to cause controversy. It included essays criticizing the historical theories of Marx and Engels and critiques of Comte and Mikhaylovsky. In 1905, Kistyakovski published an article in the first issue of the literary-social journal Voprosy zhizni, which was edited by Nikolai Losskii. The article called for the recognition of the significance of the individual and their rights and argued that civil rights are absolute and inalienable. In 1909, Kistyakovski contributed an article entitled 'In Defense of Law: The Intelligentsia and Legal Consciousness' to Vekhi. The article argued that the intelligentsia have no interest in the law and no legal consciousness. He criticizes the intelligentsia for ignoring the idea of 'intuitive law' and viewing legal systems as only something external. He also directly connected the lack of legal consciousness to the intelligentsia's rejection of a constitutional system, which he argues is the only system of government that can guarantee freedom and individual rights. Through his writings, Kistiakowsky became a leading advocate of constitutionalism in Russia. His principal work, Social Science and Law (1916), attempted to establish a theory of law in the context of the social sciences, through a critical analysis of the principal schools of legal theory of his time. In 1917, he became a professor at the University of Kiev and also was involved in organising the Ukrainian Federal Democratic Party. In 1919, he was elected a full member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Kistyakovski fell ill traveling in 1919 and died in Yekaterinodar in 1920. References Bibliography 1869 births 1920 deaths