using bottom trawling. Due to historic overfishing (more than 168 thousand tonnes of this fish were landed in the year 1978 alone), the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) considers the species "depleted", however, the Marine Stewardship Council has certified the Heard Island Mackerel Icefish fishery as sustainable and well managed. This fishery has been certified since 2006. References mackerel icefish Fish of the Southern Ocean Fish of the Atlantic Ocean Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fauna of the Kerguelen Islands mackerel icefish Taxa named by Einar Lönnberg Fauna of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Fish of Antarctica