text: Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.

article: Glacier

evidence: Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Argentina, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland.

article: Glacier

evidence: Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps.

article: Glacier

evidence: Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran.

article: Glacier

evidence: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:11

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.


text: Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.

claim_label: SUPPORTS

evidence_id: Sea level rise:1

evidence_label: SUPPORTS

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:172

article: Sea level rise

evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:2

article: Sea level rise

evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:26

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:49

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).


text: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.

evidence_id: Arctic Ocean:122

article: Arctic Ocean

evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.

evidence_id: Arctic ice pack:26

article: Arctic ice pack

evidence: The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:17

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:20

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:33

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.


text: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:106

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:73

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.

evidence_id: New York City:237

article: New York City

evidence: The warmest month on record is July 1999, with a mean temperature of 81.4 °F (27.4 °C).

evidence_id: New York City:239

article: New York City

evidence: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).

evidence_id: Physical impacts of climate change:11

article: Physical impacts of climate change

evidence: Global surface temperatures in 2016 had increased about 1.0 °C since the 1901.


text: The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.

evidence_id: Hurricane Irma:1109

article: Hurricane Irma

evidence: "Extensive flooding, damage in Turks and Caicos".

evidence_id: Hurricane Irma:315

article: Hurricane Irma

evidence: Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage.

evidence_id: Hurricane Irma:333

article: Hurricane Irma

evidence: Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing in significant flooding, particularly along the St. Johns River and its tributaries.

evidence_id: Hurricane Irma:353

article: Hurricane Irma

evidence: Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.

evidence_id: Hurricane Irma:478

article: Hurricane Irma

evidence: In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas.


text: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:216

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."

evidence_id: Human impact on marine life:59

article: Human impact on marine life

evidence: Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:49

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: In the 15-year period 1995–2010 alone, acidity has increased 6 percent in the upper 100 meters of the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to Alaska.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:5

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.

evidence_id: The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History:67

evidence: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, we have seen increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at an alarming rate.


text: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:203

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:204

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

evidence_id: Global warming:121

article: Global warming

evidence: Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.

evidence_id: Greenhouse effect:48

article: Greenhouse effect

evidence: This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

article: Sea

evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.


text: The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the upper layer of the oceans is increasing by about 2 billion tons per year.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:185

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.

article: Carbon dioxide

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence_id: Oceanic carbon cycle:121

article: Oceanic carbon cycle

evidence: Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon.

evidence_id: Oceanic carbon cycle:71

article: Oceanic carbon cycle

evidence: Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.


text: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.

claim_label: DISPUTED

evidence_id: 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires:0

article: 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires

evidence: The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.

evidence_id: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season:2211

evidence_label: REFUTES

article: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season

evidence: "Climate change is one factor affecting how fires in Australia burn, regardless of whether arsonists or lightning started them".

evidence_id: Bushfires in Australia:101

article: Bushfires in Australia

evidence: Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control.

evidence_id: Bushfires in Australia:102

article: Bushfires in Australia

evidence: Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.

evidence_id: Bushfires in Australia:17

article: Bushfires in Australia

evidence: The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands.


text: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

evidence_id: Global warming:64

article: Global warming

evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

evidence_id: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:152

article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

evidence: Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.

evidence_id: Permian–Triassic extinction event:1171

article: Permian–Triassic extinction event

evidence: "Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction".

evidence_id: Permian–Triassic extinction event:177

article: Permian–Triassic extinction event

evidence: The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.

evidence_id: Permian–Triassic extinction event:256

article: Permian–Triassic extinction event

evidence: The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans' history: according to this theory, the oceans became so anoxic, anaerobic sulfur-reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide.


text: A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:0

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

article: Earth

evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

evidence_id: Ice age:0

article: Ice age

evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

evidence_id: Ice age:137

article: Ice age

evidence: The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.


text: Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.

claim_label: REFUTES

evidence_id: Global warming:59

article: Global warming

evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:109

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:165

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:169

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015.

evidence_id: Snowball Earth:157

article: Snowball Earth

evidence: The carbon dioxide levels necessary to thaw Earth have been estimated as being 350 times what they are today, about 13% of the atmosphere.


text: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:135

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:269

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.

article: Sustainability

evidence: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.

article: Sustainability

evidence: It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen.


text: The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:22

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: "The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate change" Without new policies to mitigate climate change, projections suggest an increase in global mean temperature in 2100 of 3.7 to 4.8 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels (median values; the range is 2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty).

