TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The disclosed embodiments relate generally to computing devices, and more particularly, to computing devices and methods for managing user interface content and user interface elements. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The use of computers and other electronic computing devices to manage user interface content and user interface elements has increased significantly in recent years. Exemplary computing devices that include capabilities of managing user interface content and user interface elements include mobile telephones, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, electronic book readers, consumer electronics, personal digital assistants, etc. 
     Many users rely on electronic computing devices for managing user interface content and user interface elements. Unfortunately, existing methods for managing user interface content and user interface elements are cumbersome and inefficient. In addition, existing methods take longer than necessary, thereby wasting energy. This latter consideration is particularly important in battery-operated devices. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for computing devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for managing user interface content and user interface elements, such as maintaining aspect ratios while resizing user interface content and user interface elements. Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for managing user interface content and user interface elements. Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on a user and produce a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated computing devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power and increase the time between battery charges. 
     SUMMARY 
     The above deficiencies and other problems associated with user interfaces for computing devices, including those with touch-sensitive surfaces, are reduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices. In some embodiments, the device is a desktop computer. In some embodiments, the device is portable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handheld device). In some embodiments, the device has a touchpad. In some embodiments, the device has a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or “touch screen display”). In some embodiments, the device has a graphical user interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or more modules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory for performing multiple functions. In some embodiments, the user interacts with the GUI primarily through finger contacts and gestures on the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the functions may include image editing, drawing, presenting, word processing, website creating, disk authoring, spreadsheet making, game playing, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging, workout support, digital photographing, digital video recording, web browsing, digital music playing, and/or digital video playing. Executable instructions for performing these functions may be included in a computer readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at a computing device with a display and one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures. The method includes displaying on the display a user interface including at least one user interface element, wherein the user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures detected with the one or more user input devices, the user interface element has an aspect ratio, and the user interface element is displayed on the display in conjunction with a plurality of gridlines, which include a plurality of x-axis gridlines and a plurality of y-axis gridlines. The method also includes detecting a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element; in response to detecting the user gesture, resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, wherein the detected user gesture has a directional path that intersects at least some of the plurality of gridlines; while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element, wherein maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element includes: when the directional path intersects more x-axis gridlines than y-axis gridlines, snapping a perimeter of the user interface element to respective x-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective x-axis gridline is less than a predefined distance threshold, and when the directional path intersects more y-axis gridlines than x-axis gridlines, snapping a perimeter of the user interface element to respective y-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective y-axis gridline is less than the predefined distance threshold. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a computing device includes a display, one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures, one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs. The one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors. The one or more programs include instructions for displaying on the display a user interface including at least one user interface element, wherein the user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures detected with the one or more user input devices, the user interface element has an aspect ratio, and the user interface element is displayed on the display in conjunction with a plurality of gridlines, which include a plurality of x-axis gridlines and a plurality of y-axis gridlines. The one or more programs also include instructions for detecting a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element; in response to detecting the user gesture, resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, wherein the detected user gesture has a directional path that intersects at least some of the plurality of gridlines; while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element, wherein maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element includes: when the directional path intersects more x-axis gridlines than y-axis gridlines, snapping a perimeter of the user interface element to respective x-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective x-axis gridline is less than a predefined distance threshold, and, when the directional path intersects more y-axis gridlines than x-axis gridlines, snapping a perimeter of the user interface element to respective y-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective y-axis gridline is less than the predefined distance threshold. 
