text: This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)

evidence_id: Arctic methane emissions:43

article: Arctic methane emissions

evidence: During the study, the most widespread surface melt on record for the past 120 years was observed in Greenland; on 12 July 2012, unfrozen water was present on almost the entire ice sheet surface (98.6%).

article: Arctic

evidence: The Arctic's climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:0

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:29

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979–2000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:32

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: In 2012 however, the 2007 record low was broken in late August with three weeks still left in the melt season.


text: "However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.

evidence_id: Global Climate Coalition:57

article: Global Climate Coalition

evidence: The coalition report said that Benjamin D. Santer, the lead author of Chapter 8 in the assessment, entitled "Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes," had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.

evidence_id: IPCC Second Assessment Report:21

article: IPCC Second Assessment Report

evidence: The Chapter 8 draft report put together on 5 October had an Executive Summary of the evidence, and after various qualifications, said "Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate."

evidence_id: IPCC Second Assessment Report:29

article: IPCC Second Assessment Report

evidence: An introductory preface to the SAR written by IPCC chairman Bolin and his co-chairs John T. Houghton and L. Gylvan Meira Filho highlighted "that observations suggest 'a discernible human influence on global climate', one of the key findings of this report, adds an important new dimension to discussion of the climate issue."

evidence_id: IPCC Second Assessment Report:30

article: IPCC Second Assessment Report

evidence: Prior to the publication of the Second Assessment Report, the industry group Global Climate Coalition distributed a report entitled "The IPCC: Institutionalized Scientific Cleansing" to reporters, US Congressmen, and scientists, which said that Santer had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:122

evidence: The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.


text: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

claim_label: DISPUTED

evidence_id: 20th century:6

article: 20th century

evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:117

evidence_label: SUPPORTS

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.

evidence_id: Global warming:3

evidence_label: REFUTES

article: Global warming

evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.

evidence_id: Global warming:358

article: Global warming

evidence: IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 124: Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions.

evidence_id: Global warming:452

article: Global warming

evidence: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."


text: A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.

article: Deforestation

evidence: However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming potential:15

article: Global warming potential

evidence: The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.

evidence_id: Global warming:113

article: Global warming

evidence: More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.

evidence_id: Global warming:417

article: Global warming

evidence: Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.

evidence_id: Global warming:64

article: Global warming

evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).


text: Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.

evidence_id: 20th century:282

article: 20th century

evidence: Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth.

evidence_id: Communications satellite:0

article: Communications satellite

evidence: A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.

evidence_id: Communications satellite:6

article: Communications satellite

evidence: Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies.

evidence_id: Global warming:19

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.

evidence_id: Global warming:97

article: Global warming

evidence: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.


text: Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level

claim_label: SUPPORTS

evidence_id: Dielectric heating:0

article: Dielectric heating

evidence: Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material.

evidence_id: Dielectric heating:1

article: Dielectric heating

evidence: At higher frequencies, this heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric.

evidence_id: Electromagnetic radiation:211

article: Electromagnetic radiation

evidence: An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an electric dipole moment, as for example inside a microwave oven.

evidence_id: Microwave oven:83

article: Microwave oven

evidence: Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.

article: Microwave

evidence: A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water.


text: "The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:0

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation.

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:10

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: This section of the report, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, assessed current scientific knowledge of "the natural and human drivers of climate change" as well as observed changes in climate.

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:149

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: The Synthesis Report also brings in relevant parts some material contained in the full Working Group Reports over and above what is included in the Summary for Policymakers in these three Reports.

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:53

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: Table SPM-2 lists recent trends along with certainty levels for the trend having actually occurred, for a human contribution to the trend, and for the trend occurring in the future.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:286

evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al.


text: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.

evidence_id: Fuse (electrical):17

article: Fuse (electrical)

evidence: If too high a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit.

article: Lava

evidence: They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).

article: Soldering

evidence: Hot-bar reflow is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to melt the solder.

article: Soldering

evidence: SnPb 63/37 Eutectic solder melts at 183 °C.

article: Soldering

evidence: SAC lead free solder melts at 217–220 °C.


text: "Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)

claim_label: REFUTES

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:304

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:1673

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: "Costing Climate Change".

