text: In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):96

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years.

evidence_id: Instrumental temperature record:84

article: Instrumental temperature record

evidence: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.

evidence_id: Mercury (planet):14

article: Mercury (planet)

evidence: Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.

evidence_id: Solar System:152

article: Solar System

evidence: It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

article: Venus

evidence: The actual temperatures are not known, because the size of the hot spots could not be measured, but are likely to have been in the 800–1,100 K (527–827 °C; 980–1,520 °F) range, relative to a normal temperature of 740 K (467 °C; 872 °F).


text: Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.

claim_label: DISPUTED

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:224

evidence_label: SUPPORTS

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.

evidence_id: Cosmic ray:133

article: Cosmic ray

evidence: In addition, the Earth's magnetic field acts to deflect cosmic rays from its surface, giving rise to the observation that the flux is apparently dependent on latitude, longitude, and azimuth angle.

evidence_id: Cosmic ray:213

article: Cosmic ray

evidence: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:116

evidence_label: REFUTES

article: Global warming

evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.

evidence_id: Global warming:89

article: Global warming

evidence: This effect also causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces the growth of raindrops and makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight.


text: Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.

claim_label: SUPPORTS

evidence_id: Steve McIntyre:21

article: Steve McIntyre

evidence: In 2002, McIntyre became interested in climate science after a leaflet from the Canadian government warning of the dangers of global warming was delivered to his residence.

evidence_id: Steve McIntyre:22

article: Steve McIntyre

evidence: McIntyre states that he noticed discrepancies in climate science papers that reminded him of the false prospectus that had duped investors involved in the Bre-X gold mining scandal.

evidence_id: Steve McIntyre:40

article: Steve McIntyre

evidence: In 2007, McIntyre started auditing the various corrections made to temperature records, in particular those relating to the urban heat island effect.

evidence_id: Steve McIntyre:41

article: Steve McIntyre

evidence: He discovered a discontinuity in some U.S. records in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) dataset starting in January 2000.

evidence_id: Steve McIntyre:43

article: Steve McIntyre

evidence: The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006.


text: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.

claim_label: REFUTES

article: 2000s (decade)

evidence: This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.

evidence_id: Climate change in the United States:166

article: Climate change in the United States

evidence: 2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat.

evidence_id: Climate change in the United States:3

article: Climate change in the United States

evidence: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.

evidence_id: Climate change in the United States:47

article: Climate change in the United States

evidence: The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.

evidence_id: New York City:239

article: New York City

evidence: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).


text: (2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.

article: Florida

evidence: With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.

article: Florida

evidence: Florida is west of The Bahamas and 90 miles (140 km) north of Cuba.

article: Florida

evidence: With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.

article: Florida

evidence: In 2012, 75% of the population lived within 10 miles (16 km) of the coastline.

article: Florida

evidence: This is down from a peak of 17.1% in 2012.


text: "Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains.

article: Austria

evidence: From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing[clarification needed] after Black Tuesday.

article: Austria

evidence: Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E. It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area.

article: Austria

evidence: Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of 40.5 °C (105 °F) in August 2013.

article: Vienna

evidence: Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November.

article: Vienna

evidence: This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.


text: Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:1137

article: Global warming

evidence: Global Warming of 1.5 °C.

evidence_id: Global warming:21

article: Global warming

evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:93

article: Global warming

evidence: Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.

evidence_id: Instrumental temperature record:13

article: Instrumental temperature record

evidence: For 1979 to 2012, the linear warming trend for combined land and sea temperatures has been 0.155 °C (0.122 to 0.188 °C) per decade, according to AR5.


text: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.

evidence_id: Tropical cyclone:137

article: Tropical cyclone

evidence: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.

evidence_id: Tropical cyclone:358

article: Tropical cyclone

evidence: Kerry Emanuel stated, "Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes.

article: Weather

evidence: Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.

article: Weather

evidence: In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height.

article: Weather

evidence: Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.


text: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.

evidence_id: Global cooling:70

article: Global cooling

evidence: "Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now."

evidence_id: Global warming:0

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: Global warming:174

article: Global warming

evidence: It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.

article: Global warming

evidence_id: Global warming:463

article: Global warming

evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).


text: Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.

article: Atlanta

evidence: Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.

evidence_id: Córdoba, Argentina:92

article: Córdoba, Argentina

evidence: The record low temperature for Córdoba is −8.3 °C (17.1 °F).

