restrictions on the movement of reporters and strict censorship. In all military conflicts which followed, close attention to more managed reporting was considered essential. The military attaché of the British Indian Army to the Japanese First Army, General Sir Ian Hamilton, would directly apply lessons learned in Kuroki's retinue. In the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign he appointed Captain William Maxwell, a British journalist who had reported on the Russo-Japanese War for the London Daily Mail to be Chief Field Censor. These experiences also provided a model that the U.S. military attaché, Captain John J. Pershing would adopt a decade later in Europe when he persuaded American journalist Frederick Palmer to take on the task of press accreditation for the American Expeditionary Force in France in World War I. Palmer, like Pershing, had experienced the Russo-Japanese War through the restrictions Kuroki had imposed. Later years Despite his success and previous military record, Kuroki was one of two senior field commanders denied promotion to Field Marshal, thought to be largely because of his Satsuma origins at a time when the government was dominated by Chōshū rivals, although this may have been due to the internal politics within the Japanese Imperial Army of the time. Retiring from military service in 1909, he received the title of danshaku (baron) and later hakushaku (count) under the kazoku peerage system. From 1917 onwards he served as a until his death from pneumonia in 1923. Honours Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (30 May 1905) Hon. Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (GCMG) (20 February 1906) Baron (1 April 1906) Order of the Golden Kite, 1st Class (1 April 1906) Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (1 April 1906) Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword (1906) Order of the Plum Blossom (28 December 1906) Count (1909) Two towns in North America were named in his honor: Kuroki, Saskatchewan and Kuroki, North Dakota. Notes References Connaughton, Richard Michael. (1988). The War of the Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear: A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5. London: Routledge. (cloth); (paper) -- reprinted by Cassell Military, London, 2004. (paper) Davis, Richard Harding et al. (1905). The Russo-Japanese war; a photographic and descriptive review of the great conflict in the Far East, gathered from the reports, records, cable despatches, photographs, etc., etc., of