of Russian military funerals in different localities of Russia, which were not reported by local authorities. Based on these observations, we can assume that the list of confirmed losses maintained by the BBC contain at least 40-60% fewer names of the dead than actually buried in Russia." Thus, the BBC stated that the actual death toll could be over 29,500 "according to the most conservative estimate", counting only Russian servicemen and contractors (i.e. excluding DPR/LPR militia). Mediazona added that "the real toll is likely in the tens of thousands." According to an analysis by the Center of Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Russia suffered more combat deaths in the first year of the war than in all of its wars since World War II combined, including the Soviet and Russian wars in Afghanistan and Chechnya. CSIS estimated Russia suffered an average of roughly 5,000 to 5,800 military fatalities per month over the first year of the war. In comparison, Russia suffered somewhere between 13,000 to 25,000 fatalities in Chechnya over a period of 15 years and the Soviet Union also suffered roughly 14,000 to 16,000 combat fatalities in Afghanistan. Thus, according to CSIS's analysis, the average rate of Russian fatalities per month over the first year of the conflict in Ukraine was at least 25 times more than in Chechnya and at least 35 times more than in the Soviet Union's war in Afghanistan. Meanwhile, Ukraine confirmed its forces had suffered 10,000 killed and 30,000 wounded by the start of June 2022, while 7,200 troops were missing, including 5,600 captured. At the height of the fighting in May and June 2022, according to Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy and presidential advisor Mykhailo Podolyak, between 100 and 200 Ukrainian soldiers were being killed in combat daily, while presidential adviser Oleksiy Arestovych stated 150 soldiers were being killed and 800 wounded daily. Mid-June, Davyd Arakhamia, Ukraine's chief negotiator with Russia, told Axios that between 200 and 500 Ukrainian soldiers were killed every day. By late July, Ukrainian daily losses fell to around 30 killed and about 250 wounded. With respect to Russian military losses, Ukrainian estimates tended to be high, while Russian estimates of their own losses tended to be low. Combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery and video image of military actions. According to a researcher at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at