have been found. Meaning and reliability In early 1943, the Test and Research Section, Bureau of Naval Personnel, made an in-depth study of 660 students in Primary and Secondary Schools at the Naval Research Laboratory. The results were published later in the journal American Psychologist. The stated purpose of the study was "an endeavor to identify some of the characteristics of men who were successful in completing training." It was noted that "in such an extensive training program as that for radio technicians which demands a high degree of concentration and ability, the Navy could ill afford to spend several months training men who, because of lack of ability, were unable to complete the training." Among other factors, the grades on the Otis Test were examined. It is stated in the paper that the mean score "for an unselected adult population is 42, with a possible score of 75. The average for the 660 students was 67.1." The high average led to administering the Officer Qualification Test to a group of 282 graduating students. The overall conclusion was that "the trainees rank well above the average enlisted man, pushing close to the ceiling of enlisted tests ... and they were also distinctly above the mean [value] for the officer population." It has been cited elsewhere that ETP students scored an average of near 68 on the Otis Test. While this test does not directly indicate an intelligence score, it does indicate that personnel in the ETP were in the upper three percent of the population; this roughly corresponds to about 130 on the Stanford–Binet intelligence quotient scale. The study indicated that the several forms of the initial RTST (Eddy Test) was somewhat lacking in internal consistency (there was a Kuder–Richardson Formula 20 value of 21%). The tests were subsequently improved to become 82 to 89%. Updated test In 1951, the Bureau of Naval Personnel contracted with the Advanced School of Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, to develop a new Electronic Technician Selection Test (ETST). The contract called for this to be "somewhat less difficult than the RTST, with a maximum discrimination at or near the seventy-fifth percentage of the general high school population." References External links World War II Recruiting Brochure for radar/radio technicians Aptitude Recipients of the Legion of Merit Cognitive tests