text: The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:0

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:116

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:229

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:29

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:83

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.


text: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.

evidence_id: Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley:20

evidence: Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change.

evidence_id: General circulation model:80

article: General circulation model

evidence: The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report F igure 9.3 shows the global mean response of 19 different coupled models to an idealised experiment in which emissions increased at 1% per year.

evidence_id: Global warming:1828

article: Global warming

evidence: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".

evidence_id: Radiative forcing:15

article: Radiative forcing

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: "Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.

evidence_id: Radiative forcing:39

article: Radiative forcing

evidence: While recently a suggests a significant revision of methane IPCC formula.


text: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

claim_label: SUPPORTS

evidence_id: Climate change feedback:138

evidence_label: SUPPORTS

article: Climate change feedback

evidence: Following Le Chatelier's principle, the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's carbon cycle will shift in response to anthropogenic CO2 emissions.

evidence_id: Global warming:1

article: Global warming

evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:317

article: Global warming

evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.

evidence_id: Global warming:52

article: Global warming

evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

evidence_id: Scientific modelling:20

article: Scientific modelling

evidence: Models are typically used when it is either impossible or impractical to create experimental conditions in which scientists can directly measure outcomes.


text: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

evidence_id: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:37

evidence: To cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilise levels of CO2e to 450 ppm or lower.

evidence_id: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference:66

evidence: To reduce emissions between 10% to 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 if a global agreement is secured that limits carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) to 450 ppm and temperature increases to 2 °C, effective rules on forestry, and New Zealand having access to international carbon markets.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:368

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: Cost-effective 2 °C scenarios project annual global greenhouse gas emissions to peak before the year 2020, with deep cuts in emissions thereafter, leading to a reduction in 2050 of 41% compared to 1990 levels.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:531

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: "Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:173

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.


text: The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:164

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.

article: Eocene

evidence: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.

evidence_id: Global warming:21

article: Global warming

evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

evidence_id: Global warming:366

article: Global warming

evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).

evidence_id: Physical impacts of climate change:27

article: Physical impacts of climate change

evidence: Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.


text: When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.

claim_label: DISPUTED

evidence_id: Air pollution:237

article: Air pollution

evidence: Even in the areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be significant and costly, since a large number of people breathe in such pollutants.

evidence_id: Fossil fuel:107

article: Fossil fuel

evidence: Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their "efficient prices," when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.

evidence_id: Fossil fuel:54

evidence_label: REFUTES

article: Fossil fuel

evidence: Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future.

evidence_id: Nuclear power:975

article: Nuclear power

evidence: Today's primary sources of energy are mainly non-renewable: natural gas, oil, coal, peat, and conventional nuclear power.

evidence_id: Renewable energy:25

article: Renewable energy

evidence: It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.


text: Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:100

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:171

article: Sea level rise

evidence: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:49

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:51

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:7

article: Sea level rise

evidence: As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased.


text: Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:218

article: Global warming

evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

evidence_id: Global warming:59

article: Global warming

evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Global warming:6

article: Global warming

evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:229

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


text: Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:91

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Judith Curry has said "This is a completely unconvincing analysis", whereas Naomi Oreskes said that the paper shows "the vast majority of working [climate] research scientists are in agreement [on climate change]... Those who don't agree, are, unfortunately—and this is hard to say without sounding elitist—mostly either not actually climate researchers or not very productive researchers."

evidence_id: Richard Lindzen:136

article: Richard Lindzen

evidence: It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.

evidence_id: Richard Lindzen:83

article: Richard Lindzen

evidence: This claim was criticized by climatologist Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as El Niño events, the Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels to show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.

evidence_id: Richard Lindzen:91

article: Richard Lindzen

evidence: Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to PNAS.

evidence_id: Richard Lindzen:94

article: Richard Lindzen

evidence: Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented "are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.


text: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research

evidence_id: Confirmation bias:177

article: Confirmation bias

evidence: Wason accepted falsificationism, according to which a scientific test of a hypothesis is a serious attempt to falsify it.

