestic economy and production mode. As globalization increased, the domestic market became increasingly dependent on the international market and trade. In other words, globalization forces countries to compete with each other. To remain competitive, the government often provides subsidies to support industries to improve productivity