National Dyes Company and Affiliates (Italian: Azienda Coloranti Nazionali e Affini), more commonly known as the ACNA, was the first Italian chemical company, active from 1929 to 1999 in Cengio (main plant), as well as in Cesano Maderno and Rho, although it traces back to 1882 under different names. The company was best known for the pollution of land and waters related to its production of dyes earning it the nickname of "the poison factory" which would see it brought before the Italian government. History ACNA traces it origins to the dynamite factory Dinamitificio Barberi, founded on March 26, 1882 in Cegnio, Italy. The factory would be change hands to the Italian Society of Explosive Products in 1906 and would see their explosives used in conflicts between Italy and Ethiopia War and the Italo-Turkish War. The factory would be retooled in 1908 to produce Sulfuric Acid, Oleum, and TNT, during which the earliest evidence of pollution from the company began to be noticed. The Cengio factory would be taken over by Italgas in 1925 and would later be grouped with the Rho and Cesano Maderno plants to establish the first ACNA, the Associated National Chemical Companies, which began producing dyes. As the Cengio factory began to retool for the production of dyes for the textile industry, the ACNA became the first Italian producer of synthetic dyes. In 1931, Italgas was forced to sell ACNA to IG Farben and Montecatini who kept the acronym but changed the name to Azienda Coloranti Nazionali e Affini and resumed production of explosives and toxic gases, which were used in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War and in Eritrea. ACNA would first be brought to court for damages caused by pollution in 1938. ACNA would follow Montecatini during their merger to Edison in 1966. After leaving the world of weapons manufacturing, they instead focused on the production of synthetic dyes, notably including fabric dyes such as indigo and naphthylamine. Environmental Controversy It was discovered that the long standing deterioration of the environment surrounding these factories was being caused by ACNA, improperly dumping chemical waste. As a result of this practice, a ground well over 106m3 and up to 20m thick became contaminated, along with substantial contamination of the nearby Bormida river. This would contribute to the creation of the so called "triangle of death" in Italy, a hotbed of illegal dumping in the country. Regional governments, like