article: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

evidence: Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:20

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: "A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait.

evidence_id: Type I and type II errors:120

article: Type I and type II errors

evidence: Mathematics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman–Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians' and engineers' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error "Explorable - Think Outside The Box - Research, Experiments, Psychology, Self-Help".

evidence_id: Type I and type II errors:71

article: Type I and type II errors

evidence: The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably (or does not agree) with the speculated hypothesis.


text: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

evidence_id: Climate engineering:51

article: Climate engineering

evidence: Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.

evidence_id: Global warming:126

article: Global warming

evidence: A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:180

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:182

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Quantifying the exact temperature change for which this tipping point is crossed remains controversial.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:639

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".


text: Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.

evidence_id: James Hansen:122

article: James Hansen

evidence: They described the intermediate scenario as the most likely, and that real-world greenhouse gas forcing had been closest to this scenario.

evidence_id: James Hansen:140

article: James Hansen

evidence: In 2000 Hansen authored a paper called "Global warming in the twenty-first century: an alternative scenario" in which he presented a more optimistic way of dealing with global warming, focusing on non-CO2 gases and black carbon in the short run, giving more time to make reductions in fossil fuel emissions.

evidence_id: James Hansen:93

article: James Hansen

evidence: They described a business-as-usual scenario, which has greenhouse gases growing at approximately 2% per year; and an alternate scenario, in which greenhouse gases concentrations decline.

evidence_id: James Hansen:99

article: James Hansen

evidence: An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3 °C for doubled CO 2.

evidence_id: Scenario planning:180

article: Scenario planning

evidence: How do we know if we have the right scenarios?


text: Volcanoes have had no warming effect in recent global warming - if anything, a cooling effect.

evidence_id: Greenhouse effect:0

article: Greenhouse effect

evidence: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.

evidence_id: Ice age:178

article: Ice age

evidence: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.

evidence_id: Michael E. Mann:95

article: Michael E. Mann

evidence: This cooling had contributed towards the recent Global warming hiatus in surface temperatures, and would change to enhanced surface warming in the next phase of the oscillation.

evidence_id: Nuclear winter:343

article: Nuclear winter

evidence: Impact winter Laki, 1783 eruption of an Icelandic volcano which produced continentally localized cooling for 1–2 years.

article: Volcano

evidence: The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather.


text: Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.

evidence_id: Arctic Ocean:164

article: Arctic Ocean

evidence: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.

evidence_id: Arctic Ocean:7

article: Arctic Ocean

evidence: The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:18

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:277

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: "Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.

article: Arctic

evidence: About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.


text: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:79

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: The mid-points of the sea level rise estimates are within ±10% of those from the TAR; but the range has narrowed.

evidence_id: Past sea level:41

article: Past sea level

evidence: The current rise in sea level observed from tide gauges, of about 1.8 mm/yr, is within the estimate range from the combination of factors above, but active research continues in this field.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:155

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Semi-empirical sea level models rely on statistical techniques, using relationships between observed (contributions to) global mean sea level and global mean temperature.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:171

article: Sea level rise

evidence: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.

evidence_id: Sea-level curve:3

article: Sea-level curve

evidence: Their sea-level curve was based on seismic and biostratigraphic data accumulated during petroleum exploration.


text: The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:41

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: This decadal summer temperature reconstruction, together with a separate curve plotting instrumental thermometer data from the 1850s onwards, was featured as Figure 3.20 in the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113

evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:270

evidence: This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:277

evidence: These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity.

evidence_id: Temperature record of the past 1000 years:46

evidence: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.


text: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:160

evidence: The Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry reported on 31 March 2010 that it had found that "the scientific reputation of Professor Jones and CRU remains intact".

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:192

evidence: Describing its report as "hugely positive", he stated that "it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice."