     In accordance with some embodiments there is a graphical user interface on a computing device with a display, one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures, a memory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programs stored in the memory. The graphical user interface includes a user interface including at least one user interface element configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures detected with the one or more user input devices, the user interface element has an aspect ratio, and the user interface element is displayed on the display in conjunction with a plurality of gridlines, which include a plurality of x-axis gridlines and a plurality of y-axis gridlines, wherein a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices is detected, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element; in response to detecting the user gesture, the user interface element is resized in accordance with the detected user gesture, wherein the detected user gesture has a directional path that intersects at least some of the plurality of gridlines; while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, the aspect ratio of the user interface element is maintained, wherein maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element includes: when the directional path intersects more x-axis gridlines than y-axis gridlines, a perimeter of the user interface element is snapped to respective x-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective x-axis gridline is less than a predefined distance threshold, and when the directional path intersects more y-axis gridlines than x-axis gridlines, a perimeter of the user interface element is snapped to respective y-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective y-axis gridline is less than the predefined distance threshold. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored therein one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by a computing device with a display and one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures, cause the computing device to display on the display a user interface including at least one user interface element, wherein the user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures detected with the one or more user input devices, the user interface element has an aspect ratio, and the user interface element is displayed on the display in conjunction with a plurality of gridlines, which include a plurality of x-axis gridlines and a plurality of y-axis gridlines. The one or more programs also comprise instructions which cause the computing device to detect a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element; in response to detecting the user gesture, resize the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, wherein the detected user gesture has a directional path that intersects at least some of the plurality of gridlines; while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, maintain the aspect ratio of the user interface element, wherein maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element includes: when the directional path intersects more x-axis gridlines than y-axis gridlines, snap a perimeter of the user interface element to respective x-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective x-axis gridline is less than a predefined distance threshold, and, when the directional path intersects more y-axis gridlines than x-axis gridlines, snap a perimeter of the user interface element to respective y-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective y-axis gridline is less than the predefined distance threshold. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a computing device includes a display; one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures; and means for displaying on the display a user interface including at least one user interface element, wherein the user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures detected with the one or more user input devices, the user interface element has an aspect ratio, and the user interface element is displayed on the display in conjunction with a plurality of gridlines, which include a plurality of x-axis gridlines and a plurality of y-axis gridlines. The computing device also includes means for detecting a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element; in response to detecting the user gesture, means for resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, wherein the detected user gesture has a directional path that intersects at least some of the plurality of gridlines; while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, means for maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element, wherein maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element includes: when the directional path intersects more x-axis gridlines than y-axis gridlines, means for snapping a perimeter of the user interface element to respective x-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective x-axis gridline is less than a predefined distance threshold, and when the directional path intersects more y-axis gridlines than x-axis gridlines, means for snapping a perimeter of the user interface element to respective y-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective y-axis gridline is less than the predefined distance threshold. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus for use in a computing device includes a display, one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures, and means for displaying on the display a user interface including at least one user interface element, wherein the user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures detected with the one or more user input devices, the user interface element has an aspect ratio, and the user interface element is displayed on the display in conjunction with a plurality of gridlines, which include a plurality of x-axis gridlines and a plurality of y-axis gridlines. The information processing apparatus also includes means for detecting a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element; in response to detecting the user gesture, means for resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, wherein the detected user gesture has a directional path that intersects at least some of the plurality of gridlines; while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, means for maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element, wherein maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element includes: when the directional path intersects more x-axis gridlines than y-axis gridlines, means for snapping a perimeter of the user interface element to respective x-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective x-axis gridline is less than a predefined distance threshold, and when the directional path intersects more y-axis gridlines than x-axis gridlines, means for snapping a perimeter of the user interface element to respective y-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective y-axis gridline is less than the predefined distance threshold. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at a computing device with a display and one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures. The method includes displaying on the display a user interface including at least a first user interface element, wherein the first user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures, the first user interface element has a first aspect ratio, the first user interface element has an initial size, the first user interface element includes at least a first resize handle and a second resize handle, and the first and second resize handles are positioned on opposite sides of the user interface element. The method also includes detecting a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element, and the user gesture performed at a location corresponding to the first resize handle; in response to detecting the user gesture, resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture; while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, snapping the first user interface element to an adjusted size that is different from the initial size, wherein the adjusted size corresponds to a predetermined aspect ratio. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a computing device includes a display, one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures, one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs. The one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors. The one or more programs include instructions for displaying on the display a user interface including at least a first user interface element, wherein the first user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures, the first user interface element has a first aspect ratio, the first user interface element has an initial size, the first user interface element includes at least a first resize handle and a second resize handle, and the first and second resize handles are positioned on opposite sides of the user interface element. The one or more programs also include instructions for detecting a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element, and the user gesture performed at a location corresponding to the first resize handle; in response to detecting the user gesture, resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture; while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, snapping the first user interface element to an adjusted size that is different from the initial size, wherein the adjusted size corresponds to a predetermined aspect ratio 
