active and step-by-step moral inferences, stating human actions are mainly performed on the basis of ethical intuitions which do not have a logical justification or did not have such a justification at the time they were enacted. Like sense perceptions, moral perceptions can be very vivid, or subjectively perceived as being certain, whilst moral inferences can be independent of their respective phenomenology or vividness. Some judgments might be considered to be moral perceptions because they appear to be "obviously true", self-evident and more certain than any rational argument with pros or cons. An example could be the following statement: "at least in nearly all conceivable cases, it is seriously wrong to torture, steal, rape and murder." In such cases, rational arguments can appear to be unnecessary. In a 2005 paper on the Theaetetus, Chappell discusses the definition of episteme in five Platonic dialogues, arguing that Plato's work has positively identified human knowledge with judgement (in Greek: doxa) supported by a rational argument for justification (logos). As suggested above, moral perceptions may not always need a rational argument to be justified. Personal life Chappell is transgender, and transitioned from male to female in 2014. She married in 1988, and has four children. Works Moral perception, in Philosophy, 83 (4):421-437 (2008) Ethics Beyond Moral Theory, in Philosophical Investigations, 32 (3):206-243 (2009) Varieties of Knowledge in Plato and Aristotle, in Topoi, 31: 175–190(2012) References External links Academics of the Open University British philosophers British scholars of ancient Greek philosophy LGBT Anglicans Living people Transgender academics Transgender scientists LGBT philosophers Fellows of Merton College, Oxford Academics of the University of East Anglia Academics of the University of Manchester Academics of the University of Dundee 1964 births