identity and support for complex policies like bilingual education is weaker than the relationship between identity and policies which are highly abstract and symbolic, such as making English the national language. In 2004, Schildkraut received funding from the Russell Sage Foundation to conduct the 21st Century Americanism Survey, which asked questions designed to study the connection between debates about immigration policy and ideas of American identity, and under-sampled white Americans to better understand the attitudes of non-white Americans. The analysis of the 21st Century Americanism Survey resulted in Schildkraut's 2011 book, Americanism in the Twenty-First Century: Public Opinion in the Age of Immigration. In Americanism in the Twenty-First Century, Schildkraut studies the cohesiveness of American cultural identity in light of America's traditional role as a destination for immigration and its history as a settler society, as well as the interaction between American group identity and American institutions. The book is partly motivated by popular assertions that recent immigrants to the United States have tended to not adopt a fully American identity. Schildkraut studies empirically how much content and consensus there is regarding the idea of an American national identity, and measures the extent of Americans' attachment to this identity. In addition to continuing to explore the interaction between attitudes towards immigration and the four themes of American identity used in her previous book Press "One" for English, Schildkraut studies how much immigrants come to self-identify as American. Schildkraut finds that different subgroups in America have substantial overlap in how they define American identity, and that new immigrants do adopt American cultural identity more strongly than popular criticisms might suggest. For Americanism in the Twenty-First Century, Schildkraut received the 2012 Robert E. Lane Award from the Political Psychology Section of the American Political Science Association, which is given annually to the author of the best book in political psychology published in the previous year. In 2017, Schildkraut and her collaborators were awarded a Presidential Authority Award from the Russell Sage Foundation for a study of the effects of state-level immigration policies on peoples' attitudes about belonging. In 2012, Schildkraut joined Ken Janda, Jeff Berry, and Jerry Goldman as a coauthor of the 12th edition of the textbook, The Challenge of Democracy: American Government in Global Politics, with a 15th edition scheduled for 2021. Schildkraut has been an editorial board member of The Journal of Politics, of Polity, and of Politics, Groups,