text: Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction

claim_label: SUPPORTS

evidence_id: Extinction risk from global warming:170

article: Extinction risk from global warming

evidence: "Recent Research Shows Human Activity Driving Earth Towards Global Extinction Event".

evidence_id: Global warming:14

evidence_label: SUPPORTS

article: Global warming

evidence: Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.

evidence_id: Global warming:178

article: Global warming

evidence: Rising temperatures push bees to their physiological limits, and could cause the extinction of bee populations.

evidence_id: Habitat destruction:61

article: Habitat destruction

evidence: Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.

evidence_id: Polar bear:1328

article: Polar bear

evidence: "Bear hunting caught in global warming debate".


text: The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists

article: Famine

evidence: The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.

article: Weather

evidence: The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe.

article: Winter

evidence: The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348–1350).

article: Winter

evidence: The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow–prone latitudes is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation.

article: Winter

evidence: In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures.


text: The polar bear population has been growing.

claim_label: REFUTES

evidence_id: Polar bear:1332

article: Polar bear

evidence: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?".

evidence_id: Polar bear:272

article: Polar bear

evidence: The growth of the human population in the Eurasian Arctic in the 16th and 17th century, together with the advent of firearms and increasing trade, dramatically increased the harvest of polar bears.

evidence_id: Polar bear:280

article: Polar bear

evidence: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.

evidence_id: Polar bear:308

evidence_label: REFUTES

article: Polar bear

evidence: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.

evidence_id: Polar bear:61

article: Polar bear

evidence: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.


text: Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet

evidence_id: Atmosphere of Mars:131

article: Atmosphere of Mars

evidence: CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space.

evidence_id: Atmosphere of Mars:136

article: Atmosphere of Mars

evidence: The higher concentration of CO2 in the Martian thermosphere may explain part of the discrepancy because of the cooling effects of CO2 in high altitude.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:10

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:191

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.


text: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:144

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The burning of long-buried fossil fuels releases CO 2 containing carbon of different isotopic ratios to those of living plants, enabling distinction between natural and human-caused contributions to CO 2 concentration.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:42

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The beginning of human agriculture during the current Holocene epoch may have been strongly connected to the atmospheric CO 2 increase after the last ice age ended, a fertilization effect raising plant biomass growth and reducing stomatal conductance requirements for CO 2 intake, consequently reducing transpiration water losses and increasing water usage efficiency.

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:0

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.

article: Sea

evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.


text: They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:183

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:132

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:186

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.

article: Petroleum

evidence: When burned, petroleum releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.


text: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

evidence_id: Coral bleaching:52

article: Coral bleaching

evidence: These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:14

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:179

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years (due to development) has contributed to coral bleaching, algal blooms, and pesticide pollution.

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:8

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, dumping of dredging sludge and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish.

evidence_id: Great Barrier Reef:96

article: Great Barrier Reef

evidence: Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.


text: it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.

evidence_id: Air pollution:12

article: Air pollution

evidence: An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.

evidence_id: Global catastrophic risk:0

article: Global catastrophic risk

evidence: A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization.

evidence_id: Global catastrophic risk:104

article: Global catastrophic risk

evidence: The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding "the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”.

evidence_id: Global catastrophic risk:207

article: Global catastrophic risk

evidence: The present, unprecedented scale and speed of human movement make it more difficult than ever to contain an epidemic through local quarantines, and other sources of uncertainty and the evolving nature of the risk means natural pandemics may pose a realistic threat to human civilization.

evidence_id: Global catastrophic risk:487

article: Global catastrophic risk

evidence: "Global pollution kills 9m a year and threatens 'survival of human societies'".


text: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:146

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence_id: Terraforming of Mars:59

article: Terraforming of Mars

evidence: Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface.

evidence_id: Terraforming of Mars:78

article: Terraforming of Mars

evidence: These gases are proposed for introduction because they generate a greenhouse effect thousands of times stronger than that of CO 2.


text: Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization

article: Russia

evidence: Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialization of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:26

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:405

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:50

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.

article: Sweden

evidence: Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialised economy that exists today.


