to “Chief Mountain,” which is the name of the mountain in the northeastern part of what is now Glacier National Park. The name “Chief Mountain” is often written as “Mountain Chief” in English. Mountain Chief's father, the original bearer of that name – many would follow – died in 1872. Marias (Baker) Massacre During the late 1860s, Mountain Chief, like many other South Piegan chiefs, tried to stop trading between South Piegans and white whiskey traders. Although Mountain Chief was peaceful, he was accused of killing John Bozeman in the spring of 1867. As a result of Bozeman and later Malcolm Clarke's deaths, the warriors in Mountain Chief's band became the target of the Second United States Cavalry on January 23, 1870, resulting in the Marias Massacre. The Marias Massacre occurred at Willow Rounds on January 23, 1870, and led to the death of approximately 200 Piegans from Chief Heavy Runner's Amskapi Pikuni (Blackfoot/South Piegan) band camped on the Marias River. The massacre resulted from an incident which inflamed already tense relations between the Blackfoot Confederacy and the white settlers in Montana. In 1869, Mountain Chief's half-brother Owl Child (Blackfoot/South Piegan) stole several horses from Malcolm Clarke, a white ranch owner in Montana. Bear Head (Kai Okotan), a Pikuni (Blackfoot/Piikani) informant to James Willard Schultz, also claimed that Clarke had made sexual advances towards Owl Child's wife. After Owl Child stole his horses, Clarke tracked down Owl Child and beat and humiliated him in front of his camp. On August 17, 1869, Owl Child (Netuscheo) led an Amskapi Pikuni party that killed Malcolm Clarke and shot his son Horace at Clarke's home near Helena, Montana. All five attackers in Owl Child's party belonged to Mountain Chief's band. At the time of Owl Child's attack, Mountain Chief was the head chief of the Amskapi Pikuni. In response to Owl Child's attack and to prevent raids on white settlers by Native American warrior parties, General Philip Sheridan sent a band of cavalry led by Major Eugene Baker at Fort Ellis to punish those involved in Clarke's death, namely Mountain Chief's band. When Baker's forces arrived along the Marias River, they approached the small camp of Gray Wolf, which was infected with smallpox (the Blackfeet Nation suffered from an epidemic of smallpox in January 1870), and the troops learned that a large band of the South Piegans was encamped down the river, which