Zero-waste fashion refers to items of clothing that generate little or no textile waste in their production. It can be considered to be a part of the broader Sustainable fashion movement. Zero-waste fashion can be divided into two general approaches. Pre-consumer zero-waste fashion eliminates waste during manufacture. Post-consumer zero-waste fashion generates clothing from post-consumer garments such as second-hand clothing, eliminating waste at what would normally be the end of the product use life of a garment. Zero-waste fashion is not a new concept - early examples of zero-waste or near zero-waste garments include Kimono, Sari, Chiton and many other traditional folk costumes. Pre-consumer zero-waste design Two general approaches fall under this category, both of which occur during a garment's initial production. In zero-waste fashion design, the designer creates a garment through the pattern cutting process, working within the space of the fabric width. This approach directly influences the design of the final garment as the pattern cutting process is a primary design step. It is difficult to design a zero-waste garment solely through sketching, although sketching can be a useful speculative tool. Zero-waste manufacture, of which zero-waste design is a component, is a holistic approach that can eliminate textile waste without modifying the garment patterns. This approach allows garments and fabric to be fully used with no fabric wasted. Zero-waste pattern designers Designers that have used this approach, or approaches to cutting that have an affinity with zero-waste fashion design, include Andrew Williams Ernesto Thayaht Shreya Upadhyaya Bageeya Eco-clothing Bernard Rudofsky Claire McCardell Zandra Rhodes Emroce Siddhartha Upadhyaya Yeohlee Teng Julian Roberts Timo Rissanen Holly McQuillan Tara St James Jennifer Whitty Samuel Formo Mark Liu David Telfer Julia Lumsden MaterialByProduct Katherine Soucie Dusanka Duric Daniel Silverstein Charlene O'Brien Baiba Ladiga Natascha von Hirschhausen Shelly Xu Danielle Elsener Sookhyun Kim Marie-Béatrice Boyer Zero-waste manufacture Approaches can include the use of technology such as whole garment knitting, but often waste is eliminated by reusing the off-cuts in other products. Designers and companies that have used these approaches include: Alabama Chanin August (Direct Panel on Loom / DPOL) by Siddhartha Upadhyaya Pretcastle by Shreya Upadhyaya & Siddhartha Upadhyaya Issey Miyake Sans Soucie Worn Again Recover Textile Systems DaRousso Tonle Charlene O'Brien Differences from standard fashion production The life expectancy of a garment has dwindled throughout the years. This has eroded the quality and decision making during the manufacturing of these pieces. Designers are