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:224

evidence: The "rigour and honesty" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:86

evidence: The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether "the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data".

article: Rigour

evidence: Intellectual rigour is a subset of intellectual honesty—a practice of thought in which ones convictions are kept in proportion to valid evidence.


text: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.

evidence_id: Benny Peiser:58

article: Benny Peiser

evidence: One of his main points of criticism is that the vast majority of the abstracts referred to in the study do not mention anthropogenic climate change, and only 13 of the 928 abstracts explicitly endorse what Oreskes called the "consensus view".

evidence_id: Benny Peiser:59

article: Benny Peiser

evidence: Peiser later admitted that it was a mistake to include one of the papers in his survey and said that his main criticism of Oreskes' essay its "claim of a unanimous consensus on anthropogenic global warming (APG) (as opposed to a majority consensus) is tenuous" and that it still was valid.

evidence_id: Benny Peiser:61

article: Benny Peiser

evidence: In a 2006, letter to Australia's Media Watch, Peiser explained that he had retracted 97% of his original critique and elaborated on some of his comments: "I do not think anyone is questioning that we are in a period of global warming.

evidence_id: Benny Peiser:66

article: Benny Peiser

evidence: Well when we first contacted him two weeks ago he told us..." "Only [a] few abstracts explicitly reject or doubt the AGW (anthropogenic global warming) consensus which is why I have publicly withdrawn this point of my critique."

evidence_id: Naomi Oreskes:43

article: Naomi Oreskes

evidence: Oreskes' 2004 "Beyond the Ivory Tower" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser § Objections to Oreskes essay).


text: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.

claim_label: REFUTES

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:122

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: The ENSO is considered to be a potential tipping element in Earth's climate and, under the global warming, can enhance or alternate regional climate extreme events through a strengthened teleconnection.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:467

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: "Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming".

evidence_id: Global warming:98

article: Global warming

evidence: There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.

evidence_id: Kevin E. Trenberth:18

article: Kevin E. Trenberth

evidence: In an interview, Trenberth said, "The planet is warming", but "the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface."

evidence_id: Kevin E. Trenberth:7

article: Kevin E. Trenberth

evidence: In a 2009 paper, "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.


text: Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.

evidence_id: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:114

article: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

evidence: The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:13

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:14

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:16

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The primary cause of this phenomenon is ice-albedo feedback, where by melting ice uncovers darker land or ocean beneath, which then absorbs more sunlight, causing more heating.

evidence_id: Global warming:92

article: Global warming

evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.


text: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.

evidence_id: Lake Superior:23

article: Lake Superior

evidence: [citation needed] This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:136

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: The Siple Dome (SD) had a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the Little Ice Age in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:164

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.

article: Permafrost

evidence: This is evident from temperature measurements in boreholes in North America and Europe.

article: Precipitation

evidence: As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.


text: Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.

evidence_id: Global warming:218

article: Global warming

evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

evidence_id: Global warming:64

article: Global warming

evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:244

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:115

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:692

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


text: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:136

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.

evidence_id: Global warming:153

article: Global warming

evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

article: Global warming


text: CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:221

article: Global warming

evidence: In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.

evidence_id: Global warming:227

article: Global warming

evidence: To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.


text: Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3°C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:7

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:144

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:77

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


text: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:300

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:257

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:259

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:267

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate.

evidence_id: Global warming:1262

article: Global warming

evidence: "Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".


text: The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:180

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: AIRS aboard NASA's Aqua satellite makes global XCO2 measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:181

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: More recent satellites have significantly improved the data density and precision of global measurements.

evidence_id: Global dimming:55

article: Global dimming

evidence: The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:2

article: Sea level rise

evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:49

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).


text: The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:240

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: (2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.

evidence_id: CLOUD experiment:29

article: CLOUD experiment

evidence: This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it "rule out a role for cosmic radiation" in climate.

evidence_id: CLOUD experiment:3

article: CLOUD experiment

evidence: Although its design is optimised to address the cosmic ray question, (as posed by Henrik Svensmark and colleagues in 1997) CLOUD allows as well to measure aerosol nucleation and growth under controlled laboratory conditions.

