The Kents Cavern 4 maxilla is a human fossil, consisting of a right canine, third premolar, and first molar as well as the bone holding them together including a small piece of palate. The fossil was found in 1927 at Kents Cavern, a limestone cave in Torquay, Devon, England. The Maxilla was uncovered at a depth of and was located directly beneath a key ‘granular stalagmite’ at the site, which was used as a datum during excavations undertaken between 1926 and 1941 by the Torquay Natural History Society. The discovery of the KC4 maxilla was important because it became the earliest direct dated Anatomically Modern human (AMH) fossil yet discovered from a Northwestern European site. Moreover the date obtained via a Bayesian statistical-modelling method provides evidence for the coexistence of anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals. Dating and re-dating When the Maxilla was excavated in 1927 it was analyzed by Sir Arthur Keith and determined to be of anatomically modern type. In 1989 Researchers at Oxford University direct dated the maxilla via accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), and obtained a date range of 30,900 ± 900 radiocarbon years (yr 14C) BP or approximately 35,000 old. This date confirmed Keith’s ascribed Upper Palaeolithic age for the fossil, while also reinforcing then-current views on the dating and modern human associations of the Aurignacian industry in north-western Europe. However research conducted in the late 2000s identified problems with the accuracy of many 14C dates from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic, especially dates which were obtained during the early stages of the technique. The initial dating of KC4 was further scrutinized when traces of modern glue, which was used to repair the bone shortly after being discovered, were found to have contaminated the surface of the fossil. Due to this contamination additional testing of the fossil was determined to be necessary to confirm the date of the fossil. The bone did not contain enough uncontaminated surface area to re-date. This lack of adequate sample size was addressed when the research utilized the research archives from the Torquay Museum to obtain samples of other animal bones which had been excavate at Kent’s Cavern. These bones were obtained from strata with recorded depths both above and below the spot where the maxilla was found. The bone, which included cave bear and woolly rhino obtained from close proximity to the maxilla, were then radiocarbon dated. All sampled bones where