     In accordance with some embodiments there is a graphical user interface on a computing device with a display, one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures, a memory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programs stored in the memory. The graphical user interface includes a user interface including at least a first user interface element, wherein the first user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures, the first user interface element has a first aspect ratio, the first user interface element has an initial size, the first user interface element includes at least a first resize handle and a second resize handle, and, the first and second resize handles are positioned on opposite sides of the user interface element; wherein a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices is detected, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element, and the user gesture performed at a location corresponding to the first resize handle; in response to detecting the user gesture, the user interface element is resized in accordance with the detected user gesture; and while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, the first user interface element is snapped to an adjusted size that is different from the initial size, wherein the adjusted size corresponds to a predetermined aspect ratio 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored therein one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions, which when executed by a computing device with a display and one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures, cause the computing device to display on the display a user interface including at least a first user interface element, wherein the first user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures, the first user interface element has a first aspect ratio, the first user interface element has an initial size, the first user interface element includes at least a first resize handle and a second resize handle, and, the first and second resize handles are positioned on opposite sides of the user interface element. The one or more programs also comprise instructions which cause the computing device to detect a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element, and the user gesture performed at a location corresponding to the first resize handle; in response to detecting the user gesture, resize the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture; while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, snap the first user interface element to an adjusted size that is different from the initial size, wherein the adjusted size corresponds to a predetermined aspect ratio 
     In accordance with some embodiments, a computing device includes a display; one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures; and means for displaying on the display a user interface including at least a first user interface element, wherein the first user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures, the first user interface element has a first aspect ratio, the first user interface element has an initial size, the first user interface element includes at least a first resize handle and a second resize handle, and the first and second resize handles are positioned on opposite sides of the user interface element. The computing device also includes means for detecting a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element, and the user gesture performed at a location corresponding to the first resize handle; in response to detecting the user gesture, means for resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture; and while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, means for snapping the first user interface element to an adjusted size that is different from the initial size, wherein the adjusted size corresponds to a predetermined aspect ratio. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus for use in a computing device includes a display, one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures, and means for displaying on the display a user interface including at least a first user interface element, wherein the first user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures, the first user interface element has a first aspect ratio, the first user interface element has an initial size, the first user interface element includes at least a first resize handle and a second resize handle, and the first and second resize handles are positioned on opposite sides of the user interface element. The information processing apparatus also includes means for detecting a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element, and the user gesture performed at a location corresponding to the first resize handle; in response to detecting the user gesture, means for resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture; and while resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, means for snapping the first user interface element to an adjusted size that is different from the initial size, wherein the adjusted size corresponds to a predetermined aspect ratio. 
     Thus, the computing devices disclosed herein are provided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces for managing user interface content and user interface elements, including maintaining aspect ratios while resizing user interface elements during user interface element resize gestures. These computing devices with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces increase user effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. Such methods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methods for manipulating user interface objects. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a better understanding of the aforementioned embodiments of the invention as well as additional embodiments thereof, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures. 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  are block diagrams illustrating portable multifunction devices with touch-sensitive displays in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4C  illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 5A-5Q  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for manipulating user interface objects in accordance with some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 6A-6C  are flow diagrams illustrating a method of manipulating user interface objects in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments. 
     It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact, without departing from the scope of the present invention. The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact. 
     The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context. 
     Embodiments of computing devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the computing device is a portable communications device such as a mobile telephone that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone® and iPod Touch® devices from Apple, Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable devices such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touch pads) may also be used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touch pad). 