text: Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’

article: Earth

evidence: The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.

article: Earth

evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:22

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:383

article: Little Ice Age

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:458

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: 23 February 1998.


text: Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming

article: Antarctica

evidence: The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.

evidence_id: Climate variability:93

article: Climate variability

evidence: This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back to equilibrium.

evidence_id: Climate variability:98

article: Climate variability

evidence: Previous interglacials such as the Eemian phase created temperatures higher than today, higher sea levels, and some partial melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet.

evidence_id: Parinacota (volcano):246

article: Parinacota (volcano)

evidence: The postulated period coincides with a global clustering of volcano collapse events; perhaps global warming occurring during this time when the last glacial maximum approached its end predisposed volcanoes to collapse.

evidence_id: Snowball Earth:129

article: Snowball Earth

evidence: Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.


text: the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'

evidence_id: 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires:0

article: 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires

evidence: The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.

evidence_id: Bushfires in Australia:101

article: Bushfires in Australia

evidence: Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control.

evidence_id: Bushfires in Australia:102

article: Bushfires in Australia

evidence: Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.

evidence_id: Bushfires in Australia:17

article: Bushfires in Australia

evidence: The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands.

evidence_id: Natural disaster:68

article: Natural disaster

evidence: A summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive bushfires in 2009.


text: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

evidence_id: Carbon tax:6

article: Carbon tax

evidence: CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.

evidence_id: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:152

article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

evidence: Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.

evidence_id: Permian–Triassic extinction event:1171

article: Permian–Triassic extinction event

evidence: "Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction".

evidence_id: Permian–Triassic extinction event:177

article: Permian–Triassic extinction event

evidence: The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.

evidence_id: Permian–Triassic extinction event:182

article: Permian–Triassic extinction event

evidence: The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled.


text: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate

evidence_id: Fossil fuel:15

article: Fossil fuel

evidence: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.

article: Petroleum

evidence: The use of petroleum as fuel causes global warming and ocean acidification.

evidence_id: Wind power:295

article: Wind power

evidence: Compared with other low carbon power sources, wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated.

evidence_id: Wind power:392

article: Wind power

evidence: Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.

evidence_id: Wind turbine:230

article: Wind turbine

evidence: Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel.


text: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.

evidence_id: Antarctic ice sheet:170

article: Antarctic ice sheet

evidence: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:128

article: Sea level rise

evidence: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:195

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:26

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:691

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".


text: When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical

evidence_id: Climate change denial:137

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").

evidence_id: Climate change denial:407

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Many such people prefer to call themselves skeptics and describe their position as climate change skepticism.

evidence_id: Global cooling:2

article: Global cooling

evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.

evidence_id: Richard Lindzen:148

article: Richard Lindzen

evidence: He said, "A lot of my older colleagues are very skeptical on the global warming thing".

evidence_id: Richard Lindzen:150

article: Richard Lindzen

evidence: John Wallace of the University of Washington agreed with Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are "relatively few scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick [Lindzen] is".


text: Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.

article: Antarctica

evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".

evidence_id: Ice age:0

article: Ice age

evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

evidence_id: Ice age:133

article: Ice age

evidence: According to research published in Nature Geoscience, human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will defer the next ice age.

evidence_id: Ice age:175

article: Ice age

evidence: The release of water raised sea levels again, restoring the ingress of colder water from the Pacific with an accompanying shift to northern hemisphere ice accumulation.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:82

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Based on changes of Antarctica's ice mass balance over millions of years, due to natural climate fluctuations, researchers concluded that the sea-ice acts as a barrier for warmer waters surrounding the continent.


text: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:135

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:269

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.

article: Sustainability

evidence: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.

article: Sustainability

evidence: It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen.


text: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

evidence_id: Global warming:147

article: Global warming

evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:1

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:614

article: Sea level rise

evidence: 18 January 2019.

evidence_id: Sea level:62

article: Sea level

evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.


text: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:78

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:139

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:283

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:543

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:692

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


text: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:221

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations lead to further acidification ...

