text: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...]

evidence_id: Global warming:1756

article: Global warming

evidence: "Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers".

evidence_id: Global warming:462

article: Global warming

evidence: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1 2007, FAQ1.1: "To emit 240 W m−2, a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19 °C.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:118

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:221

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:540

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...


text: There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.

claim_label: REFUTES

evidence_id: Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign:77

evidence: I believe we should have a tax on carbon and deal aggressively with climate change.

evidence_id: Jill Stein:111

article: Jill Stein

evidence: Referring to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal approach to the Great Depression, Stein advocated a Green New Deal in her 2012 and 2016 campaigns, in which renewable energy jobs would be created to address climate change and environmental issues; the objective would be to employ "every American willing and able to work".

evidence_id: Lindsey Graham:152

evidence_label: REFUTES

article: Lindsey Graham

evidence: Much of the Tea Party criticism focuses on his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like climate change, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions.

evidence_id: Republican Party (United States):177

article: Republican Party (United States)

evidence: Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.

evidence_id: Ted Cruz:273

article: Ted Cruz

evidence: Cruz rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.


text: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).

evidence_id: Al Gore:118

article: Al Gore

evidence: After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."

evidence_id: Al Gore:373

article: Al Gore

evidence: Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."

evidence_id: Barack Obama:284

article: Barack Obama

evidence: Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings.

evidence_id: Don't ask, don't tell:241

article: Don't ask, don't tell

evidence: The United States Senate held two days of hearings on December 2 and 3, 2010, to consider the CRWG report.

evidence_id: Hillary Clinton:504

article: Hillary Clinton

evidence: The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.


text: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.

claim_label: DISPUTED

evidence_id: Tony Abbott:191

article: Tony Abbott

evidence: Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.

evidence_id: Tony Abbott:212

article: Tony Abbott

evidence: On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.

evidence_id: Tony Abbott:289

article: Tony Abbott

evidence: As Opposition Leader, Abbott declared that he accepted that climate change was real and that humans were having an impact on it, but rejected carbon pricing as a means to address the issue, proposing instead to match the Labor government's 5% emissions reduction target through implementation of a plan involving financial incentives for emissions reductions by industry, and support for carbon storage in soils and expanded forests.

evidence_id: Tony Abbott:298

evidence_label: SUPPORTS

article: Tony Abbott

evidence: Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy – overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme.

evidence_id: Tony Abbott:301

article: Tony Abbott

evidence: With Abbott as Opposition Leader, the Liberal party opposed a carbon emissions tax and an Emissions Trading Scheme.


text: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

evidence_id: Arthur D. Levinson:72

article: Arthur D. Levinson

evidence: "President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators".

article: Bangladesh

evidence: However, the country continues to face the challenges of the Rohingya genocide and refugee crisis, corruption, and the erratic effects of climate change.

evidence_id: Developing country:116

article: Developing country

evidence: This lack of access to modern energy technology limits income generation, blunts efforts to escape poverty, affects people's health due to indoor air pollution, and contributes to global deforestation and climate change.

evidence_id: Sarah Palin:73

article: Sarah Palin

evidence: He was forced to resign in November 2003.

evidence_id: That Hideous Strength:23

article: That Hideous Strength

evidence: A scientist named Bill Hingest, who is resigning from the N.I.C.E., warns Mark to get out.


text: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing

evidence_id: Emissions trading:371

article: Emissions trading

evidence: President Barack Obama in his proposed 2010 United States federal budget wanted to support clean energy development with a 10-year investment of US$15 billion per year, generated from the sale of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions credits.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:439

article: Emissions trading

evidence: In terms of dollars, the World Bank has estimated that the size of the carbon market was US$11 billion in 2005, $30 billion in 2006, and $64 billion in 2007.

evidence_id: Green Climate Fund:23

article: Green Climate Fund

evidence: U.S. President Obama committed the US to contributing US$3 billion to the fund.

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:372

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: "United States delivers first payment to global climate fund".

