selected to represent the Italian Government in several high profile international and multi-lateral negotiations especially concerning transnational organized crime. In 1999–2000, Giammarinaro was a member of the Italian delegation to the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children at the UN Commission for Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Vienna. In particular, she contributed to the development of a global agreement on the definition of trafficking in human beings, especially concerning the "abuse of a position of vulnerability" as a key concept to address difficult cases of debt bondage, extreme poverty or psychological subjugation. She was in Palermo in 2000 when the Convention and the Protocol were signed. On this occasion she participated in an informal discussion with First Lady Hillary Clinton along with a few select personalities from around the world. She was also the Italian representative at all G-8 meetings of the Lyon Group concerning transnational organized crime, in particular the sub-group on Smuggling of Migrants and Trafficking in Persons, 1999–2000, and a member of the Italian delegation to the Committee on the elaboration of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 1997–1999. She was the main drafter of the first Italian Report submitted to the CEDAW Committee in 1999. Giammarinaro was also an active member of the Italian delegation at the Rome Statute Conference in which the Statute of the International Criminal Court was approved in July 1998. At the Rome Statute negotiations, she actively contributed to the negotiations which resulted in the inclusion of human trafficking in the context of enslavement as a crime against humanity in the jurisdiction of the first ever permanent, international war crimes court in The Hague. Anti-Mafia Expertise From 2001 to 2006, Giammarinaro served as a Pre-Trial Judge in the Preliminary Investigation Office of the Criminal Court of Rome. During this period, she developed particular expertise in human trafficking and organized crime cases, presiding over many complex large scale anti-mafia trials. She issued several important judgments dealing with a host of issues from terrorism, drug trafficking, torture, voluntary homicide and manslaughter to mafia association and trafficking in human beings. She contributed to developing and consolidating good judicial practices aimed at protecting victims' rights such as avoiding the repetition