Red Cross, focusing on the periods of 2016-2019 and emphasizing primarily domestic policy related to the Convention, have corroborated this as well— largely determining that most of the action taken by States since the adoption of the Convention have focused on prevention, framework-building, and management response, and less on data collection, enforcement, and implementation. In this light, emphasis on active engagement, interaction, and inclusion of IDP communities in the drafting, revision, and implementation of Convention policies has been put in place by legislation and frameworks enacted by several states that have ratified the Convention recently. Special populations face and continue to face many unique problems related to their status and condition. Scholarly studies and articles have concluded that women and children experience unique forms of hardship in the context of regional, national, and supranational conflict. Critics of the Kampala Convention and the African Union's action in this respect have pointed to restrictions and constraints in the field of equal protection under the Convention, especially considering a gendered view of this situation. The Norwegian Refugee Council has also echoed these sentiments— adding that full consideration and analytic and developmental measures should be taken by the States to ensure the women and girls benefit from the Convention, especially in the fields of housing and property ownership. See also United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Internally displaced person African Union Refugee International Committee of the Red Cross References African Union treaties