     In the discussion that follows, a computing device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the computing device may include one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick. 
     The device supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application. 
     The various applications that may be executed on the device may use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device may be adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device may support the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent. 
     The user interfaces may include one or more soft keyboard embodiments. The soft keyboard embodiments may include standard (QWERTY) and/or non-standard configurations of symbols on the displayed icons of the keyboard, such as those described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/459,606, “Keyboards For Portable Electronic Devices,” filed Jul. 24, 2006, and 11/459,615, “Touch Screen Keyboards For Portable Electronic Devices,” filed Jul. 24, 2006, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The keyboard embodiments may include a reduced number of icons (or soft keys) relative to the number of keys in existing physical keyboards, such as that for a typewriter. This may make it easier for users to select one or more icons in the keyboard, and thus, one or more corresponding symbols. The keyboard embodiments may be adaptive. For example, displayed icons may be modified in accordance with user actions, such as selecting one or more icons and/or one or more corresponding symbols. One or more applications on the device may utilize common and/or different keyboard embodiments. Thus, the keyboard embodiment used may be tailored to at least some of the applications. In some embodiments, one or more keyboard embodiments may be tailored to a respective user. For example, one or more keyboard embodiments may be tailored to a respective user based on a word usage history (lexicography, slang, individual usage) of the respective user. Some of the keyboard embodiments may be adjusted to reduce a probability of a user error when selecting one or more icons, and thus one or more symbols, when using the soft keyboard embodiments. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays.  FIGS. 1A and 1B  are block diagrams illustrating portable multifunction devices  100  with touch-sensitive displays  112  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch-sensitive display  112  is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and may also be known as or called a touch-sensitive display system. The device  100  may include a memory  102  (which may include one or more computer readable storage mediums), a memory controller  122 , one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  120 , a peripherals interface  118 , RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , a speaker  111 , a microphone  113 , an input/output (I/O) subsystem  106 , other input or control devices  116 , and an external port  124 . The device  100  may include one or more optical sensors  164 . These components may communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines  103 . 
     It should be appreciated that the device  100  is only one example of a portable multifunction device  100 , and that the device  100  may have more or fewer components than shown, may combine two or more components, or a may have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B  may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. 
     Memory  102  may include high-speed random access memory and may also include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory  102  by other components of the device  100 , such as the CPU  120  and the peripherals interface  118 , may be controlled by the memory controller  122 . 
     The peripherals interface  118  couples the input and output peripherals of the device to the CPU  120  and memory  102 . The one or more processors  120  run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory  102  to perform various functions for the device  100  and to process data. 
     In some embodiments, the peripherals interface  118 , the CPU  120 , and the memory controller  122  may be implemented on a single chip, such as a chip  104 . In some other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips. 
     The RF (radio frequency) circuitry  108  receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. The RF circuitry  108  converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. The RF circuitry  108  may include well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. The RF circuitry  108  may communicate with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wireless communication may use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for email (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document. 
     The audio circuitry  110 , the speaker  111 , and the microphone  113  provide an audio interface between a user and the device  100 . The audio circuitry  110  receives audio data from the peripherals interface  118 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to the speaker  111 . The speaker  111  converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. The audio circuitry  110  also receives electrical signals converted by the microphone  113  from sound waves. The audio circuitry  110  converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to the peripherals interface  118  for processing. Audio data may be retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory  102  and/or the RF circuitry  108  by the peripherals interface  118 . In some embodiments, the audio circuitry  110  also includes a headset jack (e.g.  212 ,  FIG. 2 ). The headset jack provides an interface between the audio circuitry  110  and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone). The I/O subsystem  106  couples input/output peripherals on the device  100 , such as the touch screen  112  and other input/control devices  116 , to the peripherals interface  118 . The I/O subsystem  106  may include a display controller  156  and one or more input controllers  160  for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers  160  receive/send electrical signals from/to other input or control devices  116 . The other input/control devices  116  may include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s)  160  may be coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port, USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g.,  208 ,  FIG. 2 ) may include an up/down button for volume control of the speaker  111  and/or the microphone  113 . The one or more buttons may include a push button (e.g.,  206 ,  FIG. 2 ). A quick press of the push button may disengage a lock of the touch screen  112  or begin a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g.,  206 ) may turn power to the device  100  on or off. The user may be able to customize a functionality of one or more of the buttons. The touch screen  112  is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards. 
