the rise and fall times are measured between specified intermediate levels, such as 5% and 95%, or 10% and 90%. The bandwidth of a system is related to the transition times of the waveform; there are formulas allowing one to be determined approximately from the other. See also List of periodic functions Rectangular function Pulse wave Sine wave Triangle wave Sawtooth wave Waveform Sound Multivibrator Ronchi ruling, a square-wave stripe target used in imaging. Cross sea Clarinet, a musical instrument that produces odd overtones approximating a square wave. References External links Fourier decomposition of a square wave Interactive demo of square wave synthesis using sine waves, from GeoGebra site. Square Wave Approximated by Sines Interactive demo of square wave synthesis using sine waves. Flash applets Square wave. Waveforms Fourier series