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:86

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.


text: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."

evidence_id: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme:59

article: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme

evidence: AUD 4.8 billion of assistance (in the form of free permits) for the most polluting electricity generators.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:117

article: Emissions trading

evidence: They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:310

article: Emissions trading

evidence: The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:34

article: Emissions trading

evidence: The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.

evidence_id: Ron Johnson (Wisconsin politician):30

article: Ron Johnson (Wisconsin politician)

evidence: Johnson's 2010 Senate campaign raised a total of $15.2 million, $9 million of which was his own money.


text: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson voted to let oil and gas companies emit "unlimited carbon pollution into our air"

evidence_id: Emissions trading:22

article: Emissions trading

evidence: If every participant complies, the total pollution emitted will be at most equal to the sum of individual limits.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:233

article: Emissions trading

evidence: Under a cap-and-trade system, permits are issued to various entities for the right to emit GHG emissions that meet emission reduction requirement caps.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:31

article: Emissions trading

evidence: According to the Environmental Defense Fund, cap-and-trade is the most environmentally and economically sensible approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the primary cause of global warming, because it sets a limit on emissions, and the trading encourages companies to innovate in order to emit less.

article: Emissions trading

evidence_id: Emissions trading:73

article: Emissions trading

evidence: For emissions trading where greenhouse gases are regulated, one emissions permit is considered equivalent to one metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.


text: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax

claim_label: SUPPORTS

evidence_id: Global warming conspiracy theory:22

article: Global warming conspiracy theory

evidence: Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.

evidence_id: John Coleman (meteorologist):16

article: John Coleman (meteorologist)

evidence: He has called global warming the "greatest scam in history" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.

evidence_id: John Coleman (meteorologist):60

article: John Coleman (meteorologist)

evidence: "'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel".

evidence_id: John Coleman (meteorologist):64

article: John Coleman (meteorologist)

evidence: "Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'".

evidence_id: The Weather Channel:7

article: The Weather Channel

evidence: The Weather Channel was founded on July 18, 1980, by television meteorologist John Coleman (who, at the time of the channel's founding, had formerly served as a chief meteorologist at ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV in Chicago and as a forecaster for Good Morning America) and Frank Batten, then-president of the channel's original owner Landmark Communications (now Landmark Media Enterprises).


text: Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:221

article: Climate change denial

evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

article: John Coleman (meteorologist)

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:144

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:825

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: "Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:837

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.


text: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.

evidence_id: 2011 Wisconsin protests:513

article: 2011 Wisconsin protests

evidence: Another lawsuit was filed by opponents of the Budget Repair Bill, raising claims that public workers could lose their jobs to Wisconsin prisoners by officials who will now have greater leeway to assign those jobs previously reserved for unionized employees.

article: Google

evidence: In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.

evidence_id: United States labor law:383

article: United States labor law

evidence: The Act has spawned years of litigation by industry groups that have challenged the standards limiting the amount of permitted exposure to chemicals such as benzene.

evidence_id: United States labor law:516

article: United States labor law

evidence: This has meant that union organizing in the US may involve substantial levels of litigation which most workers cannot afford.

article: Wisconsin

evidence: Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law, abortion restrictions, and legislation removing certain gun controls.


text: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.

article: Antarctica

evidence: The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.

article: Antarctica

evidence: According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:331

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: These include the large-scale singularities such as the melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, and changes to the AMOC.

evidence_id: Global warming:11

article: Global warming

evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

evidence_id: Global warming:347

article: Global warming

evidence: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".


text: cutting speed limits could slow climate change

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:120

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: According to the study, the safest and most predictable method of moderating climate change is early action to reduce GHG emissions.

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:523

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: "Gardeners can slow climate change".

article: Holarctic

evidence: Melting permafrost may also accelerate climate change in the future.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:7

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: People and nations can act individually and collectively to slow the pace of global warming, while also preparing for unavoidable climate change and its consequences.

evidence_id: White-tailed deer:279

article: White-tailed deer

evidence: Climate change is affecting the white tailed deer by changing their migration patterns and increasing their population size.


text: Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:178

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: The climatic conditions that cause this warning became more frequent because of climate change, and will worsen if temperatures continue to increase.

evidence_id: Climate change feedback:221

article: Climate change feedback

evidence: "Loss of soil carbon 'will speed global warming'".

evidence_id: Climate change feedback:245

article: Climate change feedback

evidence: "Peat bog gases 'accelerate global warming'".

