among women and men shows that women more often have diabetes than men, especially in communities of Native American people. A report from Wisconsin's Department of Health and Family Services showed that while black women are more likely to die from breast cancer, white women are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer. Even after diagnosis, black women are less likely to get treatment compared to white women. University of Wisconsin African-American studies Professor Michael Thornton said the report's results show racism still exists today. "There’s a lot of research that suggests that who gets taken seriously in hospitals and doctors’ offices is related to race and gender," Thornton said. "It’s related to the fact that many black women are less likely to be taken seriously compared to the white women when they go in for certain illnesses." Krieger writes that given growing appreciation of how race is a social, not biological, construct, some epidemiologists are proposing that studies omit data on "race" and instead collect better socioeconomic data. Krieger writes that this suggestion ignores a growing body of evidence on how noneconomic as well as economic aspects of racial discrimination are embodied and harm health across the lifecourse. Gilbert C. Gee's study A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship Between Institutional and Individual Racial Discrimination and Health Status found that individual (self-perceived) and institutional (segregation and redlining) racial discrimination is associated with poor health status among members of an ethnic group. In the 2020 covid pandemic, a disproportionate rate in the amount of covid deaths in the African American communities compared to other racial groups has been demonstrated in some part of the United States. Many cases such as covid and AIDs has led more African Americans to lose trust in healthcare intuitions and the government that is supposed to protect their rights. Milwaukee County is just one of many examples of such communities that were hit hard by covid. African American represented three fourths of covid deaths. This has been a common factor for many parts of the countries major populated cities that have has high percentage of African Americans. Race-Based Diagnoses Racial groups, especially minority groups, are frequently exposed to different types of barriers when in need of medical treatment. The World Health Organization identifies some of these barriers, including unequal access to health services, lack of cultural sensitivity, differing quality of services, timeliness of access to