Thomas Low Nichols (1815 – 1901) was an American physician, journalist, writer and advocate for a number of causes including free love, hydrotherapy, food and health reform, vegetarianism and spiritualism. Biography Nichols was born in Orford, New Hampshire, in 1815. He studied medicine at Dartmouth College, until he dropped out and became a radical journalist. Nichols apprenticed on newspapers in Lowell and New York, before becoming an editor and partial proprietor of the Buffalonian in 1837. An article he published while editor of The New York Aurora, led to him serving four months in prison for libel; Nichols later published Journal in Jail, an account of his experience, in 1840. Thomas Nichols married Mary Gove in July 1848. Nichols completed his MD at New York University in 1850. Later, the couple founded a school for training water-cure therapists and published several books on health, food and other reforms. Nichols was secretary of the American Hygienic and Hydropathic Association and the Society of Public Health and vice-president of the American Vegetarian Society. Between 1853 and 1857, Nichols published two journals, Nichols' Monthly and Nichols' Journal, to advocate for his beliefs. In Nichols' Monthly, he partially published an epistolary utopian story, which he infused with his beliefs about free love, universal suffrage and libertarianism; it was later published in novel form in 1860. For some time, the couple lived in Josiah Warren's Modern Times free love anarchist community, based on Long Island. In 1856, the couple left and founded a "school of life", called the Memnonia Institute, based in Yellow Springs, Ohio. It collapsed in 1857 and the couple converted to Roman Catholicism. The couple relocated to London to escape the American Civil War. Nichols published two further novels Uncle Angus (1864) and Jerry (1872), as well as a best-selling autobiography Forty Years of American Life in 1864. Nichols started the Co-operative Sanitary Company in 1875 and the couple co-founded a health publication, the Herald of Health. The couple campaigned for temperance and dress reform and against military conscription, vivisection, vaccinations and capital punishment. They also helped create several vegetarian restaurants in London. Mary died in 1884; after her death, Nichols moved to Sutton, Surrey, where he continued to publish his pamphlets. Nichols later moved to Chaumont-en-Vexin, France, where he died in 1901, at the age of 85. Legacy Animal rights and vegetarianism activist Ernest Bell, credited Nichols' pamphlet How to Live