that can induce the propagation of accidents. The pool fire, jet fire, and fireball can induce escalation vectors of heat radiation and fire impingement. BLEVE, ME, and VCE can induce escalation vectors of overpressure and fragment projection. As a result, the escalation vectors consist of heat radiation, fire impingement, overpressure, and fragment projection. Fire scenarios may induce serious heat loads via escalation vectors on hazardous facilities, resulting in the failure of storage tanks, pipes, process equipment. The failure of vessels caused by heat radiation is a dynamic process due to the time to failure (TTF) while the damage of vessels caused by heat radiation and the occurrence of explosions can be considered to be simultaneous. In light of the characteristics, fire-induced domino effects are time-dependent while explosion-induced domino effects are not related to time. One or more secondary accidents Besides the primary scenarios, the escalation vectors, a domino effect accidents need to have one or more secondary accidents. In that case, the primary scenarios in primary installations successfully escalate to other installations nearby, making the overall consequences more severe than the primary event. The escalation from the primary event to the secondary event is called the first-level escalation while the escalation from secondary event to tertiary event is called second-level escalation, and so on. A lower-level event may trigger multiple higher-level events, which is called parallel effects. Alternatively, a higher-level event caused by multiple lower-level events, which is called synergistic effects. Besides, the heat radiation received by a vessel in different periods should be superimposed when it comes to calculating the residual time to failure of the vessel, which is called the superimposed effects. Types Intentional and unintentional domino effect accidents According to the nature of primary events, the domino effect accidents can be divided into two categories: unintentional domino effects and intentional domino effects. The primary events of unintentional domino effects are caused by accidental events (e.g., corrosion, human errors, and leakage) or natural hazards (e.g., earthquake Lightning and flood). The primary event of domino effects is caused by intentional attacks such as terrorist attacks and sabotage. Besides, unintentional domino effects can be divided into two categories: (i) human-caused accidental domino effect accidents and (ii) domino effect accidents caused by natural hazards. Fire-induced and explosion-induced domino effect accidents According to the scenario of primary events, domino effects can be divided into two categories: fire-induced domino effect accident and explosion-induced