today. Critiques of French universalism were also apparent in the text, particularly citing the issues that universalism caused for the departmentalization of Martinique of which Césaire was the main propagator. Departmentalization was an important goal for Césaire both in his texts and in his political career. Césaire originally wrote his text in French in 1950, but later worked with Joan Pinkham to translate it to English. The translated version was published in 1972. See also Créolité Antillanité Octave Mannoni Notes References Bibliography Books English translation from 1972 via Abahlali baseMjondolo. Journal articles, book chapters, encyclopedia entries Translated as News articles & web sources External links Aime Cesaire, biography, by Brooke Ritz, Postcolonial Studies website, English Department, Emory University, 1999. Aimé Césaire, bibliography, biography, and links (in French), "île en île", City University of New York, 1998–2004. Khalid Chraibi, an interview with Aimé Césaire, (in French) on occasion of the Paris première of "La Tragédie du Roi Christophe" in 1965. Official tribute site to Aimé Césaire. "Out of Defeat: Aimé Césaire's Miraculous Words". Tribute by Colin Dayan, September/October 2008. Aime Cesaire, 1913-2008: Remembering the Life and Legacy - video report by Democracy Now!, 21 April 2008. Aimé Césaire, by Mabogo Percy More, May 2008. 1913 births 2008 deaths 20th-century French dramatists and playwrights 20th-century French essayists 20th-century French poets 20th-century male writers Black French politicians Communist poets Communist writers Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic Deputies of the 4th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic Deputies of the 5th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic Deputies of the 6th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic Deputies of the 7th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic Deputies of the 9th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic École Normale Supérieure alumni French Communist Party politicians French male poets French people of Nigerian descent Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni Martinican Progressive Party politicians Martiniquais communists Martiniquais dramatists and playwrights Martiniquais poets Martiniquais writers Members of the Constituent Assembly of France