clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position. Arabic and Syriac use secondary uvularization, which is generally not distinguished from pharyngealization, for the "emphatic" coronal consonants. Examples of pharyngealized consonants (Uvularized consonants are not distinguished.) Stops pharyngealized voiceless alveolar stop (in Chechen, Berber, Arabic, Mizrahi and Classical Hebrew) pharyngealized voiced alveolar stop (in Chechen, Tamazight and Arabic) pharyngealized voiceless bilabial stop (in Chechen and Ubykh) pharyngealized voiced bilabial stop (in Chechen, Ubykh, Siwa, Shihhi Arabic and Iraqi Arabic, allophonic in Adyghe and Kabardian) pharyngealized voiceless uvular stop (in Ubykh, Tsakhur, Archi, Arabic and Classical Hebrew) pharyngealized voiced uvular stop (in Tsakhur) pharyngealized glottal stop (in Shihhi Arabic; allophonic in Chechen) Fricatives pharyngealized voiceless alveolar sibilant (in Chechen, Arabic, Classical Hebrew and Northern Berber) pharyngealized voiced alveolar sibilant (in Chechen, Berber and Arabic) pharyngealized voiceless postalveolar fricative (in Chechen; also a hypercorrection of the Modern Hebrew ) pharyngealized voiced postalveolar fricative (in Chechen) pharyngealized voiceless dental fricative pharyngealized voiced dental fricative (in Arabic ظ) pharyngealized voiced alveolar lateral fricative (in Classical Arabic) pharyngealized voiceless labiodental fricative pharyngealized voiced labiodental fricative (in Ubykh) pharyngealized voiceless uvular fricative (in Ubykh, Tsakhur, Archi and Bzyb Abkhaz) pharyngealized voiced uvular fricative (in Ubykh, Tsakhur and Archi) pharyngealized voiceless glottal fricative (in Tsakhur) Affricates pharyngealized voiceless alveolar affricate (in Chechen) pharyngealized voiced alveolar affricate (in Chechen) pharyngealized voiceless postalveolar affricate (in Chechen) pharyngealized voiced postalveolar affricate (in Chechen) Trills pharyngealized voiced alveolar trill (in Chechen and Siwa) Nasals pharyngealized bilabial nasal (in Chechen, Ubykh, Darija, and Iraqi Arabic) pharyngealized alveolar nasal (in Chechen) Approximants pharyngealized labialized velar approximant (in Shihhi Arabic, Chechen and Ubykh) pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant (in Chechen, Northern Standard Dutch and Arabic) pharyngealized labialized postalveolar approximant (in American English) pharyngealized velar approximant , with the body of the tongue bunched up at the velum (in some dialects of American English and Dutch) Examples of pharyngealized vowels pharyngealized open-mid back rounded vowel (in Northern Standard Dutch) pharyngealized vowels in the Air Tamajeq language See also Velarization Creaky voice (laryngealization) Pharyngeal consonant Epiglottal consonant Pharynx Notes References Further reading Ian Maddieson, Typology and occurrence of pharyngeals and pharyngealization around the world. Phonetics Pharyngeal consonants Secondary articulation