of these students. Because the character "Hung" () was used in the reign name of the emperor who overthrew the Mongol Yuan Dynasty to establish the Han Chinese Ming Dynasty, opponents of the Manchu Qing Dynasty made frequent use of the character in their imagery. (Ironically, Luk Ah-choi 陸阿采 was the son of a Manchu stationed in Guangdong.) Hung Hei-gun is itself an assumed name intended to honor that first Ming Emperor. Anti-Qing rebels named the most far reaching of the secret societies they formed the "Hung Mun" (). The Hung Mun claimed to be founded by survivors of the destruction of the Shaolin Temple, and the martial arts its members practiced came to be called "Hung Ga" and "Hung Kuen". Its popularity in modern times is mainly associated with the Cantonese folk hero Wong Fei-hung, a Hung Ga master. The Hung Ga curriculum of Wong Fei-hung The Hung Ga curriculum that Wong Fei-hung learned from his father consisted of Single Hard Fist, Double Hard Fist, Taming the Tiger Fist (), Black Tiger Fist (), Angry Tiger Fist (), and Arhat Fist (), Fifth Brother Eight Trigram Pole (), Mother & Son Butterfly Swords (), and the Flying Hook (). Wong distilled his father's empty-hand material along with the material he learned from other masters into the "pillars" of Hung Ga, four empty-hand routines that constitute the core of Hung Ga instruction in the Wong Fei-hung lineage: Taming the Tiger Fist, Tiger Crane Paired Form Fist, Five Animal Fist, and Iron Wire Fist. Each of those routines is described in the sections below. "工" Taming the Tiger Fist 工字伏虎拳 pinyin: gōng zì fú hǔ quán; Yale Cantonese: gung ji fuk fu kuen. The long routine Taming the Tiger trains the student in the basic techniques of Hung Ga while building endurance. It is said to go at least as far back as Jee Sin Sim See, who is said to have taught Taming the Tiger—or at least an early version of it—to both Hung Hei-gun and Luk Ah-choi. The "工" Character in Taming the Tiger Fist is so called because its footwork traces a path resembling the character "工". Tiger Crane Paired Form Fist 虎鶴雙形拳 pinyin: hǔ hè shuāng xíng quán; Yale Cantonese: fu hok seung ying kuen. Tiger Crane builds on Taming the Tiger, adding "vocabulary" to the Hung Ga practitioner's repertoire. Wong Fei-hung choreographed the version of Tiger