text: In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:1157

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Public concern over global warming and support for climate policy-making in the US is low relative to other nations (see Chapter 10, this volume), contributing to inaction by the US government.

evidence_id: Global warming:273

article: Global warming

evidence: While the ozone layer and climate change are considered separate problems, the solution to the former has significantly mitigated global warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:275

article: Global warming

evidence: It has been argued that the Montreal Protocol, may have done more than any other measure, as of 2017[update], to mitigate climate change as those substances were also powerful greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Global warming:296

article: Global warming

evidence: They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.

evidence_id: Global warming:307

article: Global warming

evidence: Litigation is increasingly used as a tool to strengthen climate action, with governments being the biggest target of lawsuits demanding that they become ambitious on climate action or enforce existing laws.


text: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.

claim_label: SUPPORTS

evidence_id: Climate change in Canada:8

evidence_label: SUPPORTS

article: Climate change in Canada

evidence: Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:80

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.

evidence_id: Global warming:23

article: Global warming

evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.

evidence_id: Physical impacts of climate change:3

article: Physical impacts of climate change

evidence: Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:72

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.


text: The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.

evidence_id: Climate change in the United States:284

article: Climate change in the United States

evidence: Some of the greatest increases in average temperatures in the U.S. are expected in the region over the coming decades.

evidence_id: Climate change in the United States:285

article: Climate change in the United States

evidence: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.

evidence_id: Global warming:67

article: Global warming

evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:113

article: Urban heat island

evidence: Heat is more likely to increase the risk of mortality in cities in the northern part of the country than in the southern regions of the country.

evidence_id: Urban heat island:138

article: Urban heat island

evidence: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that it "is difficult to make valid projections of heat-related illness and death under varying climate change scenarios" and that "heat–related deaths are preventable, as evidenced by the decline of all-cause mortality during heat events over the past 35 years".


text: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures

claim_label: REFUTES

evidence_id: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:2

article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves

evidence: The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010, and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected.

evidence_id: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:352

evidence_label: REFUTES

article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves

evidence: Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th.

evidence_id: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:379

article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves

evidence: The Southwestern United States had near high temperatures from September 26 to October 2, and even hotter than that in some regions.

evidence_id: Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest:1

article: Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest

evidence: It involves cooling the body to temperatures between 20 °C (68 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F), and stopping blood circulation and brain function for up to one hour.

evidence_id: Global storm activity of 2009:357

article: Global storm activity of 2009

evidence: Heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures killed at least 290 people across Europe.


text: “The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.

evidence_id: Air pollution:186

article: Air pollution

evidence: Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011.

article: Cancer

evidence: It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths).

evidence_id: Heat stroke:17

article: Heat stroke

evidence: The risk of death is less than 5% in those with exercise-induced heat stroke and as high as 65% in those with non-exercise induced cases.

article: Hyperthermia

evidence: The associated mortality rates of heatstroke is between 40-64%.

evidence_id: Myocardial infarction:279

article: Myocardial infarction

evidence: The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower-income countries.


text: But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”

evidence_id: Cardiovascular disease:6

article: Cardiovascular disease

evidence: High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.

article: Drowning

evidence: Of those who die after plunging into freezing seas, around 20% die within 2 minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic), another 50% die within 15 – 30 minutes from cold incapacitation (loss of use and control of limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body 'protectively' shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core), and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning, claiming the rest within a similar time.

article: Hypothermia

evidence: For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body "protectively" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core).

evidence_id: Shock (circulatory):42

article: Shock (circulatory)

evidence: This increased pressure reduced blood flow back to the heart, thereby reducing blood flow to the body and resultign in signs and symptoms of shock.

evidence_id: Underwater diving:32

article: Underwater diving

evidence: The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest.


text: Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”

claim_label: DISPUTED

article: Florida

evidence: In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s.

evidence_id: Jacksonville, Florida:147

article: Jacksonville, Florida

evidence: LaVilla Brooklyn Northbank Southbank Springfield San Marco Southside Eastside and Arlington Ortega Riverside and Avondale According to the Köppen climate classification, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate, with hot humid summers, and warm to mild and drier winters.

article: Michigan

evidence: The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters.

evidence_id: Orlando, Florida:165

article: Orlando, Florida

evidence: Because the winter season is dry and freezing temperatures usually occur only after cold fronts (and their accompanying precipitation) have passed, snow is exceptionally rare.

article: Texas

evidence: Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border.


text: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges

article: Ocean

evidence: Plants : including sea grasses, or mangroves Fungi : many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments Animals : most animal phyla have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are only found in marine environments such as sponges, Cnidaria (such as corals and jellyfish), comb jellies, Brachiopods, and Echinoderms (such as sea urchins and sea stars).

article: Petroleum

evidence: This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).

