to higher top tax rates. Public opinion According to a 1997 paper by Malcolm Mackerras and Ian McAllister, in Australia "polls taken over the years have consistently shown a community support of between 60 and 70 per cent" for compulsory voting. In 2005, polls taken by Roy Morgan Research and Ipsos-Mackay found 71 and 74 percent support respectively. Both polls also found there was roughly equal support for compulsory voting among supporters of Australia's major political groups, the Coalition and the Australian Labor Party. Current and past use by countries , 21 countries were recorded as having compulsory voting. Of these, only 10 countries (additionally one Swiss canton and one Indian state) enforce it. As of January 2020, of the 36 member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, only Australia and Luxembourg had forms of compulsory voting which were enforced in practice. Voting in Belgium, Greece, Mexico and Turkey is compulsory, but is not enforced. Repealed Countries where voting is no longer compulsory: Albania – Compulsory voting, which existed throughout the Communist period and produced official turnouts of 100%, was repealed with the new election law of November 1990 and January 1991. Austria – At the national level, introduced in 1924. Repealed in 1992. At the provincial level in Styria, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, repealed in 1992. Bulgaria – Due to the low turnouts at elections, the Bulgarian parliament introduced compulsory voting in 2016 – the only European country to do so in more than 50 years – but the Constitutional Court annulled the law the following year, declaring that the right to vote was a subjective right and not a public function that entailed an obligation to vote. Cyprus – Introduced in 1960. Repealed in 2017, after having been inactive for many years. Dominican Republic – Compulsory voting, which was not enforced in practice, was repealed with the 2010 Constitution which states: "Nobody can be obligated or coerced, under any pretext, in the exercise of their right of suffrage or to reveal their vote." In 2017, a proposal by an opposition party to establish compulsory voting was defeated. Guatemala – Repealed in 1990. Italy – Between 1945 and 1993. (Possible arbitrary or social sanctions, called the "innocuous sanction", where it might, for example, be difficult to get a daycare place for your child or similar.) Lebanon – Repealed at least since the electoral law of 1996. Netherlands