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:957

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: "Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:457

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: "Correction to "Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming."".

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:912

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: "Blaming cities for climate change?

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:147

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: A new statement, adopted by the society in 2003, revised in 2007, and revised and expanded in 2013, affirms that rising levels of greenhouse gases have caused and will continue to cause the global surface temperature to be warmer: Human activities are changing Earth's climate.


text: [T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.

claim_label: DISPUTED

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:113

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: It said that "by 1300 it began to cool, and by 1400 we were well into the Little Ice Age.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:144

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence".

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:175

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:176

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend."

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:206

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."


text: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:0

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:10

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: 1250, during the European Middle Ages.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:13

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: 1200 AD, and was followed by a decline of temperature levels till between c. 1500 and c. 1700 the coldest phase since the last ice age occurred."

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:6

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:9

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.


text: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases

evidence_id: Global warming:55

article: Global warming

evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

evidence_id: Patrick Michaels:30

article: Patrick Michaels

evidence: In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:136

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:459

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.


text: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

evidence_id: Global warming:1459

article: Global warming

evidence: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".

evidence_id: Global warming:401

article: Global warming

evidence: The 1720–1800 period is most suitable to be defined as preindustrial in physical terms ...

article: NASA

evidence: On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...

article: NASA

evidence: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".

evidence_id: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster:97

article: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

evidence: Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.


text: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.

evidence_id: Wind farm:150

article: Wind farm

evidence: The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.

evidence_id: Wind turbine:228

article: Wind turbine

evidence: The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years.

article: Windmill

evidence: A windmill is a structure that converts wind power into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades, specifically to mill grain (gristmills), but the term is also extended to windpumps, wind turbines and other applications.

article: Windmill

evidence: The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.

article: Windmill

evidence: A wind turbine is a windmill-like structure specifically developed to generate electricity.


text: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]

article: Beringia

evidence: During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the Yukon.

article: Earth

evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.

article: Holocene

evidence: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".

article: Holocene

evidence: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.

article: Nordland

evidence: Research using sediment in lakes near the Okstind Glacier has shown that the summer climate in Nordland was up to 2.5 °C warmer 9,000 to 6,000 years ago, and then slowly cooled—it was 0.5 °C warmer 2,000 years before present (see Holocene climatic optimum.).


text: Sea level rise is not going to happen.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:1

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:139

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:160

article: Sea level rise

evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:165

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:26

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.


text: Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says

article: NASA

evidence: Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.

evidence_id: Solar minimum:19

article: Solar minimum

evidence: Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: "We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum."

evidence_id: Solar minimum:33

article: Solar minimum

evidence: "NOAA Space Weather Scales Page Has Changed".

evidence_id: Solar minimum:44

article: Solar minimum

evidence: "Deep Solar Minimum – NASA Science".

article: Sun

evidence: The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 500 km above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about 4,100 K. This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra.


text: [O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]

evidence_id: Begging the question:181

article: Begging the question

evidence: : 'Conception is defined as the beginning of life.']"

evidence_id: Begging the question:63

article: Begging the question

evidence: Such preface is then followed with the question, as in: [...] personal letter delivery is at an all-time low...

article: Narrative

evidence: Holstein, James A.

evidence_id: Question mark:129

article: Question mark

evidence: Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 139.

evidence_id: Question mark:57

article: Question mark

evidence: "), whereas in the English language orthography no space is allowed in front of the question mark (e.g.


text: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:224

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:317

article: Global warming

evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.

evidence_id: Global warming:67

article: Global warming

evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

evidence_id: Global warming:7

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


text: The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:57

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:137

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:715

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:721

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.

article: Weather

evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.


text: Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:241

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: Many citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often, see well over half of their climate change impact stemming from the emissions produced from their cars.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:317

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: For richer people, emissions tend to be associated with things such as eating beef, cars, frequent flying, and home heating.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:379

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO2 emissions directly.

article: Earth

evidence: The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate.

article: Earth

evidence: Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate.


text: [S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.

evidence_id: Proxima Centauri:39

article: Proxima Centauri

evidence: It has a regular activity cycle of starspots.

article: Star

evidence: This surface activity produces starspots, which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures.

article: Star

evidence: During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.

article: Star

evidence: Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots.

article: Sun

evidence: At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.


text: The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC

evidence_id: Global warming:99

article: Global warming

evidence: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:48

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128

evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:507

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:719

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.


text: The atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:196

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Five hundred million years ago the carbon dioxide concentration was 20 times greater than today, decreasing to 4–5 times during the Jurassic period and then slowly declining with a particularly swift reduction occurring 49 million years ago.

article: Eocene

evidence: "Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years".

