The work described herein was performed with the aid of government funding, and the government therefore has certain rights in the invention. Specifically, the work was supported by N.I.H. grants CA 31798 and AI 05877. 
    
    
     This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/223,820, filed Apr. 6, 1994, U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,032; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/771,849, filed Oct. 7, 1991 now abandoned; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/019,440, filed Feb. 26, 1987, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to cellular adhesion. 
     Cellular adhesion is a critical function for guiding migration and localization of cells, and for maintaining the integrity of the body. Receptors for extracellular matrix components such as fibronectin, laminin, and vitronectin mediate cellular adhesion during morphogenesis and wound healing. In the immune system, regulatory networks require intimate cell--cell interaction among lymphocytes and antigen-presenting accessory cells, and cell-mediated cytolysis involves direct contact between the effector cell and virally-infected or transformed target cells. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions are important in leukocyte mobilization into inflammatory sites and in lymphocyte recirculation. These cellular adhesion reactions are mediated in part by a family of structurally related glycoproteins, LFA-1, Mac-1, and p150,95, all of which share a common β-subunit (hereinafter referred to as the β-subunit of human LFA-1). Springer et al., 314 Nature 540, 1985; Springer et al., &#34;The lymphocyte function-associated LFA-1, CD2, and LFA-3 molecules: cell adhesion receptors of the immune system&#34; Ann. Rev. Immunol. Vol. 5, 1987; both hereby incorporated by reference. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, the invention features a) substantially pure recombinant β-subunit of a human glycoprotein concerned with cellular adhesion, or b) a biologically active fraction of this β-subunit, c) an analog of the β-subunit, or c) a fragment of the β-subunit, composed of at least 10% of a contiguous sequence of the β-subunit. The invention also features a cDNA sequence encoding for the β-subunit; and a vector containing a DNA sequence encoding therefor. By recombinant subunit is meant the polypeptide product of recombinant DNA encoding the β-subunit, i.e., the polypeptide expressed from DNA which is not in its naturally occuring location within a chromosome. By natural subunit is meant that subunit produced naturally in vivo from naturally occuring and located DNA. By analog is meant a polypeptide differing from the normal polypeptide by one or more amino acids, but having substantially the biological activity of the normal polypeptide. The invention also features any monoclonal antibody (MAb) raised against the recombinant β-subunit, a biologically active fraction, an analog, or a fragment thereof composed of at least 10%, preferably at least 80%, of a contiguous sequence of the β-subunit of a human glycoprotein. 
     The CDNA sequence encoding the LFA-1 β-subunit or a fragment thereof may be derived from any of the naturally occuring genes encoding it, or synthesized chemically. Variations in this sequence which do not alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein, or which do not significantly alter the biological activity of the protein, are also acceptable, and are within this invention. 
     Preferably the human glycoprotein is LFA-1, Mac-1 or p150,95. 
     As will be described in more detail below, the invention permits the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of human disease states. 
     Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof and from the claims. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The drawings are first briefly described. 
     DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is the DNA coding sequence of the β-subunit of LFA-1, Mac-1 and p150,95. Potential N-glycosylation sites are marked with triangles. 
     FIG. 2 is a comparison of the amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA in FIG. 1, and the amino acid sequence derived from enzyme digests of the β-subunit of LFA-1. Ambiguous determinations of amino acids are bracketed. The code for amino acids is as follows: 
    
    
     
         ______________________________________Ala,      AalanineArg,      RarginineAsn,      NasparagineAsp,      Daspartic acidCys,      CcysteineGln,      QglutamineGlu,      Eglutamic acidGly,      GglycineHis,      HhistidineIle,      IisoleucineLeu,      LleucineLys,      KlysineMet,      Mmethionine (start)Phe,      FphenylalaninePro,      PprolineSer,      SserineThr,      TthreonineTrp,      WtryptophanTyr,      YtryosineVal,      Vvaline______________________________________ 
    
     Methods 
     In general, the β-subunit of any of the above described related glycoproteins is isolated by standard procedures and the amino acid sequence of at least a part of it determined. From this analysis a synthetic oligonucleotide probe, corresponding to the amino acid sequence, is synthesized and used as a probe for a genomic or cDNA library containing a DNA sequence encoding the β-subunit. An example of this procedure is given below. One skilled in the art will realize that this represents only one of many methods which can be used to achieve cloning of the gene encoding the LFA-1 β-subunit. 
     Purification of the β-Subunit 
     MAb&#39;s directed against the alpha subunits of p150,95, Mac-1, and LFA-1, were used to affinity purify their respective proteins from three different sources. The p150,95 protein was purified from hairy cell leukemia spleens (Miller et al., 1986, 137 J. Immunol. 2891, hereby incorporated by reference); Mac-1 was purified from pooled human leukocytes (Miller et al., supra); and LFA-1 was purified from the SKW3 T cell line using TS1/22 monoclonal antibody (Sanchez-Madrid et al. 1983, J. Exp. Med. 158:586, hereby incorporated by reference). 
