Cunning folk, also known as folk healers or wise folk, were practitioners of folk medicine, helpful folk magic and divination in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 20th century. Their practices were known as the cunning craft. Their services also included thwarting witchcraft. Although some cunning folk were denounced as witches themselves, they made up a minority of those accused, and the common people generally made a distinction between the two. The name 'cunning folk' originally referred to folk-healers and magic-workers in Britain, but the name is now applied as an umbrella term for similar people in other parts of Europe. Names given to folk-healers and magic-workers in Europe include: the French devins-guérisseurs ("soothsayer-healers") and leveurs de sorts ("curse-lifters") the Italian fattucchiere ("fixers"), guaritori ("healers") or benandanti ("good walkers") the Dutch toverdokters ("magic-doctors") or duivelbanners ("devil-banners") the German Hexenmeister or Kräuterhexen (“herb witches”) the Irish bean feasa ("woman of knowledge"), banfháidh or fáidhbhean ("seeress") the Spanish curanderos ("healers") the Portuguese curandeiros/as, benzedeiros/as ("blessers") or mulheres de virtude ("women of virtue") the Danish kloge folk ("wise folk") the Swedish klok gumma ("wise old woman") or klok gubbe ("wise old man") the Slavic vedmaki ("warlocks") the Finnish and Karelian tietäjät ("knowers") Scandinavia In Scandinavia the klok gumma ("wise woman") or klok gubbe ("wise man"), and collectively De kloka ("The Wise ones"), as they were known in Swedish, were usually elder members of the community who acted as folk healers and midwives as well as using folk magic such as magic rhymes. In Denmark, they were called klog mand ("wise man") and klog kone ("wise woman") and collectively as kloge folk ("wise folk"). Many Norwegian and Danish practitioners of folk magic and medicine would have a copy of the "Svartebok" (or "black book"), a tome that, according to some, was written by Cyprianus, that is, the Saint of Necromancers, Cyprian of Antioch, and by others to have been the Sixth and Seventh books of the Bible (or "Books of Moses" as the Pentateuch is known in Denmark and Norway) that were left out of the official Old Testament by the learned so that the common folk would not learn the knowledge held within the text. A formulary found in a "black book" recovered from a farm near Elverum contains many formulas such as one for a toothache that commands the user of the charm to write the words "Agerin, Nagerin, Vagerin, Jagerin,