     The touch-sensitive touch screen  112  provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. The display controller  156  receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to the touch screen  112 . The touch screen  112  displays visual output to the user. The visual output may include graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output may correspond to user-interface objects. 
     A touch screen  112  has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. The touch screen  112  and the display controller  156  (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on the touch screen  112  and converts the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed on the touch screen. In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between a touch screen  112  and the user corresponds to a finger of the user. 
     The touch screen  112  may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, or LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments. The touch screen  112  and the display controller  156  may detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with a touch screen  112 . In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple, Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of the touch screen  112  may be analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, a touch screen  112  displays visual output from the portable device  100 , whereas touch sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output. 
     A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of the touch screen  112  may be as described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     The touch screen  112  may have a resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In an exemplary embodiment, the touch screen has a resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user may make contact with the touch screen  112  using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which are much less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user. 
     In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, the device  100  may include a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad may be a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the touch screen  112  or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen. 
     In some embodiments, the device  100  may include a physical or virtual click wheel as an input control device  116 . A user may navigate among and interact with one or more graphical objects (e.g., icons) displayed in the touch screen  112  by rotating the click wheel or by moving a point of contact with the click wheel (e.g., where the amount of movement of the point of contact is measured by its angular displacement with respect to a center point of the click wheel). The click wheel may also be used to select one or more of the displayed icons. For example, the user may press down on at least a portion of the click wheel or an associated button. User commands and navigation commands provided by the user via the click wheel may be processed by an input controller  160  as well as one or more of the modules and/or sets of instructions in memory  102 . For a virtual click wheel, the click wheel and click wheel controller may be part of the touch screen  112  and the display controller  156 , respectively. For a virtual click wheel, the click wheel may be either an opaque or semitransparent object that appears and disappears on the touch screen display in response to user interaction with the device. In some embodiments, a virtual click wheel is displayed on the touch screen of a portable multifunction device and operated by user contact with the touch screen. 
     The device  100  also includes a power system  162  for powering the various components. The power system  162  may include a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices. 
     The device  100  may also include one or more optical sensors  164 .  FIGS. 1A and 1B  show an optical sensor coupled to an optical sensor controller  158  in I/O subsystem  106 . The optical sensor  164  may include a charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. The optical sensor  164  receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with an imaging module  143  (also called a camera module), the optical sensor  164  may capture still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of the device  100 , opposite the touch screen display  112  on the front of the device, so that the touch screen display may be used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user&#39;s image may be obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the position of the optical sensor  164  can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor  164  may be used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition. 
     The device  100  may also include one or more proximity sensors  166 .  FIGS. 1A and 1B  show a proximity sensor  166  coupled to the peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, the proximity sensor  166  may be coupled to an input controller  160  in the I/O subsystem  106 . The proximity sensor  166  may perform as described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; 11/586,862, “Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and 11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables the touch screen  112  when the multifunction device is placed near the user&#39;s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call). 
     The device  100  may also include one or more accelerometers  168 .  FIGS. 1A and 1B  show an accelerometer  168  coupled to the peripherals interface  118 . Alternately, the accelerometer  168  may be coupled to an input controller  160  in the I/O subsystem  106 . The accelerometer  168  may perform as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. 
     In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory  102  may include an operating system  126 , a communication module (or set of instructions)  128 , a contact/motion module (or set of instructions)  130 , a graphics module (or set of instructions)  132 , a text input module (or set of instructions)  134 , a Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)  135 , and applications (or set of instructions)  136 . 
     The operating system  126  (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components. 