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:23

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:507

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:719

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.

evidence_id: Tipping points in the climate system:67

article: Tipping points in the climate system

evidence: The tipping point is difficult to predict, but is estimated to be between 3–4 °C of global temperature rise.


text: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:78

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:139

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:283

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:543

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:692

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


text: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

article: Earth

evidence: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".

evidence_id: Extinction event:100

article: Extinction event

evidence: As a result, they are likely to cause the climate to oscillate between cooling and warming, but with an overall trend towards warming as the carbon dioxide they emit can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.

evidence_id: Global cooling:2

article: Global cooling

evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

article: Volcano

evidence: The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.


text: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:114

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: At the conclusion of COP 21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which guides the Conference), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by all of the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:118

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:134

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: 187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:174

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:176

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.


text: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

evidence_id: Low-carbon economy:1

article: Low-carbon economy

evidence: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Solar activity and climate:103

article: Solar activity and climate

evidence: In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4 °C since 1980.

evidence_id: Solar activity and climate:67

article: Solar activity and climate

evidence: Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900.

evidence_id: Solar activity and climate:69

article: Solar activity and climate

evidence: estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.

evidence_id: Solar activity and climate:97

article: Solar activity and climate

evidence: Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature changes over this period.


text: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:17

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:167

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: Regarding the draft conclusion that the 20th Century was the warmest in the last 1000 years, he said "We don't accept this.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:457

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:506

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: 2013 used seafloor and lake bed sediment proxies to reconstruct global temperatures over the past 11,300 years, the last 1,000 years of which confirmed the original MBH99 hockey stick graph.

evidence_id: Holocene extinction:124

article: Holocene extinction

evidence: However, the annual mean temperature of the current interglacial period for the last 10,000 years is no higher than that of previous interglacial periods, yet some of the same megafauna survived similar temperature increases.


text: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:157

evidence: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level".

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:160

evidence: "Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks".

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:293

evidence: On the eve of the publication of IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 another study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:295

evidence: Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:296

evidence: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.


text: The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.

evidence_id: Global warming:226

article: Global warming

evidence: Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels.

evidence_id: Global warming:396

article: Global warming

evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).

evidence_id: Global warming:55

article: Global warming

evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

evidence_id: Global warming:64

article: Global warming

evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


text: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:42

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.

evidence_id: Patrick Michaels:30

article: Patrick Michaels

evidence: In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:459

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


text: NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

evidence_id: Global warming:1459

article: Global warming

evidence: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".

evidence_id: International Space Station:564

article: International Space Station

evidence: During various station activities and crew rest times, the lights in the ISS can be dimmed, switched off, and color temperatures adjusted.

article: NASA

evidence: On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...

article: NASA

evidence: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".

evidence_id: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster:97

article: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

evidence: Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.


text: New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.

article: Car

evidence: As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019[update].

article: Car

evidence: "EEA report confirms: electric cars are better for climate and air quality".

evidence_id: Electric vehicle:225

article: Electric vehicle

evidence: A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs.

evidence_id: Electric vehicle:251

article: Electric vehicle

evidence: However, looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of EVs, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation relies on fossil fuels.

evidence_id: Electric vehicle:255

article: Electric vehicle

evidence: The lifecycle analysis of EVs shows that even when powered by the most carbon intensive electricity in Europe, they emit less greenhouse gases than a conventional diesel vehicle.


text: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:15

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:23

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high "for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history."

