support the consequences of high levels of stress or anxiety. Women are said to bear low birth weight or preterm infants from elevated stress or anxiety, and even more so with a lack of social support. In the aftermath, newborns become predisposed to issues, such poor physical development, from the mother's stress during pregnancy. With that being said, stress from racism not only affects mental and physical wellbeing, but disproportionately place black infants at a disadvantage for future attainment. Racism in education has decreased significantly over the past century, however this does not help increase the income for black people, and increased incomes do not provide better health opportunities, especially for mothers and infants. Higher education and income levels for black mothers does not affect this mortality rate. There are also higher chances that a complication will occur during birth. Solomon argues that the ‘toxin’ of these rates is racism, which has created a toxic environment for minority groups to live in with multiple stressors that effect health. In 2012, a study was conducted on early pregnancy women which followed their children from birth to 5 years old to determine the risk factors of obesity among low-income black children. However, the study showed that children of overweight and obese mothers are more than likely to become obese or overweight by the age of 5. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority, African American women have the highest rates of obesity or being overweight compared to any other groups in the United States. Cardiovascular disease Research has explored the effect of encounters with racism or discrimination on physiological activity. Most of the research has focused on traits that cause exaggerated responses, such as neuroticism, strong racial identification, or hostility. Several studies suggest that higher blood pressure levels are associated with a tendency not to downplay racist and discriminatory incidents, or that directly addressing or challenging unfair situations reduces blood pressure. Personal experiences of racist behaviors increase stress and blood pressure. Although the relationship racism and health is unclear and findings have been inconsistent, three likely mechanisms for cardiovascular damage have been identified: Institutional racism leads to limited opportunities for socioeconomic mobility, differential access to goods and resources, and poor living conditions. Personal experiences of racism acts as a stressor and can induce psychophysiological reactions that negatively affect cardiovascular health. Negative self-evaluations and accepting negative cultural