as well as the biodiversity they support, directly mitigates the effects of climate change, and provide greater resilience in the face of increasing human pressure, and increasing disasters in our world. Potential Solutions Measure, manage and mitigate impacts on ecosystems and natural resources. Scale up best practices for land use planning and management. Invest in natural infrastructure as a cost-competitive alternative to grey infrastructure. Finance the restoration of degraded land for production and/or conservation purposes. Support and apply landscape approaches, based on multi-stakeholder dialogue and collaborative action, to overcome social and environmental fracture lines in landscapes facing deforestation, land and ecosystem degradation. Commit to and implement responsible sourcing practices beyond compliance - applying environmental and social safeguards - for all raw materials and commodities. Expand markets for responsible forest products and thereby support sustainable forest management. Foster product and technology innovation to optimize resource efficiency, reduce impacts on ecosystems and lower carbon emissions. Scale up industrial reuse of water and support watershed protection programs. Custodian agencies The custodian agencies are responsible for data gathering and reporting on the indicators. They are: Indicator 15.1.1, 15.2.1 and 15.4.2: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Indicator 15.1.2: United Nations Environmental Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC) and United Nations Environmental Programme Indicator 15.3.1 and 15.4.1: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Indicator 15.5.1 and 15.8.1: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Indicator 15.6.1: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD-Secretariat) Indicator 15.7.1 and 15.c.1: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species (CITIES) Indicator 15.9.1: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD-Secretariat) and United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) Indicator 15.a.1, 15.6.1 and 15.b.1: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and World Bank (WB) Monitoring and progress An annual report is prepared by the Secretary-General of the United Nations evaluating the progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. According to the expert group meeting in preparation for the High-level Political Forum of 2018, progress on SDG 15 is related to actions rather than status. For example, there is progress on the numbers of protected areas but enough on the Red List numbers. The monitoring framework still needs to be linked to quality to obtain more meaningful results. It also needs more indicators in areas such as forest intactness, management effectiveness of protected areas, and meaningful integration of biodiversity into other processes. The biggest constraints to achieving