81-720/721 (Yauza, alternatively spelled as Jauza, ), is a subway car model used by the Moscow Metro. The origins of the design go back to 1987, and the first train was built in 1990–1991. Production of "Yauza" was discontinued in 2002 due to ongoing reliability issues. History The automated train control system "Vityaz-1" was developed by JSC Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design. In 1993, at the Polezhaevskaya subway station, Russian President Boris Yeltsin, Prime Minister V.S. Chernomyrdin, and Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov attended the ceremony marking the debut of the new trains, consisting of 81-720 (lead) and 81-721 (intermediate) cars numbered 001-002-003-004-005. The new cars deviated significantly from the traditional design. The body is made of stainless steel, painted in a yellow-gray color scheme as opposed to the traditional blue color scheme used on previous models. The lead cars had a distinctive modern design at the cab end. Other improvements included the addition of ceiling fans (as opposed to air ducts used on the older series cars), cab air conditioning and heating systems, more standee room (increasing the capacity of each car by 30 - 40 people), bigger cab, and a new design of the trucks. The original design featured padded bench seats matching the contours of the human back, however this design was soon dropped and subsequent models were built with the standard anti-vandal plastic seats. The cars had DC-120 type traction motors (4 per car) and a thyristor-pulse control system developed by AEC "Dynamo", as well as regenerative braking, recycling energy back into the third rail, allowing the cars to operate smoother, quieter, and more efficiently. The maximum design speed was increased to vs for the 81-717/714 and earlier classes of cars due. The cars featured an automatic sprinkler system that would instantly form a water cloud inside the car in the event of a fire, however there are also fire extinguishers in each car. In late 1992, a new experimental version of Yauza came out, equipped with Dinamo-made AC traction motors. Tests were carried out in the suburban ring VNIIZhT Sherbinka. Since there is no third rail at the test site, the train was temporarily fitted with a pantograph to collect power from overhead wires, which were set to provide 850 V of current. Unfortunately, the cars have not been completely trouble-free. Often numerous mechanical or structural difficulties were encountered. The Yauza trains operated regularly