and Han Fei. Emperor Wen of Sui is recorded as having withdrawn his favour from the Confucians, giving it to "the group advocating Xing-Ming and authoritarian government". Regarded as being in opposition to Confucians, as early as the Eastern Han its full and original meaning would be forgotten. Yet the writings of Dong Zhongshu discuss personnel testing and control in a manner sometimes hardly distinguishable from the Han Feizi. Like Shen Buhai, he dissuades against reliance upon punishments. As Confucianism ascended the term disappeared, though it appears in later dynasties. References Footnotes Works cited Creel, Herrlee G., The Origins of Statecraft in China. Creel, Herrlee G., Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century B.C. Duyvendak, J.J.L., The Book of Lord Shang: Translated From the Chinese with Notes by J.J.L. Duyvendak. Li, Shen, "Shenzi". Encyclopedia of China (Chinese History Edition), 1st ed. Pan, Fuen, "Shen Buhai". Encyclopedia of China (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed. Zhang, Guohua, "Shen Buhai". Encyclopedia of China (Law Edition), 1st ed. External links Hong Kong University Philosophy Department, Shen Buhai 330s BC deaths 4th-century BC Chinese philosophers Chinese reformers Legalism (Chinese philosophy) Han (state) Philosophers from Henan Politicians from Henan Writers from Henan Year of birth unknown Zhou dynasty essayists Zhou dynasty philosophers Zhou dynasty politicians Zheng (state)