text: When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.

evidence_id: George W. Bush:579

article: George W. Bush

evidence: Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great Society.

evidence_id: Hurricane Sandy:414

article: Hurricane Sandy

evidence: On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.

evidence_id: Presidency of Donald Trump:421

article: Presidency of Donald Trump

evidence: The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure.

evidence_id: Presidency of Donald Trump:453

article: Presidency of Donald Trump

evidence: The administration released the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) in November 2018, a long-awaited study conducted by numerous federal agencies that found "the evidence of human-caused climate change is overwhelming and continues to strengthen, that the impacts of climate change are intensifying across the country, and that climate-related threats to Americans' physical, social, and economic well-being are rising."

evidence_id: Presidency of Donald Trump:509

article: Presidency of Donald Trump

evidence: In October 2017, the administration declared a 90-day public health emergency over the opioid epidemic and pledged to urgently mobilize the federal government in response to the crisis.


text: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

claim_label: SUPPORTS

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:0

evidence_label: SUPPORTS

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:112

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: For example, scientists have established causal links between human activities and the changes in snowpack, maximum and minimum (diurnal) temperature, and the seasonal timing of runoff over mountainous regions of the western United States.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:58

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:476

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: Although proving that particular weather events are due specifically to global warming may never be possible, methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of such events caused by global warming.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:155

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.


text: They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.

evidence_id: Climate change in the United States:91

article: Climate change in the United States

evidence: Looking at the lack of certainty as to the causes of the 1995 to present increase in Atlantic extreme storm activity, a 2007 article in Nature used proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature to create a long-term model.

evidence_id: Nuclear winter:198

article: Nuclear winter

evidence: Compared to climate change for the past millennium, even the smallest exchange modeled would plunge the planet into temperatures colder than the Little Ice Age (the period of history between approximately 1600 and 1850 AD).

evidence_id: Nuclear winter:201

article: Nuclear winter

evidence: In both cases, new climate model simulations show that the effects would last for more than a decade.

evidence_id: Nuclear winter:215

article: Nuclear winter

evidence: The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 "small" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:44

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.


text: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.

evidence_id: Climate change and gender:39

article: Climate change and gender

evidence: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.

evidence_id: Climate change in Australia:1

article: Climate change in Australia

evidence: In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:37

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.

evidence_id: Global warming:155

article: Global warming

evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.

evidence_id: Global warming:9

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.


text: If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.

claim_label: REFUTES

article: Coal

evidence: Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material.

evidence_id: Global warming:64

evidence_label: REFUTES

article: Global warming

evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

evidence_id: James Hansen:76

article: James Hansen

evidence: China and India have recently increased their emissions of black carbon corresponding to their rapid development.

article: Particulates

evidence: This causes reduced visibility and yellow color.

article: Particulates

evidence: As shown in the seventh image on this page, an optical thickness of less than 0.1 (palest yellow) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 (reddish-brown) indicates very hazy conditions.


text: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

evidence_id: Calcium carbonate:34

article: Calcium carbonate

evidence: Under these conditions calcium carbonate decomposes to produce carbon dioxide which, along with other gases, give rise to explosive volcanic eruptions.

evidence_id: Carbon sink:66

article: Carbon sink

evidence: The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.

article: Coral

evidence: Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.

article: Limestone

evidence: Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

article: Reef

evidence: Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.


text: Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.

article: Anthozoa

evidence: In this symbiotic relationship, the zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host while the cnidarian gains photosynthetic capability and increased production of calcium carbonate, a substance of great importance to stony corals.

article: Breathing

evidence: All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.

evidence_id: Gas exchange:9

article: Gas exchange

evidence: In aerobic organisms, gas exchange is particularly important for respiration, which involves the uptake of oxygen (O 2) and release of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:0

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

article: Sea

evidence: Marine life plays an important part in the carbon cycle as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing fish for use as food.


text: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:218

article: Global warming

evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:59

article: Global warming

evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Global warming:6

article: Global warming

evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.


text: Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:29

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:8

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:675

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: "Massive peat burn is speeding climate change".