article: Sea

evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.

article: Sea

evidence: Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.

evidence_id: Tide pool:21

article: Tide pool

evidence: Low tide zone organisms include abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, and sometimes even small vertebrates such as fish.


text: “The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.

article: Biodiversity

evidence: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.

evidence_id: Fisheries and climate change:56

article: Fisheries and climate change

evidence: The current level of GHG emissions means that ocean acidity will continue to increase and aquatic ecosystems will continue to degrade and change.

evidence_id: Fisheries and climate change:9

article: Fisheries and climate change

evidence: The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells – a process known as calcification.

article: Sea

evidence_id: United Nations Ocean Conference:2

article: United Nations Ocean Conference

evidence: For instance as oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, biodiversity is becoming reduced and changing currents will cause more frequent storms and droughts.


text: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”

article: Acid

evidence: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO− 3 It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO2 and resupplying the cells with O2.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:204

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:220

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.

article: PH

evidence: When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7 (25 °C).

article: PH

evidence: At 25 °C, solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic.


text: “Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:216

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."

evidence_id: Climate change and ecosystems:104

article: Climate change and ecosystems

evidence: Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called "dead zones."

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:51

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out."

evidence_id: Ocean acidification:53

article: Ocean acidification

evidence: In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent "dramatic impacts" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that "The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.

article: Skepticism

evidence: Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.


text: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:0

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237

evidence: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:130

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:299

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:176

article: Sea level rise

evidence: The main idea in the report according to one of his authors Michael Oppenheimer is that if humanity will drastically reduce Greenhouse gas emission in the next decades the problem will be tough but manageable.


text: roughly three-quarters of the tidal flood days now occurring in towns along the East Coast would not be happening in the absence of the rise in the sea level caused by human emissions.

evidence_id: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami:50

evidence: The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 millimeters (0.004 in).

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:149

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Even if emission of greenhouse gases stopped overnight, sea level rise will continue for centuries to come.

evidence_id: Global warming:1282

article: Global warming

evidence: "The rate of sea-level rise".

evidence_id: Global warming:147

article: Global warming

evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:204

article: Sea level rise

evidence: This has consequences for Europe and the U.S. East Coast, which received a sea level rise 3–4 times the global average.


text: Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”

evidence_id: Global warming:18

article: Global warming

evidence: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.

evidence_id: Global warming:263

article: Global warming

evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:153

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: A pair of studies in Nature have said that, as of 2017, none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had envisioned and have not met their pledged emission reduction targets, and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise "well below 2 °C".

evidence_id: Paris Agreement:77

article: Paris Agreement

evidence: At the Paris Conference in 2015 where the Agreement was negotiated, the developed countries reaffirmed the commitment to mobilize $100 billion a year in climate finance by 2020, and agreed to continue mobilizing finance at the level of $100 billion a year until 2025.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.


text: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:144

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence".

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:196

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: The text stated that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:457

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.

evidence_id: Hockey stick controversy:5

article: Hockey stick controversy

evidence: The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards, and found indications that recent warming was exceptional.

evidence_id: Hockey stick graph:148

article: Hockey stick graph

evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence."


text: a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:184

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: The group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 °C, and their results closely matched those obtained from these earlier studies.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:196

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:236

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:241

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:6

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.


text: Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.

article: Celsius

evidence: This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same.

article: Eocene

evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.

article: Winter

evidence: Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures.

article: Year

evidence: The Gregorian calendar attempts to cause the northward equinox to fall on or shortly before March 21 and hence it follows the northward equinox year, or tropical year.

article: Year

evidence: Because 97 out of 400 years are leap years, the mean length of the Gregorian calendar year is 365.2425 days; with a relative error below one ppm (8·10−7) relative to the current length of the mean tropical year (365.24219 days) and even closer to the current March equinox year of 365.242374 days that it aims to match.


text: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”

evidence_id: El Niño:5

article: El Niño

evidence: The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific.

evidence_id: El Niño:96

article: El Niño

evidence: The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña.

evidence_id: El Niño–Southern Oscillation:1

article: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

evidence: The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.

evidence_id: La Niña:0

article: La Niña

evidence: La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.

evidence_id: La Niña:6

article: La Niña

evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.


text: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

article: Falsifiability

evidence: Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true.

article: Falsifiability

evidence: This will be the one which not only has hitherto stood up to the severest tests, but the one which is also testable in the most rigorous way.

article: Falsifiability

evidence: From a new idea, put up tentatively, and not yet justified in any way—an anticipation, a hypothesis, a theoretical system, or what you will—conclusions are drawn by means of logical deduction.

article: Falsifiability

evidence: Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific.

evidence_id: Statistical hypothesis testing:5

article: Statistical hypothesis testing

evidence: Hypothesis tests are used when determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance.