     The communication module  128  facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports  124  and also includes various software components for handling data received by the RF circuitry  108  and/or the external port  124 . The external port  124  (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the 30-pin connector used on iPod (trademark of Apple, Inc.) devices. 
     The contact/motion module  130  may detect contact with the touch screen  112  (in conjunction with the display controller  156 ) and other touch sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). The contact/motion module  130  includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). The contact/motion module  130  receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, may include determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations may be applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, the contact/motion module  130  and the display controller  156  detects contact on a touchpad. In some embodiments, the contact/motion module  130  and the controller  160  detects contact on a click wheel. 
     The contact/motion module  130  may detect a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns. Thus, a gesture may be detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up event. 
     The graphics module  132  includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on the touch screen  112  or other display, including components for changing the intensity of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations and the like. 
     In some embodiments, the graphics module  132  stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic may be assigned a corresponding code. The graphics module  132  receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller  156 . 
     The text input module  134 , which may be a component of graphics module  132 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts  137 , e-mail  140 , IM  141 , browser  147 , and any other application that needs text input). 
     The GPS module  135  determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone  138  for use in location-based dialing, to camera  143  as picture/video metadata, and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets). 
     The applications  136  may include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
         a contacts module  137  (sometimes called an address book or contact list);   a telephone module  138 ;   a video conferencing module  139 ;   an e-mail client module  140 ;   an instant messaging (IM) module  141 ;   a workout support module  142 ;   a camera module  143  for still and/or video images;   an image management module  144 ;   a video player module  145 ;   a music player module  146 ;   a browser module  147 ;   a calendar module  148 ;   widget modules  149 , which may include weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , dictionary widget  149 - 5 , and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   widget creator module  150  for making user-created widgets  149 - 6 ;   search module  151 ;   video and music player module  152 , which merges video player module  145  and music player module  146 ;   notes module  153 ;   map module  154 ; and/or   online video module  155 .       

     Examples of other applications  136  that may be stored in memory  102  include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the contacts module  137  may be used to manage an address book or contact list, including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone  138 , video conference  139 , e-mail  140 , or IM  141 ; and so forth. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the telephone module  138  may be used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in the address book  137 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication may use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols and technologies. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , microphone  113 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , contact list  137 , and telephone module  138 , the videoconferencing module  139  may be used to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the e-mail client module  140  may be used to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail. In conjunction with image management module  144 , the e-mail module  140  makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module  143 . 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the instant messaging module  141  may be used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages may include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , map module  154 , and music player module  146 , the workout support module  142  may be used to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store and transmit workout data. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , optical sensor(s)  164 , optical sensor controller  158 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and image management module  144 , the camera module  143  may be used to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory  102 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory  102 . 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and camera module  143 , the image management module  144  may be used to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images. 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , and speaker  111 , the video player module  145  may be used to display, present or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , and browser module  147 , the music player module  146  allows the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files. In some embodiments, the device  100  may include the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple, Inc.). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the browser module  147  may be used to browse the Internet, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , e-mail module  140 , and browser module  147 , the calendar module  148  may be used to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , the widget modules  149  are mini-applications that may be downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget  149 - 1 , stocks widget  149 - 2 , calculator widget  149 - 3 , alarm clock widget  149 - 4 , and dictionary widget  149 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget  149 - 6 ). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets). 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , and browser module  147 , the widget creator module  150  may be used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the search module  151  may be used to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory  102  that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , and text input module  134 , the notes module  153  may be used to create and manage notes, to do lists, and the like. 
     In conjunction with RF circuitry  108 , touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , text input module  134 , GPS module  135 , and browser module  147 , the map module  154  may be used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location; and other location-based data). 
     In conjunction with touch screen  112 , display system controller  156 , contact module  130 , graphics module  132 , audio circuitry  110 , speaker  111 , RF circuitry  108 , text input module  134 , e-mail client module  140 , and browser module  147 , the online video module  155  allows the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port  124 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module  141 , rather than e-mail client module  140 , is used to send a link to a particular online video. Additional description of the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20, 2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module  145  may be combined with music player module  146  into a single module (e.g., video and music player module  152 ,  FIG. 1B ). In some embodiments, memory  102  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  102  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     In some embodiments, the device  100  is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen  112  and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input/control device for operation of the device  100 , the number of physical input/control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on the device  100  may be reduced. 
