text: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

evidence_id: 1257 Samalas eruption:133

article: 1257 Samalas eruption

evidence: Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.

evidence_id: Global warming:48

article: Global warming

evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

evidence_id: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:154

article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

evidence: Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.

evidence_id: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:184

article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

evidence: Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.

evidence_id: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event:84

article: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

evidence: Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).


text: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.

article: Photosynthesis

evidence: Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.

article: Stoma

evidence: Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration).

article: Stoma

evidence: These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.

article: Stoma

evidence: The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).

article: Stoma

evidence: Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.


text: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.

claim_label: REFUTES

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise.

evidence_label: REFUTES

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).


text: Renewables can't provide baseload power.

evidence_id: Base load:35

article: Base load

evidence: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms".

evidence_id: Geothermal gradient:41

article: Geothermal gradient

evidence: Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%.

evidence_id: Renewable energy:362

article: Renewable energy

evidence: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.

evidence_id: Wind power:171

article: Wind power

evidence: about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.

evidence_id: Wind power:825

article: Wind power

evidence: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).


text: Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.

evidence_id: Ice sheet:26

article: Ice sheet

evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.

evidence_id: Ice sheet:28

article: Ice sheet

evidence: The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall.

evidence_id: Ice sheet:29

article: Ice sheet

evidence: Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:273

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:327

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.


text: Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:14

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.

article: Arctic

evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

article: Arctic

evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

article: Arctic

evidence: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:11

article: Global warming

evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.


text: Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.

claim_label: DISPUTED

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:186

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

evidence_id: Carbon sequestration:171

evidence_label: SUPPORTS

article: Carbon sequestration

evidence: These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods).

evidence_id: Geysers on Mars:0

article: Geysers on Mars

evidence: Martian geysers (or CO 2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw.

evidence_id: Global warming:832

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."


text: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:292

article: Global warming

evidence: In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a "crisis" or a "serious problem", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:10

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:19

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:266

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.


text: Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.

claim_label: SUPPORTS

evidence_id: Atmospheric methane:244

article: Atmospheric methane

evidence: This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.

evidence_id: Global warming:101

article: Global warming

evidence: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).

evidence_id: Global warming:110

article: Global warming

evidence: After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.

evidence_id: Runaway greenhouse effect:19

article: Runaway greenhouse effect

evidence: An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.

evidence_id: Water vapor:39

article: Water vapor

evidence: When water vapour condenses onto a surface, a net warming occurs on that surface.


text: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:8

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:762

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: "Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say".

evidence_id: Global warming:212

article: Global warming

evidence: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.

evidence_id: Global warming:243

article: Global warming

evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:244

article: Global warming

evidence: The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.


text: CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.

evidence_id: Cosmic ray:213

article: Cosmic ray

evidence: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.

evidence_id: Cosmic ray:718

article: Cosmic ray

evidence: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Henrik Svensmark:1

article: Henrik Svensmark

evidence: He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.

evidence_id: Henrik Svensmark:118

article: Henrik Svensmark

evidence: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".


text: Water levels correlate with sunspots.

article: Sun

evidence: Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface.

article: Sun

evidence: At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.

article: Sun

evidence: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.

article: Sunspot

evidence: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.

article: Sunspot

evidence: On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.


text: Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.

article: Antarctica

evidence: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.

article: Antarctica

evidence: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.

article: Antarctica

evidence: Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year.

article: Antarctica

evidence: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.

article: Antarctica

evidence: The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thus about 70% of the world's fresh water).


text: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

evidence_id: Climate change in Tuvalu:34

article: Climate change in Tuvalu

evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level.

evidence_id: Coral reef:17

article: Coral reef

evidence: As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels.

evidence_id: Coral reef:52

article: Coral reef

evidence: Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.84 in) per year; however, they grow only at depths shallower than 150 m (490 ft) because of their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level.

evidence_id: Coral reef:98

article: Coral reef

evidence: Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.


text: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:186

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

evidence_id: Global warming:59

article: Global warming

evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:123

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: [clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:130

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.


text: Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.

evidence_id: Global warming:166

article: Global warming

evidence: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.

evidence_id: Global warming:354

article: Global warming

evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).

