train the networks, such as examination of the concentration or frequency of words seen in the spam versus legitimate email contents. Other techniques Channel email is a new proposal for sending email that attempts to distribute anti-spam activities by forcing verification (probably using bounce messages so back-scatter does not occur) when the first email is sent for new contacts. Research conferences Spam is the subject of several research conferences, including: TREC References External links AOL's postmaster page describing the Anti-Spam Technical Alliance (ASTA) Proposal Anti-Spam Research Group wiki, which was created by ASRG and is still alive Anti spam info & resource page of the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) CAUBE.AU – Fight Spam in Australia, The Coalition Against Unsolicited Bulk Email, Australia Composing abuse reports – what to send, how to send it, where to send it – and what not to send or do. Computer Incident Advisory Committee's suggestions: E-Mail Spamming countermeasures: Detection and prevention of E-Mail spamming (Shawn Hernan, with James R. Cutler and David Harris) Historical Development of Spam Fighting in Relation to Threat of Computer-Aware Criminals, and Public Safety by Neil Schwartzman. Anti-Spam Guide, How to protect yourself from spam Mail DDoS Attacks through Mail Non Delivery Messages and Backscatter Spam Laws United States, European Union, and other countries' laws and pending legislation regarding unsolicited commercial email. Secret to Stopping Spam An article about spam in Scientific American Spam filtering Spamming