evidence_id: Córdoba, Argentina:95

article: Córdoba, Argentina

evidence: It is not unusual to see temperatures drop 20 °C (36 °F) from one day to another, or to have frost following extreme heat.

article: Istanbul

evidence: During these summer months, high temperatures average around 29 °C (84 °F) and rainfall is uncommon; there are only about fifteen days with measurable precipitation between June and August.

evidence_id: Tucson, Arizona:257

article: Tucson, Arizona

evidence: There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark.


text: "The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are "indicative of what could also happen in the future," as Narisma

article: Drought

evidence: Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:188

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.

article: Illinois

evidence: "The Longest Running Title Droughts in Sports".

evidence_id: Sahel drought:55

article: Sahel drought

evidence: Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.

evidence_id: United States:680

article: United States

evidence: Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.


text: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Coordinates: 8°31′15″S 179°11′55″E / 8.52083°S 179.19861°E / -8.52083; 179.19861 Tuvalu (/tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo) (formerly known as the Ellice Islands), is a country in Polynesia, located in the Pacific Ocean, situated in Oceania and about midway between Hawaii and Australia.

article: Tuvalu

evidence: "A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island".

article: Tuvalu

evidence: "'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times".

article: Tuvalu

evidence: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".

article: Tuvalu

evidence: Spanish discoveries in the Central Pacific.


text: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

evidence_id: Sinking of MV Sewol:214

article: Sinking of MV Sewol

evidence: As of 17 April 2014, the ROK Coast Guard concluded that an "unreasonably sudden turn" to starboard, made between 8:48 and 8:49 a.m. (KST), caused the cargo to shift to port, which in turn caused the ship to list and to eventually become unmanageable for the crew.

evidence_id: Sinking of the RMS Lusitania:242

article: Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

evidence: Although he might have achieved 21 knots and had given orders to raise steam ready to do so, he was also under orders to time his arrival at Liverpool for high tide so that the ship would not have to wait to enter port.

evidence_id: Sinking of the RMS Lusitania:248

article: Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

evidence: The three had agreed that the Admiralty warning of "submarine activity 20 miles (32 km) south of Coningbeg" effectively overrode other Admiralty advice to keep to 'mid channel', which was precisely where the submarine had been reported.

evidence_id: Sinking of the RMS Titanic:390

article: Sinking of the RMS Titanic

evidence: Now, without warning she seemed to start forward, moving forward and into the water at an angle of about fifteen degrees.

evidence_id: Sinking of the RMS Titanic:95

article: Sinking of the RMS Titanic

evidence: He also stated that "I believe it must have been in places, not a continuous rip", but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet, to account for the flooding in several compartments.


text: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:2

article: Sea level rise

evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:492

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:5

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:65

article: Sea level rise

evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:85

article: Sea level rise

evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.


text: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:259

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: McIntyre agreed, and made contact with University of Guelph economics professor Ross McKitrick, a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute which opposed the Kyoto treaty, and co-author of Taken By Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming.

evidence_id: Patrick Michaels:27

article: Patrick Michaels

evidence: A 2002 article published in the journal Climate Research by Michaels and three other scholars has predicted "a warming range of 1.3–3.0°C, with a central value of 1.9°C" over the 1990 to 2100 period, although he remarked that the "temperature range and central values determined in our study may be too great."

evidence_id: Patrick Michaels:3

article: Patrick Michaels

evidence: Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, where he had worked from 1980.

evidence_id: Ross McKitrick:2

article: Ross McKitrick

evidence: McKitrick has authored works about environmental economics and climate change issues, including co-authoring the book Taken by Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming, published in 2002.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:331

article: Urban heat island

evidence: For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.


text: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:0

article: Urban heat island

evidence: An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:103

article: Urban heat island

evidence: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:42

article: Urban heat island

evidence: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.

article: Urbanization

evidence: As a result, cities are often 1 to 3 °C (1.8 to 5.4 °F) warmer than surrounding landscapes.

article: Urbanization

evidence: For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.


text: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:17

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:24

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: Their reconstruction of the pattern is characterised by warmth over large part of North Atlantic, Southern Greenland, the Eurasian Arctic, and parts of North America which appears to substantially exceed that of the late 20th century (1961–1990) baseline and is comparable or exceeds that of the past decade or two in some regions.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:25

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: Certain regions, such as central Eurasia, northwestern North America, and (with less confidence) parts of the South Atlantic, exhibit anomalous coolness.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:36

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.