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:375

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: It would be cheaper, they say, to wait for the impacts of climate change and then adapt to them" says writer and environmental activist George Monbiot in an article addressing the supposed economic hazards of addressing climate change.

evidence_id: Roger A. Pielke Jr.:18

article: Roger A. Pielke Jr.

evidence: He also states that, "Any conceivable emissions reductions policies, even if successful, cannot have a perceptible impact on the climate for many decades", and from this he concludes that, "In coming decades the only policies that can effectively be used to manage the immediate effects of climate variability and change will be adaptive."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:122

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.


text: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.

evidence_id: Atmosphere of Earth:81

article: Atmosphere of Earth

evidence: Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere.

evidence_id: Climate of Antarctica:9

article: Climate of Antarctica

evidence: Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures, with −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) having been observed at the cloud-free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010.

article: Earth

evidence: The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.

evidence_id: Global warming:101

article: Global warming

evidence: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.


text: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:117

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Observations from weather balloons, satellites, and surface thermometers seemed to show the opposite behaviour (more rapid warming of the surface than the troposphere).

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:201

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).

evidence_id: Global warming:50

article: Global warming

evidence: Therefore, a key approach is to use physically or statistically based computer modelling of the climate system to determine unique fingerprints for all potential causes.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:115

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:511

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."


text: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'

evidence_id: Air pollution:104

article: Air pollution

evidence: Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.

evidence_id: Air pollution:142

article: Air pollution

evidence: Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent.

evidence_id: Air pollution:422

article: Air pollution

evidence: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".

evidence_id: Global warming:64

article: Global warming

evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:155

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.


text: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:499

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: Ljungqvist's 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction generally agreed well with Mann et al.

evidence_id: Hockey stick graph:299

article: Hockey stick graph

evidence: A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level.

evidence_id: Hockey stick graph:70

article: Hockey stick graph

evidence: A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al.

evidence_id: List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years:52

evidence: Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".

evidence_id: North Report:22

article: North Report

evidence: Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions "yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, "but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain."


text: It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).

article: Earth

evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:183

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: He wrote that this graph "asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today", and described climate changes as due to solar variation.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:89

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:61

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: Peak temperatures did not rise as high as those from the late 20th century, which were unprecedented in the area during the study period of 1600 years.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:7

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.


text: 'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”

evidence_id: West Side Highway:150

article: West Side Highway

evidence: UDC's "Water Edge Study" called for the highway to be routed above the water at the ends of the then mostly abandoned piers on the Hudson River and the addition of hundreds of acres of concrete platforms between the bulkhead and the pierhead lines for parks and apartments.

evidence_id: West Side Highway:278

article: West Side Highway

evidence: "New York to Build Elevated Highway: Road for Fast Motor Traffic Will Run Along the Hudson Waterfront From Seventy-Second to Canal Street—Will Relieve Congestion on the West Side".

evidence_id: West Side Highway:299

article: West Side Highway

evidence: "Elevated Highway Along Hudson Shore Is Ordered by City: Estimate Board Passes Half of Miller Plan for Viaduct From 59th to 72d Street".

evidence_id: West Side Highway:36

article: West Side Highway

evidence: Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a busy one, with significant cross traffic going to docks and ferries.

evidence_id: West Side Highway:72

article: West Side Highway

evidence: He suggested Hudson River Boulevard for the name of the highway.


text: CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:154

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:185

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: These emissions include CO 2 from fossil fuel use and from land use, as well as emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:232

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO 2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO 2 emissions.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:27

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Oxidation of CO to CO 2 directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:288

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.


text: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.

article: Cloud

evidence: Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases.

article: Cloud

evidence: "Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models".

evidence_id: Models of communication:157

article: Models of communication

evidence: Such approaches are meant to predict a phenomenon.

evidence_id: Situation awareness:508

article: Situation awareness

evidence: Predictive utility of an objective measure of situation awareness.