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:129

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:69

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:74

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: N2O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 121 years.


text: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2

evidence_id: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:98

article: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

evidence: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:3

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:68

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:69

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:74

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Because different climate models have slightly different patterns of ocean heating, they do not agree fully on the predictions for the contribution of ocean heating on sea level rise.


text: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.

article: Climate

evidence: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:310

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:155

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:692

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.


text: NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:196

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.

evidence_id: Global warming hiatus:377

article: Global warming hiatus

evidence: 'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit.

evidence_id: Global warming:463

article: Global warming

evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).

evidence_id: Instrumental temperature record:84

article: Instrumental temperature record

evidence: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.

evidence_id: La Niña:6

article: La Niña

evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


text: They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records

evidence_id: Apple Corps:230

article: Apple Corps

evidence: We’ve got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent.

evidence_id: Apple Corps:63

article: Apple Corps

evidence: Lennon said, "It's a company we're setting up, involving records, films, and electronics, and – as a sideline – manufacturing or whatever.

evidence_id: The Carpenters:412

article: The Carpenters

evidence: Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969) Close to You (1970) Carpenters (1971) A Song for You (1972) Now & Then (1973) Horizon (1975) A Kind of Hush (1976) Passage (1977) Christmas Portrait (1978) Made in America (1981) Posthumous releases Voice of the Heart (1983) An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984) Lovelines (1989) As Time Goes By (2004) Carpenters With The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2018) Notes Even though they are referred to as "The Carpenters", their official name for authorized recordings and press material is simply "Carpenters".

evidence_id: The Rolling Stones:617

article: The Rolling Stones

evidence: I'm planning the next set of tours, so the answer is really, 'No, not really.'"

evidence_id: The Simpsons:888

article: The Simpsons

evidence: The Simpson's sets a record by staying relevant".


text: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed

article: Australia

evidence: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".

article: Australia

evidence: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".

article: Australia

evidence: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.

article: Australia

evidence: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).

article: Australia

evidence: ], inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%.


text: [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:92

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:1021

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:292

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:294

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

evidence_id: Hurricane Harvey:996

article: Hurricane Harvey

evidence: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".


text: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:14

evidence: The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change, producing reports that have the agreement of leading climate scientists and consensus from participating governments.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:159

evidence: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:228

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:301

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Joint Science Academies' statement, 2001: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.


text: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined

article: 2000s (decade)

evidence: The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.

evidence_id: Anthony Watts (blogger):267

article: Anthony Watts (blogger)

evidence: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.


text: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.

article: Earth

evidence: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).

article: Earth

evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

article: Venus

evidence: Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.

article: Venus

evidence: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).

article: Venus

evidence: This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.


text: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):29

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):430

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: "Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean".

evidence_id: Climate change and ecosystems:124

article: Climate change and ecosystems

evidence: Eventually the planet will warm to such a degree that the ocean's ability to dissolve water will no longer exist, resulting in a worldwide dead zone.

evidence_id: Climate change and ecosystems:44

article: Climate change and ecosystems

evidence: Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:266

article: Climate change denial

evidence: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".


text: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.

evidence_id: Climatic Research Unit email controversy:85

evidence: On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already been peer-reviewed and published in journals.

evidence_id: Global cooling:99

article: Global cooling

evidence: Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:93

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: A 2013 study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research Letters analyzed 11,944 abstracts from papers published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature between 1991 and 2011, identified by searching the ISI Web of Science citation index engine for the text strings "global climate change" or "global warming".

