proposes that the UK should adopt a similar system to the US for attempting to gain insight into why there are disproportionalities in ethnicity at each stage of the CJS and tracing the impact of decisions made at each stage. A relative rate index (RRI) is effectively the number of people experiencing an event or outcome out of the total number who were ‘at risk’ for experiencing the event or outcome. The comparison to previous stages is particularly useful because proportionality numbers alone do not pinpoint which stages of the CJS are particularly influenced by ethnic bias. The Lammy Review uses the example of rates of proceeding women's cases at the Crown Court or Magistrates' Court to demonstrate the method used and found that once charged Black women were 63% more likely to be proceeded to the Crown Court than White women, and Asian women were 108% more likely than White women. Recommendations All stages of the CJS should collect more consistent data on religion and ethnicity, so that differences in treatment and outcomes can be examined in more detail. The relative rate index analysis completed as part of the Lammy review should be repeated biennially as part of the 'Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System' reports. The principle of 'explain or reform' should be applied to every CJS institution, where reforms should be introduced to address disparities between ethnic groups if an evidence based explanation cannot be provided. Crown Prosecution Service Arrest rates are higher across minority ethnic groups compared to white groups. Methods such as stop and search disproportionately target Black and minority ethnic groups. Once arrested, the CPS reports that suspects from different ethnic groups are charged at similar rates, with the exception of those charged for rape and domestic abuse. The report suggests that this issue can be dealt with through "race-blind" prosecuting, where identifying information (such as name and ethnicity) is redacted from case files passed by the police to CPS prosecutors. Policing and prosecution of suspected gang members The Review argues that the current system of policing those suspected to be part of "gangs" is both ineffective and based on misunderstanding. The Review suggests that using Modern Slavery legislation to target those at the tops of complex criminal hierarchies would be a more effective approach than targeting groups. The targeting of groups disproportionately affects BAME people in several ways: Joint Enterprise One