evidence_id: CLOUD experiment:34

article: CLOUD experiment

evidence: Although they observe that a fraction of cloud nuclei is effectively produced by ionisation due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the constituents of Earth atmosphere, this process is insufficient to attribute all of the present climate modifications to the fluctuations of the cosmic rays intensity modulated by changes in the solar activity and Earth magnetosphere.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):116

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.


text: Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.

evidence_id: Greenhouse effect:6

article: Greenhouse effect

evidence: The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.

article: Venus

evidence: It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.

article: Venus

evidence: Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense atmosphere is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being nitrogen.

article: Venus

evidence: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).

article: Venus

evidence: Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.


text: If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:11

article: Climate change denial

evidence: "Climate change skepticism" and "climate change denial" refer to denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus on the rate and extent of global warming, its significance, or its connection to human behavior, in whole or in part.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:1179

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Although the figure is less than in earlier polls, 39 percent of those asked say there is "a lot of disagreement among climate scientists" on the basic question of whether the planet is warming; 42 percent say there is a lot of disagreement that human activities are a major cause of global warming.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:1196

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Among papers expressing a position on AGW, an overwhelming percentage (97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:94

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:292

article: Global warming

evidence: In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a "crisis" or a "serious problem", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.


text: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.

article: Kiribati

evidence: "Islands disappear under rising seas".

article: Maldives

evidence: The Maldives consists of 1,192 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26 atolls, along the north-south direction, spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making this one of the world's most dispersed countries.

article: Maldives

evidence: More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.

article: Micronesia

evidence: When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.

article: Tuvalu

evidence: The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.


text: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:0

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:72

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

evidence_id: Global warming hiatus:21

article: Global warming hiatus

evidence: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:9

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.


text: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:244

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:130

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:511

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:77

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


text: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:113

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.

evidence_id: Global warming hiatus:128

article: Global warming hiatus

evidence: The 2013 annual report stated that "While the rate at which surface air temperatures are rising has slowed in recent years, heat continues to be trapped in the Earth system, mostly as increased ocean heat content.

evidence_id: Global warming hiatus:81

article: Global warming hiatus

evidence: Natural climate variability can appear to slow down surface warming over short periods, but does not refute long-term climate change trends.

evidence_id: Global warming:42

article: Global warming

evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.

evidence_id: Global warming:79

article: Global warming

evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.


text: CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.

article: Chlorofluorocarbon

evidence: Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:142

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:55

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: For example, nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential (GWP) but is only present in very small quantities.

evidence_id: Montreal Protocol:110

article: Montreal Protocol

evidence: However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.

evidence_id: Montreal Protocol:44

article: Montreal Protocol

evidence: They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs.


text: CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:355

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level.

evidence_id: Planetary boundaries:16

article: Planetary boundaries

evidence: The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.

evidence_id: Planetary boundaries:61

article: Planetary boundaries

evidence: Thresholds and boundaries The threshold, or tipping point, is the value at which a very small increment for the control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through feedbacks in the natural Earth System itself.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:23

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.

evidence_id: Tipping points in the climate system:90

article: Tipping points in the climate system

evidence: Humans cannot survive if the air is too moist and hot, which would happen for the majority of human populations if global temperatures rise by 11–12 °C, as land masses warm faster than the global average.


text: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.

evidence_id: Climate sensitivity:397

article: Climate sensitivity

evidence: "A lower and more constrained estimate of climate sensitivity using updated observations and detailed radiative forcing time series".

evidence_id: Climate sensitivity:58

article: Climate sensitivity

evidence: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).

evidence_id: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:69

article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

evidence: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.

evidence_id: IPCC Third Assessment Report:12

article: IPCC Third Assessment Report

evidence: The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.

evidence_id: Kyoto Protocol:22

article: Kyoto Protocol

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.


text: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.

article: Greenland

evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).

article: Greenland

evidence: The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.

article: Greenland

evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:124

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:639

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".


