renamed by various other authors into "donkey jobs". It is suggested that the progressive changes in managerial practices in healthcare is leading to an increase in donkey jobs. The requirement of accountability and transparency, assumed to be key for good governance, worsen the behaviors of blame avoidance, both at the individual and institutional levels, as is observed in various domains such as politics and healthcare. Indeed, institutions tend to be risk-averse and blame-averse, and where the management of societal risks (the threats to society) and institutional risks (threats to the organizations managing the societal risks) are not aligned, there may be organizational pressures to prioritize the management of institutional risks at the expense of societal risks. Furthermore, "blame-avoidance behaviour at the expense of delivering core business is a well-documented organizational rationality". The willingness of maintaining one's reputation may be a key factor explaining the relationship between accountability and blame avoidance. This may produce a "risk colonization", where institutional risks are transferred to societal risks, as a strategy of risk management. Some researchers argue that there is "no risk-free lunch" and "no blame-free risk", an analogy to the "no free lunch" adage. See also References Further reading Douglas, Tom. Scapegoats: Transferring Blame, London-New York, Routledge, 1995. Wilcox, Clifton W. Scapegoat: Targeted for Blame, Denver, Outskirts Press, 2009. External links Blaming Moral Responsibility (also on praise and blame), in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Praise and Blame, in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Social psychology Concepts in ethics Behavior Accountability Moral psychology