Chinese salvationist religions or Chinese folk religious sects are a Chinese religious tradition characterised by a concern for salvation (moral fulfillment) of the person and the society. They are distinguished by egalitarianism, a founding charismatic person often informed by a divine revelation, a specific theology written in holy texts, a millenarian eschatology and a voluntary path of salvation, an embodied experience of the numinous through healing and self-cultivation, and an expansive orientation through evangelism and philanthropy. Some scholars consider these religions a single phenomenon, and others consider them the fourth great Chinese religious category alongside the well-established Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Generally these religions focus on the worship of the universal God (Shangdi), represented as either male, female, or genderless, and regard their holy patriarchs as embodiments of God. Terminology and definition "Chinese salvationist religions" ( jiùdù zōngjiào) is a contemporary neologism coined as a sociological category and gives prominence to folk religious sects' central pursuit that is the salvation of the individual and the society, in other words the moral fulfillment of individuals in reconstructed communities of sense. Chinese scholars traditionally describe them as "folk religious sects" ( mínjiān zōngjiào, mínjiān jiàomén or mínjiān jiàopài) or "folk beliefs" ( mínjiān xìnyǎng). They are distinct from the common indigenous religion of the Han Chinese consisting in the worship of gods and ancestors, although in English language there is a terminological confusion between the two. The 20th-century expression of these folk religious movements has been studied under the definition of "redemptive societies" ( jiùshì tuántǐ), coined by scholar Prasenjit Duara. A collective name that has been in use possibly since the latter part of the Qing dynasty is huìdàomén ( "churches, ways and gates"), as their names interchangeably use the terms huì ( "church", "society", "association", "congregation"; when referring to their corporate form), dào ( "way") or mén ( "gate[way]", "door"). Their congregations and points of worship are usually called táng ( "church", "hall") or tán ( "altar"). Western scholars often mistakenly identify them as "Protestant" churches. The Vietnamese religions of Minh Đạo and Caodaism emerged from the same tradition of Chinese folk religious movements. Secret religions A category overlapping with that of the movements of salvation is that of the "secret societies" ( mìmì shèhuì, or mìmì jiéshè), religious communities of initiatory and secretive character, including rural militias and fraternal organisations which became very popular in the early republican period,