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:4

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: According to the IPCC's 2014 assessment report, "Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of the 'tragedy of the commons'.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:38

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.


text: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:246

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Between 1989 and 2002 the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly United States businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight the Kyoto Protocol.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:516

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases."

evidence_id: Climate change denial:817

article: Climate change denial

evidence: "Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change".

evidence_id: Fox News:253

article: Fox News

evidence: Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:16

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: The British press also changed its coverage at the end of 1988, following a speech by Margaret Thatcher to the Royal Society advocating action against human-induced climate change.


text: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.

evidence_id: Coronal cloud:14

article: Coronal cloud

evidence: By this point, the sunspots are all but gone.

evidence_id: Maunder Minimum:0

article: Maunder Minimum

evidence: The Maunder Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", is the name used for the period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as was then noted by solar observers.

evidence_id: Maunder Minimum:38

article: Maunder Minimum

evidence: In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.

article: Sun

evidence: At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all.

article: Sun

evidence: At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.


text: Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:34

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: The IPCC's Fifth Report, released in 2014, states that relative to the average from year 1850 to 1900, global surface temperature change by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C and may well exceed 2 °C for all RCP scenarios except RCP2.6.

evidence_id: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:63

article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

evidence: The global surface temperature increase by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C relative to the 1850 to 1900 period for most scenarios, and is likely to exceed 2.0 °C for many scenarios The global water cycle will change, with increases in disparity between wet and dry regions, as well as wet and dry seasons, with some regional exceptions.

evidence_id: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:69

article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

evidence: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113

evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

evidence_id: Kyoto Protocol:22

article: Kyoto Protocol

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.


text: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:33

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: These data have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:12

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications.

evidence_id: Global warming:1

article: Global warming

evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:20

article: Global warming

evidence: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:238

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The target is to show the extent of danger to humanity, create awareness in public that will lead to solutions.


text: The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.

evidence_id: Energy policy of the European Union:63

article: Energy policy of the European Union

evidence: Although there is significant variation in national targets, the average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewables by 2010 (compared to 13,9% in 1997).

evidence_id: Energy policy of the European Union:64

article: Energy policy of the European Union

evidence: The European Commission has proposed in its Renewable Energy Roadmap21 a binding target of increasing the level of renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020.

evidence_id: Energy policy of the European Union:8

article: Energy policy of the European Union

evidence: In January 2014, the EU agreed to a 40% emissions reduction by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 27% renewable energy target, which is expected to provide 70,000 full-time jobs and cut €33bn in fossil fuel imports.

evidence_id: Renewable energy in the European Union:115

article: Renewable energy in the European Union

evidence: Installed Wind power capacity in the European Union totalled 93,957 megawatts (MW) in 2011, enough to supply 6.3% of the EU's electricity.

evidence_id: Renewable energy:235

article: Renewable energy

evidence: Several other countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, and 14% in Ireland in 2010 and have since continued to expand their installed capacity.


text: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.

evidence_id: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season:424

article: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season

evidence: Although Australia has naturally experienced high rainfall variability and hot summers for millennia, the country has experienced an increase of nearly 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) in average annual temperatures since 1900, decreases in average rainfall in southeastern Australia since 1990, with the country's worst recorded droughts occurring within the 21st century.

evidence_id: Bushfires in Australia:126

article: Bushfires in Australia

evidence: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:518

evidence: Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:113

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.

evidence_id: Global warming:12

article: Global warming

evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.


text: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:239

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:34

article: Emissions trading

evidence: The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.

evidence_id: Kyoto Protocol:269

article: Kyoto Protocol

evidence: This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions.

evidence_id: Kyoto Protocol:380

article: Kyoto Protocol

evidence: The 2010 Cancún agreements include voluntary pledges made by 76 developed and developing countries to control their emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:117

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015) ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.


text: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.

article: Hydrology

evidence: Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.

article: Meta-analysis

evidence: Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.

evidence_id: Reliability engineering:145

article: Reliability engineering

evidence: To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used.

evidence_id: Reliability engineering:80

article: Reliability engineering

evidence: Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis.

article: Sociology

evidence: For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase has significantly contributed to the persistence of racial stratification.


text: Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:285

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: (2007) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially, the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025–2030.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:286

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels.

evidence_id: Natural gas:216

article: Natural gas

evidence: While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.

evidence_id: Ozone depletion:173

article: Ozone depletion

evidence: Recent research (primarily since the Montreal Protocol) shows that many humans have less than optimal vitamin D levels.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:77

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


text: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:194

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

evidence_id: Fred Singer:10

article: Fred Singer

evidence: Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.

