the number jumped to 3,372, and in sub-Saharan Africa, the number of researchers per million inhabitants was closer to 99 Additionally, women represented only 30% of global researchers in 2015. By 2018, women represented 33% of all researchers, although data are missing from some of the most populous countries. Universally, investment in research and development as a proportion of GDP has increased, from 1.5% in 2000 to 1.7% in 2015, and remained almost unchanged in 2017, but was only less than 1% in developing regions. By 2018, research and development constituted an average 1.79% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Although research expenditure rose in most regions between 2014 and 2018, 80% of countries still invested less than 1% of GDP in research and development by 2018. The G20 countries still accounted for nine-tenths of research expenditure, researchers, publications and patents. In some cases, the researcher population rose faster than related expenditure, leaving less funding available to each researcher. Commitments to SDG 9.5 have not spurred an increase in reporting of data. On the contrary, a total of 99 countries reported data on domestic investment in research in 2015 but only 69 countries in 2018. Similarly, 59 countries recorded the number of researchers (in full-time equivalents) in 2018, down from 90 countries in 2015. Means of Achieving Targets Target 9.a: Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing countries Target 9.a is: "Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and Small Island Developing States." Indicator 9.a.1 "Total official international support (official development assistance plus other official flows) to infrastructure". Total official flows for economic infrastructure in developing countries reached $61 billion in 2018, an increase of 33% in real terms from 2010. The main sectors assisted were transport ($22.8 billion) and energy ($20.3 billion). Target 9.b: Support domestic technology development and industrial diversification Target 9.b is: "Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities". Indicator 9.b.1 "Proportion of medium and high-tech industry value added in total value added" As at 2017, the share of medium-high and high-technology goods in world manufacturing production reached nearly 45%. Medium-high and high-technology products continued to dominate manufacturing production in developed regions, reaching 49% in