gas turbines and turbochargers. In gas turbines and auxiliary power units. Ref. Figures 4.1–4.2 In their simple form, modern gas turbines operate on the Brayton cycle. (ref Figure 5.1) Either or both axial and centrifugal compressors are used to provide compression. The types of gas turbines that most often include centrifugal compressors include small aircraft engines (i.e. turboshafts, turboprops, and turbofans), auxiliary power units, and micro-turbines. The industry standards applied to all centrifugal compressors used in aircraft applications are set by the relevant civilian and military certification authorities to achieve the safety and durability required in service. Centrifugal impellers used in gas turbines are commonly made from titanium alloy forgings. Their flow-path blades are commonly flank milled or point milled on 5-axis milling machines. When running clearances have to be as small as possible without the impeller rubbing its shroud the impeller is first drawn with its high-temperature, high-speed deflected shape and then drawn in its equivalent cold static shape for manufacturing. This is necessary because the impeller deflections at the most severe running condition can be 100 times larger than the required hot running clearance between the impeller and its shroud. In automotive engine and diesel engine turbochargers and superchargers. Ref. Figure 1.1 Centrifugal compressors used in conjunction with reciprocating internal combustion engines are known as turbochargers if driven by the engine's exhaust gas and turbo-superchargers if mechanically driven by the engine. Standards set by the industry for turbochargers may have been established by SAE. Ideal gas properties often work well for the design, test and analysis of turbocharger centrifugal compressor performance. In pipeline compressors of natural gas to move the gas from the production site to the consumer. Centrifugal compressors for such uses may be one- or multi-stage and driven by large gas turbines. Standards set by the industry (ANSI/API, ASME) result in thick casings to achieve a required level of safety. The impellers are often if not always of the covered style which makes them look much like pump impellers. This type of compressor is also often termed an API-style. The power needed to drive these compressors is most often in the thousands of horsepower (HP). The use of real gas properties is needed to properly design, test, and analyze the performance of natural gas pipeline centrifugal compressors. In oil refineries, natural-gas processing, petrochemical and chemical plants. Centrifugal compressors for such uses are often one-shaft multi-stage and