evidence_id: Fred Singer:114

article: Fred Singer

evidence: Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


text: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:188

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence_id: Fossil fuel:15

article: Fossil fuel

evidence: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:2

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

evidence_id: Water vapor:6

article: Water vapor

evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.


text: The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):0

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:57

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.

evidence_id: Climate change in Australia:116

article: Climate change in Australia

evidence: He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.

article: Drought

evidence: The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.

evidence_id: Physical impacts of climate change:45

article: Physical impacts of climate change

evidence: In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.


text: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:216

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."

evidence_id: Carbonic acid:22

article: Carbonic acid

evidence: It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about −0.1 unit from pre-industrial levels.

evidence_id: Global warming:153

article: Global warming

evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

article: PH

evidence: It plays an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle, and there is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions.

evidence_id: Snowball Earth:104

article: Snowball Earth

evidence: Firstly, the high carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would cause the oceans to become acidic, and dissolve any carbonates contained within—starkly at odds with the deposition of cap carbonates.


text: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Climate sensitivity:0

article: Climate sensitivity

evidence: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).

evidence_id: Global cooling:3

article: Global cooling

evidence: By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global cooling:5

article: Global cooling

evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.

evidence_id: Ice age:0

article: Ice age

evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


text: Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.

article: Climate

evidence: Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.

article: Climate

evidence: Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.

article: Climate

evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.

evidence_id: Ice age:1

article: Ice age

evidence: Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.

evidence_id: Ice age:182

article: Ice age

evidence: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.


text: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.

evidence_id: Atmospheric methane:187

article: Atmospheric methane

evidence: The cause of the 1998 spike is unresolved, but scientists are currently attributing it to a combination of increased wetland and rice field emissions as well as an increased amount of biomass burning.

evidence_id: Atmospheric methane:216

article: Atmospheric methane

evidence: In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents.

evidence_id: Atmospheric methane:217

article: Atmospheric methane

evidence: Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns.

evidence_id: Holocene extinction:71

article: Holocene extinction

evidence: The correlation between the decrease of CO2 in the Pleistocene and the increase of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of (human) land use and irrigation.

article: Methane

evidence: Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.


text: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.

evidence_id: La Niña:291

article: La Niña

evidence: "Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation".

evidence_id: La Niña:297

article: La Niña

evidence: "Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".

evidence_id: La Niña:6

article: La Niña

evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

article: Methane

evidence: The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars.

article: Methane

evidence: These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.


text: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.

evidence_id: 2006 North American heat wave:0

article: 2006 North American heat wave

evidence: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.

evidence_id: Heat wave:106

article: Heat wave

evidence: Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).

evidence_id: Heat wave:119

article: Heat wave

evidence: In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape.

evidence_id: Heat wave:312

article: Heat wave

evidence: "The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".

evidence_id: Heat wave:4

article: Heat wave

evidence: Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning.


text: Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.

evidence_id: Global warming:159

article: Global warming

evidence: The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.

evidence_id: Global warming:9

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

evidence_id: Hurricane Sandy:236

article: Hurricane Sandy

evidence: Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will "either decrease or remain essentially unchanged" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.

evidence_id: Hurricane Sandy:49

article: Hurricane Sandy

evidence: As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:715

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."


text: Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.

evidence_id: Global warming:12

article: Global warming

evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.

evidence_id: Global warming:123

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.

evidence_id: Global warming:156

article: Global warming

evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

article: Global warming

article: Global warming


text: Global warming is causing snow to disappear.

evidence_id: Global warming:11

article: Global warming

evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

evidence_id: Global warming:150

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

evidence_id: Global warming:437

article: Global warming

evidence: This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."

evidence_id: Global warming:91

article: Global warming

evidence: While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:92

article: Global warming

evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.


text: Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.

article: Arctic

evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:0

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

article: Deglaciation

evidence: Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: North Pole:177

article: North Pole

evidence: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:3

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


text: Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:164

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:151

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:1868

article: Global warming

evidence: "What caused the recent "Warm Arctic, Cold Continents" trend pattern in winter temperatures?".

evidence_id: Global warming:23

article: Global warming

evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.


text: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:204

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:22

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.

evidence_id: Global warming:153

article: Global warming

evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:0

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

article: Pollution

evidence: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.


text: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:139

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:153

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:212

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: For example, in regards to safety, the report found a "[high] potential for undesirable ecological side effects", and that ocean fertilization "may increase anoxic regions of ocean ('dead zones')".

