Duchy of Milan. On 7 October, France, Savoy, Emperor Leopold and Spain signed the Convention of Vigevano, establishing an armistice. The war was formally ended by the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick which incorporated the Treaty of Turin. By splitting the Allies, Savoy's defection might have enabled Louis to obtain better terms at Ryswick than otherwise for a relatively minor cost. France relinquished Pinerolo, but Savoy's territories in Transalpine France were almost impossible to defend and were occupied by France again from 1704 to 1714. Victor Amadeus achieved his primary goals of recovering Pinerolo and Casale, and his daughter's marriage enhanced Savoy's position on the European stage. The cost was a devastated and impoverished country and "a reputation for...cynical self-interest he would never shake off, (that) earned the enmity of his former allies but not the friendship of Louis XIV". Cynical opportunism was not limited to Victor Amadeus; his allies found Leopold and his successors equally frustrating, and Britain's effective withdrawal from the War of the Spanish Succession in 1712 was similarly damaging. However, deserved or not, that perception was reinforced when Savoy switched sides in 1703 from France to the reformed Grand Alliance. Notes References Sources Jacques, Bernard; The acts and negotiations, together with the particular articles at large of the general peace, concluded at Ryswick, by the most illustrious confederates with the French king to which is premised, the negotiations and articles of the peace, concluded at Turin, between the same prince and the Duke of Savoy; (http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A27483.0001.001) 1696 treaties Treaties of the Kingdom of France Treaties of the Duchy of Savoy 1690s in Italy Nine Years' War