text: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.

evidence_id: Arctic Ocean:147

article: Arctic Ocean

evidence: As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).

article: Arctic

evidence: Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.

evidence_id: Climate of the Arctic:260

article: Climate of the Arctic

evidence: The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:163

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.

evidence_id: North Pole:166

article: North Pole

evidence: Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)).


text: Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:822

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.

evidence_id: IPCC First Assessment Report:2

article: IPCC First Assessment Report

evidence: This report had effects not only on the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), but also on the first conference of the parties (COP), held in Berlin in 1995.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:118

evidence: Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:201

evidence: The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000.


text: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:83

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:56

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).

evidence_id: Natural environment:103

article: Natural environment

evidence: This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth.

article: Paleoclimatology

evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.

evidence_id: Planetary boundaries:114

article: Planetary boundaries

evidence: Positive radiative forcing results in warming.


text: A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:55

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: An example of this is the melting of ice sheets, which contributes to sea level rise.

evidence_id: Global warming:148

article: Global warming

evidence: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.

evidence_id: Global warming:354

article: Global warming

evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).

evidence_id: Global warming:9

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:78

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.


text: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

evidence_id: Digital radio:128

article: Digital radio

evidence: Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.

evidence_id: Satellite television:110

article: Satellite television

evidence: Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.

evidence_id: Satellite television:222

article: Satellite television

evidence: The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes.

evidence_id: Satellite television:234

article: Satellite television

evidence: Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.

evidence_id: Terrestrial television:0

article: Terrestrial television

evidence: Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna.


text: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

evidence_id: El Niño:129

article: El Niño

evidence: An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:51

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:7

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.

evidence_id: La Niña:18

article: La Niña

evidence: This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.

evidence_id: La Niña:20

article: La Niña

evidence: Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.


text: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.

evidence_id: Global warming:279

article: Global warming

evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:158

evidence: Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:27

evidence: The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:358

evidence: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:50

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.


text: CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.

evidence_id: Global warming:64

article: Global warming

evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:111

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:116

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:244

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:288

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.


text: Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.

evidence_id: Occam's razor:102

article: Occam's razor

evidence: Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data-compliant hypotheses, we should choose the simplest theory: "Either science is irrational [in the way it judges theories and predictions probable] or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth."

evidence_id: Occam's razor:188

article: Occam's razor

evidence: Thus, complex hypotheses must predict data much better than do simple hypotheses before researchers reject the simple hypotheses.

evidence_id: Occam's razor:281

article: Occam's razor

evidence: Minimum description length Minimum message length – Formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor Newton's flaming laser sword Philosophical razor – Principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon Philosophy of science – The philosophical study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science Simplicity "Ockham's razor does not say that the more simple a hypothesis, the better."

evidence_id: Occam's razor:78

article: Occam's razor

evidence: In the 25 papers with quantitative comparisons, complexity increased forecast errors by an average of 27 percent.

evidence_id: Population genetics:63

article: Population genetics

evidence: Population genetics must either model this complexity in detail, or capture it by some simpler average rule.


text: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

article: Earth

evidence: Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.

article: Earth

evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.

article: Earth

evidence: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.

evidence_id: Geothermal energy:153

article: Geothermal energy

evidence: Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.

evidence_id: Geothermal energy:162

article: Geothermal energy

evidence: A more technical description of the earth’s core energy would be to state that it is vast and enormous in quantity, but calling it unlimited and renewable in nature is a misnomer which might well fit today's current levels of use; but perhaps, just like humanity's impact on weather through global warming, there was a long held belief that human activity such as car emissions were minor, and could not impact weather conditions, but when an expanding number of cars reach a critical point, a global impact resulted.


text: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and

article: Neanderthal

evidence: Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.

article: Paleolithic

evidence: [page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.

article: Paleolithic

evidence: This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.

article: Paleolithic

evidence: Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.

article: Paleolithic

evidence: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.


text: Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.

evidence_id: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme:23

article: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme

evidence: The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12).