     The predefined set of functions that may be performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates the device  100  to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that may be displayed on the device  100 . In such embodiments, the touchpad may be referred to as a “menu button.” In some other embodiments, the menu button may be a physical push button or other physical input/control device instead of a touchpad. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a portable multifunction device  100  having a touch screen  112  in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen may display one or more graphics within user interface (UI)  200 . In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user may select one or more of the graphics by making contact or touching the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers  202  (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses  203  (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the contact may include a gesture, such as one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward) and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with the device  100 . In some embodiments, inadvertent contact with a graphic may not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon may not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap. 
     The device  100  may also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button  204 . As described previously, the menu button  204  may be used to navigate to any application  136  in a set of applications that may be executed on the device  100  (e.g., applications depicted in  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  3 ). Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI in touch screen  112 . 
     In one embodiment, the device  100  includes a touch screen  112 , a menu button  204 , a push button  206  for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s)  208 , a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card slot  210 , a head set jack  212 , and a docking/charging external port  124 . The push button  206  may be used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, the device  100  also may accept verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through the microphone  113 . 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device  300  need not be portable. In some embodiments, the device  300  is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child&#39;s learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). The device  300  typically includes one or more processing units (CPU&#39;s)  310 , one or more network or other communications interfaces  360 , memory  370 , and one or more communication buses  320  for interconnecting these components. The communication buses  320  may include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. The device  300  includes a user interface  330  comprising a display  340 , which is typically a touch screen display. The user interface  330  also may include a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)  350  and a touchpad  355 . Memory  370  includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices; and may include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory  370  may optionally include one or more storage devices remotely located from the CPU(s)  310 . In some embodiments, memory  370  stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in the memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1 ), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory  370  may store additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in the memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100 . For example, memory  370  of device  300  may store drawing module  380 , presentation module  382 , word processing module  384 , website creation module  386 , disk authoring module  388 , and/or spreadsheet module  390 , while memory  102  of portable multifunction device  100  ( FIG. 1 ) may not store these modules. 
     Each of the above identified elements in  FIG. 3  may be stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above identified modules or programs (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory  370  may store a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory  370  may store additional modules and data structures not described above. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) that may be implemented on a portable multifunction device  100 . 
       FIGS. 4A and 4B  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device  100  in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces may be implemented on device  300 . In some embodiments, user interface  400 A includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:
         Signal strength indicator(s)  402  for wireless communication(s), such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;   Time  404 ;   Bluetooth indicator  405 ;   Battery status indicator  406 ;   Tray  408  with icons for frequently used applications, such as:
           Phone  138 , which may include an indicator  414  of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages;   E-mail client  140 , which may include an indicator  410  of the number of unread e-mails;   Browser  147 ; and   Music player  146 ; and   
           Icons for other applications, such as:
           IM  141 ;   Image management  144 ;   Camera  143 ;   Video player  145 ;   Weather  149 - 1 ;   Stocks  149 - 2 ;   Workout support  142 ;   Calendar  148 ;   Calculator  149 - 3 ;   Alarm clock  149 - 4 ;   Dictionary  149 - 5 ; and   User-created widget  149 - 6 .   
               

     In some embodiments, user interface  400 B includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:
           402 ,  404 ,  405 ,  406 ,  141 ,  148 ,  144 ,  143 ,  149 - 3 ,  149 - 2 ,  149 - 1 ,  149 - 4 ,  410 ,  414 ,  138 ,  140 , and  147 , as described above;   Map  154 ;   Notes  153 ;   Settings  412 , which provides access to settings for the device  100  and its various applications  136 , as described further below;   Video and music player module  152 , also referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple, Inc.) module  152 ; and   Online video module  155 , also referred to as YouTube (trademark of Google, Inc.) module  155 .       