evidence_id: Medieval Warm Period:66

article: Medieval Warm Period

evidence: They also found that the warming during the 10–14th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years.


text: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.

evidence_id: Extraterrestrial atmosphere:266

article: Extraterrestrial atmosphere

evidence: "Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says".

evidence_id: Mars ocean hypothesis:76

article: Mars ocean hypothesis

evidence: As Tharsis volcanoes erupted they added huge amounts of gases into the atmosphere that created a global warming, thereby allowing liquid water to exist.

article: Mars

evidence: Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water.

article: Mars

evidence: They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.

article: Martian

evidence: They invade Earth because Mars is dying, and they need a warmer planet to live.


text: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.

evidence_id: Climate of Mars:256

article: Climate of Mars

evidence: Precession in the alignment of the obliquity and eccentricity lead to global warming and cooling ('great' summers and winters) with a period of 170,000 years.

evidence_id: Climate of Mars:261

article: Climate of Mars

evidence: Current research suggests that Mars is in a warm interglacial period which has lasted more than 100,000 years.

evidence_id: Climate of Mars:32

article: Climate of Mars

evidence: Geomorphic observations of both landscape erosion rates and Martian valley networks also strongly imply warmer, wetter conditions on Noachian-era Mars (earlier than about four billion years ago).

article: Mars

evidence: The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil.

article: Mars

evidence: Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory.


text: "In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:29

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979–2000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely.

evidence_id: Northwest Passage:29

article: Northwest Passage

evidence: On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.

evidence_id: Northwest Passage:31

article: Northwest Passage

evidence: The Northwest Passage opened again on August 25, 2008.

evidence_id: Northwest Passage:356

article: Northwest Passage

evidence: On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.

evidence_id: Northwest Passage:358

article: Northwest Passage

evidence: The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage "fully navigable".


text: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.

evidence_id: Criticism of NASCAR:14

article: Criticism of NASCAR

evidence: The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.

evidence_id: D. B. Cooper:134

article: D. B. Cooper

evidence: In late 2007, the FBI announced that a partial DNA profile had been obtained from three organic samples found on Cooper's clip-on tie in 2001, though they later acknowledged that there is no evidence that the hijacker was the source of the sample material.

evidence_id: Roswell UFO incident:160

article: Roswell UFO incident

evidence: Podesta stated, "It is time for the government to declassify records that are more than 25 years old and to provide scientists with data that will assist in determining the true nature of the phenomena."

evidence_id: Steele dossier:556

article: Steele dossier

evidence: The Inspector General investigation by Michael E. Horowitz, published December 9, 2019, expressed doubts about the dossier's reliability and sources: The FBI concluded, among other things, that although consistent with known efforts by Russia to interfere in the 2016 U.S. elections, much of the material in the Steele election reports, including allegations about Donald Trump and members of the Trump campaign relied upon in the Carter Page FISA applications, could not be corroborated; that certain allegations were inaccurate or inconsistent with information gathered by the Crossfire Hurricane team; and that the limited information that was corroborated related to time, location, and title information, much of which was publicly available.

evidence_id: Steele dossier:624

article: Steele dossier

evidence: The FBI Operation Crossfire Hurricane investigation into Russian interference, which started on July 31, 2016, was not triggered by the dossier, but the dossier is still the subject of the Russia investigation origins counter-narrative, a conspiracy theory pushed by Trump and Fox News.


text: We know the Northwest Passage had been open before."

evidence_id: Northwest Passage:167

article: Northwest Passage

evidence: The only usable route linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was discovered by John Rae in 1854.

article: Northwest Passage

article: Northwest Passage

evidence_id: Northwest Passage:4

article: Northwest Passage

evidence: An ice-bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903–1906.

evidence_id: Northwest Passage:95

article: Northwest Passage

evidence: In 1602, George Weymouth became the first European to explore what would later be called Hudson Strait when he sailed Discovery 300 nautical miles (560 km) into the Strait.


text: Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.

article: Arctic

evidence: Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.

evidence_id: Global warming:150

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.

evidence_id: Global warming:2008

article: Global warming

evidence: "What drove the dramatic arctic sea ice retreat during summer 2007?".

evidence_id: Sea ice:115

article: Sea ice

evidence: A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:492

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".


text: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....

article: Earth

evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.

evidence_id: Global warming:58

article: Global warming

evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.

