Existence is transcendence Existentialism is self knowledge The method of existentialism is dialectic Existentialism is not only a philosophical but also a literary school Studies Muuss conducted a study investigating the relationship between causal orientation, anxiety and insecurity. The study identified and defined causality as knowledge and understanding of human behaviour and the influencing factors behind it. Muuss emphasised the aspect of seeing situations through other people's eyes, and recognising possible problems that could arise. The target age group for the study was children in fifth and sixth grade. Muuss hypothesised that students with a high degree of causal orientation would display lower levels of anxiety and insecurity than those with lower causal orientation. For the study, Muuss tested 179 fifth-grade students and 280 sixth-grade students. He administered a variety of tests, including the Social Causal Test, Physical Causal Test, Kooker Security-Insecurity Scale, Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the 11-item L scale. These tests allowed Muuss to identify the level of causal orientation in each student, as well as their levels of anxiety and insecurity. The results of the study proved Muuss' hypothesis to be correct. The students with higher causal orientation showed lower levels of insecurity and anxiety, while those who were highly causally oriented displayed more insecurity and anxiety. Following from this, Muuss conducted another study based on causality, this time investigating the results of a causal-learning program. The study was based on an experimental learning program designed by the University of Iowa's Preventative Psychiatry Program. The program's aim was to foster and aid in the development of a causal orientation and understanding. Muuss' study focused primarily on the effects this learning program had on the mental health of those who participated. Muuss' hypothesis for the study was that subjects who had undertaken the learning program would develop and demonstrate a stronger, more informed understanding of causality. He also believed that these subjects would have more positive mental health indices than the control group who did not participate in the program. The test subjects of this study were the aforementioned 280 sixth-grade students from Muuss' former causality study. Approximately half of these students had participated in the experimental learning program with the Preventative Psychiatry Program, and the other half acted as the controls in the study. Those students who had participated were split into two groups, one of which undertook the program for two years, the other for