Bogdan Aleksandrovich Kistyakovski (Russian: Богдан Александрович Кистяковский; 16 November 1869 – 16 April 1920) was a Ukrainian philosopher, jurist, and sociologist. He reached prominence with his Gesellschaft und Einzelwesen (Society and Individuals) published in Berlin in 1899. Philosophically he defended transcendental idealism. In 1902 he contributed to Problems of Idealism (Problemy Idealizma), edited by Pavel Novgorodtsev. In 1909 he contributed the essay "In Defense of Law" to the anthology Vekhi (Landmarks). Biography Early life Bogdan Kistyakovski was born in Kiev, Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire on 16 November 1869. His father, Aleksandr Fedorovich Kistyakovski, was a professor of criminal law at the University of Kiev and the president of the Legal Society of Kiev. Kistyakovski later remarked that he felt he had always struggled for his Ukrainian national identity and that he had been 'Russianized'. Education Between 1888 and 1892, Kistyakovski was expelled from the history and philology departments of the University of Kiev and the University of Kharkov as well as the law school of the University of Dorpat due to his participation in underground Ukrainian nationalist groups. He was arrested in connection to nationalist groups in 1892, and when he was released in 1895, Kistyakovski decided to continue his studies abroad. He attended the University of Berlin, the Sorbonne, and the University of Strasbourg. In 1898 he defended a philosophy doctoral dissertation entitled 'On Society and the Individual', which was published in Berlin the following year and received acclaim from German thinkers. Family Kistyakovski married Maria Vilyamovna Kistakovskaya (née Berenshtam) (Russian: Мария Вильямовна Кистяковская), who taught at workers' schools in St. Petersburg with Nadezhda Krupskaya. They had two sons: the American chemist George Kistiakowsky, and the Ukrainian ornithologist Alexander Kistiakowsky. Philosophy and Law Career Upon return to Russia, Kistyakovski became a lecturer in state and administrative law at the Moscow Commercial Institute and later worked at the University of Moscow and in Yaroslavl. His writings were influenced by leading German thinkers, notably neo-Kantian philosophers and Georg Jellinek. He was a friend of Max Weber, whose views on the need for reform in Russian politics he shared. In 1902, he contributed an article to the Problems of Idealism (Problemy Idealizma) (Russian: Проблемы идеализма) on the revival of natural law doctrine. The ideas expressed in the collection were critical of the core beliefs of the radical intelligentsia, but they were expressed in a sufficiently academic way so as not