evidence_id: Global warming:815

article: Global warming

evidence: She found moist air warmed more than dry air, and CO 2 warmed most, so she concluded higher levels of this in the past would have increased temperatures: Huddleston 2019.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:42

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:624

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: "Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.


text: Satellite measurements of infrared spectra over the past 40 years observe less energy escaping to space at the wavelengths associated with CO2.

evidence_id: European Southern Observatory:222

article: European Southern Observatory

evidence: Cosmic-temperature measurements The VLT has detected, for the first time, carbon-monoxide molecules in a galaxy located almost 11 billion light-years away.

article: Infrared

evidence: The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Satellite temperature measurements:33

article: Satellite temperature measurements

evidence: The three channels use the same frequency but different carbon dioxide cell pressure, the corresponding weighting functions peaks at 29 km for channel 1, 37 km for channel 2 and 45 km for channel 3.

evidence_id: Satellite temperature measurements:34

article: Satellite temperature measurements

evidence: The process of deriving trends from SSUs measurement has proved particularly difficult because of satellites drift, inter-calibration between different satellite with scant overlap and gas leak in the instrument carbon dioxide pressure cell, furthermore since the radiances measured by SSUs are due to emission by carbon dioxide the weighting functions move to higher altitudes as the carbon dioxide concentration in the stratosphere increase.

evidence_id: Satellite temperature measurements:4

article: Satellite temperature measurements

evidence: They measure radiances in various wavelength bands.


text: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.

article: Cloud

evidence: Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.

article: Cloud

evidence: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.

article: Earth

evidence: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.

evidence_id: Global warming:312

article: Global warming

evidence: The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet.

evidence_id: Global warming:54

article: Global warming

evidence: This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface.


text: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):78

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.

evidence_id: Correlation does not imply causation:102

article: Correlation does not imply causation

evidence: To establish a correlation as causal within physics, it is normally understood that the cause and the effect must connect through a local mechanism (cf.

evidence_id: Global warming:170

article: Global warming

evidence: One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:294

article: Global warming

evidence: Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.

evidence_id: Global warming:319

article: Global warming

evidence: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.


text: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:642

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

evidence_id: Greenhouse effect:50

article: Greenhouse effect

evidence: Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century'".

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:130

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:136

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


text: Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.

evidence_id: Argo (oceanography):5

article: Argo (oceanography)

evidence: In most cases probes drift at a depth of 1000 metres (the so-called parking depth) and, every 10 days, by changing their buoyancy, dive to a depth of 2000 metres and then move to the sea-surface, measuring conductivity and temperature profiles as well as pressure.

evidence_id: Argo (oceanography):56

article: Argo (oceanography)

evidence: Such measurements are important for developing a comprehensive understanding of the ocean, such as trends in heat content.

evidence_id: Argo (oceanography):95

article: Argo (oceanography)

evidence: David Morrison reports that "[b]oth of these data sets show clear signatures of heat deposition in the ocean, from the temperature changes in the top 2 km of water and from the expansion of the ocean water due to heating.

evidence_id: Ocean heat content:11

article: Ocean heat content

evidence: Ocean heat content can be estimated using temperature measurements obtained by a Nansen bottle, an ARGO float, or ocean acoustic tomography.

evidence_id: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:58

article: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation

evidence: Based on coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models from 2001, the THC tends to weaken somewhat rather than stop, and the warming effects outweigh the cooling, even over Europe.


text: In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.

evidence_id: American Legislative Exchange Council:251

article: American Legislative Exchange Council

evidence: Greenpeace claims that ALEC has received $525,858 from Koch foundations between 2005 and 2011.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:1047

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Over the last 14 years Willie Soon, a researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, received a total of $1.25m from Exxon Mobil, Southern Company, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the ultra-conservative Koch brothers… the biggest single funder was Southern Company, one of the country's biggest electricity providers that relies heavily on coal.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:230

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Between 2003 and 2013, the donor-advised funds Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund, combined, were the largest funders, accounting for about one quarter of the total funds, and the American Enterprise Institute was the largest recipient, 16% of the total funds.

evidence_id: Global warming:297

article: Global warming

evidence: Organizations such as the libertarian Competitive Enterprise Institute, as well as conservative commentators, have challenged IPCC climate change scenarios, funded scientists who disagree with the scientific consensus, and provided their own projections of the economic cost of stricter controls.

evidence_id: Ted Cruz:288

article: Ted Cruz

evidence: Proponents of the bill argued that it would provide steady funding to support research and restoration projects, funded primarily by dedicating 12.5% of revenues from offshore energy development, including oil, gas, and renewable energy, through offshore lease sales and production based royalty payments, distributed through a competitive grant program.


