As shown above, these properties simply do not translate to the distance errors. Finally, mind that these values are obtained for a theoretical distribution; while generally being true for real data, these may be affected by other effects, which the model does not represent. See also Probable error References Further reading Grubbs, F. E. (1964). "Statistical measures of accuracy for riflemen and missile engineers". Ann Arbor, ML: Edwards Brothers. Ballistipedia pdf Daniel Wollschläger (2014), "Analyzing shape, accuracy, and precision of shooting results with shotGroups". Reference manual for shotGroups Winkler, V. and Bickert, B. (2012). "Estimation of the circular error probability for a Doppler-Beam-Sharpening-Radar-Mode," in EUSAR. 9th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, pp. 368–71, 23/26 April 2012. ieeexplore.ieee.org External links Circular Error Probable in Ballistipedia Applied probability Military terminology Aerial bombs Artillery operation Ballistics Weapon guidance Accuracy and precision Statistical distance