not benefit from digital restoration, the high cost of digitally restoring films still prevents the method from being as broadly applied as it might be. Demand for new media, digital cinema, and constantly evolving consumer digital formats continues to change. Film restoration facilities must keep pace to maintain audience acceptance. Classic films today must be in near-mint condition if they are to be reshown or resold, with the demand for perfection only rising as theaters move from 2K to 4K projection and consumer media continues its shift from SD to HD to UltraHD and beyond. Digital restoration steps Once a film is inspected and cleaned, it is transferred via telecine or a motion picture film scanner to a digital tape or disk, and the audio is synced to create a new master. Common defects needing restoration include: Dirt/dust Scratches, tears, burned frames Color fade, color change Excessive film grain (a copy of an existing film has all of the film grain from the original as well as the film grain in the copy) Missing scenes and sound (censored or edited out for re-release or television broadcast) Shrinkage Modern, digital film restoration takes the following steps: Expertly clean the film of dirt and dust. Repair all film tears with clear polyester tape or splicing cement. Scan each frame into a digital file. Restore the film frame by frame by comparing each frame to adjacent frames. This can be done somewhat by computer algorithms with human checking of the result. <li>Fix frame alignment ("jitter" and "weave"), or the misalignment of adjacent film frames due to movement of film within the sprockets. This corrects the issue where the holes on each side of a frame are distorted over time. This causes frames to slightly be off center. <li>Fix color and lighting changes. This corrects flickering and slight color changes from one frame to another due to aging of the film. Restore areas blocked by dirt and dust by using parts of images in other frames. Restore scratches by using parts of images in other frames. <li>Enhance frames by reducing film grain noise. Film foreground/background detail about the same size as the film grain or smaller is blurred or lost in making the film. Comparing a frame with adjacent frames allows detail information to be reconstructed since a given small detail may be split between more film grains from one frame to another. Photochemical