management sectors. Effective February 1, 2000, the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) passed a regulation entitled Notification on Importation of the Seventh Category of Wastes. This regulation prohibits e-waste from being an allowed importation under the seventh category of waste approved by the MEP. On July 1, 2004, Measures on the Administration of Business Certificate on Hazardous Materials required businesses to acquire a license to legally collect, store, or dispose of e-waste. Additionally, previous legislation was revised in 2005 to firmly disallow imports of solid waste from entering China for the purpose of dumping. In 2008, the MEP passed Administrative Measures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Electronic Waste - a set of administrative rules requiring all e-waste treatment enterprises to adopt pollution control techniques and register with local government agencies. Under this act, violators are subject to heavy fines of up to ¥500,000 ($73,000). In 2011, the Collection and Treatment Decree on Wastes of Electric and Electronic Equipment strengthened national standards for the e-waste treatment sector, setting minimum annual treatment capacities for formal e-waste treatment enterprises. These new set of laws also required treatment plants to adopt pollution prevention principles during the entire disposal process in order to minimize negative environmental impacts. In 2012, China adopted the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system from the EU, which held manufacturers responsible for the collection and recycling of electronics. Otherwise known as “Producer Takeback,” the EPR management system requires manufacturers to carry out environmentally safe management of their products even after they are discarded. The Measure on Tax Levy and Use for E-waste Recycling was implemented on manufacturers to officially enact the EPR system. Legislative inadequacies The Chinese government has long been aware of the environmental and health consequences of electronic waste, and was one of the first global supporters of banning exports of e-waste to developing countries. The failures of China’s legislation have come from its inexperience of how to manage e-waste and its overall ambiguous, contradictory legislation [17]. Imports often walk the line between illegal smuggling and legal import, as judicial authorities that enforce regulations struggle with ambiguities and contradictions in the regulations [17]. For example, waste imports that are marked as “recycling copper or aluminum” would be a legal import under the Notification on Importation of the Seventh Category of Wastes, creating a loophole for e-waste to legally enter China for many years. Though legislation and