evidence_id: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme:64

article: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme

evidence: There will be a price cap on emissions, that will start at AUD 40 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.

evidence_id: Carbon offset:165

article: Carbon offset

evidence: The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:130

article: Carbon tax

evidence: The tax that was to be implemented would be 2,400 yen ($20.85 in 2005 dollars) per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted from fuels.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:170

article: Carbon tax

evidence: The proposal would have set an emissions price of NZ$15 per tonne of CO2-equivalent.


text: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

evidence_id: Carbon offset:89

article: Carbon offset

evidence: Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:165

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.

article: Hydrofluorocarbon

evidence: They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.

evidence_id: Kyoto Protocol:52

article: Kyoto Protocol

evidence: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the most important anthropogenic GHG.

evidence_id: Montreal Protocol:111

article: Montreal Protocol

evidence: On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.


text: In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:175

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:206

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:58

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that "the last decade is the warmest since 1400", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.

evidence_id: Ted Cruz:1335

article: Ted Cruz

evidence: The satellites that actually measure the temperature showed no significant warming whatsoever.

evidence_id: Ted Cruz:284

article: Ted Cruz

evidence: In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.


text: The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.

evidence_id: Climate Change Act 2008:46

article: Climate Change Act 2008

evidence: The opposition Conservative Party supported the concept of a bill, and proposed their own variation ahead of the Government's.

evidence_id: Conservative Party (UK):330

article: Conservative Party (UK)

evidence: However, there has been much criticism and protest about the 2010 government's actions on the NHS, focussing on budget cuts and privatisation of services.

evidence_id: Stephen Harper:1130

article: Stephen Harper

evidence: "Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act".

evidence_id: Stephen Harper:385

article: Stephen Harper

evidence: In 2006, Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act was introduced to address air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions; it never became law.

evidence_id: Stephen Harper:402

article: Stephen Harper

evidence: Cuts were also made to many essential programs, some so deep that they had to shut down entirely, including the monitoring of smoke stack emissions, food inspections, oil spills, water quality, and climate change.


text: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:131

article: Carbon tax

evidence: Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars).

evidence_id: Carbon tax:309

article: Carbon tax

evidence: As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:316

article: Carbon tax

evidence: The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3).

evidence_id: Carbon tax:363

article: Carbon tax

evidence: The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:365

article: Carbon tax

evidence: The tax will increase each year after until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps).


text: 94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:133

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:154

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:184

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:229

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:7

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).


text: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:133

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented "the concept of global warming" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.

evidence_id: Climate change policy of the United States:272

evidence: Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."

evidence_id: Global warming conspiracy theory:151

article: Global warming conspiracy theory

evidence: "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet).

evidence_id: Global warming conspiracy theory:22

article: Global warming conspiracy theory

evidence: Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.

evidence_id: Global warming conspiracy theory:25

article: Global warming conspiracy theory

evidence: In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."


text: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

evidence_id: Chernobyl disaster:584

article: Chernobyl disaster

evidence: The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.

evidence_id: Chernobyl disaster:626

article: Chernobyl disaster

evidence: Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.

article: China

evidence: There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.

article: China

evidence: "Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China".

article: China

evidence: In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.


text: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):229

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.

evidence_id: Rob Portman:172

article: Rob Portman

evidence: Portman became known for his ability to work in a bipartisan fashion when working to pass a repeal of the excise tax on telephone service.

evidence_id: Rob Portman:203

article: Rob Portman

evidence: Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.

evidence_id: Rob Portman:204

article: Rob Portman

evidence: In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.

evidence_id: Rob Portman:218

article: Rob Portman

evidence: In March 2016, Portman authored the bipartisan bill the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, along with Democratic Senator Chris Murphy.


text: "the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.

evidence_id: Climate change in Washington:445

article: Climate change in Washington

evidence: This has had cascading effects, especially on grizzly bear populations as pine nuts are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:15

