resolution including Yiddish as a Jewish language (Hebrew being the other). Nonetheless, the resolution elevated the status of Yiddish to that of other national languages. In the years to follow, educationalists such as Dveyre Kupershteyn and Sofia Gurevitsh were among Jewish educationalists who set up elementary and secondary schools with classes solely in Yiddish, although not necessarily exclusively for working class students. Controversy Despite having championed Yiddish, Frumkin is a controversial figure in Jewish history. In A Price below Rubies: Jewish Women as Rebels and Radicals, Naomi Shepherd writes that "no woman was more admired or more hated by Jews under the first phase of Soviet rule; no woman in Eastern Europe achieved such stature in Jewish politics." In fall 2019, the Workmen's Circle offered an online course on Jewish radicals that included Frumkin. Yet she has been associated with antisemitism by writers as divergent as the far-right figure Frank L. Britton, whose The Hoax of Soviet “Anti-Semitism”: Jews, Zionism, Communism, Israel and the Soviet Union 1918–1991 (Ostara Publications) includes Frumkin's "Address on 'National Minorities' to the Second Congress of the Communist International" (1920), and Dara Horn, whose essay "The Cool Kids: Self-mutilation as a Jewish cultural strategy and the sad history of the Yevsektsiya" appears in Tablet: A New Read on Jewish Life. Readers' comments posted to Yiddishkayt.org and the Jewish Women's Archive online articles on Frumkin also indicate ambivalent feelings among Jews about Frumkin's activities within the Soviet system and their impact. Notes References Appel, Tamer Kaplan (27 February 2009). "Esther Frumkin". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Jewish Women's Archive. jwa.org "Esther: Radical Leader". Yiddishkayt.org. Accessed 7 October 2019. Faigan, Suzanne Sarah (2018). An Annotated Bibliography of Maria Yakovlevna Frumkina (Esther). Ph.D. diss. Australian National University, 2018. iv, 4. Accessed 9 October 2019. Gechtman, Roni (25 August 2010). "Lifshits, Khaye Malke". YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Horn, Dara (6 September 2019). "The Cool Kids: Self-mutilation as a Jewish cultural strategy and the sad history of the Yevsektsiya". Tablet. Katz, Dovid (2004). Lithuanian Jewish Culture. Vilnius, Lithuania: Baltos Lankos. pp. 227, 309, 316. . Shepherd, Naomi (1993). A Price below Rubies: Jewish Women as Rebels and Radicals. Harvard University Press. p. 139. 1880 births 1943 deaths Politicians from Minsk People from Minsky Uyezd Belarusian Jews Bundists Bolsheviks Soviet women in politics Women educators Jewish educators Jews executed by the Soviet Union Great Purge victims from Belarus