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:24

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:50

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, CO 2 was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:182

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.


text: Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

article: Kiribati

evidence: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:175

article: Sea level rise

evidence: In September 2019 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published a report about the impact of climate change on the oceans including sea level rise.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:3

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:739

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "The Oceans We Know Won't Survive Climate Change".


text: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:224

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

evidence_id: Global warming:131

article: Global warming

evidence: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:67

article: Global warming

evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

evidence_id: Global warming:7

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


text: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:193

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

evidence_id: Fossil fuel:15

article: Fossil fuel

evidence: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

evidence_id: Greenhouse effect:54

article: Greenhouse effect

evidence: The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.


text: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

evidence_id: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:98

article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

evidence: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:203

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific.

article: Sea level rise

evidence_id: Sea level rise:68

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:69

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.


text: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.

article: Australia

evidence: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".

article: Australia

evidence: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".

article: Australia

evidence: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.

article: Australia

evidence: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).

article: Australia

evidence: Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.


text: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

article: Climate

evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

article: Climatology

evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.

evidence_id: Global warming:108

article: Global warming

evidence: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.

evidence_id: Global warming:143

article: Global warming

evidence: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".

evidence_id: Global warming:300

article: Global warming

evidence: Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it.


text: Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:167

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: The effects of climate change, in combination with the sustained increases in greenhouse gas emissions, have led scientists to characterize it as a climate emergency.

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:1021

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:292

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:294

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:996

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".


text: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.

article: 2000s (decade)

evidence: The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:0

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


text: Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):29

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):430

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: "Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean".

evidence_id: Climate change and ecosystems:44

article: Climate change and ecosystems

evidence: Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:266

article: Climate change denial

evidence: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".

evidence_id: Mediterranean Sea:131

article: Mediterranean Sea

evidence: Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change effects.


text: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:84

evidence: The Independent Climate Change Email Review report was published on 7 July 2010.

evidence_id: Global cooling:99

article: Global cooling

evidence: Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:215

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: The highly publicised figures came from work still undergoing peer review, and CICERO would wait until they had been published in a journal before disseminating the results.

evidence_id: Global warming:314

article: Global warming

evidence: His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes.

evidence_id: Global warming:749

article: Global warming

evidence: Müller 2010; The New York Times, 25 May 2015; UNFCCC: Copenhagen 2009. openDemocracy, 12 January 2010; EUobserver, 20 December 2009.


text: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.

evidence_id: 20th century:0

article: 20th century

evidence: The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.

evidence_id: 20th century:6

article: 20th century

evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:366

article: Global warming

evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).

evidence_id: Global warming:41

article: Global warming

evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.


text: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.

evidence_id: Climate change feedback:16

article: Climate change feedback

evidence: The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.

evidence_id: Climate sensitivity:13

article: Climate sensitivity

evidence: Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.

evidence_id: Climate sensitivity:88

article: Climate sensitivity

evidence: Neglecting other forcings and considering the temperature increase to be an equilibrium increase would lead to a sensitivity of about 1.1 °C (2.0 °F).

evidence_id: Global warming:58

article: Global warming

evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.

evidence_id: Permian–Triassic extinction event:13

article: Permian–Triassic extinction event

evidence: Further evidence for environmental change around the P–Tr boundary suggests an 8 °C (14 °F) rise in temperature, and an increase in CO 2 levels by 2000 ppm (for comparison, the concentration immediately before the industrial revolution was 280 ppm, and the amount today is about 410 ppm).


text: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.

evidence_id: Kyoto Protocol:20

article: Kyoto Protocol

evidence: The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:459

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:69

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:77

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


text: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:229

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence_id: Scott Pruitt:133

article: Scott Pruitt

evidence: On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he "would not agree that" carbon dioxide is "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see" backing up his claim by stating that "measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact."

evidence_id: Scott Pruitt:387

article: Scott Pruitt

evidence: In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.

evidence_id: Scott Pruitt:9

article: Scott Pruitt

evidence: Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are a primary contributor to climate change.


text: no one really knows if last year 2016 was a global temperature record.

evidence_id: Global warming:0

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Ice age:68

article: Ice age

evidence: This allows a temperature record to be constructed.

evidence_id: James Hansen:203

article: James Hansen

evidence: But we know the last time the world was 2 degrees warmer, sea level was 6 meters or 20 feet higher."

evidence_id: James Hansen:456

article: James Hansen

evidence: "Breaking global temperature records after Mt.


text: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.

evidence_id: Georgia (U.S. state):97

article: Georgia (U.S. state)

evidence: The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 °F (44.4 °C) in Louisville on July 24, 1952, while the lowest is −17 °F (−27.2 °C) in northern Floyd County on January 27, 1940.

