of hybrid solutions that involve both the campus card and mobile devices to provide campus credentials. In the near future, it is anticipated that fully mobile credentials will be outpace demands for physical credentials, although various mobile devices vendors’ and manufacturers’ ecosystems are currently a barrier as they do not following standardized and homogenized solutions. Both Europe and US/Canada institutions are focused on identification and payments, either at canteens, transportation, discounts, etc. Off-campus, the primary focus is on transportation, student discounts and proof of student status. Academic mobility is the practice of students and teachers in higher education moving to another institution inside or outside of their own country to study or teach for a limited time. This concept is driving research into the development of a credential which can be used across Europe to provide identification and authentication of students across borders. The primary goal of the European Campus Card Association (ECCA) is to promote the concept of a European Student Card and support the work of the European Commission in this area. ECCA is actively engaged with the European Commission through various research projects to develop a common European Student Card that will support the Erasmus programme. ECCA has recently published a research report on a European Student eID Framework Proposal (ECCA Student eID Framework, 2021). Other research projects ECCA is currently involved in includes ECX-tension (Nealon, 2022). See also Academic mobility network Barcode Card printer Erasmus Programme Identification document International Student Identity Card (Complementary) List of campus identifications in mobile wallets Magnetic Stripe MIFARE Multi-factor authentication Near-field communication Personal identification number Proximity card RFID Smartcard References National Association of Campus Card Users. (n.d.) "About NACCU". Lv, Weichun (2013). "Design of Campus Smart Card System". Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation. doi:10.2991/isccca.2013.120. ISBN 978-90-78677-63-5. S2CID 44239953. McKee, Mary K. "Policy-Based Access Controls". ID Pro Body of Knowledge, Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021. Thomas, Dawn. The Evolution of the Campus ID Card". College Services Magazine, Spring 2020. Kruger, Kevin. "Student Success: Mission-Critical". Rebecca Martin, George Mehaffy, John O'Brien. Educause Review. May 8, 2017. Hudson, Andrew. "New Senate Bill Could Require ALL Campus Cards to Feature Mental Health Resources". CR80News. January 22, 2021. Huber, Robert C. "A Brief History of the Campus Card Industry". CR80News. March 28, 2007. Huber, Robert C. and Associates. (n.d.) "Campus Card Technology Evolution (1960-2020)". Jaworowski, Caitlin. "Embracing Z Generation".