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

article: Isis

evidence: Sirius's heliacal rising, just before the start of the Nile flood, gave Sopdet a close connection with the flood and the resulting growth of plants.

evidence_id: Tipping points in the climate system:6

article: Tipping points in the climate system

evidence: Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.

evidence_id: Trophic cascade:239

article: Trophic cascade

evidence: "Field evidence for a rapidly cascading underground food web".


text: Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.

evidence_id: Joe Barton:396

article: Joe Barton

evidence: Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.

article: Wind

evidence: The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down.

article: Wind

evidence: As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by conduction.

article: Wind

evidence: The furnaces were constructed on the path of the monsoon winds to exploit the wind power, to bring the temperatures inside up to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F).

article: Wind

evidence: The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed with the passage of time.


text: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.

evidence_id: Air pollution:22

article: Air pollution

evidence: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".

evidence_id: Carbon tax:6

article: Carbon tax

evidence: CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.

evidence_id: Global warming:6

article: Global warming

evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Koch Industries:155

article: Koch Industries

evidence: Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have "implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases".

evidence_id: Valero Energy:134

article: Valero Energy

evidence: "(PERI) THE TOXIC 100: Top Corporate Air Polluters in the United State".


text: A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

evidence_id: Coal mining:192

article: Coal mining

evidence: Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.

article: Coal

evidence: Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from crude oil.

article: Coal

evidence: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.

article: Coal

evidence: Then over millions of years the heat and pressure of deep burial causes the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and an increase in the proportion of carbon.


text: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

evidence_id: Al Gore:133

article: Al Gore

evidence: During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S.

evidence_id: Joe Lieberman:240

article: Joe Lieberman

evidence: On June 19, 2010, Lieberman introduced a bill called "Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010", which he co-wrote with Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) and Senator Thomas Carper (D-DE).

evidence_id: John Kerry:220

article: John Kerry

evidence: A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman.

evidence_id: John McCain:221

article: John McCain

evidence: He and Democratic senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.

evidence_id: Lindsey Graham:231

article: Lindsey Graham

evidence: On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with then Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework.


text: A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.

evidence_id: Koko (gorilla):35

article: Koko (gorilla)

evidence: Patterson reported that Koko's use of signs indicated that she mastered the use of sign language.

evidence_id: Koko (gorilla):41

article: Koko (gorilla)

evidence: Koko was reported to use meta-language, being able to use language reflexively to speak about language itself, signing "good sign" to another gorilla who successfully used signing.

evidence_id: Koko (gorilla):49

article: Koko (gorilla)

evidence: Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful.

evidence_id: Koko (gorilla):5

article: Koko (gorilla)

evidence: Her instructor and caregiver, Francine Patterson, reported that Koko had an active vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls "Gorilla Sign Language" (GSL).

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:228

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.


text: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

evidence_id: September 11 attacks:168

article: September 11 attacks

evidence: Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.

evidence_id: September 11 attacks:236

article: September 11 attacks

evidence: As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.

evidence_id: September 11 attacks:379

article: September 11 attacks

evidence: North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.

evidence_id: September 11 attacks:385

article: September 11 attacks

evidence: The action begins at "9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law.

evidence_id: September 11 attacks:451

article: September 11 attacks

evidence: The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed.


text: Alaska Sen. Mark Begich "is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority."

evidence_id: Mark Begich:102

article: Mark Begich

evidence: In 2010, he signed a letter advocating the establishment of a 'price' for greenhouse gas emissions as part of national energy policy.

evidence_id: Mark Begich:103

article: Mark Begich

evidence: Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax.

evidence_id: Mark Begich:261

article: Mark Begich

evidence: "Democratic Senator Introduces Bill To Lift Social Security's Tax Cap, Extend Its Solvency For Decades".

evidence_id: Mark Begich:316

article: Mark Begich

evidence: "AK Dem Sen. Begich Won't Say If He Wants Obama To Campaign For Him".