text: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:86

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:187

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:211

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:231

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:249

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.


text: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:186

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:3

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.

evidence_id: Global warming:62

article: Global warming

evidence: These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:244

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.


text: In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:185

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:203

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.

evidence_id: Carbon sink:49

article: Carbon sink

evidence: Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:109

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:6

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle.


text: "Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:3

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:0

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127

evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:345

evidence: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:183

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: In it, the IUGG concurs with the "comprehensive and widely accepted and endorsed scientific assessments carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and regional and national bodies, which have firmly established, on the basis of scientific evidence, that human activities are the primary cause of recent climate change".


text: The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:108

evidence: The choice of authors aims for a range of views, expertise and geographical representation, ensuring representation of experts from developing and developed countries and countries with economies in transition.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:27

evidence: The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:79

evidence: Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.

evidence: Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:80

evidence: According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.


text: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

evidence_id: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:18

article: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

evidence: The report notes many observed changes in the Earth's climate including atmospheric composition, global average temperatures, ocean conditions, and other climate changes.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113

evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128

evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:107

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:75

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Some of the changes have been faster than previous assessments had suggested.


text: Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Global warming:316

article: Global warming

evidence: At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:178

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:181

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.

evidence_id: Polar amplification:33

article: Polar amplification

evidence: That’s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane.


text: The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.

evidence_id: Passive solar building design:300

article: Passive solar building design

evidence: A design with too much equator-facing glass can result in excessive winter, spring, or fall day heating, uncomfortably bright living spaces at certain times of the year, and excessive heat transfer on winter nights and summer days.

evidence_id: Passive solar building design:350

article: Passive solar building design

evidence: This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening.

article: Precipitation

evidence: Those bands bring strong localized snowfall which can be understood as follows: Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences (larger than 13 °C or 23 °F) between the water surface and the air above.

article: Precipitation

evidence: when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost, rather than rain or snow.

article: Thunderstorm

evidence: As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.


text: If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.

evidence_id: Atmosphere of Venus:45

article: Atmosphere of Venus

evidence: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.

evidence_id: Global warming:111

article: Global warming

evidence: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback.

evidence_id: Global warming:116

article: Global warming

evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:41

article: Urban heat island

evidence: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are cloudless, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation.

article: Water

evidence: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.


text: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.

evidence_id: Attribution of recent climate change:40

article: Attribution of recent climate change

evidence: Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days).

evidence_id: Climate system:103

article: Climate system

evidence: The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role.

evidence_id: Climate system:12

article: Climate system

evidence: Some trace gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, are the gases most important for the workings of the climate system, as they are greenhouse gases which allow visible light from the Sun to penetrate to the surface, but block some of the infra-red radiation the Earth's surface emits to balance the Sun's radiation.

evidence_id: Global warming:57

article: Global warming

evidence: While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.

evidence_id: Global warming:6

article: Global warming

evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.


text: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population

evidence_id: Baffin Island:55

article: Baffin Island

evidence: [citation needed] In 2012, a survey of caribou herds found that the local population was only about 5,000, a decrease of as much as 95% from the 1990s.

evidence_id: Polar bear:1332

article: Polar bear

evidence: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?".

evidence_id: Polar bear:308

article: Polar bear

evidence: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.

evidence_id: Polar bear:404

article: Polar bear

evidence: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.

evidence_id: Polar bear:58

article: Polar bear

evidence: In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.


text: The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:304

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:305

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.

evidence_id: Mitigation (law):0

article: Mitigation (law)

evidence: Mitigation in law is the principle that a party who has suffered loss (from a tort or breach of contract) has to take reasonable action to minimize the amount of the loss suffered.

evidence_id: Risk management:132

article: Risk management

evidence: Implementation follows all of the planned methods for mitigating the effect of the risks.

evidence_id: Stern Review:200

article: Stern Review

evidence: Cline noted that the Review's large cost-benefit ratio for mitigation policy allows room for these long-term costs to be reduced substantially but still support aggressive action to reduce emissions.


text: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:301

article: Carbon tax

evidence: Various studies in the 1990s, and an economic analysis by Statistics Norway, have estimated the effect of the CO2 tax to be a reduction of 2.5–11% of Norwegian emissions under a business-as-usual approach (i.e., the predicted emissions that would have occurred without the tax).

