newborns at risk of having sickle cell disease allows the early diagnosis of the disease. Families can then be educated on the possible effects of sickle cell disease at each stage of life. Ophthalmology-related examinations - dilated fundoscopic examination is recommended from the age of 10 and biannually thereafter in patients with no abnormal retinal findings. Fluorescein angiography and angioscopy is recommended for patients with abnormal findings that may be indicative of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. The frequency of follow up appointments is determined by the ophthalmologist based on the severity of the findings. Care of systemic disease Sickle cell disease is a systemic disease that affects several organs in the body. Management of the underlying disease can therefore prevent the development of retinopathy and slow its progression. Fetal haemoglobin transfusion - Fetal haemoglobin (HbF) is a form of haemoglobin that is found in children up to 6 months after birth. This type of haemoglobin is beneficial in sickle cell patients as it resists modification to the sickled shape. As a result, transfusion of HbF in younger populations can prevent and slow the progression of sickle cell retinopathy. Hydroxyurea administration - Hydroxyurea is a drug that can be used as an alternative method of increasing fetal haemoglobin levels in the blood of a patient with sickle cell disease. Hydroxyurea also provides the benefit of reducing inflammation. Haematopoetic stem cell transplantation - This process is more commonly known as a bone marrow transplant. It is useful in the management of sickle cell disease. However, access to this method is limited due to cost and the need for a donor that is biologically compatible with the person requiring the transplant. Anti-inflammatory and anti-adhesive drugs reduce the likelihood of occlusions in the small blood vessels of the retina therefore preventing the development of sickle cell retinopathy. There drugs include anti adhesive antibodies, anti-integrin antibodies, anti-Willebrand factor, sulfasalazine and statins. Gene therapy has also been proven beneficial in the prevention of sickle cell retinopathy. Treatment Medical Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to be associated with sea fan lesions which are types of neovascularization. Bevacizumab is an anti-VEGF drug used in intravitreal injection that is known to cause reversal of sea fan lesions and reduce the duration of vitreous hemorrhage. Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs can also be used prior to surgery to aid separation of tissues involved in the sea fan lesion