evidence_id: Global warming:314

article: Global warming

evidence: His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes.

evidence_id: James Delingpole:18

article: James Delingpole

evidence: Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of "The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth".


text: Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:299

article: Global warming

evidence: The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.

evidence_id: Global warming:55

article: Global warming

evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:177

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.


text: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

evidence_id: Global cooling:68

article: Global cooling

evidence: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."

evidence_id: Global warming:64

article: Global warming

evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:190

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:23

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:38

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.


text: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

evidence_id: 20th century:0

article: 20th century

evidence: The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.

evidence_id: 20th century:6

article: 20th century

evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

evidence_id: Global warming:366

article: Global warming

evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).

evidence_id: Global warming:41

article: Global warming

evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.


text: Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:194

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.

evidence_id: Gaia hypothesis:88

article: Gaia hypothesis

evidence: When CO2 levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:310

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:155

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.


text: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.

evidence_id: Anoxic event:42

article: Anoxic event

evidence: Oceanic anoxic events most commonly occurred during periods of very warm climate characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and mean surface temperatures probably in excess of 25 °C (77 °F).

article: Carbon dioxide

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

article: Greenhouse gas


text: sea-level rise is not accelerating.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:2

article: Sea level rise

evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:405

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:492

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:5

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:65

article: Sea level rise

evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.


text: Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.

evidence_id: Sea level:43

article: Sea level

evidence: The term "steric" refers to global changes in sea level due to thermal expansion and salinity variations.

evidence_id: Sea level:51

article: Sea level

evidence: Local mean sea level (LMSL) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time (such as a month or a year) long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are smoothed out.

article: Sea

evidence: Tides, the generally twice-daily rise and fall of sea levels, are caused by Earth's rotation and the gravitational effects of the orbiting Moon and, to a lesser extent, of the Sun.

article: Sea

evidence: Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the gravitational influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation.

article: Sea

evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 millimetres (0.071 in) per year.


text: The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:1008

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:190

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Satellite temperature measurements show that tropospheric temperatures are increasing with "rates similar to those of the surface temperature", leading the IPCC to conclude that this discrepancy is reconciled.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:223

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Conventional projections of future temperature rises depend on estimates of future anthropogenic GHG emissions (see SRES), those positive and negative climate change feedbacks that have so far been incorporated into the models, and the climate sensitivity.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:234

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the "surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:240

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).


text: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

evidence_id: Kyoto Protocol:20

article: Kyoto Protocol

evidence: The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:187

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:69

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:77

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.


text: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.

evidence_id: Coral bleaching:32

article: Coral bleaching

evidence: During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.

evidence_id: Coral bleaching:54

article: Coral bleaching

evidence: In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral.

evidence_id: Coral reef:365

article: Coral reef

evidence: Every 4–7 years, an El Niño event causes some reefs with heat-sensitive corals to bleach, with especially widespread bleachings in 1998 and 2010.

evidence_id: Coral reef:375

article: Coral reef

evidence: According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.

article: Coral

evidence: Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.


text: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

article: Deforestation

evidence: The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.

evidence_id: Global catastrophic risk:112

article: Global catastrophic risk

evidence: Projections of future climate change suggest further global warming, sea level rise, and an increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather events and weather-related disasters.

evidence_id: Global catastrophic risk:51

article: Global catastrophic risk

evidence: Martin Weitzman argues that most of the expected economic damage from climate change may come from the small chance that warming greatly exceeds the mid-range expectations, resulting in catastrophic damage.

evidence_id: Global warming:1

article: Global warming

evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:108

article: Global warming

evidence: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.


text: El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:131

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.

evidence_id: Global warming:0

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: Global warming:218

article: Global warming

evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:692

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:3

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


text: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

evidence_id: Climate change and agriculture:222

article: Climate change and agriculture

evidence: In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty.

evidence_id: Global warming:194

article: Global warming

evidence: While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.

evidence_id: Human impact on the environment:145

article: Human impact on the environment

evidence: Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.

evidence_id: Human impact on the environment:151

article: Human impact on the environment

evidence: Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.