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):457

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: "Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions".

evidence_id: Climate change feedback:21

article: Climate change feedback

evidence: While models disagree on the strength of any terrestrial carbon cycle feedback, they each suggest any such feedback would accelerate global warming.


text: The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas

claim_label: DISPUTED

evidence_id: Climate change denial:658

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.

article: Earth

evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.

article: Earth

evidence: The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere, and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface.

evidence_id: Global warming:52

article: Global warming

evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

evidence_id: Natural environment:69

article: Natural environment

evidence: The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.


text: Climate change is normal and continual.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):10

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):229

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):36

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):43

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:657

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Although global change has been a natural process throughout Earth's history, humans are responsible for substantially accelerating present-day changes.


text: The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]

evidence_id: Global warming:107

article: Global warming

evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.

evidence_id: Global warming:111

article: Global warming

evidence: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:434

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: "AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System".

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:606

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: "How Much CO2 Does A Single Volcano Emit?".

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:73

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases, many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO 2, e.g.


text: Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:0

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

article: Explosive

evidence: The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically carbon dioxide, steam, and nitrogen.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:10

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).

evidence_id: Natural gas:0

article: Natural gas

evidence: Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.

evidence_id: Natural gas:85

article: Natural gas

evidence: Like landfill gas, biogas is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen.


text: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:294

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The life and death of planet Earth.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:97

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:10

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product.

article: Earth

evidence: The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible.

evidence_id: Future of Earth:23

article: Future of Earth

evidence: By that point, all life on the Earth will be extinct.


text: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.

evidence_id: Atmosphere of Earth:2

article: Atmosphere of Earth

evidence: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:231

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:240

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.

article: Deforestation

evidence: Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration.

article: Earth

evidence: A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% nitrogen, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules.


text: For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:241

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Elevated CO 2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated CO 2 in FACE experiments.

evidence_id: Climate change and agriculture:267

article: Climate change and agriculture

evidence: Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing.

article: Greenhouse

evidence: Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits.

article: Greenhouse

evidence: The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years.

article: Greenhouse

evidence: The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.


text: In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.

article: Biodiversity

evidence: Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.

evidence_id: Global catastrophic risk:190

article: Global catastrophic risk

evidence: If such an event were to occur oriented towards the Earth, the massive amounts of gamma radiation could significantly affect the Earth's atmosphere and pose an existential threat to all life.

evidence_id: James Lovelock:75

article: James Lovelock

evidence: Lovelock has become concerned about the threat of global warming from the greenhouse effect.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:166

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:191

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The ongoing warming will increase risks and stresses to human societies, economies, ecosystems, and wildlife through the 21st century and beyond, making it imperative that society respond to a changing climate.


text: if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.

article: Atmosphere of Earth

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:177

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).

article: Earth

evidence: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.

article: Earth

evidence: The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible.

article: Eocene

evidence: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.


text: In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature

evidence_id: An Inconvenient Truth:125

article: An Inconvenient Truth

evidence: Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.

evidence_id: An Inconvenient Truth:135

article: An Inconvenient Truth

evidence: In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate."

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:101

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.

evidence_id: James Hansen:246

article: James Hansen

evidence: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.


text: after a natural orbitally driven warming, atmospheric carbon dioxide content increases 800 years later

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

article: Earth

article: Eocene

evidence: Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records.

evidence_id: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:177

article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

evidence: The current warming period is expected to last another 50,000 years due to a minimum in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit.

evidence_id: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:3

article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

evidence: The associated period of massive carbon release into the atmosphere has been estimated to have lasted from 20,000 to 50,000 years.


text: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

evidence_id: 2012 in science:264

article: 2012 in science

evidence: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

evidence_id: Climate of Mars:89

article: Climate of Mars

evidence: Much of this early atmosphere would have consisted of carbon dioxide.

article: Earth

evidence: The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 Mya, and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Mya.

evidence_id: Geologic temperature record:10

article: Geologic temperature record

evidence: The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.

article: Peat

evidence: It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO 2), which is released into the atmosphere.


text: For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):2

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:170

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:267

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:299

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


text: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”

article: Consciousness

evidence: After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: "We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific.

evidence_id: Intelligent design:212

article: Intelligent design

evidence: Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition.

evidence_id: Media coverage of global warming:31

article: Media coverage of global warming

evidence: But recently scientists and scholars have challenged the legitimacy of this journalistic core value with regard to matters of great importance on which the overwhelming majority of the scientific community has reached a well-substantiated consensus view.

evidence_id: Media coverage of global warming:37

article: Media coverage of global warming

evidence: As Stephen Schneider put it: “a mainstream, well-established consensus may be ‘balanced’ against the opposing views of a few extremists, and to the uninformed, each position seems equally credible.” Science journalism concerns itself with gathering and evaluating various types of relevant evidence and rigorously checking sources and facts.