text: In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”

article: Hysterectomy

evidence: "Hysterectomy Procedures Pacing A Downward Trend".

evidence_id: Solar cycle:107

article: Solar cycle

evidence: Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a −0.008%/decade downward trend.

evidence_id: Uptick rule:79

article: Uptick rule

evidence: One empirical study found no statistically significant link between the uptick rule and the rates of price decline.

evidence_id: Usage share of operating systems:163

article: Usage share of operating systems

evidence: Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.

evidence_id: Usage share of operating systems:35

article: Usage share of operating systems

evidence: Gartner's own press release said, "Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading "1.7 percent [point]" decline.


text: Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.

evidence_id: Global warming:0

article: Global warming

evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.

evidence_id: Global warming:2631

article: Global warming

evidence: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".

evidence_id: Global warming:463

article: Global warming

evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).

evidence_id: Years of Living Dangerously:47

article: Years of Living Dangerously

evidence: He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.

evidence_id: Years of Living Dangerously:65

article: Years of Living Dangerously

evidence: He tells Friedman that "you've got to recognize [that global warming] is going to be one of the most significant long-term challenges, if not the most significant long-term challenge, that this country faces and that the planet faces.


text: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era

evidence_id: Global warming hiatus:30

article: Global warming hiatus

evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that "2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.

evidence_id: Global warming hiatus:4

article: Global warming hiatus

evidence: The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.

evidence_id: Global warming hiatus:42

article: Global warming hiatus

evidence: In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the "5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing", noting "that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998."

evidence_id: Global warming hiatus:43

article: Global warming hiatus

evidence: Under the heading "Global Warming Standstill" they "noted that the 'standstill' temperature is at a much higher level than existed at any year in the prior decade except for the single year 1998, which had the strongest El Nino of the century.

evidence_id: List of heat waves:175

article: List of heat waves

evidence: 2016 was the warmest year on record.


text: But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period

article: Eocene

evidence: For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.

article: Eocene

evidence: At around 41.5 million years ago, stable isotopic analysis of samples from Southern Ocean drilling sites indicated a warming event for 600 thousand years.

evidence_id: Global warming:55

article: Global warming

evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:4

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.

article: Supercontinent

evidence: The Jurassic is thought to have been approximately 10 degrees Celsius warmer along 90 degrees East paleolongitude compared to the present temperature of today's central Eurasia.


text: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.

evidence_id: El Niño:102

article: El Niño

evidence: Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur.

evidence_id: El Niño:54

article: El Niño

evidence: The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.

evidence_id: Global storm activity of 2010:2207

article: Global storm activity of 2010

evidence: "Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan".

evidence_id: Global storm activity of 2010:391

article: Global storm activity of 2010

evidence: [citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.

evidence_id: Global storm activity of 2010:848

article: Global storm activity of 2010

evidence: [citation needed] On July 12, France and Belgium also saw record temperatures.


text: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record

evidence_id: 2014–16 El Niño event:30

article: 2014–16 El Niño event

evidence: In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño "could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950."

evidence_id: 2014–16 El Niño event:35

article: 2014–16 El Niño event

evidence: The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made.

evidence_id: Instrumental temperature record:22

article: Instrumental temperature record

evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."

evidence_id: Instrumental temperature record:30

article: Instrumental temperature record

evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."

evidence_id: North Atlantic oscillation:67

article: North Atlantic oscillation

evidence: Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.


text: world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990

evidence_id: Global warming:22

article: Global warming

evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

evidence_id: Global warming:276

article: Global warming

evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:48

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:507

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:719

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.


text: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago

article: Earth

evidence: "The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought".

article: Earth

evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

article: Eemian

evidence: The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E / 71.17250°N 25.79444°E / 71.17250; 25.79444.

article: Fahrenheit

evidence: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of 5⁄9 degrees Celsius.

evidence_id: List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):1332

evidence: Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.


text: Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.

evidence_id: Climate of India:16

article: Climate of India

evidence: During the Mesozoic, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today.

article: Earth

evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:12

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:4

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.

article: Sun

evidence: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.


text: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer

evidence_id: 2015 South Indian floods:434

article: 2015 South Indian floods

evidence: So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change]."

evidence_id: Climate of India:8

article: Climate of India

evidence: As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be wildly unstable: epochal droughts, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on humans:268

article: Effects of global warming on humans

evidence: Gross increases are mostly attributed to increased population and property values in vulnerable coastal areas; though there was also an increase in frequency of weather-related events like heavy rainfalls since the 1950s.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:79

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.

evidence_id: Environmental issues in the Philippines:61

article: Environmental issues in the Philippines

evidence: Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts.


text: Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology

article: Antarctica

evidence: Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets.

article: Antarctica

evidence: In January 2008 British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images).