evidence_id: Global warming:9

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:0

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:322

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century".


text: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

article: BP

evidence: It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.

evidence_id: Green-collar worker:26

article: Green-collar worker

evidence: Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.

evidence_id: Green-collar worker:9

article: Green-collar worker

evidence: In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.

evidence_id: Renewable energy commercialization:11

article: Renewable energy commercialization

evidence: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.

evidence_id: Renewable energy:6

article: Renewable energy

evidence: Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.


text: CO2 limits won't cool the planet.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:191

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:266

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.

evidence_id: Gaia hypothesis:44

article: Gaia hypothesis

evidence: As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.

evidence_id: Global warming:0

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: Global warming:116

article: Global warming

evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.


text: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.

evidence_id: Earth's energy budget:66

article: Earth's energy budget

evidence: Climate sensitivity is the steady state change in the equilibrium temperature as a result of changes in the energy budget.

evidence_id: Electronic keyboard:55

article: Electronic keyboard

evidence: They are not sensitive to the climate or humidity changes in a room and there is also no need for tuning, as with acoustic pianos.

evidence_id: Land degradation:46

article: Land degradation

evidence: Sensitivity is the degree to which a land system undergoes change due to natural forces, human intervention or a combination of both.

evidence_id: Mediterranean Sea:205

article: Mediterranean Sea

evidence: Because of its latitude and its land-locked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record.

evidence_id: Perennial plant:39

article: Perennial plant

evidence: Herbaceous perennials are also able to tolerate the extremes of cold in temperate and Arctic winters, with less sensitivity than trees or shrubs.


text: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:143

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).

article: Greenland

evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).

article: Greenland

evidence: The rate of ice loss has increased from an average of 33 billion tonnes a year in the 1990s, to 254 billion tonnes a year in the last decade.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:273

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:286

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.


text: Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.

evidence_id: Arctic Ocean:122

article: Arctic Ocean

evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:28

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.

evidence_id: Polar ice cap:37

article: Polar ice cap

evidence: In August 2013, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.09m km2, which represents 1.13 million km2 below the 1981–2010 average for that month.

evidence_id: Sea ice:117

article: Sea ice

evidence: In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950–1970 period.

evidence_id: Sea ice:118

article: Sea ice

evidence: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.


text: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:20

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.

evidence_id: Economic impacts of climate change:2

article: Economic impacts of climate change

evidence: Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:259

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.

evidence_id: Heat wave:54

article: Heat wave

evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:159

evidence: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".


text: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.

evidence_id: John Christy:40

article: John Christy

evidence: We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming."

evidence_id: Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:111

evidence: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.

evidence_id: Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:92

evidence: Specifically, surface data showed substantial global-average warming, while early versions of satellite and radiosonde data showed little or no warming above the surface.

evidence_id: UAH satellite temperature dataset:27

article: UAH satellite temperature dataset

evidence: In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).

evidence_id: UAH satellite temperature dataset:28

article: UAH satellite temperature dataset

evidence: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.


text: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:10

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).

evidence_id: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:48

article: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

evidence: There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127

evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190

evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:306

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions."


text: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.

evidence_id: 20th century:6

article: 20th century

evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:19

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.

evidence_id: Global warming:55

article: Global warming

evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

evidence_id: Global warming:59

article: Global warming

evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:713

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.


text: Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.

evidence_id: James Hansen:46

article: James Hansen

evidence: When the analysis was updated in 1988, the four warmest years on record were all in the 1980s.

evidence_id: James Hansen:48

article: James Hansen

evidence: During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.

evidence_id: West Side Highway:0

article: West Side Highway

evidence: The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway) is a 5.42-mile-long (8.72 km) mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City.

evidence_id: West Side Highway:194

article: West Side Highway

evidence: Construction began in early 1996 on the West Side Highway project.

evidence_id: West Side Highway:370

article: West Side Highway

evidence: "After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape".


text: Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.

evidence_id: Crown-of-thorns starfish:219

article: Crown-of-thorns starfish

evidence: The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:17

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:2

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:53

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system.

