on 13 April 1964 before Justice Lawton and a jury. Colin Duncan QC (with Brian Neill) appeared for Dering, while Lord Gardiner (with David Hirst and Louis Blom-Cooper) represented the defendants. In court, Dering denied having carried out experimental operations. He claimed he removed prisoners' sexual organs because Schumann had asked Dering to assist him by removing the organs. He did not feel he could refuse, because he thought it was better for him to perform the operations than if they were performed by an untrained person. Furthermore, he claimed the organs he removed were already damaged, and that he removed them for the benefit of the prisoners' health. He also claimed he feared for his life if he did not comply with Schumann's request. Finally, he denied having operated without anaesthetics, and claimed that of the 17,000 operations he performed at Auschwitz, only about 130 were not ordinary proper operations. The defence admitted that the figure of 17,000 'experiments' was inflated, and that some anesthetic was administered. However, they disputed Dering's claim that his life would have been in danger if he had not carried out the operations. They also disputed Dering's claim that the anesthesia was effective. The defence presented a number of witnesses who had been operated upon by Dering, as well as prisoner-doctors who had worked with Dering. The doctors testified that they had refused the Nazi doctors' requests to assist them in their experiments, and had not been punished as a consequence. One of the trial's most dramatic moments occurred during the testimony of Adélaïde Hautval, an imprisoned French psychiatrist who worked in the camp's hospital. She testified that she had refused to assist the Nazi doctors in the experiments: Gardiner: As a result were you shot? Hautval: No Gardiner: Were you punished in any way? Hautval: No.She then testified that she told Dr Wirths that performing the operations was against her conception of medicine.Hautval: He asked me, "Cannot you see that these people are different from you?" and I answered him that there were several people different from me, beginning from him. Gardiner: I shall not ask you again whether you were shot. Did Dr Wirths say anything further? Hautval: He never said anything.On May 7th, the jury awarded Dering a halfpenny in damages, the smallest coin of the realm. Dering was refused permission to appeal. Since the publisher and author had paid a