article: Glaciology

evidence: Glaciology (from Latin: glacies, "frost, ice", and Ancient Greek: λόγος, logos, "subject matter"; literally "study of ice") is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.

evidence_id: Global warming in Antarctica:21

article: Global warming in Antarctica

evidence: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.

evidence_id: Ice shelf:9

article: Ice shelf

evidence: A study by NASA and university researchers, published in the June 14, 2013 issue of Science, found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent's ice shelf mass loss.


text: It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century

article: Fahrenheit

evidence: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of 5⁄9 degrees Celsius.

evidence_id: Pavel Banya:9

article: Pavel Banya

evidence: Pavel Banya enjoys warm summers, with an average of 22 degrees (72 degrees Fahrenheit) Celsius in July, and colder winters, with an average of 1 degree Celsius (34 degrees Fahrenheit) in January.

evidence_id: Planck temperature:5

article: Planck temperature

evidence: In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.

article: Sadovo

evidence: Officially, the highest record for Sadovo is 41.2 degrees Celsius (106.16 degrees Fahrenheit), while the lowest is -30.7 degrees Celsius (-23.26 degrees Fahreheit).

article: Sadovo

evidence: During 1916, the highest absolute temperature (45.2 degrees Celsius or 113.36 degrees Fahrenheit) was recorded from the Sadovo weather station.


text: a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.

article: Agriculture

evidence: It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:186

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: While CO 2 is expected to be good for crop productivity at lower temperatures, it does reduce the nutritional values of crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and some minerals.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:83

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.

evidence_id: Politics of global warming:128

article: Politics of global warming

evidence: It is the first comprehensive contribution to the global warming debate by an economist and its conclusions lead to the promise of urgent action by the UK government to further curb Europe's CO 2 emissions and engage other countries to do so.

evidence_id: Richard Tol:25

article: Richard Tol

evidence: In 2009, Tol published an influential paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains.


text: A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now

evidence_id: Global warming:249

article: Global warming

evidence: A study from 2014 investigated the most common climate engineering methods and concluded that they are either ineffective or have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change.

evidence_id: Global warming:278

article: Global warming

evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.

evidence_id: Global warming:327

article: Global warming

evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".

evidence_id: Global warming:328

article: Global warming

evidence: This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result".

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:144

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.


text: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.

evidence_id: Environmental impact of wind power:114

article: Environmental impact of wind power

evidence: His meta-analysis concluded that in 2012 in the United States, wind turbines resulted in the deaths of 888,000 bats and 573,000 birds, including 83,000 birds of prey.

evidence_id: Environmental impact of wind power:131

article: Environmental impact of wind power

evidence: An estimated 1 to 9 million birds are killed every year by tall buildings in Toronto, Ontario, Canada alone, according to the wildlife conservation organization Fatal Light Awareness Program.

evidence_id: Environmental impact of wind power:161

article: Environmental impact of wind power

evidence: A 2013 study produced an estimate that wind turbines killed more than 600,000 bats in the U.S. the previous year, with the greatest mortality occurring in the Appalachian Mountains.

evidence_id: Environmental impact of wind power:162

article: Environmental impact of wind power

evidence: Some earlier studies had produced estimates of between 33,000 and 888,000 bat deaths per year.

evidence_id: Environmental impact of wind power:702

article: Environmental impact of wind power

evidence: 600,000 bats killed at wind energy facilities in 2012, study says, LA Times, November 8, 2013.


text: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:156

evidence: One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on humans:3

article: Effects of global warming on humans

evidence: In addition, climatic changes are estimated to cause over 150,000 deaths annually.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:208

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Air pollution, wildfires, and heat waves caused by global warming have significantly affected human health, and in 2007, the World Health Organization estimated 150,000 people were being killed by climate-change-related issues every year.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:215

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Even so, climate change was projected to cause an additional 250 000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050.

evidence_id: Global warming controversy:349

article: Global warming controversy

evidence: Wouldn't you think it makes sense to make sure we're as robust and wealthy as possible?


text: If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”

evidence_id: Climate change in Australia:205

article: Climate change in Australia

evidence: Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.

evidence_id: Climate change in Australia:99

article: Climate change in Australia

evidence: By 2014, another report revealed that, due to the change in climatic patterns, the heat waves were found to be increasingly more frequent and severe, with an earlier start to the season and longer duration.

evidence_id: El Niño:13

article: El Niño

evidence: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

evidence_id: Global warming:156

article: Global warming

evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.

evidence_id: Global warming:9

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.


text: “Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.

evidence_id: East Coast of the United States:13

article: East Coast of the United States

evidence: The area from southern Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York City south to central Florida has a temperate climate, with long, hot summers and cold winters with occasional snow in the northern portions, and milder winters in the southern portions.

evidence_id: Lyme disease:168

article: Lyme disease

evidence: In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but it is expanding into other areas.