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:57

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: Crescentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system, for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island.


text: Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.

evidence_id: Effective temperature:42

article: Effective temperature

evidence: One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface.

evidence_id: Global warming:117

article: Global warming

evidence: Simultaneously, the clouds enhance the greenhouse effect, warming the planet.

evidence_id: Greenhouse effect:64

article: Greenhouse effect

evidence: It was demonstrated experimentally (R. W. Wood, 1909) that a (not heated) "greenhouse" with a cover of rock salt (which is transparent to infrared) heats up an enclosure similarly to one with a glass cover.

evidence_id: Ice age:148

article: Ice age

evidence: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.

evidence_id: Ice age:158

article: Ice age

evidence: The ice age continues until the reduction in weathering causes an increase in the greenhouse effect.


text: Underground temperatures control climate.

article: Climate

evidence: Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation.

article: Climate

evidence: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.

article: Climate

evidence: Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.

article: Climate

evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.

article: Climate

evidence: Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.


text: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.

evidence_id: Global warming:123

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.

evidence_id: Global warming:155

article: Global warming

evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.

evidence_id: Global warming:156

article: Global warming

evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

evidence_id: Global warming:9

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

evidence_id: Heat wave:54

article: Heat wave

evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.


text: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:14

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Climate system:226

article: Climate system

evidence: Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.

evidence_id: Climate system:6

article: Climate system

evidence: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.

evidence_id: Global warming:45

article: Global warming

evidence: Other changes are caused by external forcings.

evidence_id: Global warming:832

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."


text: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:72

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).

article: Climate

evidence: Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:998

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


text: 97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.

evidence_id: 21st century:490

article: 21st century

evidence: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:10

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:266

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:289

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".


text: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.

evidence_id: Global warming:95

article: Global warming

evidence: In areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:311

article: Urban heat island

evidence: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:313

article: Urban heat island

evidence: In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28°C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27°C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:320

article: Urban heat island

evidence: This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher in elevation, and thus cooler, than urban areas).

evidence_id: Urban heat island:325

article: Urban heat island

evidence: After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.


text: Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.

article: Antarctica

evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".

article: Antarctica

evidence: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.

article: Antarctica

evidence: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:391

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier "ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014–2017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica."

evidence_id: Sea level rise:88

article: Sea level rise

evidence: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.


text: Worry about global warming impacts in the next 100 years, not an ice age in over 10,000 years.

evidence_id: Global catastrophic risk:224

article: Global catastrophic risk

evidence: These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.

evidence_id: Global catastrophic risk:232

article: Global catastrophic risk

evidence: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.

evidence_id: Global warming:64

article: Global warming

evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

evidence_id: Ice age:124

article: Ice age

evidence: (Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128

evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.


text: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:366

article: Global warming

evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:48

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:507

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.


text: Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.

evidence_id: Al Gore:399

article: Al Gore

evidence: In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research", he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court.

evidence_id: An Inconvenient Truth:109

article: An Inconvenient Truth

evidence: All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.

evidence_id: An Inconvenient Truth:133

article: An Inconvenient Truth

evidence: "He is making a qualitative point, which is entirely accurate.

evidence_id: An Inconvenient Truth:170

article: An Inconvenient Truth

evidence: The story is scientifically accurate and yet should be understandable to the public, a public that is less and less drawn to science."

evidence_id: Earth in the Balance:0

article: Earth in the Balance

evidence: Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (ISBN 0-452-26935-0, paperback ISBN 1-85383-743-1) is a 1992 book written by Al Gore, published in June 1992, shortly before he was elected Vice President in the 1992 presidential election.


text: Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:459

evidence: Earth's glaciers are expected to melt within the next forty years, greatly decreasing fresh water flow in the hotter times of the year, causing everyone to depend on rainwater, resulting in large shortages and fluctuations in fresh water availability which largely effects agriculture, power supply, and human health and well-being.

article: Glacier

evidence: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.

article: Glacier

evidence: A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:401

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff.

evidence_id: Water scarcity:140

article: Water scarcity

evidence: Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds.


text: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence_id: Solar activity and climate:69

article: Solar activity and climate

evidence: estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.


text: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.