     Preparative SDS-PAGE gels were run using the method of Laemmli (Hunkapiller et al., 1983, Meth. Enzym. 91:227). 0.1 mM Na Thioglycolate was added to the upper chamber to reduce the level of free radicals in the gel. Bands were visualized by soaking the gel for several minutes in 1M KCl and then excised. The β-subunit was electroeluted using the apparatus and method described by Hunkapillar et al., supra. The purified protein was reduced with 2 mM DTT in the presence of 2% SDS and alykylated with 5 mM iodoacetic acid in the dark. (In some cases, the protein was reduced and alkylated prior to running the preparative gel.) 
     Amino acid sequencing 
     The above samples were precipitated using four volumes of ethanol at -20° C. for 16 hr, and the protein pellet redissolved in 30-50 μl of 0.1M NH 4  CO 3  containing 0.1 mM CaCl 2  and 0.1% zwittergent 3-14 (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.). The sample was then digested with 1% w/w trypsin for 6 hr at 37° C. At 2 and 4 hr during the incubation, additional trypsin (1% w/w) was added. 
     The tryptic peptides were resolved by reverse phase HPLC (Beckman Instruments) with a 0.4×15 cm C4 column (Vydac, Hesperig, Calif.), and eluted from a 2 hr linear gradient from 0 to 60% acetonitrile. 0.1% TFA was included in both the aqueous and organic solvents. The peaks were monitored at 214 and 280 nm and collected into 1.5 ml polypropylene tubes. The fractions were concentrated to 30 μl or less on a speed-vac apparatus, and selected peptides subjected to sequence analysis using a gas phase microsequenator (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). 
     EXAMPLE 
     β-subunit of p150,95 
     p150,95 was affinity purified from the spleens of human patients with hairy cell leukemia using a monoclonal antibody specific for the alpha subunit (MW approx. 150,000, Miller et al., supra). Analysis of the purified protein by SDS-PAGE and silver staining revealed the characteristic alpha and beta subunit, with no significant amounts of contaminating proteins. The β-subunit band was excised from a preparative SDS-PAGE gel and electroeluted, as described above. 
     The N-terminus of the beta subunit was blocked and therefore could not be sequenced. Internal amino acid sequence information was obtained by digesting the β-subunit with trypsin. The tryptic peptides were resolved by reverse phase HPLC and eluted on a 60% acetonitrile gradient. Peaks analyzed by absorbance at 214 and 280 nm were collected and applied to a gas phase microsequenator. 
     The peptide sequences of two of these fragments is: 
     P-61 Peptide Sequence: LeuTyrGluAsnAsnIleGlnProIlePheAlaValThrSer 
     P-20 Peptide Sequence: ThrAspThrGlyTyrIleGlyLys. 
     Two strategies were adopted for constructing oligo-nucleotide probes. A unique sequence 39mer was designed from peptide P-61 based on human codon usage frequency (Lathe, 1985, J. Mol. Biol. 183:1). Its sequence is: 
     3&#39;-GACATACTCTTGTTGTAGGTCGGGTAGAAACGACACTGG-5&#39;. 
     In addition, two sets of mixed sequence probes were constructed such that every possible sequence was represented. A 20mer of 96-fold redundancy was derived from peptide P-61, and a 17mer of 192-fold redundancy was constructed based on the sequence from a different peptide fragment of the β-subunit, P-20. These sequences are given below.20mer, Mixed Sequence5&#39;             3&#39;- ATACTATTATTATAAGTCCC                G  C  G  G  C  T                            G 
     
         17mer, Mixed Sequence5&#39;             3&#39;- CTATGACCAATATAACC                G  C  C  G  G                   G  G     T                   T  T 
    
     The 39mer and the mixed sequence 20mer were used to probe a Northern blot of poly A+selected RNA from PMA-activated U937 cells. The U937 cells, JY lymphoblastoid cells, HeLa cells, and CO3 cells (Springer et al., 1984, J. Exp. Med. 160:1901, an EBV-transformed cell line from a healthy donor) were grown in RPMI 1640 containing 10-15% fetal calf serum in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2  and 37° C. The U937 cells were activated with 2 ng/ml PMA for three days prior to harvesting. The cells were lysed in a 4M guanidinium isothiocyanate solution, and RNA isolated in a 5.7M CsCl gradient. Poly A+ mRNA was selected with oligo (dT)-cellulose columns (Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, N.Y., 1982) or oligo (dT)-affinity paper (Amersham). This RNA was denatured and sized on a 1% agarose gel containing formaldehyde (Maniatis et al., supra) and transferred to nylon membranes (BioRad) in 20X SSC. A lane containing 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA from human cells or 23S and 16S rDNA from Escherichia coli was run to provide molecular weight standards. 
