of innocence provision of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. They were replaced with procedures in which the accused merely had to demonstrate an "air of reality" to the proposed defence, following which the burden shifted to the Crown to disprove the defence. Bill C-51, An Act to amend the Criminal Code and the Department of Justice Act and to make consequential amendments to another Act, received Royal Assent in December 2018. Among other things, it eliminated several reverse onus provisions from the Criminal Code, some of which had previously been found unconstitutional, and others pre-emptively in order to avoid further Charter challenges. See also Adversarial system Blackstone's formulation Due process Habeas corpus Hitchens's razor Null hypothesis Presumption of guilt Rebuttable presumption Right to a fair trial Right to silence Trial by media Presumption of supply in New Zealand References Citations Sources Singh, Rahul, Reverse onus Clauses: A Comparative Law Perspective, Student Advocate, Vol. 13, pp. 148–172. Bury, J. B. (1893). A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius. External links The Presumption of Innocence in the French and Anglo-American Legal Traditions The History of Presumed Innocence What’s Wrong with Military Trials of Terrorist Suspects? Kenneth Pennington, Innocent Until Proven Guilty: The Origins of a Legal Maxim, 63 JURIST: STUD. CHURCH L. & MINISTRY 106 (2003). Criminal procedure Legal doctrines and principles Doubt Human rights