Adalah – The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel (; ) is a human rights organization and legal center. Adalah's goals are "achieving individual and collective rights of the Arab-Palestinian minority in Israel" and protecting "the human rights of Palestinians living under occupation, based on international humanitarian law and international human rights law". The organization was founded in November 1996; it is non-partisan and not-for-profit. Adalah's founder and General Director is lawyer Hassan Jabareen. Adalah means Justice in the Arabic language. Mission and philosophy Adalah attempts to influence Israeli public discourse through media outreach and campaigning. Adalah regularly participates in Israeli and international academic conferences. Historian Ilan Pappe describes Adalah's philosophy as "that the personal autonomy of the individual was a right that had to be fiercely protected, and that this right included also the collective rights of the group to which the individual belonged." Legal advocacy Many of Adalah's cases involve first-time legal challenges and affect Arab citizens as a collective group. Adalah's legal advocacy focuses on appealing to the Israeli Supreme Court. Between 1996–2000, it brought over twenty cases before the court dealing with equality for Arab citizens, including language rights cases, budgets of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, health and education in the unrecognized Arab Bedouin villages in Israel. Adalah's legal department is divided into three units: Land and Planning; Economic, Social, and Cultural; and Civil and Political (including Criminal Justice and the Occupied Palestinian Territory). International advocacy Adalah's international advocacy work focuses on United Nations human rights bodies, European Union bodies, embassies/foreign diplomats based in Israel, and cooperating with international human rights organizations and networks. Adalah has conducted regular interventions to UN Committees in its reviews of Israel's compliance with human rights conventions. Adalah and its partners played a leading role in the passing of an EU Parliament Resolution on 5 July 2012 condemning Israel's practice of forced displacement against Palestinian Arabs in the Occupied Territory (West Bank and East Jerusalem) and in the Naqab (Negev) in Israel. October 2000 events and the Or Commission In October 2000, Israeli security forces used live ammunition and rubber-coated bullets against Palestinian Arab citizens at demonstrations, killing 13 people. A Commission of Inquiry was established and Adalah represented the family members of the 13 Palestinian citizens of Israel killed by the police, and the Arab political leaders who received warnings from the Commission. The Or Commission found