access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, particularly in developing countries, to financial services including affordable credit and their integration into value chains and markets". Indicator 9.3.1 "Proportion of small-scale industries in total industry value-added" Indicator 9.3.2 "Proportion of small-scale industries with a loan or line of credit" According to surveys covering the period from 2010 to the present, in developing countries, 34% of small-scale industries benefit from loans or lines of credit, which enable them to integrate into local and global value chains. However, only 22% of small-scale industries in sub-Saharan Africa received loans or lines of credit, compared with 48% in Latin America and the Caribbean. Target 9.4: Upgrade all industries and infrastructures for sustainability Target 9.4 is: "By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities". Indicator 9.4.1 "CO2 emissions per unit of value added." This indicator is measured as kilograms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted per dollar of GDP. After three years of stability, global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion started to rise again in 2017, reaching 32.8 billion tons, supported by economic growth and a slowdown of efficiency improvements. However, the intensity of global carbon dioxide emissions has declined by nearly one quarter since 2000, showing a general decoupling of carbon dioxide emissions from GDP growth. "The same trend was visible in manufacturing industries after 2010, with global manufacturing intensity falling at an average annual rate of 3% until 2017. Globally, investment in research and development as a proportion of GDP increased, from 1.5 per cent in 2000 to 1.7 per cent in 2015, and remained almost unchanged in 2017". Target 9.5: Enhance research and upgrade industrial technologies Target 9.5 is "Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending." Indicator 9.5.1 "Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP" Indicator 9.5.2 "Number of Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per million inhabitants" Research The number of researchers per 1 million people worldwide has increased from 1,018 in 2010, to 1,368 in 2018, on average, worldwide. In Europe and North America,