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:509

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: "Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study".

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:7

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.


text: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.

evidence_id: Air pollution:102

article: Air pollution

evidence: It is considered to be a health hazard.

evidence_id: Air pollution:330

article: Air pollution

evidence: Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.

evidence_id: Air pollution:53

article: Air pollution

evidence: Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.

article: Hazard

evidence: Health hazards Hazards affecting the health of exposed persons, usually having an acute or chronic illness as the consequence.

article: Pollution

evidence: Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards.


text: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

evidence_id: Global warming:147

article: Global warming

evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.

evidence_id: Global warming:166

article: Global warming

evidence: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

evidence_id: Global warming:354

article: Global warming

evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).

evidence_id: Sea level:62

article: Sea level

evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.


text: Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.

evidence_id: 2014–15 North American winter:10

article: 2014–15 North American winter

evidence: Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter.

evidence_id: 2014–15 North American winter:185

article: 2014–15 North American winter

evidence: Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.

evidence_id: Cold wave:230

article: Cold wave

evidence: Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171 cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport.

evidence_id: Cold wave:78

article: Cold wave

evidence: Snowfall records were confirmed all over the Midwest and the Northeast, especially around the Great Lakes.

article: Snow

evidence: The following are world records regarding snowfall and snowflakes: Highest seasonal total snowfall – The world record for the highest seasonal total snowfall was measured in the United States at Mt.


text: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.

article: Agriculture

evidence: The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering.

evidence_id: Burkina Faso:317

article: Burkina Faso

evidence: Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:260

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.

evidence_id: Forestry in India:182

article: Forestry in India

evidence: India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.

article: Vietnam

evidence: The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.


text: Droughts and floods have not changed since weve been using fossil fuels

article: Drought

evidence: According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:189

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:307

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:74

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.

evidence_id: History of the world:443

article: History of the world

evidence: The increased demands are contributing to increased environmental degradation and to global warming, with resultant intensification of tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, forest fires, and incidence of hyperthermia deaths.


text: Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.

evidence_id: Heat wave:142

article: Heat wave

evidence: The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.

evidence_id: Heat wave:150

article: Heat wave

evidence: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.

evidence_id: Heat wave:36

article: Heat wave

evidence: This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.

evidence_id: Heat wave:8

article: Heat wave

evidence: 's Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990.

evidence_id: List of heat waves:15

article: List of heat waves

evidence: Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.


text: Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:236

evidence: The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:552

evidence: In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:64

evidence: An editorial in Nature stated that "A fair reading of the e-mails reveals nothing to support the denialists' conspiracy theories."

evidence_id: Conspiracy theory:632

article: Conspiracy theory

evidence: "Analysis of the appeal of conspiracy theories with suggestions for more accurate ad hoc internet reporting of them".

evidence_id: Phil Jones (climatologist):92

article: Phil Jones (climatologist)

evidence: "'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails".


text: Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming

evidence_id: Atlantic hurricane:443

article: Atlantic hurricane

evidence: "1.3: A Global Climatology".

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:395

evidence: Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods.

evidence_id: Global warming:2239

article: Global warming

evidence: "Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".

evidence_id: Hurricane Sandy:578

article: Hurricane Sandy

evidence: Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this.

evidence_id: Tropical cyclone:926

article: Tropical cyclone

evidence: "African Dust Linked To Hurricane Strength".


text: Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming

evidence_id: Extreme weather:179

article: Extreme weather

evidence: Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.

evidence_id: Extreme weather:65

article: Extreme weather

evidence: Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.

evidence_id: Extreme weather:66

article: Extreme weather

evidence: Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.

evidence_id: Global warming:362

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

evidence_id: Global warming:9

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.


text: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle

evidence_id: Arctic ice pack:1

article: Arctic ice pack

evidence: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.

evidence_id: Arctic ice pack:5

article: Arctic ice pack

evidence: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.

evidence_id: Arctic oscillation:0

article: Arctic oscillation

evidence: The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.

article: Arctic

evidence: "Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record".

article: Arctic

evidence: The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.


text: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas

evidence_id: Atmospheric methane:1

article: Atmospheric methane

evidence: Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:39

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.

evidence_id: Natural gas:217

article: Natural gas

evidence: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.

evidence_id: Water vapor:110

article: Water vapor

evidence: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.

evidence_id: Water vapor:6

article: Water vapor

evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.