evidence_id: Lyme disease:402

article: Lyme disease

evidence: Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.

evidence_id: Temperate climate:15

article: Temperate climate

evidence: These are the climates that are typically found at southernmost portion of the temperate zone between 23.5° and 35° north or south, and thus are far more influenced by the tropics than any other tepid climate type, usually having warmer temperatures over the year, longer summers and mild, short winters.

evidence_id: Temperate climate:28

article: Temperate climate

evidence: In these the temperatures remain relatively cool through most of the year as opposed to mild and warm in the subtropics and cold in the subpoles.


text: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

evidence_id: Mountain pine beetle:45

article: Mountain pine beetle

evidence: The US Forest Service results show colloidal chitosan elicited a 40% increase in pine resin (P<0.05) in southern pine trees.

evidence_id: Mountain pine beetle:8

article: Mountain pine beetle

evidence: However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.

evidence_id: Mountain pine beetle:9

article: Mountain pine beetle

evidence: It may be the largest forest insect blight ever seen in North America., monocultural replanting, and a century of forest fire suppression have contributed to the size and severity of the outbreak, and the outbreak itself may, with similar infestations, have significant effects on the capability of northern forests to remove greenhouse gas (CO2) from the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Mountain pine beetle:92

article: Mountain pine beetle

evidence: As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70–90% kill rate.

evidence_id: Mountain pine beetle:96

article: Mountain pine beetle

evidence: A lodgepole pine tree with a pitch tube A lodgepole pine tree infested by the mountain pine beetle, with visible pitch tubes Invaded pine tree forest on the slopes of Chancellor Peak in Yoho National Park, Canada A pine tree forest north of Breckenridge, CO shows infestation in 2008.


text: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:294

evidence: For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on humans:136

article: Effects of global warming on humans

evidence: Increased extreme weather means more water falls on hardened ground unable to absorb it, leading to flash floods instead of a replenishment of soil moisture or groundwater levels.

article: Flood

evidence: Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding.

evidence_id: Severe weather:189

article: Severe weather

evidence: In economic terms, they can cost many billions of dollars: a drought in the United States in 1988 caused over $40 billion in losses, exceeding the economic totals of Hurricane Andrew, the Great Flood of 1993, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.

article: Weather

evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.


text: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.

article: Biodiversity

evidence: Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss.

evidence_id: Climate change denial:148

article: Climate change denial

evidence: Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.

evidence_id: Climate change in Australia:21

article: Climate change in Australia

evidence: [clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:556

evidence: "Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health; Physicians are noticing an influx of patients whose illnesses are directly or indirectly related to global warming".

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:7

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: This in combination with extreme weather events, leads to negative effects on human health.


text: Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.

evidence_id: Beaufort Sea:161

article: Beaufort Sea

evidence: Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles).

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:33

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979–2000 average.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:35

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:374

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: "Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level".

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:43

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.


text: The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.

evidence_id: Global cooling:45

article: Global cooling

evidence: Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though "the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming).

evidence_id: Global cooling:73

article: Global cooling

evidence: "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade."

evidence_id: Global warming:366

article: Global warming

evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).

evidence_id: Quaternary glaciation:124

article: Quaternary glaciation

evidence: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.

evidence_id: Quaternary glaciation:126

article: Quaternary glaciation

evidence: It is possible that the current cooling trend may be interrupted by an interstadial in about 60,000 years, with the next glacial maximum reached only in about 100,000 years.


text: As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.

article: Cambrian

evidence: There were likely polar ice caps and a series of glaciations, as the planet was still recovering from an earlier Snowball Earth.

evidence_id: Ice age:4

article: Ice age

evidence: In the terminology of glaciology, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres.

evidence_id: Ice age:89

article: Ice age

evidence: There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods.

evidence_id: Polar ice cap:16

article: Polar ice cap

evidence: Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007.

evidence_id: Polar ice cap:29

article: Polar ice cap

evidence: The single-day maximum extent in 2014 was reached on 20 Sep, according to NSIDC data, when the sea ice covered 7.78 million square miles (20.14 million square kilometers).


text: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

evidence_id: Arctic Ocean:249

article: Arctic Ocean

evidence: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:172

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: Ice cover decreased to 297 km2 (115 sq mi) by 1987–1988 and to 245 km2 (95 sq mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:327

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:44

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:50

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: This long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding 30 m (98 ft) per year during the period between 1999–2005.


text: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:0

evidence: The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:270

evidence: There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:297

evidence: This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:397

evidence: Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on human health:437

evidence: These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans.


text: Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”

article: City

evidence: The temperature in New York City exceeds nearby rural temperatures by an average of 2–3 °C and at times 5–10 °C differences have been recorded.

