Christianity in Japan survived only by going underground. Another part of the shogunate's actions after the rebellion was to excuse the clans which had aided its efforts militarily from the building contributions which it routinely required from various domains. However, Matsukura Katsuie's domain was given to another lord, Kōriki Tadafusa, and Matsukura began to be pressured by the shogunate to commit honourable ritual suicide, called seppuku. However, after the body of a peasant was found in his residence, proving his misrule and brutality, Matsukura was beheaded in Edo. The Terazawa clan survived, but died out almost 10 years later, due to Katataka's lack of a successor. On the Shimabara peninsula, most towns experienced a severe to total loss of population as a result of the rebellion. In order to maintain the rice fields and other crops, immigrants were brought from other areas across Japan to resettle the land. All inhabitants were registered with local temples, whose priests were required to vouch for their members' religious affiliation. Following the rebellion, Buddhism was strongly promoted in the area. Certain customs were introduced which remain unique to the area today. Towns on the Shimabara peninsula also continue to have a varied mix of dialects due to the mass immigration from other parts of Japan. With the exception of periodic, localized peasant uprisings, the Shimabara Rebellion was the last large-scale armed clash in Japan until the 1860s. Notes See also Dejima Haibutsu kishaku Kakure Kirishitan History of the Catholic Church in Japan References English Bellah, Robert N. (1957). Tokugawa Religion. (New York: The Free Press). Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 185685588 Borton, Hugh (1955). Japan's Modern Century. (New York: The Ronald Press Company). DeBary, William T., et al. (2001). Sources of Japanese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600. New York: Columbia University Press. Doeff, Hendrik (2003). Recollections of Japan. Translated and Annotated by Annick M. Doeff. (Victoria, B.C.: Trafford). Harbottle, Thomas Benfield (1904). Dictionary of Battles from the Earliest Date to the Present Time. (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd.) Harris, Victor (1974). Introduction to A Book of Five Rings. (New York: The Overlook Press). Mason, R.H.P. (1997). A History of Japan. North Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing. Morton, William S. (2005). Japan: Its History and Culture. (New York: McGraw-Hill Professional). Murray, David (1905). Japan. (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons). Perrin, Noel