evidence_id: Carbon tax:724

article: Carbon tax

evidence: An Economic Assessment of Policy Instruments for Combating Climate Change.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:457

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:117

article: Emissions trading

evidence: They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.

evidence_id: Stern Review:213

article: Stern Review

evidence: Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.


text: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:4

article: Carbon tax

evidence: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.

evidence_id: Carbon tax:88

article: Carbon tax

evidence: There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:362

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is improving at only half the rate of world economic growth.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:72

article: Emissions trading

evidence: In theory, a polluter's decisions should lead to an economically efficient allocation of reductions among polluters, and lower compliance costs for individual firms and for the economy overall, compared to command-and-control mechanisms.

evidence_id: Sustainable development:135

article: Sustainable development

evidence: Therefore, solutions need to be found so that the economies of the world can continue to grow, but not at the expense of the public good.


text: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:0

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:46

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:85

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: Between 2001 and 2005: Sermeq Kujalleq broke up, losing 93 square kilometres (36 sq mi) and raised awareness worldwide of glacial response to global climate change.

evidence_id: North America:9

article: North America

evidence: The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492, with the beginning of the transatlantic migrations—the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:3

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.


text: There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:125

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: It has been observed that there is more precipitation where it is warmer, up to 1.5 meters per year on the southeast flank, and less precipitation or none on the 25–80 percent (depending on the time of year) of the island that is cooler.

article: Greenland

evidence: "Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?"

article: Greenland

evidence: Interpretation of ice core and clam shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300, the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius higher than usual in the North Atlantic, with trees and herbaceous plants growing, and livestock being farmed.

article: Reforestation

evidence: The Great Green Wall initiative is a pan-African proposal to "green" the continent from west to east in order to battle desertification.

article: Sahara

evidence: When the North African monsoon is at its strongest annual precipitation and subsequent vegetation in the Sahara region increase, resulting in conditions commonly referred to as the "green Sahara".


text: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:41

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:42

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: Using data from two ground-observing satellites, ICESAT and ASTER, a study published in Geophysical Research Letters (September 2008) shows that nearly 75 percent of the loss of Greenland's ice can be traced back to small coastal glaciers.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:92

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.

article: Greenland

evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).

evidence_id: Ice sheet:26

article: Ice sheet

evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.


text: (2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:140

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: In 2005, this had increased to about 220 km3 or 52.8 cu mi a year due to rapid thinning near its coasts, while in 2006 it was estimated at 239 km3 (57.3 cu mi) per year.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:145

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: Assessment of the data and techniques suggests a mass balance for the Greenland Ice Sheet ranging between growth of 25 Gt/yr and loss of 60 Gt/yr for 1961 to 2003, loss of 50 to 100 Gt/yr for 1993 to 2003 and loss at even higher rates between 2003 and 2005.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:67

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.

article: Greenland

evidence: Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:49

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).


text: While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:60

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: Inland glaciers have had a generally negative mass balance, whereby during the 1990s, maritime glaciers showed a positive mass balance and advanced.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:639

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:647

article: Sea level rise

evidence: "Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:80

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The additional snowfall causes increased ice flow of the ice sheet into the ocean, so that the mass gain due to snowfall is partially compensated.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:94

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Methods agree that the Totten Glacier has lost ice in recent decades in response to ocean warming and possibly a reduction in local sea ice cover.


text: Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:34

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:978

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".

evidence_id: Sea level rise:119

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.

article: Sea level rise

evidence_id: Sea level rise:85

article: Sea level rise

evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.


text: While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:188

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:193

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

article: Pollution

evidence: The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.


text: While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:0

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:19

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: The impact on the environment, ecosystems, the animal kingdom, society and humanity depends on how much more the Earth warms.

evidence_id: Global warming:197

article: Global warming

evidence: Generally, impacts on public health will be more negative than positive.

evidence_id: Global warming:198

article: Global warming

evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:131

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.


text: 'To suddenly label CO2 as a "pollutant" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:20

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:0

article: Emissions trading

evidence: Emissions trading (also known as cap and trade) is a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.

article: Sustainability

evidence: On the other hand, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that improvements in the efficiency of the use of energy and materials were almost always outpaced by economic growth, in large part because of the rebound effect (conservation) or Jevons Paradox resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.