evidence_id: Ice core:176

article: Ice core

evidence: At lower temperatures, the difference is more pronounced.

evidence_id: San Francisco:181

article: San Francisco

evidence: The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.

evidence_id: U.S. state and territory temperature extremes:0

evidence: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the 5 inhabited U.S. territories during the past two centuries, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius.

evidence_id: U.S. state and territory temperature extremes:2

evidence: record low of 40°F in 1911 in Aibonito and 1966 in San Sebastian in Puerto Rico), only the most recent date is shown.


article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:52

article: Global warming

evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:134

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:5

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:653

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: AIBS Position Statements "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver."


text: The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.

article: Climate

evidence: The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (see greenhouse gas).

article: Earth

evidence: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Global warming:48

article: Global warming

evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:59

article: Global warming

evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.


text: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:3

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:81

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Like the warming "signal" that has gradually emerged from the "noise" of natural climate variability, the scientific evidence for a human influence on global climate has accumulated over the past several decades, from many hundreds of studies.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:117

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:18

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human influence on the climate system is clear.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:723

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The available evidence suggests very strongly that human activities have already begun to make significant changes to the earth's climate, and that the long-term risk of delaying action is greater than the cost of avoiding/minimising the risk."


text: The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.

evidence_id: Global warming:279

article: Global warming

evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".

evidence_id: Global warming:5

article: Global warming

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127

evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190

evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:37

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are "extremely likely" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.


text: Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:0

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:246

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that "amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries."

evidence_id: Global catastrophic risk:221

article: Global catastrophic risk

evidence: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:569

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur.

article: Sustainability

evidence: Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation.


text: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).

evidence_id: Global warming:217

article: Global warming

evidence: Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:187

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:5

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.


text: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:52

article: Global warming

evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:459

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:69

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:77

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


text: Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.

evidence_id: Holocene extinction:39

article: Holocene extinction

evidence: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.

article: Nature

evidence: "Tropical Ocean Warming Drives Recent Northern Hemisphere Climate Change".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:130

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:50

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:565

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 "Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.


evidence_id: Global issue:135

article: Global issue

evidence_id: Global warming:346

article: Global warming

evidence: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.

evidence_id: Global warming:4

article: Global warming

evidence: While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:187

evidence: Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:16

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."


text: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

evidence_id: Global warming:29

article: Global warming

evidence: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.

evidence_id: Global warming:347

article: Global warming

evidence: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:391

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:49

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.


text: Climate change is due to cosmic rays.

evidence_id: CLOUD experiment:2

article: CLOUD experiment

evidence: The primary goal is to understand the influence of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on aerosols and clouds, and their implications for climate.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):114

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.

evidence_id: Henrik Svensmark:1

article: Henrik Svensmark

evidence: He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.

evidence_id: Henrik Svensmark:118

article: Henrik Svensmark

evidence: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".

evidence_id: Henrik Svensmark:58

article: Henrik Svensmark

evidence: They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.


text: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Sea level rise:3

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:51

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:78

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.

evidence_id: Sea level:4

article: Sea level

evidence: However, 20th century and current millennium sea level rise is presumed to be caused by global warming, and careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change.


text: Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:0

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:36

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:37

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: Much of the Northern Hemisphere showed significant cooling during the Little Ice Age (defined in the study from 1400 to 1700), but Labrador and isolated parts of the United States appeared to be approximately as warm as during the 1961–1990 period.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:6

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:66

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: They also found that the warming during the 10–14th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years.


text: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.

evidence_id: Arctic ice pack:1

article: Arctic ice pack

evidence: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.

evidence_id: Arctic ice pack:5

article: Arctic ice pack

evidence: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.

evidence_id: Arctic oscillation:0

article: Arctic oscillation

evidence: The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.

article: Arctic

evidence: "Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record".

article: Arctic

evidence: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.


text: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:292

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Conversely, a rise in the partial pressure of CO 2 or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the Bohr effect.

evidence_id: Global warming:153

article: Global warming

evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.

evidence_id: Global warming:58

article: Global warming

evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:131

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.