evidence_id: James Hansen:44

article: James Hansen

evidence: They concluded that global mean temperatures can be determined even though meteorological stations are typically in the Northern hemisphere and confined to continental regions.

article: Mars

evidence: In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.

evidence_id: NASA Deep Space Network:28

article: NASA Deep Space Network

evidence: Deep space missions are visible for long periods of time from a large portion of the Earth's surface, and so require few stations (the DSN has only three main sites).

evidence_id: NASA Deep Space Network:83

article: NASA Deep Space Network

evidence: Three were located at Goldstone, and one each at Canberra and Madrid.


text: “In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].

article: Storm

evidence: Lately, the temperature criterion has fallen out of the definition across the United States Bomb cyclone – A rapid deepening of a mid-latitude cyclonic low-pressure area, typically occurring over the ocean, but can occur over land.

article: Temperature

evidence: Nevertheless, a thermodynamic temperature does in fact have a definite numerical value that has been arbitrarily chosen by tradition and is dependent on the property of a particular materials; it is simply less arbitrary than relative "degrees" scales such as Celsius and Fahrenheit.

article: Temperature

evidence: It has the symbol K. For everyday applications, it is often convenient to use the Celsius scale, in which 0 °C corresponds very closely to the freezing point of water and 100 °C is its boiling point at sea level.

article: Temperature

evidence: The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade), denoted °C, the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K), the latter of which is predominantly used for scientific purposes by conventions of the International System of Units (SI).

evidence_id: Tropical cyclone:100

article: Tropical cyclone

evidence: This upper bound is called the "maximum potential intensity", v p {\displaystyle v_{p}} , and is given by v p 2 = C k C d T s − T o T o Δ k {\displaystyle v_{p}^{2}={\frac {C_{k}}{C_{d}}}{\frac {T_{s}-T_{o}}{T_{o}}}\Delta k} where T s {\displaystyle T_{s}} is the temperature of the sea surface, T o {\displaystyle T_{o}} is the temperature of the outflow ([K]), Δ k {\displaystyle \Delta k} is the enthalpy difference between the surface and the overlying air ([J/kg]), and C k {\displaystyle C_{k}} and C d {\displaystyle C_{d}} are the surface exchange coefficients (dimensionless) of enthalpy and momentum, respectively.


text: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘

article: Density

evidence: The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure.

article: Density

evidence: The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.

evidence_id: Population density:0

article: Population density

evidence: Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.

evidence_id: Thermodynamic temperature:330

article: Thermodynamic temperature

evidence: Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas.

article: Viscosity

evidence: An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\displaystyle T} and density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } gives μ = α ρ λ 2 k B T π m , {\displaystyle \mu =\alpha \rho \lambda {\sqrt {\frac {2k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}},} where k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\displaystyle 1} .


text: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.

article: City

evidence: Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming.

evidence_id: Figure of the Earth:19

article: Figure of the Earth

evidence: The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles.

evidence_id: Figure of the Earth:6

article: Figure of the Earth

evidence: While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated.

evidence_id: Figure of the Earth:62

article: Figure of the Earth

evidence: The latter is particularly important because optical instruments containing gravity-reference leveling devices are commonly used to make geodetic measurements.

evidence_id: Figure of the Earth:9

article: Figure of the Earth

evidence: However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local.


text: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.

evidence_id: Little Ice Age:25

article: Little Ice Age

evidence: Canals and rivers in Great Britain and the Netherlands were frequently frozen deeply enough to support ice skating and winter festivals.

evidence_id: River Thames:210

article: River Thames

evidence: During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge: in the first Frost Fair in 1607, a tent city was set up on the river, along with a number of amusements, including ice bowling.

evidence_id: River Thames:217

article: River Thames

evidence: After temperatures began to rise again, starting in 1814, the river stopped freezing over.

article: Winter

evidence: In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September.

article: Winter

evidence: The Thames remained frozen over for about 8 weeks.


text: In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.

evidence_id: Global warming:146

article: Global warming

evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

evidence_id: Global warming:29

article: Global warming

evidence: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.

evidence_id: Global warming:362

article: Global warming

evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".

evidence_id: Global warming:9

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

evidence_id: Global warming:92

article: Global warming

evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.


text: Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.

article: Earth

evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.

article: Earth

evidence: The resultant molecular oxygen (O 2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer (O 3) in the upper atmosphere.

article: Ozone

evidence: Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:714

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: These human activities have significantly increased the concentration of "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Sulfur dioxide:10

article: Sulfur dioxide

evidence: There, it condenses to form clouds, and is a key component of chemical reactions in the planet's atmosphere and contributes to global warming.


text: The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:0

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

evidence_id: Climate change in the Arctic:3

article: Climate change in the Arctic

evidence: Potential methane releases from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, may occur.

article: Glacier

evidence: Within high-altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.

