a two-pronged approach to replace steam locomotives. They would electrify the lines with high density traffic and slowly convert the others to diesel. The result was a slow but steady introduction of both electric and diesel traction which lasted until about 1975 when their last steam locomotives were retired. In the US, steam went out about 1960, 15 years earlier than for the USSR. Once dieselisation and electrification had fully replaced steam they began to convert diesel lines to electric, but the pace of electrification slowed. By 1990, over 60% of railway freight was being hauled by electric traction. This amounted to about 30% of the freight hauled by all railways in the world (by all types of locomotives) and about 80% of rail freight in the US (where rail freight held almost a 40% modal share). of intercity freight ton-miles. The USSR was hauling more rail freight than all the other countries in the world combined, and most of this was going by electrified railway. Electrification in individual Soviet republics Estonia The Estonia Railways use 3000 V DC rail lines for commuter traffic with a total length of 132.5 km. These are the railway lines: Tallinn – Pääsküla – Electrified in 1924 to a 1200 V DC and being the first ever electrified railway line in the Baltics. Tallinn – Keila – The line was electrified in 1958 to a 3000 V DC. Keila – Paldiski – Electrified 1958-1962. Klooga – Kloogaranna – Electrificted in 1960. Tallinn – Kehra – Electrified in 1973. Kehra – Aegviidu – Electrified in 1978. Keila – Turba – The line is electrified between the sections of Keila – Vasalemma in 1965 and between Vasalemma – Riisipere in 1981. The electrficted part Riisipere – Turba was opened in December 2019. The Tallinn to Tartu railway is due to be electrified by 2024, with electrification of the remaining network expected to be completed by 2028. Estonian Railways are planning to raise the Voltage on the Commuter Railways from the 3000 V DC to a 25 000 V AC between the years of 2024-2028. Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan does not have any electrified railways. Latvia The Latvian railway network has 257 kilometers of electrified 3 kV DC on four lines centered around Riga. The LDz has the following electrified railway lines: Torņakalns–Tukums II Railway – The line is electrificted in 1950 on a part Rīga – Dubulti. Then