evidence_id: Thomas Kuhn:1

article: Thomas Kuhn

evidence: Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community.


text: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

article: Cryosphere

evidence: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.

evidence_id: James Hansen:87

article: James Hansen

evidence: He further stated that a lower limit on "dangerous anthropogenic interference" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:599

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:607

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:90

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The ice sheet has historically been considered to be relatively stable and has therefore attracted less scientific attention and observations compared to West Antarctica.


text: Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods

article: Houston

evidence: "Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages".

article: Houston

evidence: The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:1

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:238

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:84

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $125 billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90–160 billion.


text: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

article: Antarctica

evidence: Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.

article: Antarctica

evidence: Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.

evidence_id: Ice shelf:25

article: Ice shelf

evidence: In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.

evidence_id: Ice shelf:33

article: Ice shelf

evidence: Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:365

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.


text: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)

article: Earth

evidence: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).

article: Earth

evidence: Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.

article: Earth

evidence: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.

article: Earth

evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

article: Jupiter

evidence: At the pressure level of 10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340 K (67 °C; 152 °F).


text: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:396

article: Global warming

evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).

evidence_id: Global warming:7

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:104

article: Sea level rise

evidence: In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) per decade and 0.96 °C (1.7 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012.


text: However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast

evidence_id: Global cooling:5

article: Global cooling

evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.

evidence_id: Global cooling:68

article: Global cooling

evidence: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."

evidence_id: Global warming:135

article: Global warming

evidence: Scientists can then run these scenarios through physical climate models to generate climate change projections.

evidence_id: Global warming:99

article: Global warming

evidence: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.

evidence_id: James Hansen:129

article: James Hansen

evidence: They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.


text: In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:224

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:112

evidence: They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113

evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:166

evidence: The projections apply to the end of the 21st century (2090–99), relative to temperatures at the end of the 20th century (1980–99).


text: In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:73

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%).

evidence_id: Global warming:279

article: Global warming

evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".

evidence_id: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:52

article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

evidence: This ocean warming accounts, with high confidence, for 90% of the energy accumulation between 1971 and 2010.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:157

article: Sea level rise

evidence: In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.


text: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.

evidence_id: Portable Network Graphics:43

article: Portable Network Graphics

evidence: If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file.

evidence_id: Rise of the Olympian:9

article: Rise of the Olympian

evidence: She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return.

evidence_id: Rise of the Ottoman Empire:42

article: Rise of the Ottoman Empire

evidence: Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.

evidence_id: Rise of the Planet of the Apes:123

article: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

evidence: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed "twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea".

evidence_id: Rise of the Planet of the Apes:82

article: Rise of the Planet of the Apes

evidence: In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, "We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this.


text: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:5

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:6

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

article: Eocene

evidence: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.

evidence_id: Ice age:0

article: Ice age

evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


text: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:10

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:11

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:172

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:26

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: For example, methane and carbon monoxide (CO) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide (and methane oxidation also produces water vapor).

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:339

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.


text: CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.

evidence_id: Captain Planet and the Planeteers:133

article: Captain Planet and the Planeteers

evidence: Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection).

article: City

evidence: Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential.

article: City

evidence: But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production.

evidence_id: Marvel Universe:88

article: Marvel Universe

evidence: The Phoenix Force is a force of incredible power.

evidence_id: Orbital ring:150

article: Orbital ring

evidence: This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth.


text: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]

evidence_id: Climate change denial:1029

article: Climate change denial

evidence: "Dirty Money, Oil Companies and Special Interests Spend Millions to Oppose Climate Legislation".

evidence_id: Climate change denial:232

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Several large corporations within the fossil fuel industry provide significant funding for attempts to mislead the public about the trustworthiness of climate science.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:247

article: Climate change denial

evidence: The coalition was financed by large corporations and trade groups from the oil, coal and auto industries.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:78

article: Climate change denial

evidence: During the 1990s, the tobacco campaign died away, and TASSC began taking funding from oil companies including Exxon.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:99

article: Climate change denial

evidence: The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years.


text: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:0

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:0

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:14

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA).

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:253

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: "The Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes".