evidence_id: Sustainable energy:17

article: Sustainable energy

evidence: In its book, the Commission described four key elements of sustainability with respect to energy: the ability to increase the supply of energy to meet growing human needs, energy efficiency and conservation, public health and safety, and "protection of the biosphere and prevention of more localized forms of pollution."

article: Urbanization

evidence: Urbanization creates enormous social, economic and environmental changes, which provide an opportunity for sustainability with the "potential to use resources more efficiently, to create more sustainable land use and to protect the biodiversity of natural ecosystems."


text: Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'

evidence_id: Earth in science fiction:56

article: Earth in science fiction

evidence: Its soil is utterly barren and its atmosphere is a fog of pollution.

evidence_id: Earth in science fiction:71

article: Earth in science fiction

evidence: By the time of Resurrection, which is set in the 24th century, Earth as a whole is considered to be an unpleasant, polluted planet that even hardened mercenaries prefer to avoid.

article: Earth

evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.

evidence_id: Mother goddess:11

article: Mother goddess

evidence: Her work in this field has been questioned.

evidence_id: Mother goddess:14

article: Mother goddess

evidence: This made the debate a political one.


text: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.

evidence_id: Climate change and agriculture:27

article: Climate change and agriculture

evidence: More favourable effects on yield tend to depend to a large extent on realization of the potentially beneficial effects of carbon dioxide on crop growth and increase of efficiency in water use.

evidence_id: Emissions trading:60

article: Emissions trading

evidence: On April 17, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formally announced that it had found that greenhouse gas (GHG) poses a threat to public health and the environment (EPA 2009a).

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:83

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:651

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:688

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 "The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change."


text: This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:144

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:233

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:236

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Phototrophs use the products of their photosynthesis as internal food sources and as raw material for the biosynthesis of more complex organic molecules, such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins.

evidence_id: Carnivorous plant:195

article: Carnivorous plant

evidence: The energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide from the air with electrons from water to make sugars (and other biomass) and a waste product, oxygen, in the process of photosynthesis.

article: Photosynthesis

evidence: Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light.


text: Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:75

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:22

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:29

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:8

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.


text: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:221

article: Climate change denial

evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

evidence_id: Global warming:218

article: Global warming

evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:555

article: Global warming

evidence: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:229

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


text: Note that computer models are just concatenations of calculations you could do on a hand-held calculator, so they are theoretical and cannot be part of any evidence."

evidence_id: Computer science:20

article: Computer science

evidence: In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central computing unit.

evidence_id: Computer science:79

article: Computer science

evidence: Peter Denning's working group argued that they are theory, abstraction (modeling), and design.

evidence_id: Computer science:91

article: Computer science

evidence: In an effort to answer the first question, computability theory examines which computational problems are solvable on various theoretical models of computation.

article: Computer

evidence: This usage of the term referred to a human computer, a person who carried out calculations or computations.

article: Mathematics

evidence: When reconsidering data from experiments and samples or when analyzing data from observational studies, statisticians "make sense of the data" using the art of modelling and the theory of inference – with model selection and estimation; the estimated models and consequential predictions should be tested on new data.


text: Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.

evidence_id: Global warming potential:15

article: Global warming potential

evidence: The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:13

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:28

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667 cm−1).

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:29

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: On the other hand, the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths (4.7 microns, or 2145 cm−1), where the emission of radiant energy from Earth's surface is at least a factor of ten lower.


text: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.

article: Earth

evidence: Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.

article: Earth

evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.

article: Earth

evidence: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.

evidence_id: Global warming:42

article: Global warming

evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.

evidence_id: Global warming:53

article: Global warming

evidence: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.


text: Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system."

evidence_id: Global warming:1

article: Global warming

evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:100

article: Global warming

evidence: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.

evidence_id: Global warming:6

article: Global warming

evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

evidence_id: Global warming:96

article: Global warming

evidence: As the Sun is the Earth's primary energy source, changes in incoming sunlight directly affect the climate system.

evidence_id: Triton (moon):34

article: Triton (moon)

evidence: As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun, resulting in seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight.


text: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.

evidence_id: Climate change (general concept):10

article: Climate change (general concept)

evidence: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.

evidence_id: Global warming:23

article: Global warming

evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:162

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.

evidence_id: Quaternary glaciation:124

article: Quaternary glaciation

evidence: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.

evidence_id: Solar activity and climate:16

article: Solar activity and climate

evidence: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.


text: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."

