Syariah concept of Tawarruq |AZMI and Associates| 2008 Bai al inah is not accepted in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) but in 2009 the Malaysian Court of Appeals upheld it as a shariah-compliant technique. This was a demonstration of "the philosophical differences" in Shariah between these "two centers of Islamic finance", according to Thomson Reuters Practical Law. Musawamah A Musawamah (literally "bargaining") contract is used if the exact cost of the item(s) sold to the bank/financier either cannot be or is not ascertained. Musawamah differs from Murabahah in that the "seller is not under the obligation to reveal his cost or purchase price", even if they do know it. Musawamah is the "most common" type of "trading negotiation" seen in Islamic commerce. Istisna Istisna (also Bia Istisna or Bai' Al-Istisna) and Bia-Salam are "forward contracts" (customized contracts between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified price on a future date). They are also contracts made before the objects of sale comes into existence,Usmani, Introduction to Islamic Finance, 1998: p. 136 and should be as detailed as possible to avoid uncertainty.Jamaldeen, Islamic Finance For Dummies, 2012: p. 162 Istisna (literally, a request to manufacture something) is a "forward contract on a project" and unlike Bia-Salam can only be a contract for something manufactured, processed, or constructed, which would never exist were it not for the contract to make it. Also unlike bia salam, The price need not be paid in full in advance. Financing payments may be made in stages to purchase raw materials for manufacturing, construction materials for construction of a building. When the product/structure is finished and sold, the bank can be repaid. The contract may be canceled unilaterally before the manufacturer or builder starts work. It is not necessary that the time of delivery be fixed. Examples of istisna in the Islamic finance world include: projects and residential properties financed by the Kuwait Finance House under construction as of 2012. the Barzan project, the "biggest financing operation in the energy sector" carried out by QatarEnergy uses Istisna and Ijara and as of 2013, had US$500M "earmarked" for it. Bai Salam Like istisna, Bai Salam (also Bai us salam or just salam) is a forward contract in which advance payment is made for goods in the future, with the contract spelling out the nature, price, quantity, quality, and date and place of delivery