article: Sustainability

evidence: A major hurdle to achieve sustainability is the alleviation of poverty.


text: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:2

article: Sea level rise

evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

article: Sea level rise

evidence_id: Sea level rise:405

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:492

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:85

article: Sea level rise

evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.


text: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:160

article: Sea level rise

evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).

evidence_id: Sea level rise:166

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The study also concluded that the Paris climate agreement emissions scenario, if met, would result in a median 52 cm (20 in) of sea level rise by 2100.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:172

article: Sea level rise

evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:173

article: Sea level rise

evidence: In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:284

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The commission said the country must plan for a rise in the North Sea up to 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) by 2100 and plan for a 2–4 metres (7–13 ft) m rise by 2200.


text: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse

evidence_id: Climate change adaptation:135

article: Climate change adaptation

evidence: attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:228

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Gradual but pervasive environmental change and sudden natural disasters both influence the nature and extent of human migration but in different ways.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:229

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Slow-onset disasters and gradual environmental erosion such as desertification, reduction of soil fertility, coastal erosion and sea-level rise are likely to induce long term migration.

evidence_id: Habitat destruction:83

article: Habitat destruction

evidence: Habitat destruction vastly increases an area's vulnerability to natural disasters like flood and drought, crop failure, spread of disease, and water contamination.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:218

evidence: It assesses the effect that climate change has on the threat of natural disasters and how nations can better manage an expected change in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of severe weather patterns.


text: The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska

article: Agriculture

evidence: As of 2010[update], 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people.

article: Alaska

evidence: Alaska is the largest state in the United States by total area at 663,268 square miles (1,717,856 km2), over twice the size of Texas, the next largest state.

evidence_id: Human impact on the environment:67

article: Human impact on the environment

evidence: Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012.

evidence_id: Human overpopulation:184

article: Human overpopulation

evidence: The report asserts that expanding human land use for agriculture and overfishing are the main causes of this decline.

article: Meat

evidence: It is by far the biggest cause of land use, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface.


text: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s

article: France

evidence: As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:155

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:251

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:256

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:257

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.


text: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture

evidence_id: Avian influenza:128

article: Avian influenza

evidence: In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for export by proposing to increase the portion of large-scale commercial farms and reducing the number of poultry keepers from 8 to 2 million by 2010.

evidence_id: Human overpopulation:95

article: Human overpopulation

evidence: Food production further increased with the industrial revolution as machinery, fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides were used to increase land under cultivation as well as crop yields.

evidence_id: Intensive animal farming:0

article: Intensive animal farming

evidence: Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known by its opponents as factory farming, is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs.

evidence_id: Intensive animal farming:112

article: Intensive animal farming

evidence: There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system.

evidence_id: Intensive animal farming:257

article: Intensive animal farming

evidence: This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well."


text: As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.

evidence_id: Climate change and ecosystems:13

article: Climate change and ecosystems

evidence: (2007:788) concluded that a global mean temperature increase of around 4 °C (above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100 would lead to major extinctions around the globe.

evidence_id: Human overpopulation:875

article: Human overpopulation

evidence: "Biologists think 50% of species will be facing extinction by the end of the century".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:200

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: A 2016 survey found that two-thirds of AMS members think that all or most of climate change is caused by human activity.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:267

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:284

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Among all respondents, 90% agreed that temperatures have risen compared to pre-1800 levels, and 82% agreed that humans significantly influence the global temperature.


text: And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:1170

article: Climate change denial

evidence: ISBN 978-1-4614-3640-9. belief that climate change is "real" and confidence in climate science has surprisingly decreased… Angus Reid polls conducted in December 2009 found declining support for climate change…in Britain, Canada, and the United States.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:1177

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled" Begley 2007: "polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was "mainly caused by things people do."

evidence_id: Climate change, industry and society:119

article: Climate change, industry and society

evidence: In 2007, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued the policy statement Global Climate Change and Children's Health: Anticipated direct health consequences of climate change include injury and death from extreme weather events and natural disasters, increases in climate-sensitive infectious diseases, increases in air pollution–related illness, and more heat-related, potentially fatal, illness.