     The filters were hybridized with nick-translated probe DNA at 42° C. for 18 hr in 5×SSPE, 50% formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, 1×Denhardts, 0.5% SDS and 100 ug/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, and washed at high stringency (65° C.) in 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS. Both probes identified a band of approximately 3 kb. The 39mer gave a much stronger signal and was chosen for the primary screening of a cDNA library. 
     A human tonsil cDNA library (gift of L. Klickstein) was size-selected for inserts of 2 kb or greater and constructed in λgtll (Wong et al., 1985, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82:7711). The original library of 4×10 6  recombinants was amplified once, and 200,000 recombinants plated at a density of 7500 plaques/100 mm plate. The plaques were amplified in situ on duplicate nitrocellulose filters, as described by Woo (1979, Meth. Enzym. 68:389). 
     The oligonucleotide probes were labeled with  32  P-ATP using polynucleotide kinase. The filters were prehybridized for at least 2 hr at 42° C. in 6×SCC, 1×Denhardts, 0.5% SDS, 0.05% phosphate buffer, and 100 μg/ml of salmon sperm DNA. Hybridization with the 39mer was overnight at 42° C. in prehybridization solution containing 20 μg/ml tRNA. The filters were washed at 53° C. to 55° C. with 6 X SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 0.05% phosphate buffer. The damp filters were covered with plastic wrap and exposed to film with an intensifying screen. Phage that gave positive signals on duplicate filters were plaque purified and rescreened with the 39mer at a higher wash temperature (60° C.) and with 20mer and 17mer mixed sequence probes. 15 positive clones were picked. Eight of the clones crossreacted with each other and gave positive signals with the 20mer mixed sequence probe and the independent 17mer mixed sequence probe. These clones were chosen for further analysis. 
     To confirm the identity of the cDNA clones, a 263 bp PstI/EcoRI restriction fragment which hybridized to the 39mer was subcloned into M13 vector and sequenced by the Sanger dideoxy chain termination method as follows. The amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA sequence is identical in 13 of 14 positions to the peptide sequence from which the 39mer probe was derived, including one amino acid which was not included in the design of the oligonucleotide. Furthermore, the predicted amino acid sequence shows that this peptide is preceded by a lysine and followed by an arginine, as expected for a tryptic fragment. The one mismatch may be due to normal polymorphism. The unique sequence oligonucleotide was 87% homologous to the cDNA sequence, despite the one amino acid mismatch. 
     The cDNA clones were restriction mapped by single and double restriction digests and, after end-labeling, by partial restriction digests (Maniatis et al., supra). Compatible restriction fragments were subcloned directly into M13 cloning vectors. Other fragments were first blunt ended with Klenow, T4 polymerase, or Mung Bean nuclease (Maniatis et al., supra) and ligated into the HincII or SmaI site of the M13 polylinker. The nucleotide sequence of both strands was determined by the dideoxy chain termination method of Sanger et al. (1977, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:5463) using  35  S-dATP. 
     The complete nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the β-subunit gene in the longest clone, 18.1.1 (2.8 kb is length), is shown in FIG. 1. The first ATG is at position 73, and the sequence surrounding the ATG is consistent with the consensus rules for an initiation codon (Kozak 1984, Nucl. Acid. Res. 12:857). This putative initiation codon is followed by an open reading frame of 2304 bp, which could encode a polypeptide of 769 amino acids (aa). The stop codon ATC is followed by a 3&#39; untranslated region of 394 bp. The poly A tail was not found, although a consensus polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) is located 9 bp from the 3&#39; end. 
     The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA clones was compared to peptide sequence data from the beta subunit of Mac-1, LFA-1, and p150,95 (FIG. 2). In addition to the P61 and P-20 peptide sequences given above, one other peptide was sequenced from the beta subunit of p150,95. Tryptic peptides were also prepared and analyzed from the beta subunit of purified Mac-1 and LFA-1. Each peptide sequence is found within the deduced amino acid sequence (FIGS. 1 and 2). Thus, it can be concluded that the cDNA encodes the β-subunit of human LFA-1. 
     The cDNA clones hybridize to a single mRNA species of approximately 3.0 kb, which is the same message identified by the 39mer oligonucleotide. This message is present in PMA-activated U937 cells (LFA-1 + , Mac-1 + , p150,95 + ), JY lymphoblastoid cells (LFA-1 + , Mac-1 - , p150,95 - ), and EBV-transformed cells from a normal donor (LFA-1 + , Mac-1 - , p150,95 - ), but is absent in HeLa cells (LFA-1 - , Mac-1 - , p 150, 95 - ). Although clone 18.1.1 lacks the poly A tail, it is close to the estimated size of the RNA message. 
