striking the nāqūs before or during Islamic prayer times. Elsewhere it is stated that the nāqūs should only be played softly or only within the church. These restrictions are also confirmed by the orthodox side, such as the patriarch Michael the Syrian (1126-1199) and the scholar Gregorius Bar-Hebraeus (c. 1225-1286). The naqus hitting loudly in public was considered a violation of the law. In return, Christian dignitaries were sometimes given permission to beat drums and play trumpets or other musical instruments at special religious ceremonies. The cauldron drum naqqara and long trumpets (buk) have been used to honor rulers since ancient times. The Jewish scholar Daniel al-Kumisi († 946) wrote that the use of the nāqūs was characteristic of the Christians of Jerusalem around 900. A mid-11th-century account of a town believed to be in Palestine mentions that the Christians ignored the existing laws and built a church higher than the local mosque. The church was then demolished, and the loud beating of the nāqūs also disturbed the Muslims. Handbell In addition to the tonewoods, the small bells that have come down to us from ancient Egyptian times and that Copts used in worship in Egypt are also called nāqūs. The oldest bells are known from the New Kingdom. The Christian Copts took up their forms again between the 3rd and 6th centuries. According to Hans Hickmann, the later use of bells in the Roman Catholic liturgy in Rome could have originated from this period. There are handle bells as half-shell handle bells without a clapper. Another type of nāqūs is shaped like a bedside lamp. The mushroom-shaped bell with a round base and a total height of 29 centimeters and a bell diameter of 22 centimeters is too heavy to hold in your hand. This nāqūs was used in the Catholic Church in Egypt in the mid-20th century, but not in the Greek Orthodox Church. Exclusively metal idiophones traditionally accompany liturgical chants in the Maronite Church in Lebanon. These include nāqūs made of two metal half-shells on a handle, which are struck with a metal stick and sound like triangles, as well as larger cymbals, paired cymbals and marawe (marawih, Sg. marwahah). The latter consist of a metal disc on a wooden handle about one meter long with small metal parts attached to the edge of the disc and are typologically related to rattle drums and sisters. The congregation