2.8 and led the development of Hope+, an extension of Hope, which itself was the successor language to NPL. This early work helped pave the way for later developments such as Haskell. Darlington’s early unifying insight was to show that, with the right notation, computer programs could be treated as mathematical, formally manipulable, objects. The advantages of this approach were realised in subsequent research, resulting in innovations including: parallel machine design, the ALICE functional graph reduction machine (1985), a forerunner of the commercial ICL Goldrush parallel database machine (1992); co-ordination forms (1996) c.f. map/reduce and market-based service computing. collaborative with Sun Microsystems, c.f. cloud computing. Multi-disciplinary high performance computing Darlington’s research in parallel computing led to Fujitsu founding the Imperial College/Fujitsu Parallel Computing Research Centre, opened in 1994 by HRH the Princess Royal. Fujitsu donated a novel 128 processor AP1000 machine, valued at over £1M, and the Centre, with Darlington as Director, operated an open multi-disciplinary parallel application development programme. This on-going activity was continued under the auspices of the Imperial College Parallel Computing Centre (1996-2002), the London e-Science Centre, (2002-2005) and the Imperial College Internet Centre (2005-2008). The UK e-Science programme was launched in 2001 with the London e-Science Centre, (LeSC) as a regional centre. LeSC mounted an extensive collaborative programme with applications in materials modelling, protein folding, whole-earth climate modelling, pollution monitoring, distributed workflow and data management, particle physics, health data informatics and brain imaging. The Internet Centre, founded in 2005, with seed-corn funding from Imperial College, emphasised the importance of economic and social factors when studying the Internet. The Internet Centre developed collaborations with a range of commercial and public organisations including: Vodafone, the BBC, Transport for London, the Royal Bank of Scotland, the RCA and the Science Museum. Darlington has collaborated with industry in a number of UK Technology Strategy Board and Innovate UK and European projects, applying ideas in functional-based software and cloud computing, that have developed a range of innovative applications in media processing, internet cloud services and public health. In this work Darlington developed methodologies combining the use of functional languages with conventional software systems. Selected publications A system which automatically improves programs, J. Darlington, R. M. Burstall, Acta Informatica, Vol. 6, pp. 41–60, 1976. A transformation system for developing recursive programs. R. M. Burstall, J. Darlington. Journal of the ACM (JACM) 24 (1), 44-67. 1977. Design considerations for a functional programming language.