quality. D-1 was the very first real-time digital broadcast-quality tape format. The original Sony DVR-1000 unveiled in 1986 had a U.S. MSRP (manufacturer suggested retail price) of $160,000. A few years later, Sony's engineers were able to drastically reduce the size of the machine by reducing the electronic processing to fit into the main cassette drive chassis, christened the DVR-2000, lowering the U.S. cost to $120,000. An external single-rack unit would enable the machine to record an additional key (matte) channel (4:2:2:4) or double the horizontal resolution (8:4:4) by combining two VTRs running simultaneously. Later "SP" and "OS" models ran Off-SPeed, making them technically friendly for 24-frame telecine film transfers to D1 tape - and allowing a single tape to provide both NTSC (525 vertical lines) and PAL (625 lines) masters at one time. Relation to other tapes While early color television experiments were kept in the component domain of RGB, most color television broadcasting and post production was compromised in the 1960s and 1970s to simplify infrastructure and transmission by combining the color and luminance (composite). However, once the color and luminance information was combined, it could never truly be uncombined as cleanly as originated. Component video was rarely processed through a video facility as RGB, as it is in computer displays. There was a historical legacy need to maintain black-and-white signals. Further, as the human eye is more sensitive to black-and-white picture information than color, engineers calculated that with the size of the largest home television screen, the color video lines did not need to be sampled for every converted digital pixel. Sony's 1982 news-gathering 1/2-inch video format Betacam - the first camcorder combination - came up with a compromise, known as YUV. The "Y" was luminance, or the detail of the video picture, in black-and-white. It contained the sync 'frame' needed to make a stable picture. If one connects only the "Y" cable, one can see a black-and-white image, but not if only connecting the other two color information channels. The "UV" was a math algorithm of R-Y (red minus luminance) and B-Y (blue minus luminance). The green information was derived by the difference (thus YUV is referred to as color difference processing). For example, if there are five black-and-white panda teddy bears in a box (Y); plus eight red apples (R-Y) and two blueberries (B-Y); and the total number of items has to equal 20, one