evidence_id: Aqua (satellite):20

article: Aqua (satellite)

evidence: Aqua carries six instruments for studies of water on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere, of which four are still operating: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) — measures cloud properties, sea surface temperature, near-surface wind speed, radiative energy flux, surface water, ice and snow.

evidence_id: Aqua (satellite):37

article: Aqua (satellite)

evidence: Cooler A telemetry became frozen on March 24, 2014, but this had no impact on science gathering.

article: JAXA

evidence: Starting from 1979 with Hakucho (CORSA-b), for nearly two decades Japan had achieved continuous observation with its Hinotori, Tenma, Ginga and ASCA (ASTRO-A through D) x-ray observation satellites.

article: JAXA

evidence: However, due to various reasons,[specify] both satellites had a much shorter than expected life term.

article: Moon

evidence: Using the mapper's reflectance spectra, indirect lighting of areas in shadow confirmed water ice within 20° latitude of both poles in 2018.


text: Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.

evidence_id: Arctic Ocean:122

article: Arctic Ocean

evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.

evidence_id: Arctic Ocean:162

article: Arctic Ocean

evidence: The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the ozone layer frequently occurs.

evidence_id: Arctic Ocean:26

article: Arctic Ocean

evidence: Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:33

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.

evidence_id: Global warming:150

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.


text: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.

evidence_id: Arctic sea ice decline:31

article: Arctic sea ice decline

evidence: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).

article: Arctic

evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

article: Arctic

evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:28

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:31

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: From 2008 to 2011, Arctic sea ice minimum extent was higher than 2007, but it did not return to the levels of previous years.


text: "Twentieth century global warming did not start until  1910.

evidence_id: 20th century:6

article: 20th century

evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

evidence_id: 20th century:68

article: 20th century

evidence: Increasing awareness of global warming began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate.

evidence_id: Global warming:317

article: Global warming

evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.

evidence_id: Global warming:321

article: Global warming

evidence: From 1938 Guy Stewart Callendar published evidence that climate was warming and CO 2 levels increasing, but his calculations met the same objections.

evidence_id: Global warming:396

article: Global warming

evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).


text: By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:149

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: In 2010, 9.14 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC, equivalent to 33.5 gigatonnes of CO 2 or about 4.3 ppm in Earth's atmosphere) were released from fossil fuels and cement production worldwide, compared to 6.15 GtC in 1990.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:7

article: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

evidence: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

evidence_id: Fossil fuel:42

article: Fossil fuel

evidence: The widescale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines enabled the Industrial Revolution.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:5

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.


text: It was the post war  industrialization that caused the rapid rise in global CO2 emissions,  but by 1945 when this began, the Earth was already in a cooling phase  that started around 1942 and continued until 1975.

article: 20th century

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:243

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Between 1970 and 2004, global growth in annual CO 2 emissions was driven by North America, Asia, and the Middle East.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:244

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.

evidence_id: Ice age:0

article: Ice age

evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.


text: With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming."

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:127

evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:358

evidence: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:459

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:69

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.


text: Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:0

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:113

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.

article: Eocene

evidence: This warming is short lived, as benthic oxygen isotope records indicate a return to cooling at ~40 million years ago.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:162

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.

evidence_id: Quaternary glaciation:112

article: Quaternary glaciation

evidence: Before the current ice age, which began 2 to 3 Ma, Earth's climate was typically mild and uniform for long periods of time.


text: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.

evidence_id: El Niño:1

article: El Niño

evidence: The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:51

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.

evidence_id: La Niña:3

article: La Niña

evidence: During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F).

evidence_id: La Niña:6

article: La Niña

evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


text: The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.

article: Sun

evidence: At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).

article: Sun

evidence: As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure.

article: Sun

evidence: The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused.

votes: SUPPORTS NOT_ENOUGH_INFO REFUTES REFUTES SUPPORTS

article: Sun

evidence: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.

article: Sun

evidence: By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above.


text: The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:21

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:229

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:229

evidence: Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

article: Scientific consensus on climate change


text: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:55

article: Global warming

evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

evidence_id: Global warming:64

article: Global warming

evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:138

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.

article: Scientific consensus on climate change


text: Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age.

article: Earth

evidence: "When and how did the ice age end?

evidence_id: Ice age:0

article: Ice age

evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:164

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:269

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: According to JM Lamb of Cambridge University the little ice age was already under way in Canada and Switzerland and in the wider North Atlantic region in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries "Worldwide glacier retreat".

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:9

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.