text: Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:185

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:203

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:109

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:133

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:234

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.


text: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

evidence_id: Atmospheric methane:1

article: Atmospheric methane

evidence: Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:39

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.

evidence_id: Natural gas:217

article: Natural gas

evidence: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.

evidence_id: Water vapor:110

article: Water vapor

evidence: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.

evidence_id: Water vapor:6

article: Water vapor

evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.


text: Polar bear numbers are increasing.

evidence_id: Polar bear:280

article: Polar bear

evidence: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.

evidence_id: Polar bear:308

article: Polar bear

evidence: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.

evidence_id: Polar bear:311

article: Polar bear

evidence: In 2010, the 2005 increase was partially reversed.

evidence_id: Polar bear:404

article: Polar bear

evidence: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.

evidence_id: Polar bear:61

article: Polar bear

evidence: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.


text: There's no empirical evidence for climate change.

article: Biodiversity

evidence: Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):66

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.

article: Science

evidence: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

article: Skepticism

evidence: A scientific or empirical skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence.

article: Skepticism

evidence: Scientific skepticism concerns testing beliefs for reliability, by subjecting them to systematic investigation using the scientific method, to discover empirical evidence for them.


text: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.

article: Antarctica

evidence: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.

evidence_id: Captain America: The First Avenger:145

article: Captain America: The First Avenger

evidence: Producer Avi Arad said, "The biggest opportunity with Captain America is as a man 'out of time', coming back today, looking at our world through the eyes of someone who thought the perfect world was small-town United States.

evidence_id: Captain America: The First Avenger:146

article: Captain America: The First Avenger

evidence: Sixty years go by, and who are we today?

evidence_id: Captain America: The First Avenger:162

article: Captain America: The First Avenger

evidence: ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.

evidence_id: Summit Series:0

article: Summit Series

evidence: The Summit Series, or Super Series (in Russian Суперсерия СССР — Канада; Superseriya SSSR — Canada), known at the time simply as the Canada–USSR Series, was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972.


text: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.

evidence_id: Cold wave:115

article: Cold wave

evidence: Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).

evidence_id: Cold wave:117

article: Cold wave

evidence: It was the coldest winter and longest cold spell for thirty years in the United Kingdom, whilst temperatures in the Italian Alpine peaks reached low to an extreme of −47 °C (−52.6 °F).

article: Winter

evidence: In Europe, the winters of early 1947, February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010 were abnormally cold.

article: Winter

evidence: In the United States, a record five-week cold spell bottomed out at −20 °F (−29 °C) at Hartford, Connecticut, and −16 °F (−27 °C) in New York City.

article: Winter

evidence: 2011 was one of the coldest on record in New Zealand with sea level snow falling in Wellington in July for the first time in 35 years and a much heavier snowstorm for 3 days in a row in August.


text: Climate change is because of El Niño.

evidence_id: El Niño:6

article: El Niño

evidence: The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.

evidence_id: El Niño:71

article: El Niño

evidence: El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.

evidence_id: Humboldt Current:68

article: Humboldt Current

evidence: These two species experience population shifts related to climate changes and environmental events such as El Niño.

evidence_id: La Niña:224

article: La Niña

evidence: "El Niño in a changing climate".

evidence_id: La Niña:232

article: La Niña

evidence: "The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño".


text: Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):12

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.

evidence_id: Climate system:408

article: Climate system

evidence: "Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation".

evidence_id: Climate system:84

article: Climate system

evidence: Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.

evidence_id: Climate variability:57

article: Climate variability

evidence: the Pacific decadal oscillation – The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale.

evidence_id: Pacific decadal oscillation:0

article: Pacific decadal oscillation

evidence: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.


text: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:262

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:288

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:301

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:320

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations.

evidence_id: Second law of thermodynamics:42

article: Second law of thermodynamics

evidence: Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics.


text: Clouds provide negative feedback.

article: Cloud

evidence: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.

article: Cloud

evidence: But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.

evidence_id: Negative feedback:135

article: Negative feedback

evidence: A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.

evidence_id: Negative feedback:7

article: Negative feedback

evidence: One such feedback system is the interaction between solar radiation, cloud cover, and planet temperature.

