Forestry in Sudan includes both traditional gatherers of firewood and producers of charcoal—the main sources of fuel for homes and some industries—and a modern timber and sawmilling industry, the latter government-owned. Forestry activities started with Condominium rule in 1899, when the government commissioned an Indian forester to produce a comprehensive report on the state of forests in the country. As a result, the Woods and Forests Ordinance was published in 1901, and the Department of Woodlands and Forests established. The First Forest Act replaced the ordinance in 1908, and legislation continued to evolve over the next century. The Forests National Corporation (FNC) has coordinated forestry development in Sudan since 1989. The FNC emphasizes the development of a forestry information system and planning database for effective planning, policy analysis, and program implementation. Extensive areas of woodland and forest have been converted to agricultural use since the early 1900s. In 2000, however, Sudan still had a large quantity of natural forest, much of which remained almost totally unexploited. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimated that forest areas, defined as land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not, occupied 61.6 million hectares, 25.9 percent of the total land area. Extensive as this was, it represented a loss of nearly 10 million hectares since 1990. About one quarter of the forestland is located in the dry and semi-arid regions of northern Sudan. The main value of these forests is as protection for the land against desertification, but they also serve as a source of fuel for pastoral peoples in those regions. The continued population pressure on the land has resulted in accelerated destruction of forestland, particularly in the Sahel, because charcoal remains the predominant fuel. The loss of forestland in the marginal areas of northern Sudan, accelerated by mechanized farming and by drought, has resulted in the steady southward encroachment of the Sahara. The productive forest extends below the zone of desert encroachment to the nation's southern borders. It includes the savanna woodlands of the central and western parts of the country, which are dominated by various species of acacia, among them Acacia senegal, the principal source of gum arabic. The principal area of productive forest and woodland is in the more moist southern part of the country. The southern zone consisting of broadleaf deciduous hardwoods remains largely undeveloped. Timber produced by government mills in the area includes mahogany