evidence_id: Situation awareness:61

article: Situation awareness

evidence: It also includes prognosis, an awareness of what might happen next.


text: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.

article: Sunlight

evidence: If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1367 watts per square meter (the value when the Earth–Sun distance is 1 astronomical unit), then the direct sunlight at Earth's surface when the Sun is at the zenith is about 1050 W/m2, but the total amount (direct and indirect from the atmosphere) hitting the ground is around 1120 W/m2.

article: Sunlight

evidence: Dividing the irradiance of 1050 W/m2 by the size of the Sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 15.4 MW per square metre per steradian.

article: Sunlight

evidence: 100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds Craig Bohren.

article: Sunlight

evidence: Other sources indicate an "Average over the entire earth" of "164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day".

article: Sunlight

evidence: Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilowatts per square meter (kW/m²).


text: Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.

evidence_id: Global warming:107

article: Global warming

evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.

evidence_id: Global warming:116

article: Global warming

evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.

evidence_id: Global warming:57

article: Global warming

evidence: While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.

evidence_id: Radiative forcing:20

article: Radiative forcing

evidence: A typical value of λ, 0.8 K/(W/m2), gives an increase in global temperature of about 1.6 K above the 1750 reference temperature due to the increase in CO 2 over that time (278 to 405 ppm, for a forcing of 2.0 W/m2), and predicts a further warming of 1.4 K above present temperatures if the CO 2 mixing ratio in the atmosphere were to become double its pre-industrial value; both of these calculations assume no other forcings.


text: the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:135

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: The Queensland "shark control" program uses shark nets and drum lines with baited hooks to kill sharks in the Great Barrier Reef – there are 173 lethal drum lines in the Great Barrier Reef.

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:17

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:255

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea.

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:33

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago, some coral grew, but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range; creating river deltas, oozes and turbidites, unsuitable conditions for coral growth.

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:58

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: Crescentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and in the Swain Reefs (20–22 degrees south).


text: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...

evidence_id: Climate variability:103

article: Climate variability

evidence: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:55

article: Global warming

evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

article: Holocene

evidence: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.

evidence_id: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:26

article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

evidence: These can be defined as geologically brief (<200,000 year) events characterized by rapid global warming, major changes in the environment, and massive carbon addition.


text: "Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead  to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of  physics and properly physical modeling techniques...

article: Meteorology

evidence: It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved.

article: Physics

evidence: The problems in this field start with a "mathematical model of a physical situation" (system) and a "mathematical description of a physical law" that will be applied to that system.

article: Science

evidence: In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.

evidence_id: Theoretical physics:17

article: Theoretical physics

evidence: "Modelers" (also called "model-builders") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of mathematical modeling to physics problems.

evidence_id: Theoretical physics:22

article: Theoretical physics

evidence: Theoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect paradigms (e.g., aether theory of light propagation, caloric theory of heat, burning consisting of evolving phlogiston, or astronomical bodies revolving around the Earth) or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied.


text: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:212

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: According to Wilson, "Wobbles in the orbit of Mars are the main cause of its climate change in the current era" (see also orbital forcing).

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:224

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:5

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for a warming effect global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:529

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: "The main cause of climate change during the last millennia is the corresponding cyclic variation of the 80- and 200-year component of irradiance correlated with activity.

article: Earth

evidence: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).


text: We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.

article: Earth

evidence: Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:15

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:0

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

evidence_id: Tropical cyclone:94

article: Tropical cyclone

evidence: From hydrostatic balance, the warm core translates to lower pressure at the center at all altitudes, with the maximum pressure drop located at the surface.

article: Volcano

evidence: Usually, only mafic flows will erupt as pāhoehoe, since they often erupt at higher temperatures or have the proper chemical make-up to allow them to flow with greater fluidity.


text: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.

evidence_id: Bushfires in Australia:126

article: Bushfires in Australia

evidence: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:86

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.

evidence_id: Global warming:155

article: Global warming

evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.

evidence_id: Global warming:156

article: Global warming

evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

evidence_id: Heat wave:151

article: Heat wave

evidence: The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.