means "group" or "federation.") After only a few months, he retired as head of this organization. His son, Jiro Ōtsuka, took his place. On 29 January 1982, Hironori Ōtsuka died, and in 1983, Jiro Ōtsuka succeeded him as grandmaster of Wadō-ryū. The younger Ōtsuka changed his name to "Hironori Otsuka II" in honor of his late father. In 1989, Tatsuo Suzuki founded the third major Wadō-ryū organization, "Wadō Kokusai" (Wadō International Karatedō Federation; WIKF). (Kokusai means "international.") Organization Wadō-ryū is spread between three independently-led organizations: Wadōkai, Wadō Kokusai and Wadō-ryū Karate-dō Renmei. Wadō-ryū outside Japan Wadō-ryū has been spread to many countries in the world, by both Japanese and non-Japanese students of Hironori Otsuka. Japanese Wadō-ryū stylists Tatsuo Suzuki, Teruo Kono, Masafumi Shiomitsu, H. Takashima, Naoki Ishikawa, Yoshihiko Iwasaki, Kuniaki Sakagami and many others spread the art in Europe. Yoshiaki Ajari, Masaru Shintani and Isaac Henry Jr. spread the art in the United States and Canada, Joaquim Gonçalves (from Portugal) and many others have helped to spread the style in their respective countries. In 1968, Otsuka promoted Cecil T. Patterson of the United States to 5th dan, and charged him with the creation of the United States Eastern Wado-Kai Federation (USEWF). Following the split between Otsuka and the Wado-Kai in 1980, Patterson and the USEWF (renamed: United States Eastern Wadō-ryū Karate Federation) remained with Otsuka. Following Patterson's death in 2002, his son John T. Patterson assumed the presidency of the USEWF. Patterson's organization continues as an active member of the Wadō Ryū Karatedō Renmei. In the UK, Wadō-ryū has been cited as a key influence in the development of the hybrid martial art Sanjuro. Notable practitioners Hironori Ōtsuka Tatsuo Suzuki (martial artist) Seiji Nishimura Masaru Shintani Steve Arneil Cecil T. Patterson Hamish Telfer Adam Toru Arakawa Steven Bellamy Ticky Donovan Bob Breen Gilbert Ballantine Vic Charles Billy Higgins (karateka) Otti Roethof Geoff Thompson (karateka) Neil Hillman Guusje van Mourik Eugene Codrington Sari Laine Patricia Duggin William Millerson Hiroo Mochizuki Joe Robinson (actor) Roland Habersetzer Jason David Frank Naoki Ishikawa (karaté) Gertjan Martens Yutaka Toyama Notes References Further reading Tatsuo Suzuki, 'Karate-Do,' Pelham Books Ltd, London, 1967. SUZUKI by Tatsuo Suzuki, The Fulness Of A Life in Karate Pollock, Ben, 'Karate Wadoryu From Japan to the West'. Lulu Publications,2020. ISBN 9781716517860. External links International Federation of Wado-Ryu Karate-Do or Wadōryū Karatedō Renmei Wado International Karate-Do Federation (WIKF) Japan Karatedo Federation Wado-Kai