to do so would result in losing the ability to sell any car in the region." This led to the introduction of several compliance cars that were designed specifically to meet the CARB requirements, but were not intended for the broader US market, nor to be produced and sold in quantities that would meet demand for such vehicles in the open market, where no such government rules exist: Chevrolet Spark EV Fiat 500e Ford Focus Electric Honda Fit EV Toyota RAV4 EV Subaru Crosstrek PHEV Mazda MX-30 A few other states passed similar rules, adopting the California requirements; but most states have not chosen to mandate the production of electric vehicles. Trade publication Autoguide reported in 2014 that "automakers are wary of the term 'compliance car' despite the fact that these cars exist for the sole purpose of being compliant with the rules set out by CARB regulators." Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne has been more clear, having disclosed in 2014 that their compliance car was unprofitable, with Fiat losing per unit on the limited production Fiat 500e, and that Fiat "only wanted to sell the absolute minimum necessary to meet regulations." Fiat had previously stated that they would not invest heavily in EV development beyond compliance vehicles. Other EVs have been designed from the ground up, and are widely distributed; for example the Chevrolet Bolt EV and Nissan Leaf, and the Bolt and Leaf are therefore not considered a compliance car. By 2016, a total of 12 states had adopted similar rules the CARB mandate. The State of California had by then specified that 15.4% of an automaker's fleet must comply with ZEV rules by 2025. By 2019, both Hyundai and Kia had introduced electric vehicles—Hyundai Kona Electric, Hyundai Ioniq Electric, Kia Niro EV, and Kia Soul EV—but the manufacturers are opting to sell these models only is a few states, and total production of all four models was to be limited to less than 20,000 units per year, for both 2019 and 2020. This compares to Tesla's sales of nearly 140,000 sales in the United States for just one model in 2018, the Tesla Model 3, and Chevrolet's production of 17,000 units for just one model, the Chevrolet Bolt. Hyundai and Kia resist calling their cars compliance cars simply because their production number projections are larger than the minimum required by the California mandate; further, Kia stated that they