     Within the deduced polypeptide are two regions of sufficient length and hydrophobicity that could span the membrane bilayer. The first domain, which begins with the putative initiation methionine and extends 22 amino acids, has the characteristics of a signal sequence. This putative signal sequence is followed by a charged glutamine, a residue which is often cyclized at the N-terminal position. This would be consistent with the N-terminal blockage of the β-subunit, if the signal sequence is cleaved during processing. 
     Use 
     The cDNA encoding the β-subunit of human LFA-1 can be used to produce recombinant β-subunit in large amounts. For example, the beta-subunit-encoding cDNA can be excised from the λgtll clones and introduced into an expression vector (plasmid, cosmid, phage or other type) to express the β-subunit in E. coli, using standard techniques. Alternatively the clones may be inserted into other vectors, such as mammalian, insect, or yeast expression vectors, and used to produce recombinant β-subunit in mammalian or yeast cells. 
     The subunits produced by the above methods can be readily purified and used as an immunogen to raise monoclonal antibodies to the subunits. These antibodies can be labelled and used in standard immunoassays to monitor the level of LFA-1, Mac-1, or p150,95 in white blood cells, and in the serum or other body fluids of patients having medical disorders associated with too many or too few cells having on their surfaces LFA-1 or related proteins. For example, diseases, e.g., AIDS, characterized by immunosuppression can be expected to be accompanied by abnormally low levels of such cells, which are instrumental in fighting infections, and such diseases can thus be monitored by monitoring levels of these proteins. Also, other disease states, e.g., autoimmune disease, allograft rejection, and graft-versus-host disease, can be expected to be characterized by abnormally high levels of such cells, and thus also can be monitored by monitoring levels of these proteins. They can also be used to diagnose leukocyte adhesion deficiency, an inherited deficiency in the LFA-1, Mac-1, and p150,95 glycoproteins. Antibodies to the β-subunit can also be used to purify LFA-1 or related proteins by conventional immunoaffinity purification methods. 
     The purified proteins, particularly LFA-1, Mac-1 and/or p150,95, whether native or recombinant, can also be used therapeutically. The proteins can be administered to patients in need of such treatment in an effective amount (e.g., from 20-500 μg per kg body weight), and mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier substance such as saline. Therapeutic utility of these proteins is based on the fact that disease states such as autoimmune diseases, allograft rejections, and graft-versus-host diseases involve abnormally high levels of cell-to-cell contact mediated by the recognition and binding of LFA-1 and related proteins to target antigen presenting cells, endothelial cells, and other types of cells. The administration of LFA-1 or a related protein, or fragments thereof, will compete for receptors for the cell-bound protein, inhibiting cell-to-cell binding and thus bringing about the desired immunosuppression. A particular disease for which these proteins will be useful is the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. Preferably administration is intravenous at about 20-500 μg per kg body weight, or directly at an inflamed joint of a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Alternatively, oral administration or local application can be used by providing tablets, capsules, or solutions, or by applying lotions as required. The amount and method of administration will vary dependent upon the age and weight of the patient, and the disease to be treated. Other automimmune diseases which can be treated include systemic lupus erythematosis, juvenile onset diabetes, multiple sclerosis, allergic conditions, eczema, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn&#39;s disease, as well as allograft rejections (e.g., rejection of a transplanted kidney or heart). LFA-1, Mac-1, and p150,95 noramlly act in situ by binding to endothelial and other cells. Thus, the free proteins or peptides, which are administered, will be able to inhibit leukocyte immune responses and migration to inflammatory sites. 
     The β subunit CDNA clone can be used in prenatal diagnosis of leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD). LAD disease is a deficiency in cell surface expression of LFA-1, Mac-1, and p150,95 and is due at least in part to a primary genetic lesion in the β subunit. Patients with the severe form of LAD disease suffer from recurrent bacterial infections and rarely survive beyond childhood. The defect can be detected early in pregnancy since it is associated with a unique restriction fragment length polymorphism. PstI digestion of human DNA and hybridization with the 1.8 kb EcoRI fragment (shown in FIG. 2) of the β subunit cDNA defines a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Diagnosis of this disease is therefore performed by standard procedure using the whole or a part of this EcoRI fragment. The genomic DNAs of the parents of the fetus, and the fetus are screened with this probe and an analysis of their RFLPs made. In this way the probability that the fetus has the disease can be estimated. 
     Other embodiments are within the following claims.
The invention relates to therapeutic methods of using a substantially pure protein comprising the b-subunit of a human glycoprotein involved in cellular adhesion, or a biologically active fragment thereof, or analog thereof. These therapeutic methods are useful for treating auto immune diseases and allograft rejection.