text: Polar bear numbers are increasing

evidence_id: Polar bear:10

article: Polar bear

evidence: For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.

evidence_id: Polar bear:1332

article: Polar bear

evidence: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?".

evidence_id: Polar bear:280

article: Polar bear

evidence: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.

evidence_id: Polar bear:404

article: Polar bear

evidence: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.

evidence_id: Polar bear:61

article: Polar bear

evidence: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.


text: Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant

evidence_id: Air pollution:12

article: Air pollution

evidence: An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:174

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Climate change will impact agriculture and food production around the world due to the effects of elevated CO2 in the atmosphere, higher temperatures, altered precipitation and transpiration regimes, increased frequency of extreme events, and modified weed, pest, and pathogen pressure.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:302

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Tipping points are "perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes", leading to irreversible impacts on society.

evidence_id: Human impact on the environment:241

article: Human impact on the environment

evidence: This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:651

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.


text: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age

evidence_id: Adventure Time:279

article: Adventure Time

evidence: The first game based on the series, Adventure Time: Hey Ice King!

article: Antarctica

evidence: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.

evidence_id: Captain America: The First Avenger:162

article: Captain America: The First Avenger

evidence: ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.

evidence_id: Hip hop music:277

article: Hip hop music

evidence: Hip hop's "golden age" (or "golden era") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s, which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence.

evidence_id: Toy Story:1034

article: Toy Story

evidence: "'Toy Story' Takes the Ice to the Blue Line and Beyond!".


text: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:262

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:283

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:288

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:301

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:374

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: This law is the basis of temperature.


text: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

article: Ganges

evidence: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.

article: Ganges

evidence: In its statement, the IPCC stands by its general findings relating to the Himalayan glaciers being at risk from global warming (with consequent risks to water flow into the Gangetic basin).

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:168

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:183

evidence: Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:265

evidence: Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said, regarding the Himalayan glaciers estimation, "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact.


text: Clouds provide negative feedback

evidence_id: Cloud feedback:13

article: Cloud feedback

evidence: Changes in subtropical humidity could provide a negative feedback that decreases the amount of water vapor which in turn would act to mediate global climate transitions.

evidence_id: Cloud feedback:17

article: Cloud feedback

evidence: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.

article: Cloud

evidence: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.

article: Cloud

evidence: But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.

evidence_id: Tropical cyclone:134

article: Tropical cyclone

evidence: This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.


text: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests

evidence_id: Amazon basin:3

article: Amazon basin

evidence: Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia.

evidence_id: Amazon rainforest:160

article: Amazon rainforest

evidence: It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.

evidence_id: Amazon rainforest:96

article: Amazon rainforest

evidence: Research suggests that upon reaching about 20–25% (hence 3–8% more), the tipping point to flip it into a non-forest ecosystems – degraded savannah – (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached.

article: Deforestation

evidence: IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.

evidence_id: Tropical rainforest:287

article: Tropical rainforest

evidence: "Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils".


text: Greenland ice sheet won't collapse

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:137

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: On balance, the IPCC estimates −44 ± 53 Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:214

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: "Greenland Hits 97 Percent Meltdown in July".

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:313

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: "Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future".

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:51

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC.

article: Greenland

evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).


text: Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:177

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:60

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Aside from water vapor, which has a residence time of about nine days, major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:68

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:69

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:72

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.


text: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit documents:54

article: Climatic Research Unit documents

evidence: The email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit documents:55

article: Climatic Research Unit documents

evidence: On 9 December 2009 Sarah Palin said the truncated phrase showed a "highly politicised scientific circle" had "manipulated data to 'hide the decline' in global temperatures", and at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, senator Senator Jim Inhofe quoted Jones, and said "Of course he means hide the decline in temperatures".

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit documents:62

article: Climatic Research Unit documents

evidence: The phrase "hide the decline" referred specifically to the divergence problem in which some post 1960 tree ring proxy data indicates a decline while measured temperatures rise.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:488

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.


text: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'

evidence_id: Global warming:1428

article: Global warming

evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".

evidence_id: Global warming:1828

article: Global warming

evidence: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".

evidence_id: Global warming:2222

article: Global warming

evidence: "UK Parliament declares climate change emergency".

evidence_id: Global warming:327

article: Global warming

evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".

evidence_id: Global warming:337

article: Global warming

evidence: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.


text: 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):2

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.

evidence_id: Global warming:2

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:330

article: Global warming

evidence: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".

article: Global warming


text: IPCC overestimate temperature rise

evidence_id: Global warming:0

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:162

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: As global average temperature increase exceeds about 3.5°C, model projections suggest significant extinctions (40–70% of species assessed) around the globe.

