for furniture and other hardwoods for railroad ties, furniture, and construction. Plantations established by the Forestry Administration include stands of teak. Eucalyptus stands were established in the irrigated agricultural areas as windbreaks and to supply firewood. Several national parks and game reserves offered some protection of forest and woodland areas. The second civil war of 1983-2005 disrupted forestry production in the South. During that time, looting of teak plantations, deforestation, and forest degradation occurred around major towns in Equatoria and Bahr al-Ghazal to a radius of 5-10 kilometers as people sought land for subsistence agriculture and for building poles and fuelwood. Along the northern border region of Upper Nile, there was large-scale tree clearance for mechanized rain-fed agriculture. However, the total impact of the civil strife on forests and wildlife was not known for certain, as surveys did not cover the areas affected by hostilities. In 1999–2001, Sudan annually produced 2,173,000 cubic meters of industrial roundwood, and 16,700,000 cubic meters of fuelwood, as well as 52,000 cubic meters of wood-based panels, and three tonnes of paper and paperboard. There was continued high demand for charcoal, the one major forest product not dependent on the South. Because wood of any kind could be turned into charcoal, the acacia groves of the Sahel were used extensively for this purpose, with a resulting rapid advance of deforestation in the area. Deforestation throughout the country was occurring at an unsustainable rate approaching 2 percent a year in the early 2000s, especially in the northern states and in Darfur. References Agriculture in Sudan Sudan