in the 1960s that many US states changed laws to allow public-sector employees the right to collective bargaining. By the 1970s police were unionized in every major US city. The longest continuously operating police union in the country is the Portland Police Association of Portland, Oregon, established in 1942. Endorsements Police Unions in the United states tend to endorse Republican Party (United States). On September 16, 2016, the Fraternal Order of Police endorsed Republican Party candidate Donald Trump for U.S. president. It endorsed Trump again on September 4, 2020. On August 18, 2020, the Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York endorsed Donald Trump for President in the 2020 United States presidential election. Controversy Growing controversy surrounds the impact of police labor unions on law enforcement behavior. Police unions have been described as an impediment to organizational reform and as organizations that hinder discipline for officers involved in misconduct. In the wake of the police murder of George Floyd, academics from Columbia Law Review have begun to reexamine the nature of police unions, qualified immunity, and their continued viability in America. Additionally, the level of power commanded by police unions has been described by academics as "concerning" and "preventing justice" by way of preventing or impeding the public from examining the employment history of officers. These unions have also been identified as an ironic obstacle to the stated purpose of "to protect and serve". Negative public sentiment Anti-police language has increased since the murder of George Floyd. Examples include the use of the phrase "A.C.A.B." or "All Cops Are Bastards", reflecting the sentiment that all police become "bastardized", or corrupted, either personally or by the police system. Academics cite a link with perceived police union corruption and their shielding of "dirty" officers by organized labor. Another commonly cited statistic is that "40 percent of police officer families experience domestic violence" based on the research conducted by the National Center for Women & Policing, showing officers and their families in the U.S. affected by domestic violence much more frequently than the general population. Notes References Further reading Gammage, Allen Z., and Sachs, Stanley L. Police Unions (1972). Johnson, Bruce C. “Taking Care of Labor: The Police in American Politics,” Theory and Society 3#1 (1976): 89-117. Juris, Henry A., and Feuille, Peter. Police Unionism: Power and Impact in Public-Sector Bargaining (Lexington Books, 1973). Levi, Margaret. 1977. Bureaucratic Insurgency: The Case