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:63

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature.

evidence_id: Richard Lindzen:87

article: Richard Lindzen

evidence: The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.


text: Peer review process was corrupted

evidence_id: Peer review:44

article: Peer review

evidence: Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is "ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time.

evidence_id: Peer review:58

article: Peer review

evidence: Multiple examples across several areas of science find that scientists elevated the importance of peer review for research that was questionable or corrupted.

evidence_id: Peer review:61

article: Peer review

evidence: At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.

evidence_id: Peer review:68

article: Peer review

evidence: In 2010, the US Senate Finance Committee released a report that found this practice was widespread, that it corrupted the scientific literature and increased prescription rates.

evidence_id: Peer review:84

article: Peer review

evidence: If anything, the current peer review process and academic system could penalize, or at least fail to incentivize, such integrity.


text: Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:100

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:171

article: Sea level rise

evidence: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:49

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:51

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:7

article: Sea level rise

evidence: As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased.


text: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

evidence_id: Climate system:7

article: Climate system

evidence: Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.

evidence_id: Holocene extinction:39

article: Holocene extinction

evidence: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.

evidence_id: Holocene extinction:57

article: Holocene extinction

evidence: The timing of South American megafaunal extinction appears to precede human arrival, although the possibility that human activity at the time impacted the global climate enough to cause such an extinction has been suggested.

evidence_id: Human impact on the environment:171

article: Human impact on the environment

evidence: In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.

article: Human

evidence: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.


text: Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:1219

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: "SYR 2.3: Climate sensitivity and feedbacks".

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:1224

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: "Heat Capacity, Time Constant and Sensitivity of Earth's Climate System" (PDF).

evidence_id: Iris hypothesis:66

article: Iris hypothesis

evidence: "Missing iris effect as a possible cause of muted hydrological change and high climate sensitivity in models".

evidence_id: Richard Lindzen:76

article: Richard Lindzen

evidence: This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.

evidence_id: Richard Lindzen:88

article: Richard Lindzen

evidence: Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data.


text: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995

evidence_id: Global warming:1428

article: Global warming

evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".

evidence_id: Global warming:21

article: Global warming

evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

evidence_id: Global warming:253

article: Global warming

evidence: The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.

evidence_id: Global warming:612

article: Global warming

evidence: Crucifix 2016 Jull & McKenzie 1996.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:175

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.


text: Infrared Iris will reduce global warming

evidence_id: Global dimming:26

article: Global dimming

evidence: However some research shows that black carbon will increase global warming, being second only to CO2.

evidence_id: Global dimming:6

article: Global dimming

evidence: Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.

evidence_id: Global warming:106

article: Global warming

evidence: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:93

article: Global warming

evidence: Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.


text: Dropped stations introduce warming bias

evidence_id: Instrumental temperature record:38

article: Instrumental temperature record

evidence: Greenhouse gases trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land.

evidence_id: Sea level:61

article: Sea level

evidence: Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands.

evidence_id: Sea surface temperature:45

article: Sea surface temperature

evidence: Secondly, the satellite cannot look through clouds, creating a cool bias in satellite-derived SSTs within cloudy areas.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:12

article: Urban heat island

evidence: Concerns have been raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:310

article: Urban heat island

evidence: While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.


text: Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960

article: Climate

evidence: For example, "a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation.

article: Climate

evidence: A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0 °C (32 °F) and 14 °C (57 °F) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres (5.5 in) and 43 centimetres (17 in).

evidence_id: Global temperature record:26

article: Global temperature record

evidence: Recent evidence suggests that a sudden and short-lived climatic shift between 2200 and 2100 BCE occurred in the region between Tibet and Iceland, with some evidence suggesting a global change.

article: Sun

evidence: Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.

evidence_id: Temperature record of the past 1000 years:20

evidence: One such method, based on principles of dendroclimatology, uses the width and other characteristics of tree rings to infer temperature.


text: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project

evidence_id: A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:54

article: A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism

evidence: According to the National Science Foundation, there were approximately 955,300 biological scientists in the United States in 1999.