evidence_id: Thaumasia quadrangle:84

article: Thaumasia quadrangle

evidence: On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground.


text: Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.

article: Extinction

evidence: According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million species are at risk of extinction—all largely as a result of human actions.

article: Extinction

evidence: Twenty-five percent of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction.

article: Extinction

evidence: In June 2019, one million species of plants and animals were at risk of extinction.

evidence_id: Human overpopulation:167

article: Human overpopulation

evidence: Worst of all, we have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century."

evidence_id: Human overpopulation:178

article: Human overpopulation

evidence: Present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year due to human activity, such as slash-and-burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations, which have reduced habitat in tropical forests.


text: Many of the world’s coral reefs are already barren or in a state of constant decline.

evidence_id: Coral reef:237

article: Coral reef

evidence: Tropical waters contain few nutrients yet a coral reef can flourish like an "oasis in the desert".

evidence_id: Coral reef:328

article: Coral reef

evidence: For example, Midway Atoll in Hawaii supports nearly three million seabirds, including two-thirds (1.5 million) of the global population of Laysan albatross, and one-third of the global population of black-footed albatross.

article: Coral

evidence: Approximately 10% of the world's coral reefs are dead.

article: Coral

evidence: Aquaculture is showing promise as a potentially effective tool for restoring coral reefs, which have been declining around the world.

evidence_id: Marine habitats:189

article: Marine habitats

evidence: This can rapidly result in transitions to barren landscapes where relatively few species persist.


text: Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

evidence_id: 2006 European heat wave:133

article: 2006 European heat wave

evidence: The autumn of 2006 was the warmest in recorded history.

evidence_id: Climate change in the United States:4

article: Climate change in the United States

evidence: As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.

article: Constanța

evidence: Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).

article: Constanța

evidence: Four of the warmest 7 years since 1889 occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008).

evidence_id: Instrumental temperature record:18

article: Instrumental temperature record

evidence: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.


text: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.

article: Deforestation

evidence: Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.

evidence_id: Global warming:65

article: Global warming

evidence: Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:120

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:234

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:7

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).


text: Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.

evidence_id: Climate change in the United States:45

article: Climate change in the United States

evidence: Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming:2

article: Effects of global warming

evidence: Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.

evidence_id: Global warming:198

article: Global warming

evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.

evidence_id: Global warming:9

article: Global warming

evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:228

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.


text: Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, yet they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.

evidence_id: Amazon rainforest:123

article: Amazon rainforest

evidence: Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.

article: Forest

evidence: Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests.

article: Mangrove

evidence: Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems.

article: Mire

evidence: Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth’s terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks and are mostly located in low-income countries.

article: Seagrass

evidence: Per hectare, it holds twice as much carbon dioxide as rain forests and can sequester about 27.4 million tons of CO2 annually.


text: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

article: Deforestation

evidence: Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.

article: Ecology

evidence: For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500 ppm.

evidence_id: Marine pollution:245

article: Marine pollution

evidence: "special protection and perservation of peat bogs, wetlands, marshlands and mangrove swamps to ensure carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere."

evidence_id: Sea level rise:207

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.

article: Urbanization

evidence: Furthermore, as algal blooms die, CO2 is produced, causing a more acidic environment, a process known as acidification.


text: 195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.

evidence_id: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference:2

evidence: The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties.

evidence_id: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference:36

evidence: On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.

evidence_id: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference:4

evidence: On 22 April 2016 (Earth Day), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York, and began adopting it within their own legal systems (through ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession).

evidence_id: Global warming:263

article: Global warming

evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.

evidence_id: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change:43

evidence: In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.


text: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

evidence_id: Climate change mitigation:80

article: Climate change mitigation

evidence: Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry.

evidence_id: Human overpopulation:144

article: Human overpopulation

evidence: Since 1980, the global economy has grown by 380 percent, but the number of people living on less than 5 US dollars a day increased by more than 1.1 billion.

article: Sustainability

evidence: This included the following seventeen goals: Poverty – End poverty in all its forms everywhere Food – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Health – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Women – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Water – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Energy – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Economy – Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Infrastructure – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Inequality – Reduce inequality within and among countries Habitation – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Consumption – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Climate – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, ensuring that both mitigation and adaptation strategies are in place Marine-ecosystems – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Ecosystems – Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Institutions – Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Sustainability – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development As of August 2015[update], there were 169 proposed targets for these goals and 304 proposed indicators to show compliance.

evidence_id: Sustainable Development Goals:348

article: Sustainable Development Goals

evidence: The Economist estimated that alleviating poverty and achieving the other sustainable development goals will require about US$2–3 trillion per year for the next 15 years which they called "pure fantasy".

evidence_id: Sustainable Development Goals:349

article: Sustainable Development Goals

evidence: Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion.


text: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.