evidence_id: Climate change, industry and society:123

article: Climate change, industry and society

evidence: Disasters, violence and disease are expected to be more frequent and intense, making the future of the world's poorest children more bleak.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:682

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Conservative environmental estimates of the impact of climate changes that are already in process indicate that they will result in numerous health effects to children.


text: Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did

article: Greenpeace

evidence: Greenpeace is also critical of extracting petroleum from oil sands and has used direct action to block operations at the Athabasca oil sands in Canada.

article: Greenpeace

evidence: Another Greenpeace movement concerning the rain forests is discouraging palm oil industries.

article: Greenpeace

evidence: Greenpeace is also calling Wilmar out for breaking the commitment to end deforestation policy signed by Wilmar in December 2013 where they promise to incorporate organic and sustainable ways to collect palm oil.

article: Greenpeace

evidence: Brands cannot let this deception pass unchallenged and have no choice but to suspend all business with Wilmar until it can prove it only trades clean palm oil from responsible producers."

article: Petroleum

evidence: James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for whale oil, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat whaling.


text: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

article: Cloud

evidence: For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections.

evidence_id: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System:3

evidence: Results from the CERES and other NASA missions, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), could lead to a better understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in global climate change.

evidence_id: Global warming:134

article: Global warming

evidence: With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.

evidence_id: Global warming:362

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

evidence_id: Global warming:7

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.


text: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed

evidence_id: Climate sensitivity:121

article: Climate sensitivity

evidence: Climate sensitivity is an emergent property of these models.

evidence_id: Climate sensitivity:124

article: Climate sensitivity

evidence: The cause of the increased sensitivity lies mainly in improved modelling of clouds so that low clouds descrease more strongly when temperature rise causing enhanced planetary absorption of sunlight.

evidence_id: Climate sensitivity:48

article: Climate sensitivity

evidence: The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.

evidence_id: Climate sensitivity:9

article: Climate sensitivity

evidence: Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:307

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.


text: Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.

evidence_id: Cloud feedback:17

article: Cloud feedback

evidence: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.

evidence_id: Cloud feedback:19

article: Cloud feedback

evidence: This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness.

evidence_id: Cloud feedback:27

article: Cloud feedback

evidence: In the current climate, clouds exert a cooling effect on climate (the global mean CRF is negative).

evidence_id: Global warming:107

article: Global warming

evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.

evidence_id: Tipping points in the climate system:32

article: Tipping points in the climate system

evidence: The IPCC reports that feedbacks to increased temperatures are net positive for the remainder of this century, with the impact of cloud cover the largest uncertainty.


text: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):67

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:285

evidence: In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that "more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached" and that the uncertainties were "the point of the article".

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:6

evidence: IPCC reports cover the "scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation."

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:192

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:94

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.


text: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.

evidence_id: Global warming:20

article: Global warming

evidence: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.

evidence_id: Global warming:21

article: Global warming

evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:402

article: Global warming

evidence: The 1850–1900 period is a reasonable pragmatic surrogate for preindustrial global mean temperature."

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:745

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".


text: Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.

article: Earth

evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:128

article: Sea level rise

evidence: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:195

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:56

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:78

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.


text: We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.

evidence_id: Conservative Judaism:407

article: Conservative Judaism

evidence: Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis.

evidence_id: We Are the World:22

article: We Are the World

evidence: Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte, who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers—Kragen's clients—to participate in Belafonte's musical endeavor.

evidence_id: We Are the World:5

article: We Are the World

evidence: Several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Lionel Richie were assigned the task of writing the song.

evidence_id: We Found Love:145

article: We Found Love

evidence: Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty-one-year-old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor, County Down after taking issue with Rihanna's clothing, focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an "inappropriate state of undress".

evidence_id: We Found Love:224

article: We Found Love

evidence: In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, "You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/ ..Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna.".


text: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:106

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:15

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:80

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:85

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:88

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: The area in which extremely hot summers are observed has increased 50-100 fold.