the coalition allies was also ascribed to him even though it was due to political and military factors over which he had no control. He fell into disfavour in military circles with only the Emperor (now Francis II) remaining as his supporter. In 1797, Mack was promoted Feldmarschall-leutnant and the following year he accepted the command of the Neapolitan army at the personal request of the Emperor. The unpromising material of his new command against the French revolutionary troops and in actual danger of being murdered by his own men prompted Mack to abandon his command and to take refuge in the French camp. Initially, he was promised to be returned to his own country but Napoleon ordered instead that he should be sent to France as a prisoner of war. War of the Third Coalition Two years later he escaped from Paris in disguise. There were allegations that he broke his parole, a severe allegation that reflected on his honor as a gentleman and an officer (in the opinion of the anonymous author of his biography in the 1911 Eleventh edition of Encyclopædia Britannica this allegation was false). He was not employed for some years, but in 1804, when the war party in the Austrian court needed a general to oppose the peace policy of the Archduke Charles, Mack was made quartermaster-general of the army, with instructions to prepare for a war with France. He did all that was possible within the available time to reform the army, and on the opening of the war of 1805 he became quartermaster-general to the titular commander-in-chief in Germany, the Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este, who was himself inexperienced in military command. Consequently, Mack held the real responsible commander of the army that opposed Napoleon in Bavaria, but his position was ill-defined and his authority treated with minimal respect by the other general officers. Furthermore, the restructuring of the Habsburg military had been incomplete; Mack chose to initiate some of Charles' innovations, while ignoring others. His own insecurities and vagaries did not encourage the confidence of the staff; in the campaigning that led up to the Battle of Ulm, Mack's frequent reversals of Viennese policy, and even his own decisions, further undermined an already fragile command structure. At Ulm in October 1805, he surrendered the entire army to Napoleon. A few of his officers, including Prince von Schwarzenberg, broke through the