study on First Dynasty crania from the royal tombs in Abydos and noted the predominant pattern was "Southern" or a “tropical African variant” (though others were also observed), which had affinities with Kerma Kushites. The general results demonstrate greater affinity with Upper Nile Valley groups, but also suggest clear change from earlier craniometric trends. The gene flow and movement of northern officials to the important southern city may explain the findings. Human sacrifice Human sacrifice was practiced as part of the funerary rituals associated with all of the pharaohs of the first dynasty. It is clearly demonstrated as existing during this dynasty by retainers being buried near each pharaoh's tomb as well as animals sacrificed for the burial. The tomb of Djer is associated with the burials of 338 individuals. The people and animals sacrificed, such as donkeys, were expected to assist the pharaoh in the afterlife. For unknown reasons, this practice ended with the conclusion of the dynasty. Rulers Known rulers in the history of Egypt for the First Dynasty are as follows: See also Early Dynastic Period (Egypt) First Dynasty of Egypt family tree References Citations Bibliography . States and territories established in the 4th millennium BC States and territories disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC 01 31st century BC in Egypt 30th century BC in Egypt 29th century BC in Egypt 4th-millennium BC establishments 3rd-millennium BC disestablishments in Egypt 4th millennium BC in Egypt 3rd millennium BC in Egypt