evidence_id: Mark Begich:63

article: Mark Begich

evidence: According to the Washington Post, "Begich is one of a small but growing group of Democratic lawmakers who support the idea of lifting or changing the payroll tax cap, so higher earners pay more, while adopting a new measure for inflation that would increase benefits for all seniors."


text: Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.

article: Australia

evidence: Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.

article: Australia

evidence: Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests.

evidence_id: Ice age:156

article: Ice age

evidence: The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.

evidence_id: Snowball Earth:132

article: Snowball Earth

evidence: Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.

evidence_id: Snowball Earth:155

article: Snowball Earth

evidence: This low temperature was maintained by the high albedo of the ice sheets, which reflected most incoming solar energy into space.


text: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:115

article: Carbon tax

evidence: The carbon tax expects to raise 25 billion rupees ($535 million) for the financial year 2010–2011.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:132

article: Carbon tax

evidence: Officials estimated that the tax would generate income of 37 billion yen a year for the government and result in a payment of 2,100 yen per year for an average household.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:181

article: Carbon tax

evidence: As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately €13 or US$18.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:201

article: Carbon tax

evidence: The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between €3-4.5 billion annually, with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:430

article: Carbon tax

evidence: The average household pays US$21 towards the tax each year, while the average business pays $94 per year.


text: Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.

evidence_id: Democratic Party (United States):307

article: Democratic Party (United States)

evidence: Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.

evidence_id: Energy policy of the United States:255

article: Energy policy of the United States

evidence: A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a mandate that requires electricity providers to supply to their customers a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually as a percentage of total energy use.

evidence_id: Energy policy of the United States:78

article: Energy policy of the United States

evidence: Other plans include making society carbon neutral and using renewable energy, including solar, wind, and methane sources.

evidence_id: Presidential transition of Barack Obama:177

article: Presidential transition of Barack Obama

evidence: By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come from renewable sources and 25% by 2025.

evidence_id: Wind power:1

article: Wind power

evidence: Wind power is a sustainable and renewable energy, and has a much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels.


text: Barack Obama supports proposals "to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change."

evidence_id: Barack Obama:176

article: Barack Obama

evidence: He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.

evidence_id: Barack Obama:295

article: Barack Obama

evidence: His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care.

evidence_id: National Park Service:68

article: National Park Service

evidence: They include: stewardship and education; professional excellence; youth programs; climate change impacts; and budget restructure and realignment.

evidence_id: United States Forest Service:26

article: United States Forest Service

evidence: The budget includes $2.4 billion for Wildland Fire Management, a decrease of $530 million from the 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution because the “fire fix” cap adjustment becomes available in FY 2020, while the FY 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution includes $500 million above the base as bridge to the first year of the fire fix.

evidence_id: United States Forest Service:32

article: United States Forest Service

evidence: Through implementation of land and resource management plans, the agency ensures sustainable ecosystems by restoring and maintaining species diversity and ecological productivity that helps provide recreation, water, timber, minerals, fish, wildlife, wilderness, and aesthetic values for current and future generations of people.


text: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."

evidence_id: Barack Obama:3083

article: Barack Obama

evidence: "A Global Threat Emerges".

evidence_id: Barack Obama:363

article: Barack Obama

evidence: He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan," an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires."

evidence_id: Barack Obama:430

article: Barack Obama

evidence: Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:168

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Some climate researchers and activists have characterized it as an existential threat to civilization.

evidence_id: Presidency of Barack Obama:98

article: Presidency of Barack Obama

evidence: During his presidency, Obama described global warming as the greatest long-term threat facing the world.


text: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

evidence_id: Barack Obama:14

article: Barack Obama

evidence: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession.

evidence_id: Barack Obama:23

article: Barack Obama

evidence: In foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba.

evidence_id: Barack Obama:283

article: Barack Obama

evidence: On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak.

evidence_id: Barack Obama:3426

article: Barack Obama

evidence: "Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act".

evidence_id: Barack Obama:427

article: Barack Obama

evidence: After Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014, military intervention in Syria in 2015, and the interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.