The Map of Céspedes Xeria ( or Map of the Ayembí y del Paraná River, with its tributaries, which used Luis de Céspedes Jería, governor of Paraguay, to enter into the jurisdiction from Brazil, ) is a map produced by Dom Luis de Céspedes García Xería, a 17th-century Spanish military officer. The map is dated November 8, 1628. It depicts the path that Xeria traveled between the village of São Paulo de Piratininga, now the modern city of São Paulo, to Ciudad Real de Guayrá, Province of Paraguay. Ciudad Real de Guayrá was a Spanish-held city in the present-day Brazilian state of Paraná. Xeria travelled using the Tietê and Paraná rivers from July 16 to September 18, 1628. The dimensions of the Map of Céspedes Xeria are x . The Map of Céspedes Xeria is the first known of the interior of the state of São Paulo and the first to establish a cartographic representation the wider Southeast region of Brazil. It additionally provides the earliest representations of the Tietê and Paraná rivers. The Museu do Ipiranga (commonly known as the Paulista Museum) acquired a facsimile copy of the map in 1917. The Map of Céspedes Xeria established a historical narrative of the São Paulo region in the 20th century; it additionally aided in the interpretation of the development of the territory of what would be the state of São Paulo. Images of the map have subsequently appeared in a large range of textbooks, book covers, magazine covers, and other publications related to the history of São Paulo. Luis de Céspedes García Xeria Little is known about Luis de Céspedes García Xería. He lived in the 17th century, and arrived in present-day Brazil to administer the Spanish colony of Paraguay. He sent an account to Philip of Spain on the arrival of 43 Dutch ships in Bahia and Espírito Santo on July 30, 1627, along with a description of damage caused by the attempted invasion. The event occurred after two conflicts between the Dutch and Spanish-Portuguese forces: the Capture of Bahia in 1624 and Recapture of Bahia in 1625. The Map of Céspedes Xeria is dated 1628, shortly before the establishingment of Dutch Brazil. Description The Map of Céspedes Xeria was produced to accompany a letter from Céspedes Xería to King Philip IV of Spain (also styled as King Philip III of Portugal). It was likely a report of the