Alessandro 1530–1537 – Titled Duke of Florence. Cosimo I 1537–1574 – From 1569 he and his successors titled Grand Duke of Tuscany. Francesco I 1574–1587 – Son of Cosimo I. Ferdinando I 1587–1609 – Son of Cosimo I. Cosimo II 1609–1621 – Son of Ferdinando I. Ferdinando II 1621–1670 – Son of Cosimo II. Cosimo III 1670–1723 – Son of Ferdinando II. Gian Gastone 1723–1737 – Son of Cosimo III. When Gian Gastone died without heirs, the grand duchy was inherited by the House of Lorraine. House of Habsburg-Lorraine After the Medici dynasty died out, there was a take-over by Habsburg-Lorraine rulers with extensive Austrian domains. Known in Italy as Pietro Leopoldo, Leopold I was the only progressive reformer to rule Tuscany. He abolished the last vestiges of serfdom, encouraged trade and industry, and reformed the bureaucracy. During his long reign Tuscany became one of the most prosperous states in Italy. On 30 November 1786, he promulgated a penal reform making Tuscany the first sovereign state to abolish the death penalty. In this time period Tuscany was also known as a "Guild". Francis of Lorraine 1737–1765 – Married Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria. When he was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1747 he passed the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to his son Leopold. Leopold I of Lorraine 1765–1790 – Leopold also became Holy Roman Emperor (1790–1792) upon the death of his brother Joseph II (1780–1790). Ferdinand III 1790–1801 House of Bourbon-Parma Ferdinand III was deposed by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801 so that Tuscany could be given to the Bourbon Dukes of Parma as compensation for the loss of their duchy. During this brief period, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was known as the Kingdom of Etruria. Louis 1801–1803 Charles Louis 1803–1807 Tuscany/Etruria was annexed by Napoleonic France in 1807. House of Bonaparte In 1809 Napoleon gave his sister Elisa the honorary title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Elisa Bonaparte 1809–1814, Grand Duchess of Tuscany House of Habsburg-Lorraine In 1814, after Napoleon's downfall, Ferdinand III was restored as grand duke. However, in 1815, the Congress of Vienna separated the Duchy of Lucca from Tuscany to give to the Bourbons of Parma in compensation for other losses. (Lucca would be reintegrated into Tuscany in 1847.) Ferdinand III 1814–1824 – Restored as grand duke. Leopold II 1824–1848 republic 1848–1849 – part of the Revolutions of 1848. Leopold II 1849–1859 – Restored as grand