evidence_id: Global issue:19

article: Global issue

evidence: Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.

evidence_id: Global warming:198

article: Global warming

evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.

evidence_id: Global warming:9

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

evidence_id: Heat wave:54

article: Heat wave

evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.

article: Weather

evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.


text: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:0

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:1

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:2

article: Sea level rise

evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:26

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.


text: Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:103

article: Urban heat island

evidence: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:311

article: Urban heat island

evidence: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:324

article: Urban heat island

evidence: Not all cities show a warming relative to their rural surroundings.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:42

article: Urban heat island

evidence: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.

article: Urbanization

evidence: For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.


text: The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.

evidence_id: Atmosphere of Venus:45

article: Atmosphere of Venus

evidence: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:265

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:269

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: A study of humans exposed in 2.5 hour sessions demonstrated significant negative effects on cognitive abilities at concentrations as low as 0.1% (1000 ppm) CO 2 likely due to CO 2 induced increases in cerebral blood flow.

evidence_id: Global warming:28

article: Global warming

evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.

evidence_id: Physical impacts of climate change:148

article: Physical impacts of climate change

evidence: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.


text: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Instrumental temperature record:5

article: Instrumental temperature record

evidence: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.

evidence_id: Physical impacts of climate change:243

article: Physical impacts of climate change

evidence: From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:391

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:49

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.


text: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:1039

article: Climate change denial

evidence: He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:373

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: reducing emissions/consumption) and for the prolonging of profits to the oil industry at the expense of the environment.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:39

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Jim Inhofe:122

article: Jim Inhofe

evidence: According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012.

article: Russia

evidence: Russia has an upper-middle income mixed economy with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.


text: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):19

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.

article: Earth

evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

evidence_id: Global warming:183

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:49

article: Global warming

evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.


text: The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.

evidence_id: Carbon capture and storage:36

article: Carbon capture and storage

evidence: The CO 2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuels, but before the flue gas is expanded to atmospheric pressure.

evidence_id: Carbon cycle:110

article: Carbon cycle

evidence: Since the industrial revolution, human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Carbon cycle:113

article: Carbon cycle

evidence: Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.

evidence_id: Carbon sequestration:198

article: Carbon sequestration

evidence: Various carbon dioxide scrubbing processes have been proposed to remove CO 2 from the air, usually using a variant of the Kraft process.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:29

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).


text: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.

evidence_id: IPCC First Assessment Report:15

article: IPCC First Assessment Report

evidence: There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns of climate change, due to our incomplete understanding of: sources and sinks of GHGs; clouds; oceans; polar ice sheets.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113

evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128

evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:292

evidence: Some critics have contended that the IPCC reports tend to be conservative by consistently underestimating the pace and impacts of global warming, and report only the "lowest common denominator" findings.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:296

evidence: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.


text: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:194

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:153

article: Global warming

evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:174

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.


text: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.

evidence_id: Global warming:14

article: Global warming

evidence: Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.

evidence_id: Global warming:177

article: Global warming

evidence: Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.

evidence_id: Holocene extinction:1245

article: Holocene extinction

evidence: "Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios".

evidence_id: Holocene extinction:28

article: Holocene extinction

evidence: There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.

evidence_id: Polar bear:355

article: Polar bear

evidence: The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.


text: The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.

evidence_id: Carbon credit:79

article: Carbon credit

evidence: The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages.

evidence_id: Carbon price:117

article: Carbon price

evidence: Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most.

evidence_id: Carbon price:188

article: Carbon price

evidence: How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)?

evidence_id: Carbon price:191

article: Carbon price

evidence: So that is sometimes said to be the cost of the policy.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:460

article: Carbon tax

evidence: Carbon emissions have an "unpriced" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.


text: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.

article: Antarctica

evidence: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.

evidence_id: Atlantic Ocean:129

article: Atlantic Ocean

evidence: In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude.

article: Earth

evidence: "Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".

article: Earth

evidence: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.

evidence_id: Polar regions of Earth:6

article: Polar regions of Earth

evidence: Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.


text: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:41

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:92

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.

article: Greenland

evidence: This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.

article: Greenland

evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).