evidence_id: Tropical cyclone:134

article: Tropical cyclone

evidence: This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.


text: Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:10

article: Sea level rise

evidence: A conservative estimate of the long-term projections is that each Celsius degree of temperature rise triggers a sea level rise of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2 ft/degree Fahrenheit) over a period of two millennia: an example of climate inertia.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:187

article: Sea level rise

evidence: More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:322

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:51

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:8

article: Sea level rise

evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).


text: Methane is the only cause of climate change.

evidence_id: Global warming:52

article: Global warming

evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:77

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:78

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate.

article: Methane

evidence: Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.

article: Methane

evidence: "Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock".


text: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:0

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as "climate change" or "anthropogenic climate change").

evidence_id: Global warming:1428

article: Global warming

evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".

evidence_id: Global warming:1828

article: Global warming

evidence: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".

evidence_id: Global warming:337

article: Global warming

evidence: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.

evidence_id: Global warming:709

article: Global warming

evidence: NASA's Global Climate Change.


text: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

evidence_id: Axial precession:237

article: Axial precession

evidence: (the angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane) is the maximum value of δ for the Sun and the average maximum value for the Moon over an entire 18.6 year cycle.

evidence_id: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017:259

article: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

evidence: The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles.

article: Sun

evidence: Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years.

article: Sun

evidence: The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98  parsec {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left({\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 π / ν {\displaystyle 2\pi /\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit.

article: Sun

evidence: At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU.


text: IPCC overestimate temperature rise.

evidence_id: Global warming:0

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: IPCC Third Assessment Report:12

article: IPCC Third Assessment Report

evidence: The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:230

evidence: Under the pledges of the countries entering the Paris Accord, a sharp rise of 3.1 to 3.7 °C is still expected to occur by 2100.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:686

evidence: "Sea level rise 'under-estimated'".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:719

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.


text: Southern sea ice is increasing.

article: Antarctica

evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".

article: Antarctica

evidence: Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent.

evidence_id: Arctic Ocean:122

article: Arctic Ocean

evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.

article: Eocene

evidence: During the cooling period, benthic oxygen isotopes show the possibility of ice creation and ice increase during this later cooling.

article: Eocene

evidence: Any ice growth was slowed immensely and would lead to any present ice melting.


text: Sea level rise is decelerating.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:139

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:2

article: Sea level rise

evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:3

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:308

article: Sea level rise

evidence: More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:5

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.


text: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.

evidence_id: Global warming:6

article: Global warming

evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Holocene extinction:39

article: Holocene extinction

evidence: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.

evidence_id: Human impact on the environment:0

article: Human impact on the environment

evidence: Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.

article: Human

evidence: Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment.

article: Human

evidence: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.


text: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.

evidence_id: Global warming:1428

article: Global warming

evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".

evidence_id: Global warming:21

article: Global warming

evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

evidence_id: Global warming:253

article: Global warming

evidence: The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.

evidence_id: Global warming:811

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:175

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.


text: Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.

article: Antarctica

evidence: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".

article: Antarctica

evidence: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.

article: Arctic

evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

article: Arctic

evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

evidence_id: Sea ice:208

article: Sea ice

evidence: "Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".


text: Solar cycles cause global warming.

article: Earth

evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

evidence_id: Global warming:218

article: Global warming

evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:303

article: Global warming

evidence: In general, since the 2010s, global oil companies do not dispute that climate change exists and is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.

evidence_id: Solar cycle:606

article: Solar cycle

evidence: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".


text: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.

evidence_id: A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:60

article: A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism

evidence: Critics have noted that of the 105 "scientists" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.

evidence_id: Art Robinson:26

article: Art Robinson

evidence: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.

evidence_id: Art Robinson:27

article: Art Robinson

evidence: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.

evidence_id: Oregon Petition:22

article: Oregon Petition

evidence: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.

evidence_id: Project Steve:49

article: Project Steve

evidence: During the four-day drive A Scientific Support For Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach Intelligent Design As Science gathered 7733 signatures of verifiable scientists.


text: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.

article: Global warming

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:266

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:282

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: 76 out of 79 climatologists who "listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:837

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.