at the Bureau of American Ethnology on Native American sign language. Mountain Chief later served as a tribal delegate at the Indian Sign Language Council in 1930. Gen. Scott recommended that Densmore meet with Mountain Chief, and the two initially met on February 8, 1916 to record songs. This first meeting between Densmore and Mountain Chief led to three different photographs capturing both Densmore and Mountain Chief listening to a recording played by an Edison phonograph inside and outside of the Smithsonian Castle. The meeting was photographed by Harris & Ewing, Inc., a photography studio in Washington, D.C. which operated from 1905 to 1945. Mountain Chief was identified in this image because of the Plains Indian head covering he is wearing and by the “U” on his moccasins which identify him as Blackfeet. In this staged photograph, Densmore is playing a song on the phonograph, an Edison cylinder recorder, and Mountain Chief is interpreting the recording in Plains Indian Sign Language to Frances Densmore. By 1916, the cylinder recorder was largely abandoned for disks except for Edison which still manufactured cylinders, especially for ethnographers. Edison did however produce a disc phonograph as early as 1913, so the technology used in this photograph was largely outdated. This image depicting Mountain Chief listening to and interpreting a recording has appeared in numerous ethnomusicology and anthropology texts. Densmore and Mountain Chief were featured as the cover image on the Healing Songs of the American Indians. Two books released by William Clements (1966) related to Native American poetry and Helen Myers (1993) related to ethnomusicology utilized this image but cropped out Densmore. While Densmore has never been misidentified, Mountain Chief has been identified by other names and tribal affiliations or not identified at all. In Daughters of the Desert: Women Anthropologists and the Native American Southwest (1988), Barbara Babcock and Nancy Parezo recorded his name as “Big Brave." When the photograph appeared on the cover of the Folkways recording Healing Songs (1965), Mountain Chief was just referred to as an “Indian Singer." Hofmann (1968) and Babcock and Parezo (1988) also misidentified him as Sioux. In 2002, Victoria Levine's book Writing American Indian Music showcases Mountain Chief and Frances Densmore, stating that “Mountain Chief is using sign language to interpret recordings of American Indian songs played on a phonograph. Later life Mountain Chief was the last hereditary chieftain of the Blackfeet Nation. He died at