article: Greenland

evidence: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".


text: The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.

article: Biodiversity

evidence: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:232

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:245

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2.

evidence_id: Climate change and agriculture:266

article: Climate change and agriculture

evidence: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.

article: Sustainability

evidence: The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.


text: Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.

article: Jupiter

evidence: Brown ovals are warmer and located within the "normal cloud layer".

article: Jupiter

evidence: Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole.

article: Mars

evidence: Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer.

article: Mars

evidence: The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 °C (54 °F).

article: Mars

evidence: Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.


text: Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.

evidence_id: Holocene glacial retreat:0

article: Holocene glacial retreat

evidence: The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum.

evidence_id: North Pole:177

article: North Pole

evidence: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:336

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:769

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: "Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003".

evidence_id: Sea ice:115

article: Sea ice

evidence: A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.


text: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.

evidence_id: An Inconvenient Truth:125

article: An Inconvenient Truth

evidence: Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):78

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:113

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:164

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.

article: Paleoclimatology

evidence: There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.


text: Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:24

article: Global warming

evidence: Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:52

article: Global warming

evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

evidence_id: Ice age:148

article: Ice age

evidence: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.

evidence_id: James Hansen:61

article: James Hansen

evidence: The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 °C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect.


text: Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.

evidence_id: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:288

article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves

evidence: In Israel, the year 2010 was the hottest on record, and average temperatures were 2-3 degrees Celsius higher than the average.

evidence_id: Global warming:0

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

article: Moscow

evidence: The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.


text: When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.

evidence_id: Greenhouse effect:19

article: Greenhouse effect

evidence: Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.

evidence_id: Greenhouse effect:84

article: Greenhouse effect

evidence: Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1).

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:77

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.

evidence_id: Ice age:103

article: Ice age

evidence: Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles.

evidence_id: Ice age:178

article: Ice age

evidence: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.


text: Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.

evidence_id: 20th century:366

article: 20th century

evidence: The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750."

evidence_id: 20th century:6

article: 20th century

evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

evidence_id: 20th century:94

article: 20th century

evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.

evidence_id: Global warming:218

article: Global warming

evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

evidence_id: James Hansen:246

article: James Hansen

evidence: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.


text: The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.

article: Earth

evidence: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".

article: Earth

evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

evidence_id: Global cooling:2

article: Global cooling

evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

article: James Hansen

evidence_id: Sea level rise:22

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial.


text: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

article: Chicago

evidence: The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.

evidence_id: Climate change in the United States:198

article: Climate change in the United States

evidence: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: Global warming:1868

article: Global warming

evidence: "What caused the recent "Warm Arctic, Cold Continents" trend pattern in winter temperatures?".

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


text: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:49

article: Global warming

evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.

evidence_id: Global warming:59

article: Global warming

evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Global warming:6

article: Global warming

evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Global warming:832

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:511

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."


text: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:51

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Some of the graphs show a positive trend, e.g., increasing temperature over land and the ocean, and sea level rise.

evidence_id: Global warming hiatus:252

article: Global warming hiatus

evidence: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".

evidence_id: Global warming in Antarctica:81

article: Global warming in Antarctica

evidence: The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:98

article: Global warming

evidence: There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.


text: The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:283

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:374

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: This law is the basis of temperature.

article: Thermodynamics

evidence: The second law is an observation of the fact that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in a physical system that is isolated from the outside world.

article: Thermodynamics

evidence: There are many versions of the second law, but they all have the same effect, which is to explain the phenomenon of irreversibility in nature.

evidence_id: Water vapor:125

article: Water vapor

evidence: This greenhouse forcing is directly observable, via distinct spectral features versus water vapor, and observed to be rising with rising CO 2 levels.


text: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

evidence_id: Chaos theory:140

article: Chaos theory

evidence: Lorenz's discovery, which gave its name to Lorenz attractors, showed that even detailed atmospheric modelling cannot, in general, make precise long-term weather predictions.

article: Climate

evidence: A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance.

evidence_id: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts:32

evidence: Reanalysis provides a four-dimensional picture of the atmosphere and effectively allows monitoring of the variability and change of global climate, thereby contributing also to the understanding and attribution of climate change.

