Tirana (1) Turin Valencia (2) Vilnius Wellington Wrocław (1) Gamma − Accra (2) Asunción (1) Belo Horizonte Bilbao (1) Cleveland (2) Columbus (2) Douala (1) Edmonton (1) Fuzhou Harare (2) Harbin (2) Kaohsiung (1) Kansas City (1) Katowice (2) Lausanne (1) Limassol (2) Luanda (1) Málaga (2) Maputo Milwaukee Nagoya (2) Nassau (1) Port Louis (3) Penang Poznań Querétaro (1) Sacramento Salt Lake City (2) Taiyuan (1) Sufficiency Sufficiency level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be overly dependent on world cities. This is sorted into High Sufficiency cities and Sufficiency cities. High Sufficiency Abidjan Abuja Birmingham (4) Brasília (1) Cincinnati (1) Curitiba (1) Dammam (1) Hartford Indianapolis (1) Johor Bahru (1) Kraków (1) Leeds Lusaka (2) Macau (1) Ningbo Porto Alegre Port of Spain (1) Puebla (1) Raleigh San Antonio (1) Seville (1) Strasbourg (1) The Hague (1) Tijuana (1) Ulaanbaatar (1) Yangon (1) Yerevan (1) Sufficiency Aarhus Aberdeen Aguascalientes City Alexandria Astana Baghdad Bandar Seri Begawan Barranquilla Basel Bergen Bern Birmingham Bishkek Blantyre Bologna Bordeaux Brazzaville Bremen Buffalo Bursa Busan Cali Campinas Canberra Cardiff Cebu City Changchun Chihuahua Chișinău Christchurch Ciudad Juárez Córdoba Des Moines Dortmund Dresden Dushanbe Essen Florence (1) Fukuoka Gaborone (1) Genoa Goiânia Graz Grenoble Guiyang Haifa Halifax Hamilton Hanover Harrisburg Hobart Hohhot Honolulu Hsinchu İzmir (1) Jacksonville Jerusalem Kabul Kazan Kigali Kingston Kinshasa Kobe Kochi Kyoto Labuan (1) Lanzhou Las Vegas (1) Leipzig León Libreville Liège Lille Linz Liverpool Łódź Lomé Louisville Malacca Mannheim Marseille Memphis Mérida Mexicali Minsk (2) Montpellier Nanchang Nanning Naples New Orleans Newcastle upon Tyne Nice Nottingham Novosibirsk Nuremberg Oklahoma City Omaha Palermo Palo Alto Pittsburgh Podgorica Port Elizabeth Port Harcourt Portland Port Moresby Pretoria Quebec City Recife Reykjavík Richmond Rochester Rosario Salvador San Luis Potosí City San Pedro Sula Sanaa Santa Cruz de la Sierra Sapporo Sarajevo Saskatoon Sendai Sheffield Shijiazhuang Skopje (1) Southampton (1) Surabaya (1) Suva Tainan Tallinn (3) Tashkent Toulouse Trieste Tulsa Ürümqi Utrecht Valencia Valparaíso Vientiane Windhoek Winnipeg Wuxi Yokohama Zhuhai No longer classified The following cities were included in the 2018 edition, but not in the 2020 edition: Antananarivo Kathmandu Leicester Madison Nantong Weifang Xining See also Global city Notes References External links GaWC official website Research institutes in Leicestershire Social science institutes Think tanks established in 1998 1998 establishments in England Loughborough University Global studies research