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:4

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: The period was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age.


text: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:10

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: 1250, during the European Middle Ages.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:17

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:36

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:9

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.


text: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

article: Eocene

evidence: The cause of the warming is considered to be primarily due to carbon dioxide increases, because carbon isotope signatures rule out major methane release during this short term warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:161

article: Global warming

evidence: This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Ice age:146

article: Ice age

evidence: In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.

evidence_id: Ice age:147

article: Ice age

evidence: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.

evidence_id: Mars ocean hypothesis:83

article: Mars ocean hypothesis

evidence: Despite a weak early Sun, the greenhouse effect from a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere, if bolstered with small amounts of methane or insulating effects of carbon-dioxide-ice clouds, would have been sufficient to warm the mean surface temperature to a value above the freezing point of water.


text: in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC – Jonathan Overpeck – wrote an email to a colleague claiming ‘we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.’

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:31

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:15

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century."

evidence_id: Soon and Baliunas controversy:8

article: Soon and Baliunas controversy

evidence: The IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996 featured a graph of an early northern hemisphere reconstruction by Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones, and noted the 1994 reconstruction by Hughes and Henry F. Diaz questioning how widespread the Medieval Warm Period had been at any one time.

evidence_id: Temperature record of the past 1000 years:46

evidence: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.

evidence_id: Temperature record of the past 1000 years:59

evidence: When the IPCC TAR was still in draft, Fred Singer held a press event saying "We don't accept this" with Wibjörn Karlén who alleged that MBH99 showed neither a Medieval Warm Period nor a Little Ice Age, an inaccurate claim echoed soon afterwards by John Lawrence Daly.


text: it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit documents:59

article: Climatic Research Unit documents

evidence: He said that there was nothing "hidden or inappropriate" about it, and that his method of combining proxy data had been corroborated by numerous statistical tests and matched thermometer readings taken over the past 150 years.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:477

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: Mann said, "Ten years ago, the availability of data became quite sparse by the time you got back to 1,000 AD, and what we had then was weighted towards tree-ring data; but now you can go back 1,300 years without using tree-ring data at all and still get a verifiable conclusion."

evidence_id: Hockey stick graph:252

article: Hockey stick graph

evidence: Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that "late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.

evidence_id: Hockey stick graph:259

article: Hockey stick graph

evidence: published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.

evidence_id: Hockey stick graph:58

article: Hockey stick graph

evidence: Archives of climate proxies were developed: in 1993 Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones composited historical records, tree-rings and ice cores for the Northern Hemisphere from 1400 up to the 1970s to produce a decadal reconstruction.


text: The IPCC no longer includes the ‘Hockey stick’ chart in its reports.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:17

evidence: Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:258

evidence: A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:269

evidence: The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph".

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:279

evidence: Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report".

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:71

evidence: The IPCC has published five comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science, as well as a number of special reports on particular topics.


text: Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.

evidence_id: Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research:0

article: Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

evidence: The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen, Norway.

evidence_id: Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research:1

article: Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

evidence: The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change.

evidence_id: Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research:8

article: Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

evidence: Asgeir Sorteberg in the Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption (SREX).

article: Greenland

evidence: Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.

evidence_id: List of climate scientists:115

article: List of climate scientists

evidence: He has provided evidence that large, abrupt global climate changes have occurred repeatedly in the Earth’s history and has contributed to our understanding of the driving mechanisms of these changes.


text: Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:200

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:1

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:1008

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.

evidence_id: Global warming:100

article: Global warming

evidence: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:98

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".


text: The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:35

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:26

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:3

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:4

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:691

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".


text: until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:41

article: Global warming

evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.

evidence_id: Global warming:42

article: Global warming

evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.

evidence_id: Ice age:0

article: Ice age

evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:6

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.


text: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:43

evidence: Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit:34

article: Climatic Research Unit

evidence: In August 2009 its director, Phil Jones, told the science journal Nature that he was working to make the data publicly available with the agreement of its owners but this was expected to take some months, and objections were anticipated from National Meteorological Organisations that made money from selling the data.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:458

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: The AR4 SPM statement was that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:488

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.

evidence_id: Phil Jones (climatologist):16

article: Phil Jones (climatologist)

evidence: He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown.


text: In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:134

evidence: The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and "expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:147

evidence: Rajendra Pachauri, as chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, told the BBC in December 2009 that he considered the affair to be "a serious issue" and that they "will look into it in detail".

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:302

evidence: In late 2011, Steven F. Hayward wrote that "Climategate did for the global warming controversy what the Pentagon Papers did for the Vietnam war 40 years ago: It changed the narrative decisively."

