and the federation moved away from Ishikawa's ideas towards 'pure' anarchism. In response, syndicalist unions withdrew from the federation, and eventually formed a rival anarcho-syndicalist union, the Jikyo. As Japan became more militaristic, though, anarchism was repressed using harsher methods, and anarchist organisations essentially collapsed until the end of the Second World War. After WW2 After the war, Ishikawa wrote Japan 50 Years Later, envisioning Japanese society after an anarchist revolution. In this work, he advocated a mutualist economy on a co-operative basis. He also supported nudism as an expression of freedom, and - unlike his contemporary anarchists - the maintenance of the Japanese Emperor as a symbol of communal affection. Ishikawa was involved in the founding of a new Japanese Anarchist Federation in 1946, which was subject to similar divisions and splits as before the war. He died in 1956. Notes References 1876 births 1956 deaths Anarcho-syndicalists Christian anarchists Japanese anarchists Japanese Christians Japanese Christian socialists Japanese socialists