in the paternal line . It has been documented in the European water frog complex of the genus Pelophylax, which includes three hybridogenic forms. Kleptogenesis Kleptogenesis is a sexually parasitic form of reproduction in unisexual organisms, that is often associated with species that are also capable of gynogenetic reproduction. In this reproductive mode unisexual females mate with sympatric males of related species, and genetic material in the paternal line recombines with the maternal DNA and thus is passed on. This mode of reproduction can be seen in numerous, though not all, species of unisexual salamander, particularly salamanders in the genus Ambystoma, and is implicated in the exceptional genetic diversity that exists in those animals. References Vertebrate parthenogenesis Amphibians