1998 Nobel Chemistry Prize with John Pople. This contribution is arguably the earliest work to which Nobels were given for a computer program or computational technique. First regression calculations in economics. 1970s 1975 – Benoit Mandelbrot coins the term "fractal" to describe the self-similarity found in the Fatou, Julia and Mandelbrot sets. Fractals become the first mathematical visualization tool extensively explored with computing. 1977 – Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken prove the four colour theorem, the first theorem to be proved by computer. 1980s Fast multipole method (voted one of the top 10 algorithms of the 20th century) invented by Vladimir Rokhlin and Leslie Greengard. Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics developed by Roberto Car and Michele Parrinello 1990s 1990 – In computational genomics and sequence analysis, the Human Genome Project, an endeavour to sequence the entire human genome, begins. 1998 – Kepler conjecture is almost all but certainly proved algorithmically by Thomas Hales. The appearance of the first research grids using volunteer computing – GIMPS (1996), distributed.net (1997) and Seti@Home (1999). 2000s 2000 – The Human Genome Project completes a rough draft of human genome. 2003 – The Human Genome Project completed. 2002 – The BOINC architecture is launched in 2002. 2010s Foldit players solve virus structure, one of the first cases of a game solving a scientific question. See also Computational science History of computing History of mathematics Timeline of mathematics Timeline of algorithms Timeline of computational physics Timeline of computational mathematics Timeline of numerical analysis after 1945 History of computing hardware References External links SIAM (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) News. Top 10 Algorithms of the 20th Century. The History of Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing @ SIAM (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) IEEE Milestones Computational science s s