total of 65.4% of all Nobel prizes between 1901 and 2000. In an estimate by scholar Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, between 1901–2001, about 57.1% of Nobel prize winners were either Christians or with a Christian background. Between 1901-2001, about 56.5% of laureates in scientific fields were Christians. According to scholar Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, Protestants were overrepresented in scientific categories and Catholics were well-represented in the Literature and Peace categories. In an estimate made by Weijia Zhang from Arizona State University and Robert G. Fuller from University of Nebraska–Lincoln, between 1901 to 1990, 60% of Physics Nobel prize winners had Christian backgrounds. According of Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes winners awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize Laureates, have identified from Protestant background. Overall, Americans of Protestant background have won a total of 84.2% of all awarded Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, 58.6% in Physics, between 1901 and 1972. Criticism Events in Christian Europe, such as the Galileo affair, that were associated with the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment led scholars such as John William Draper to postulate a conflict thesis, holding that religion and science have been in conflict methodologically, factually and politically throughout history. This thesis is held by several scientists like Richard Dawkins and Lawrence Krauss. While the conflict thesis remains popular in atheistic and antireligious circles, it has lost favor among most contemporary historians of science, and the majority of scientists in elite universities in the U.S. do not hold a conflict view. See also Conflict thesis Continuity thesis Deep ecology Demarcation problem Faith and rationality History of science Intelligent design Issues in Science and Religion List of scholars on the relationship between religion and science Natural theology Philosophy of science Politicization of science Religious skepticism Psychology of religion Scientific method and religion Theistic evolution By tradition: List of Christians in science and technology List of Christian Nobel laureates Catholic Church and science and Catholic Church and evolution List of Catholic clergy scientists List of lay Catholic scientists List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize Merton thesis Parson-naturalist Quakers in science In the US: American Scientific Affiliation Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences Creation–evolution controversy John Templeton Foundation Notes Works cited Further reading Spierer, Eugen. God-of-the-Gaps Arguments in Light of Luther's Theology of the Cross. External links