Arab countries, but nonetheless have succeed to produce a cognitive revolution. Being a member of the French, Lebanese, Syrian and Palestinian Sociological Associations, as well as different regional and international associations, and having spent several years researching the production of knowledge, Hanafi believes in the internationalization of sociology so long as it is also anchored in local contexts. And at the same time, in being wary of antagonistic binary categories such as tradition/modernity, East/West, universalism/contextualism, he organized a large international conference of 55 participants under the title Sociologies in Dialogue (Fourth ISA Conference of the Council of National Associations) and co-edited a (2020). For Hanafi, several sociological concepts claim universality, such in human rights, democracy and gender equality. Yet, he sets three conditions for a concept to be a universal: the first being that it must be the outcome of a quasi-cross-cultural consensus, and not a mere export of values embedded in the Euro-American context. Second, it is not a teleological concept, but a historical experience that gets its meaning and normativity as a result of a collective historical learning process (inherently open-ended). Third, its universality is impossible except as an imaginary; a general wide flexible concept, not a model to be exported. While he has found postcolonial theory useful in understanding our modernity, and especially knowledge production, his approach now is to criticize postcolonial studies as a discourse, specifically how it has been projected in the Arab region. The intersection between the social sciences and postcolonial studies has not been without its problems, and reflects a growing crisis within some sectors of the Arab left, namely those who espouse postcolonialism as a singular perspective. He highlights two features of such discourse being the excessive way anti-imperialists and anti-Western. He suggests this postcolonial approach should be complemented by what he calls an anti-authoritarian approach. While there are many possible paths for sociology to follow in addressing all the social, economic, political, and ecological challenges of our modernity, Hanafi sets in motion two directions for a global sociology: supplementing the postcolonial approach with an anti-authoritarian one, and theorizing post-secular society. Beyond discussing this in many keynote speeches, he published his vision in the ISA newsletter Global Dialog as a short article (2000 words) in 14 languages, and thus it was widely discussed internationally. A more in-depth version, taking into account all the comments he received, was published in Current Sociology. Current