Galilei – Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Johann Schreck – German Jesuit, Missionary to China and polymath Francesco Stelluti – mathematician Nicola Antonio Stigliola – Italian philosopher, printer, architect, and medical doctor Luca Valerio – Italian mathematician Giovanni Ciampoli – poet, intellectual, Secretary of Briefs to Pope Gregory XV and chamberlain to Urban VIII Virginio Cesarini – poet, intellectual, and chamberlain to Popes Gregory XV and Urban VIII The Accademia is re-founded In 1801, Abbot Feliciano Scarpellini and Gioacchino Pessuti, with the patronage of Francesco Caetani, founded the Accademia Caetani which took the name of Accademia dei Lincei. The period from 1801-1840 has been termed the "Second Renaissance" of the Accademia. Conflicting goals and general shifts in the "geo-political scale" left the Academy in a state of limbo, which ultimately led to its collapse in the 1840s. During the French domination of the Accademia, the institution saw a transition from a private association to a municipal institution. Despite efforts from the early 1800s onward, the Accademia underwent a true revival in 1847, when Pope Pius IX re-founded it as the Pontificia Accademia dei Nuovi Lincei, the Pontifical Academy of New Lincei. The Reale Accademia dei Lincei In 1874, Quintino Sella turned it into the Accademia Nazionale Reale dei Lincei, the Royal National Lincean Academy. This incarnation broadened its scope to include moral and humanistic sciences, and regained the high prestige associated with the original Lincean Academy. After the unification of Italy, the Piedmontese Quintino Sella infused new life into the Nuovi Lincei, reaffirming its ideals of secular science, but broadening its scope to include humanistic studies: history, philology, archaeology, philosophy, economics and law, in two classes of Soci (Fellows). Members Mario Ageno Giusto Bellavitis Ersilia Caetani Lovatelli – archaeologist – first female member Domenico Comparetti Benedetto Croce Albert Einstein Enrico Fermi Edward Augustus Freeman Giovanni Gentile William Ewart Gladstone Otto Hahn Werner Heisenberg Theodor Mommsen Antonio Pacinotti Louis Pasteur Max Planck Olinto De Pretto George Rawlinson Augusto Righi Wilhelm Röntgen Manlio Simonetti Herbert Spencer Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff The Accademia d'Italia see main article Royal Academy of Italy During the fascist period the Lincean Academy was effectively replaced by the new Accademia d'Italia, the Italian Academy, but was not fully absorbed by that institution until 1939. In 1949, after the fall of the fascist regime, at the suggestion of Benedetto Croce the Lincean Academy recovered its independence. A brief history