and pandemic preparedness and response plans. Pandemic preparedness and global health security require across the board upscaling of IHR implementation. Custodian agencies Custodian agencies are in charge of reporting on the following indicators: Indicators 3.1.1, 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.5.2, 3.6.1, 3.8.2, 3.9.1, 3.9.2, 3.9.3, 3.b.3, 3.c.1, 3.d.1 and 3.d.2: World Health Organization (WHO). Indicator 3.1.2: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Indicator 3.3.1: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Indicators 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4 and 3.3.5: UNICEF. Indicator 3.5.1: the World Health Organisation and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Indicators 3.7.1 and 3.7.2: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Indicators 3.8.1 and 3.b.1: WHO and UNICEF. Indicator 3.b.2: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Monitoring An annual report is prepared by the Secretary-General of the United Nations evaluating the progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. In 2017, the UN's High Level Political Forum published a thematic review of SDG 3. Investing in multi-stakeholder partnerships to remove barriers to equitable health services which are responsive to increasingly diverse population health needs, and to reach those most further behind first is essential for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Strong commitment by UN Member States and the international community to ensuring good health and wellbeing is achieved is therefore emphasised. Challenges A 2018 study in the journal Nature found that while "nearly all African countries demonstrated improvements for children under 5 years old for stunting, wasting, and underweight... much, if not all of the continent will fail to meet the Sustainable Development Goal target—to end malnutrition by 2030". Impact of COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious threat to the progress of SDG 3 aimed to ensure healthy lives and well-being for all. As the pandemic spread worldwide, the lockdown had over 70 countries putting a hold on various health services such as child vaccination, family planning, and cancer screening. The pandemic has also led to overloading and overcrowding of health facilities and many people became afraid of visiting for fear of being infected. Most non-COVID-19 diseases have been either neglected or interrupted and healthcare systems are in turn stretched beyond their capacity and capabilities to provide adequate care. This is a great reverse in decades of improvement and has reiterated the need for governments to prioritize issues of healthy living and well-being and work towards the goal of SDG 3. The governments of