and with Daiichi Sankyo of Japan to supply vaccines for COVID-19, which were developed in collaboration with the University of Oxford. In this process Intellectual Property was part of the solution and an important tool for facilitation of affordable global access to COVID 19 treatments – as it was the case in two licensing agreements between Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) and pharmaceutical companies Merck and Pfizer. Drawbacks Despite incentives to move research into production, the practical aspects are sometimes difficult to perform in practice. Using DoD technology readiness levels as a criterion (for example), research tends to focus on TRL (technology readiness level) 1–3 while readiness for production tends to focus on TRL 6–7 or higher. Bridging TRL-3 to TRL-6 has proven to be difficult in some organizations. Attempting to rush research (prototypes) into production (fully tested under diverse conditions, reliable, maintainable, etc.) tends to be more costly and time-consuming than expected. Power political and realpolitik incentives in technology transfer are cognized to be negative factors in destructive applications. Technology transfer to dictatorial regimes is thought to be disruptive for the scientific purposes. See also Angel investor Bayh–Dole Act Business incubator Commercialization Diffusion of innovations Discovery (observation) Innovation Intellectual property Invention Licensing Executives Society International National Technology Transfer Network New product development Open innovation Patent Prior art Seed money Startup company Technology assessment Technology licensing office (TLO) Technological revolution Value chain Venture capital Sources References External links Special Report：Methodological and Technological issues in Technology Transfer (IPCC) The Journal of Technology Transfer Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany: Lessons and Perspectives (1997) The WIPO IP Toolkit for Universities and research institutions European Union Database of Technology Transfer Country reports Intellectual property law Knowledge transfer