evidence_id: Met Office:2

article: Met Office

evidence: The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:137

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.


text: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.

evidence_id: Global warming:213

article: Global warming

evidence: Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to mitigation and adaptation.

article: Global warming

evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:229

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

evidence_id: Holocene extinction:133

article: Holocene extinction

evidence: Large populations of megaherbivores have the potential to contribute greatly to the atmospheric concentration of methane, which is an important greenhouse gas.

evidence_id: Holocene extinction:205

article: Holocene extinction

evidence: However, damage to peatland contributes to 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and 8% of those caused by burning fossil fuels.


text: Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative.

evidence_id: Evidence-based medicine:126

article: Evidence-based medicine

evidence: Large effect: This is when methodologically strong studies show that the observed effect is so large that the probability of it changing completely is less likely.

evidence_id: Evidence-based medicine:92

article: Evidence-based medicine

evidence: A 2007 analysis of 1,016 systematic reviews from all 50 Cochrane Collaboration Review Groups found that 44% of the reviews concluded that the intervention was likely to be beneficial, 7% concluded that the intervention was likely to be harmful, and 49% concluded that evidence did not support either benefit or harm.

article: Evidence

evidence: This support may be strong or weak.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:219

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:226

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.


text: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:0

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:642

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:310

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:3

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


text: Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:26

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

article: Sea level rise

evidence_id: Sea level rise:492

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:647

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:78

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.


text: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:0

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:11

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:116

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:306

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: "Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says".

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:452

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: "Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".


text: Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.

evidence_id: 21st century:490

article: 21st century

evidence: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:127

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:10

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:266

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.


text: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.

evidence_id: Atmospheric methane:574

article: Atmospheric methane

evidence: "Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming".

evidence_id: Atmospheric methane:84

article: Atmospheric methane

evidence: With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.

evidence_id: Global warming:114

article: Global warming

evidence: Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.

article: Permafrost

evidence: It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.

article: Permafrost

evidence: The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.


text: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:153

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:163

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: Now measurements are made at many sites globally.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:167

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:179

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Concentrations also vary on a regional basis, most strongly near the ground with much smaller variations aloft.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:127

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.


text: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.

evidence_id: Confirmation bias:277

article: Confirmation bias

evidence: Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self-enhancement is the drive to seek positive feedback.

evidence_id: Confirmation bias:281

article: Confirmation bias

evidence: Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback.

evidence_id: Global warming:107

article: Global warming

evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.

evidence_id: Global warming:28

article: Global warming

evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.

evidence_id: Positive feedback:186

article: Positive feedback

evidence: Less water vapor means both low dew point temperatures and more efficient daytime heating, decreasing the chances of humidity in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation.


text: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

evidence_id: Cherry blossom:331

article: Cherry blossom

evidence_id: Cherry blossom:377

article: Cherry blossom

evidence: 22 January 2008.

evidence_id: Cherry blossom:431

article: Cherry blossom

evidence_id: Cherry blossom:452

article: Cherry blossom

evidence_id: Cherry blossom:83

article: Cherry blossom

evidence: Peak bloom time at Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May.


text: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

evidence_id: Carbon cycle:127

article: Carbon cycle

evidence: On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:8

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:186

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:3

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.


text: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit documents:67

article: Climatic Research Unit documents

evidence: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit documents:81

article: Climatic Research Unit documents

evidence: Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit documents:89

article: Climatic Research Unit documents

evidence: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:44

evidence: This "decline" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.

evidence_id: Global warming:278

article: Global warming

evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.


text: Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.

evidence_id: Global warming:2

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.

evidence_id: Global warming:327

article: Global warming

evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".

evidence_id: Global warming:330

article: Global warming

evidence: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".

evidence_id: Global warming:337

article: Global warming

evidence: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.

evidence_id: Global warming:831

article: Global warming

evidence: NOAA, 17 June 2015; IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 120: "Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer.


text: The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:16

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.

evidence_id: Global warming:156

article: Global warming

evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

evidence_id: Global warming:21

article: Global warming

evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:515

article: Global warming

evidence: "Is the Sun causing global warming?".