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:511

evidence: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:66

evidence: Nature considered that emails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human-caused global warming or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers.


text: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.

evidence_id: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:24

evidence: A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035.

article: Ganges

evidence: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:183

evidence: Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:258

evidence: A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:325

evidence: The final WG I report was released on 30 April 2007 and the final AR4 Synthesis Report was released on 17 November 2007.Rajendra Pachauri, the IPCC chair, admitted at the launch of this report that since the IPCC began work on it, scientists have recorded "much stronger trends in climate change", like the unforeseen dramatic melting of polar ice in the summer of 2007, and added, "that means you better start with intervention much earlier".


text: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:127

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:90

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analysed "1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change] outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers".

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:94

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:279

article: Global warming

evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".


text: Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:16

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:189

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Improved measurement and analysis techniques have reconciled this discrepancy: corrected buoy and satellite surface temperatures are slightly cooler and corrected satellite and radiosonde measurements of the tropical troposphere are slightly warmer.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:1

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "hockey stick graph" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:455

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: It concluded, "The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:46

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years".


text: When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.

evidence_id: Heat flux sensor:89

article: Heat flux sensor

evidence: While heat flux sensors are typically supplied with a sensitivity by the manufacturer, there are times and situations that call for a re-calibration of the sensor.

evidence_id: Load cell:173

article: Load cell

evidence: ISO9000 and most other standards specify a maximum period of around 18 months to 2 years between re-calibration procedures, dependent on the level of load cell deterioration.

article: Microphone

evidence: Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones.

evidence_id: Sound reinforcement system:297

article: Sound reinforcement system

evidence: This tool is usually used by piping pink noise into the system and measuring the result with a special calibrated microphone connected to the RTA.

article: Surveying

evidence: Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level.


text: A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.

evidence_id: Emergency management:350

article: Emergency management

evidence: TIEMS is a Global Forum for Education, Training, Certification and Policy in Emergency and Disaster Management.

evidence_id: Emergency management:402

article: Emergency management

evidence: The National Institute of Disaster Management is a policy think-tank and training institution for developing guidelines and training programs for mitigating disasters and managing crisis response.

evidence_id: Global governance:301

article: Global governance

evidence: Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled "Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference."

article: Sustainability

evidence: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.

article: Sustainability

evidence: The scientists declared "climate emergency" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.


text: The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:181

article: Little Ice Age

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:19

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: (2012) state that cold summers and ice growth began abruptly between 1275 and 1300, followed by "a substantial intensification" from 1430 to 1455.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:2

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:22

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:34

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: Greenland was largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s.


text: Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:130

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:291

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:665

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Institute of Biology policy page 'Climate Change' "there is scientific agreement that the rapid global warming that has occurred in recent years is mostly anthropogenic, ie due to human activity."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:69

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.


text: In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:22

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:29

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).

evidence_id: Global warming:59

article: Global warming

evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:71

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: However, this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO 2 into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs, which have slower characteristic rates.

article: Soil

evidence: As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification).


text: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:59

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity.

evidence_id: Global warming:1383

article: Global warming

evidence: "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus" (PDF).

evidence_id: Global warming:3

article: Global warming

evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:20

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:221

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...


text: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:188

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:79

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.

evidence_id: Global warming:12

article: Global warming

evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.

evidence_id: Global warming:123

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.

evidence_id: Global warming:156

article: Global warming

evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.


text: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests

article: Deforestation

evidence: Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation.

evidence_id: Palm oil:131

article: Palm oil

evidence: However palm oil cultivation has been criticized for its impact on the natural environment, including deforestation, loss of natural habitats, and greenhouse gas emissions which have threatened critically endangered species, such as the orangutan and Sumatran tiger.

evidence_id: Palm oil:134

article: Palm oil

evidence: The IUCN maintains that replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils would necessitate greater amounts of agricultural land, negatively affecting biodiversity.

evidence_id: Wind turbine:233

article: Wind turbine

evidence: Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.

evidence_id: Wind turbine:235

article: Wind turbine

evidence: In 2009, for every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 were killed by cats and another 500,000 by buildings.


text: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter

article: Cloud

evidence: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.

article: Earth

evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.

article: Earth

evidence: In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter.

evidence_id: Environmental impact of wind power:165

article: Environmental impact of wind power

evidence: Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.

evidence_id: Global warming:23

article: Global warming

evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.


