objections have helped shape rather than eliminate formative epistemology. One product of these objections is cooperative naturalism which holds that empirical results are essential and useful to epistemology. That is, while traditional epistemology cannot be eliminated, neither can it succeed in its investigation of knowledge without empirical results from the natural sciences. In any case, Quinean Replacement Naturalism finds relatively few supporters. References Selected bibliography Almeder, Robert (1998) Harmless Naturalism: The Limits of Science and the Nature of Philosophy, Peru, Illinois: Open Court. BonJour, Laurence (1994) "Against Formative Epistemology," Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XIX: 283–300. Chisholm, Roderick (1966)Theory of Knowledge, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Chisholm, Roderick (1982) The Foundations of Knowing, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Chisholm, Roderick (1989)Theory of Knowledge, 3rd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Feldman, Richard (1999), "Methodological Naturalism in Epistemology," in The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, edited by John Greco and Ernest Sosa, Malden, Ma: Blackwell, pp. 170–186. Foley, Richard (1994) "Quine and Formative Epistemology," Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XIX: 243–260. Fumerton, Richard (1994) "Skepticism and Naturalistic Epistemology," Midwest Studies in Philosophy, XIX: 321–340. Fumerton, Richard (1995) Metaepistemology and Skepticism, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Gibbard, Allan (1990) Wise Feelings, Apt Choices, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Goldman, Alvin (1979) "What is Justified Belief?," in G. Pappas, ed., Justification and Knowledge: New Studies in Epistemology, Dordrecht, Reidel: 1-23. Goldman, Alvin (1992), Liaisons: Philosophy Meets the Cognitive and Social Sciences, Cambridge: MIT Press. Haack, Susan (1993) Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology, Oxford: Blackwell. Harman, Gilbert (1977) Thought, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Kim, Jaegwon (1988) "What is Formative Epistemology?" Philosophical Perspectives 2 edited by James E. Tomberlin, Asascadero, CA: Ridgeview Publishing Co: 381–406. Kitcher, Philip (1992) "The Naturalists Return," Philosophical Review, 101: 53–114. Kornblith, Hilary (1994) Naturalizing Epistemology 2nd Edition, Cambridge: MIT Press. Kornblith, Hilary (1999) "In Defense of a Formative Epistemology" in The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, edited by John Greco and Ernest Sosa, Malden, Ma: Blackwell, pp. 158–169. Kornblith, Hilary (1988) "How Internal Can You Get?," Synthese, 74: 313–327. Lehrer, Keith (1997) Self-Trust: A study of Reason, Knowledge and Autonomy, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Lycan, William (1988) Judgement and Justification, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mafffie, James (1990) "Recent Work on Naturalizing Epistemology," American Philosophical Quarterly 27: 281–293. Pollock, John (1986) Contemporary Theories of Knowledge, Totawa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield. Quine, W.V.O. (1969) Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, New York: Columbia University Press. Quine, W.V.O. (1990) "Norms