scarps usually face in the direction of flow. Monitoring data of the fault zone has revealed that at the Pacific Ocean, the land mass is moving at a rate of per year. In the upper regions of the fault zone, the crust is moving at a rate of annually. This vast difference in movement rates has over time created numerous antiforms in the region. Kulanaokuaiki Pali is the southernmost fault in the Koa’e Fault Zone. During a period of intense earthquakes in December 1965, Kulanaokuaiki Pali was vertically displaced by more than meters. The region has been intensively studied since then. Displacements in other parts of the Koa’e Fault Zone based on historical data suggest that movements as great as have occurred. Mechanics The Koa’e Fault Zone is one of the most active fault zones in the entire world. Some scientists have interpreted the Koa’e Fault System as a break away structure as a direct result from the southward displacement of the southern flank of Kilauea. Movement along the Koa’e Fault Zone is being caused by slow slip displacement along basal detachment faults between 5-9 km at depth at about 25 cm per year. This slipping motion is caused by gravitational forces acting on the massive weight of the volcano as well as magmatic activity, which increases temperature and pore pressure, and decreases friction along the fault plane. Movement along the fault plane results in accumulating stress that can often be released by the forceful injection of magmatic dikes into the East and Southwest Rift Zones resulting in earthquakes. Along the Koa’e Fault Zone, there was a Mw 7.7 earthquake in 1975, and a Mw 7.2 earthquake in 2018. Though it is impossible to predict when large scale earthquakes will occur, researchers suggest that it could take another 25-30 years for enough stress to accumulate along the fault zone to cause another Mw >7 earthquake to occur. Bathymetric contouring of the seafloor off the south coast of the Big Island, have revealed that massive landslides have occurred in Kilauea's past, most likely as the result of rifting and catastrophic collapse. References Chen, K., Smith, J. D., Avouac, J.P.,Liu, Z., Song, Y. T., & Gualandi, A., (2019). Triggering of the Mw 7.2 Hawaii earthquake of 4 May 2018 by a dike intrusion. Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 2503–2510. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081428 Geological Field Guide: Kilauea Volcano. Revised edition. Claremont, CA: Hawai'i Natural History Association,