as less biased than everyone else, because they are not likely to introspect any biased thought processes. One experiment tried to give their subjects access to others' introspections. They made audio recordings of subjects who had been told to say whatever came into their heads as they answered a question about their own bias. Although subjects persuaded themselves they were unlikely to be biased, their introspective reports did not sway the assessments of observers. When subjects were explicitly told to avoid relying on introspection, their assessments of their own bias became more realistic. In religion Christianity In Eastern Christianity some concepts addressing human needs, such as sober introspection (nepsis), require watchfulness of the human heart and the conflicts of the human nous, heart or mind. Noetic understanding can not be achieved by rational or discursive thought (i.e. systemization). Jainism Jains practise pratikraman (Sanskrit "introspection"), a process of repentance of wrongdoings during their daily life, and remind themselves to refrain from doing so again. Devout Jains often do Pratikraman at least twice a day. Hinduism Introspection is encouraged in schools such as Advaita Vedanta; in order for one to know their own true nature, they need to reflect and introspect on their true nature—which is what meditation is. Especially, Swami Chinmayananda emphasised the role of introspection in five stages, outlined in his book "Self Unfoldment." In fiction Introspection (also referred to as Rufus dialogue, interior monologue, self-talk) is the fiction-writing mode used to convey a character's thoughts. As explained by Renni Browne and Dave King, "One of the great gifts of literature is that it allows for the expression of unexpressed thoughts…" According to Nancy Kress, a character's thoughts can greatly enhance a story: deepening characterization, increasing tension, and widening the scope of a story. As outlined by Jack M. Bickham, thought plays a critical role in both scene and sequel. See also Conceptual proliferation Human self-reflection Insight Intrapersonal communication Introversion Know thyself Mode (literature) Psychological mindedness Phenomenology (philosophy) Phenomenology (psychology) Pratikramana Psychonautics Psychophysics Rumination (psychology) Self-awareness Self-consciousness Self-discovery Style (fiction) References Further reading External links Introspection entry by Amy Kind in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy What is Introspection, What Is Introspection In Psychology, The Benefits Of Introspection Cognition Concepts in epistemology Concepts in metaphysics Concepts in metaphilosophy Concepts in the philosophy of mind Concepts in the philosophy of science Consciousness Critical thinking Epistemology of science Mental processes Metaphysics of