of the key tools used to prosecute suspected gang members is the doctrine of Joint Enterprise. Individuals in a "Joint Enterprise" can be either "principals" or "secondary parties" - a principal is the person that carries out the substantive offence, and the secondary party is one who assists or encourages the commission of the substantive offence. The doctrine of Joint Enterprise enables the secondary party to be prosecuted as if they were the principal offender themselves. Of the thousands that have been prosecuted under this doctrine over the last decade, a survey of prisoners suggests that half of those convicted identify as BAME. Trident Matrix The Metropolitan Police, cited in the report, argue that gang affiliation and crime are "fluid and chaotic" and attempting to address associated issues on a group level is ineffective. The Metropolitan Police argue instead for targeting individual criminal activity - however, this has led to the disproportionate targeting of BAME individuals on surveillance-based databases such as The Trident Matrix. At the time of the review, records showed that 86% of names on the Trident Matrix were BAME. Structural racism beyond the CPS The report explains how wider systemic factors affecting BAME young people feed into the CPS. A written submission to the report's Call for Evidence by the Black Training and Enterprise Group said that "the main pathways and risk factors for young people into the youth justice system all record high levels of disproportionality: from school exclusions, the care system, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service and first contact with the police." The London Criminal Courts Solicitors' Association's written submission states: "In the absence of educational or employment progression...it may become a default position to fall in with a 'gang'." Plea Decisions This section presents the significant difference in plea decisions between BAME and White ethnic groups and explains the disproportional effects of the justice system on these groups. The role of plea decisions Plea decisions are critical to Criminal Justice System, by providing incentives for those who have committed crimes to admit guilt, in order to prevent the stress placed on victims. Those who plead guilty can see sentences reduce by a third, or gain access to interventions which seek to keep them out of prison altogether. An example case study can be found in the Humberside Adult Female Triage pilot. BAME plea decisions Several older and more recent studies have found that