did not make microdots. Hoover appears to have conflated Emanuel Goldberg, who was a professor in Dresden, with Kurt Zapp who, late in the Second World War, was in Dresden and taught spies how to make microdots. A World War II spy kit for microdot production was sometimes called a Zapp outfit. In Germany after the Berlin Wall was erected, special cameras were used to generate microdots which were then attached to letters and sent through the regular mail. These microdots often went unnoticed by inspectors, and information could be read by the intended recipient using a microscope. Modern usage Microdot identification Microdot identification is a process where tiny identification tags are etched or coded with a given number, or for use on vehicles, a vehicle VIN, asset identification number or a unique serial number. Unique personal identification numbers (PIN), asset identification number or customized customer data entries are also available. The microdots are brushed or sprayed onto the key parts of an asset to provide complete parts marking. The technology was developed in the United States in the 1990s before being commercialized by various manufacturers and distributors around the world. In South Africa it is a legal requirement to have microdot fitted to all new vehicles sold since September 2012 and to all vehicles that require police clearance. Most printers print in addition to the documents requested on the pages tiny yellow dots containing printer serial number and time stamp. These are not microdots, but arrays of difficult-to-see dots across the printed page in an encoded pattern. See also Photolithography References External links Microdot photography Microdot Technology Anti Theft Microdot technology in INDIA Steganography