evidence_id: A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:60

article: A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism

evidence: Critics have noted that of the 105 "scientists" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.

evidence_id: Art Robinson:26

article: Art Robinson

evidence: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.

evidence_id: Art Robinson:27

article: Art Robinson

evidence: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.

evidence_id: Oregon Petition:22

article: Oregon Petition

evidence: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.


text: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming

evidence_id: An Inconvenient Truth:105

article: An Inconvenient Truth

evidence: A 2004 survey, by Naomi Oreskes of 928 peer-reviewed scientific articles on global climate change published between 1993 and 2003.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:10

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:256

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Various surveys have been conducted to evaluate scientific opinion on global warming.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:294

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:837

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.


text: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels

article: Photosynthesis

evidence: Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.

evidence_id: Proxy (climate):40

article: Proxy (climate)

evidence: New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.

article: Stoma

evidence: These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.

article: Stoma

evidence: Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.

article: Stoma

evidence: These scientific instruments are commonly used by plant physiologists to measure CO2 uptake and thus measure photosynthetic rate.


text: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored

evidence_id: Association of Chief Police Officers:20

article: Association of Chief Police Officers

evidence: As a private company, ACPO was not subject to freedom of information legislation.

evidence_id: Association of Chief Police Officers:57

article: Association of Chief Police Officers

evidence: From November 2011, however, FOI requests could be made to ACPO.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:248

evidence: In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:65

evidence: It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.

evidence_id: Julian Assange:286

article: Julian Assange

evidence: la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.


text: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising

article: Tuvalu

evidence: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).


text: Renewables can't provide baseload power

evidence_id: Power station:150

article: Power station

evidence: This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.

evidence_id: Renewable energy commercialization:97

article: Renewable energy commercialization

evidence: Geothermal power plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing baseload capacity.

evidence_id: Renewable energy:362

article: Renewable energy

evidence: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.

evidence_id: Wind power:171

article: Wind power

evidence: about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.

evidence_id: Wind power:825

article: Wind power

evidence: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).


text: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

evidence_id: Great Lakes Storm of 1913:9

article: Great Lakes Storm of 1913

evidence: The immense volume of water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows the lakes to remain relatively warm for much later into the year and postpones the Arctic spread in the region.

evidence_id: Great Lakes:525

article: Great Lakes

evidence: "More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature," Gronewold said.

evidence_id: Great Lakes:887

article: Great Lakes

evidence: Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918

evidence_id: Lake Erie:14

article: Lake Erie

evidence: Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes, and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool.

evidence_id: Lake Superior:242

article: Lake Superior

evidence: Current Great Lakes Water Levels.


text: Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature

evidence_id: Correlation does not imply causation:89

article: Correlation does not imply causation

evidence: The two variables aren't related at all, but correlate by chance.

article: Cross-correlation

evidence: In time series analysis and statistics, the cross-correlation of a pair of random process is the correlation between values of the processes at different times, as a function of the two times.

evidence_id: Pearson correlation coefficient:0

article: Pearson correlation coefficient

evidence: In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC, pronounced /ˈpɪərsən/), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y.

evidence_id: Pearson correlation coefficient:1

article: Pearson correlation coefficient

evidence: According to the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality it has a value between +1 and −1, where 1 is total positive linear correlation, 0 is no linear correlation, and −1 is total negative linear correlation.

evidence_id: Pearson correlation coefficient:34

article: Pearson correlation coefficient

evidence: A value of 0 implies that there is no linear correlation between the variables.


text: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190

evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:10

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:19

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:266

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.


text: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature

evidence_id: Creep (deformation):81

article: Creep (deformation)

evidence: Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion.

evidence_id: Soil respiration:178

article: Soil respiration

evidence: Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.

evidence_id: Soil respiration:220

article: Soil respiration

evidence: As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.

evidence_id: Soil respiration:72

article: Soil respiration

evidence: Temperature will increase respiration exponentially to a maximum, at which point respiration will decrease to zero when enzymatic activity is interrupted.

evidence_id: Virial expansion:25

article: Virial expansion

evidence: The third virial coefficient thus derived would increase monotonically as temperature is lowered from the critical point to the triple point.


text: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:636

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: "Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price".

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:8

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:212

article: Global warming

evidence: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.

evidence_id: Global warming:243

article: Global warming

evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:244

article: Global warming

evidence: The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.