evidence_id: Electricity sector in Argentina:195

article: Electricity sector in Argentina

evidence: In 2011, according to the International Energy Agency, the actual CO2 emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the countries' total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.

evidence_id: Environmental impact of aviation:13

article: Environmental impact of aviation

evidence: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.

evidence_id: Environmental impact of aviation:47

article: Environmental impact of aviation

evidence: In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.

article: Gasoline

evidence: The U.S. EIA estimates that U.S. motor gasoline and diesel (distillate) fuel consumption for transportation in 2015 resulted in the emission of about 1,105 million metric tons of CO2 and 440 million metric tons of CO2, respectively, for a total of 1,545 million metric tons of CO2.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States:0

evidence: The United States produced 5.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2018, the second largest in the world after China and among the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.


text: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.

article: Airline

evidence: Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum.

article: Environmental impact of aviation

evidence_id: Environmental impact of aviation:17

article: Environmental impact of aviation

evidence: In 1999 the contribution of civil aircraft-in-flight to global CO2 emissions was estimated to be around two percent.

article: Environmental impact of aviation

evidence_id: Environmental impact of aviation:50

article: Environmental impact of aviation

evidence: In 2018, the US airlines had a fuel consumption of 58 mpg‑US (4.06 L/100 km) per revenue passenger for domestic flights, or 32.5 g of fuel per km, generating 102 g CO₂ / RPK of emissions.


text: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.

evidence_id: Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom:131

evidence: Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006.

evidence_id: Environmental impact of aviation:49

article: Environmental impact of aviation

evidence: In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.

article: Germany

evidence: Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2017[update].

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:242

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; other OECD countries, 5%; Japan, 4%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.

evidence_id: Greenhouse gas:271

article: Greenhouse gas

evidence: Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004, and on a per-capita consumption basis, the top-5 emitting countries were found to be (in tCO 2 per person, per year): Luxembourg (34.7), the US (22.0), Singapore (20.2), Australia (16.7), and Canada (16.6).


text: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).

evidence_id: Aircraft lease:34

article: Aircraft lease

evidence: At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners.

article: Airliner

evidence: Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.

article: Environmental impact of aviation

evidence_id: Environmental impact of aviation:94

article: Environmental impact of aviation

evidence: Today, turboprop aircraft – probably in part because of their lower cruising speeds and altitudes (similar to the earlier piston-powered airliners) compared to jet airliners – play an obvious role in the overall fuel efficiency of major airlines that have regional carrier subsidiaries.

evidence_id: Wide-body aircraft:0

article: Wide-body aircraft

evidence: A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast.


text: The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.

evidence_id: Carbon dioxide:192

article: Carbon dioxide

evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

article: Earth

evidence: The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.

article: Fahrenheit

evidence: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of 5⁄9 degrees Celsius.

evidence_id: Ice age:0

article: Ice age

evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

evidence_id: Scientific consensus on climate change:150

article: Scientific consensus on climate change

evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.


text: Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.

article: 2000s (decade)

evidence: This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.

article: 2000s (decade)

evidence: In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.

evidence_id: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:290

article: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves

evidence: The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years.

evidence_id: Global warming:21

article: Global warming

evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

evidence_id: Global warming:366

article: Global warming

evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).


text: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.

article: January

evidence: It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer).

evidence_id: Kansas City, Missouri:159

article: Kansas City, Missouri

evidence: The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31 °F (−0.6 °C).

article: Month

evidence: It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed "winter months" and "summer months".

evidence_id: New York City:239

article: New York City

evidence: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).

evidence_id: Portland, Oregon:107

article: Portland, Oregon

evidence: The months of June, July, August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches (114 mm) of total rainfall – only 12% of the 36.03 in (915 mm) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year.


text: The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.

evidence_id: Effects of global warming on oceans:6

article: Effects of global warming on oceans

evidence: In another study, results estimate the heat content of the ocean in the upper 700 meters has increased significantly from 1955–2010.

article: Eocene

evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.

evidence_id: Global warming:417

article: Global warming

evidence: Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.

evidence_id: Indian Ocean:56

article: Indian Ocean

evidence: Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 1.2 °C (34.2 °F) (compared to 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) for the warm pool region) during 1901–2012.

evidence_id: Sea level rise:75

article: Sea level rise

evidence: Heat gets transported into deeper parts of the ocean by winds and currents, and some of it reaches depths of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft).


text: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:10

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:142

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: Also snowfall was unusually low, which led to unprecedented negative −65 km3 (−15.6 cu mi) Surface Mass Balance.

evidence_id: Greenland ice sheet:146

article: Greenland ice sheet

evidence: Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.

evidence_id: Ice sheet:26

article: Ice sheet

evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.

evidence_id: Retreat of glaciers since 1850:1187

article: Retreat of glaciers since 1850

evidence: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".