text: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:20

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.

evidence_id: Climate of Argentina:20

article: Climate of Argentina

evidence: These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:379

evidence: This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:150

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: This was associated with a 1.5 °C fall in temperature (determined from oxygen-isotope analysis) and an observed increase in El Niño frequency.

article: Malnutrition

evidence: Even small changes in temperatures can lead to increased frequency of extreme weather conditions.


text: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on humans:94

article: Effects of global warming on humans

evidence: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:224

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

evidence_id: Global warming:67

article: Global warming

evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

evidence_id: Global warming:7

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113

evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.


text: the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed

article: Deforestation

evidence: The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.

evidence_id: General circulation model:117

article: General circulation model

evidence: However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.

evidence_id: General circulation model:94

article: General circulation model

evidence: Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1 °C.

evidence_id: James Hansen:124

article: James Hansen

evidence: They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


text: Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Extratropical cyclone:40

article: Extratropical cyclone

evidence: The peak time of subtropical cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and the sea surface temperature is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability.

evidence_id: Low-pressure area:75

article: Low-pressure area

evidence: Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest.

evidence_id: Monsoon of South Asia:57

article: Monsoon of South Asia

evidence: Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.

evidence_id: Water vapor:113

article: Water vapor

evidence: The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.

evidence_id: Water vapor:75

article: Water vapor

evidence: The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25 °C or above.


text: Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.

evidence_id: 20th century:6

article: 20th century

evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

evidence_id: 20th century:94

article: 20th century

evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:55

article: Global warming

evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.


text: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

evidence_id: Instrumental temperature record:62

article: Instrumental temperature record

evidence: The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.

evidence_id: Sea level:39

article: Sea level

evidence: It varies globally in a range of ± 2 m. Historically, adjustments were made to sea-level measurements to take into account the effects of the 235 lunar month Metonic cycle and the 223-month eclipse cycle on the tides.

evidence_id: Sea surface temperature:21

article: Sea surface temperature

evidence: The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.

evidence_id: Weather buoy:29

article: Weather buoy

evidence: Both moored buoys and drifting buoys (drifting in the open ocean currents) are used.

evidence_id: Weather station:4

article: Weather station

evidence: Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.


text: But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.

evidence_id: Global cooling:114

article: Global cooling

evidence: The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend.

evidence_id: Global cooling:5

article: Global cooling

evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.

evidence_id: Global warming:236

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate change adaptation is "the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities".

evidence_id: Global warming:38

article: Global warming

evidence: Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust.

evidence_id: Global warming:79

article: Global warming

evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.


text: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

evidence_id: Australian residential architectural styles:201

evidence: Darker colours were originally used but, as the years went by, new brighter paint served as a welcoming change to open up the spaces and brighten up the homes.

article: City

evidence: For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it).

evidence_id: Earth shelter:157

article: Earth shelter

evidence: Earth houses can be built using wide glass façades and dome-lights, allowing rooms to become bright and suffused with light.

article: Homelessness

evidence: The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the "heat island effect", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.

article: Homelessness

evidence: Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.


text: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

evidence_id: 2014 in science:254

article: 2014 in science

evidence: Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

evidence_id: 2015 in science:330

article: 2015 in science

evidence: 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.

evidence_id: Heat wave:150

article: Heat wave

evidence: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.

evidence_id: Heat wave:371

article: Heat wave

evidence: "June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces".

evidence_id: List of weather records:90

article: List of weather records

evidence: According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.


text: temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.

article: Berlin

evidence: Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.

article: Paris

evidence: Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine.

article: Seville

evidence: The annual average temperature is 25.4 °C (78 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night.

article: Seville

evidence: Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0 °C (61 °F) and minimum of 5.7 °C (42 °F).

article: Valencia

evidence: March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) at night.


text: Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a “substantial” increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:131

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:144

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: (2012) attributed the 2010 Moscow and 2011 Texas heat waves to human-induced global warming.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:151

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:144

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


text: Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.

evidence_id: Climate change, industry and society:36

article: Climate change, industry and society

evidence: Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.

evidence_id: Global warming:155

article: Global warming

evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.

evidence_id: Global warming:180

article: Global warming

evidence: Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.

evidence_id: Global warming:183

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:715

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."


text: While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:110

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:126

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:129

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: They were, however, more confident over attributing changes in long-term trends of extreme weather.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:871

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Antilla 2005: "One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:721

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.