face of Western modernism and materialism, advocating an "Eastern solution to the problems of the modern world", or even interacting with the modern discourse of an Asian-centered universal civilisation. Geography and diffusion The Chinese folk religious movements of salvation are mostly concentrated in northern and northeastern China, although with a significant influence reaching the Yangtze River Delta since the 16th century. The northern provinces have been a fertile ground for the movements of salvation for a number of reasons: ① firstly, popular religious movements were active in the region already in the Han dynasty, and they deeply penetrated local society; ② secondly, northern provinces are characterised by social mobility around the capital and weak traditional social structure, thus folk religious movements of salvation fulfill the demand of individual searching for new forms of community and social network. According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2012, approximately 2.2% of the population of China, which is around 30 million people, claim to be members of folk religious sects. The actual number of followers may be higher, about the same as the number of members of the five state-sanctioned religions of China if counted together. In Taiwan, recognised folk religious movements of salvation gather approximately 10% of the population as of the mid-2000s. Chronological record of major sects Earliest influences (Yuan, 1277–1377) White Lotus ( Báiliánjiào) Maitreya teachings ( Mílèjiào) Ming (1367–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Baguadao ( "Way of the Eight Trigrams") networks Denghua ( "Flower of Light") sect Hongyang ( "Great Sun") or Hunyuan ( "Original Undetermined") sect Huangtiandao ( "Way of the Yellow Sky") or Xuangu ( "Dark Drum") sect Luo teaching ( Luójiào, "Luo (Menghong)'s tradition"): Patriarch Luo was reportedly polemical towards the Bailian, Maitreyan, and Huangtian sects Dacheng ( "Great Vehicle") or Yuandun ( "Sudden Stillness") sect, the eastern branch of Luoism Sects requiring fasting ( zhāijiāo), including Xiantiandao dubbed the Qinglian ( "Black [Blue, or Green] Lotus") sect during the Qing Mohou Yizhu ( "Final Salvation") sect founded by Wang Jueyi in the 1870s, renamed Yiguandao in 1905 Dacheng teaching of Mount Jizu ( Jīzúshān dàchéngjiào), a western branch of Luoism founded by Zhang Baotai in Yunnan Church of the Highest Supreme ( Tàishànghuì) Church of the Heaven and the Earth ( Tiāndìhuì) or Tiandimen ( "Gate of the Heaven and the Earth") Sanyi teaching ( "Three-One"), founded by Li Zhao'en on the base of Confucian principles