as opposed to 33 months using verbal recall testing. Autobiographical memory development is related to the emotional state of both children and adults. Rollins et al., showed that particularly bad experiences tended to degrade, to be forgotten, and were more related to difficulties remembering than positive memories. Childhood Amnesia Childhood amnesia is a phenomenon that ranges from the age of 3–8 years of age. This phenomenon occurs when a child has forgotten memories and cannot recall them. For instance, when a certain event seems forgotten, it may be accessible in the mind's storage with time limit depending on other factors, over a time of months or perhaps a year. In amnesia it is not easily accessible. Infantile amnesia is the tendency to have few autobiographical memories from below the age of 2–4. This can be attributed to lack of memory rehearsal as young children do not engage in rehearsal of remembered information. There are two theoretical explanations for why this may occur; although they take different approaches, they are not mutually exclusive of each other. The development of a cognitive self is also thought by some to have an effect on encoding and storing early memories. Cognitive Self Autobiographical memories can only begin to form after infants have developed a sense of self to whom events having personal significance can occur. Evidence of a sense of self develops towards the end of the second year of life, in between 21 and 24 months of age. The development of a cognitive self provides a new framework from which memories can be organized. With this cognitive advancement, we see the emergence of autobiographical memory and the end of infantile amnesia. Social Cultural Influences Language and culture play central roles in the early development of autobiographical memory. The manner in which parents discuss the past with their children and how elaborative they are in reminiscing affects how the child encodes the memory. Children whose parents talk in detail about the past are being provided with good opportunities to rehearse their memories. The parents’ use of language at the time in which the event occurred can also play a factor in how the child remembers the episode. Cultural differences in parenting styles and parent-child relationships can contribute to autobiographical memory at an early age. Parent-child relationships have also seen as something that causes memory issues in adults as well. Memory Strategies Memory strategies are