which quantified ethical decision-making, were run to further the understanding of “feeble-mindedness.” Populations of IDDs contained disproportionate numbers of inmates with foreign-born parents as well as African Americans. Many phenomenon psychologists have said that these populations were over-represented at IDDs because of the Great Migration, as “many of the Negroes born in the rural south become restless, drift northward and get into trouble in the metropolitan areas where the demands of the community are so much more exacting than those of the districts from which they come.” Explanations for the demographics of IDDs also include birth order, education, delayed puberty, and heredity and environmental backgrounds. While many IDDs are still operational, they have been estranged from their eugenicist roots in the wake of new theories of criminal psychology and psychopathology. Relationship between eugenics and crime Between 1830 and 1870 there were a number of theories about the connection between crime and defective mental states, and extensive literature had developed on the existence of mental types such as the idiot, imbecile or psychopath—all of whom were not considered insane, but all likely to be found in the criminal population. Even Phrenologists were suggesting that crime and evil were physiological conditions resulting from the structure of the brain. Most compellingly, however, the study of criminal subcultures seemed to show the existence of ‘bad families’ in which crime was almost hereditary. As early as the 1860s, Morel had fully synthesized these theories to explain crime as a component of his detailed classification of ‘degenerate’ types. Behavioral traits such as crime, idiocy, epilepsy, alcoholism, and insanity were all likely to be found in ‘degenerate’ families. Specifically in the United States, Pennsylvania was one of the first areas to be influenced by the link between defective mental states and crime. Dorothea Dix led a campaign to remove insane convicts to a special asylum alluding that crime was a symptom of a mental condition of which insanity was all but an extreme manifestation. Thus, in the early days of the eugenics movement, prison was intended to be filled only with offenders who could undergo rehabilitation, while alternate ‘mental’ institutions provided the necessary segregation to control and prevent the procreation of ‘degenerate’ racial types. Because the eugenics movement found early support among the state’s political and administrative elite, such Isaac N. Kerlin, who carried a public campaign for strict eugenic segregation as a means of preventing crime