August to Zomba and reminded by Governor Sir Geoffrey Colby of the fate which had befallen his father after the Chilembwe rising of 1915, held back . Rioting and non-cooperation was ruthlessly suppressed, with an official death toll of eleven. Chinyama publicly condemned the riots, not wanting the NAC to be associated with them. He resigned from his position and was replaced by James Sangala in January 1954. Later years In 1956 under a new constitution the Legislative Council was to consist of eleven officials and eleven non-officials. Of the non-officials, five were Africans chosen by the three Provincial Councils. Chinyama was one of those chosen. In 1959, Hastings Banda had assumed the leadership of the Congress and was making populist speeches around the country that were to lead to his arrest later in the year. Chinyama was considered by this time to be a "quisling" for having cooperated with the colonial government. By September 1960, with elections being organized under universal suffrage as a step towards independence, Chinyama had passed into political oblivion, although he did attempt to continue a political career in July 1962 when, along with Pemba Ndovi and Charles Matinga, he formed a rival political party, the Convention African National Union (CANU), which, in a direct reference to Hastings Banda, called for an end to "one man, one party, one leader in Nyasaland". References Sources Nyasaland African Congress politicians