       FIG. 4C  illustrates an exemplary user interface on a multifunction device with a separate display (e.g.,  450 ) and touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451 ). Although many of the examples which follow will be given with reference to a touch screen display (e.g., where the touch sensitive surface and the display are combined, as shown in device  100  in  FIGS. 4A-4B ), in some embodiments the display and the touch-sensitive surface are separate, as shown in  FIG. 4C . In some embodiments the touch sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG. 4C ) has a primary axis (e.g.,  452  in  FIG. 4C ) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g.,  453  in  FIG. 4C ) on the display (e.g.,  450 ). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g.,  460  and  462  in  FIG. 4C ) with the touch-sensitive surface  451  at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in  FIG. 4C   460  corresponds to  468  and  462  corresponds to  470 ). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts  460  and  462  in directions  464  and  466 , respectively) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,  451  in  FIG. 4C ) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g.,  450  in  FIG. 4C ) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface and the display are separate. It should be understood that similar methods may be used for other user interfaces described herein. 
     Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse based input or stylus input). For example, a swipe gesture may be replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). As another example, a tap gesture may be replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice may be used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts may be used simultaneously. 
     Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”) and associated processes that may be implemented on a multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, such as device  300  or portable multifunction device  100 . 
       FIGS. 5A-5Q  illustrate exemplary user interfaces for managing user interface content and user interface elements while resizing user interface content and user interface elements in accordance with some embodiments. The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate the processes described below, including the processes in  FIGS. 6A-6C . 
     In  FIGS. 5A-5Q  any values, such as the dimensions or aspect ratio of user interface elements, are provided solely for purposes of illustration. Further, the values may not be to scale, and scale may vary from figure to figure. While sizes are expressed in units of centimeters in  FIGS. 5A-5Q , any suitable unit type may be used in alternate embodiments. 
     Each of  FIGS. 5A-5K  include two sections, which illustrate a portable multifunction device  100  displaying a user interface with an electronic canvas that includes the display of a user interface element, which in these examples are resizable rectangles. The portable multifunction device  100  is displayed in the figures as  5 ‘ n ’ 1 , where ‘n’=the figure letter in the series, e.g.,  FIG. 5B  contains a depiction of portable multifunction device  100  as  5 B 1 . 
     For clarity in the figures, respective gridlines are not displayed on the electronic canvas in the figures in  5   n   1 , though in some embodiments, gridlines may be displayed directly on the canvas. A representation of exemplary gridlines associated with the electronic canvas is provided in the charts  5 ‘ n ’ 2 , where ‘n’=the figure letter in the series, e.g.,  FIG. 5B  contains a depiction of respective gridlines of the electronic canvas as  5 B 2 . To give more context in the examples discussed here, respective gesture path marks representing detected user gestures to resize the user interface element are overlaid on the exemplary gridlines in  5   n   2 . Thus, the figures in  5   n   1  and  5   n   2  present a synchronized view of resizing a user interface element on touch screen  112  and the conceptual representation of resizing that same user interface element with respect to the electronic canvas&#39;s gridlines.  FIG. 5A  depicts an exemplary user interface displayed on device  100  within user interface UI  500 A (section  5 A 1  of  FIG. 5A ). In this example, the user interface includes the display of an electronic canvas  500 , on which rectangle  501  is displayed at a slightly oblique angle. The device detects point of contact  505   p  over rectangle  501  in  5 A 1 . As there is no directional path associated with point of contact  505   p  in  FIG. 5A , no corresponding gesture path mark is displayed in chart  5 A 2 . 
       FIG. 5B  illustrates an exemplary affordance  503 -B displayed within user interface UI  500 B (section  5 B 1  of  FIG. 5B ). Affordance  503 -B is displayed in conjunction with user interface object  501 . In this example, affordance  503 -B is configured to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  501 . UI  500 B also illustrates that after point of contact  505   p  was detected in  5 A 1 , resize handles are displayed for rectangle  501 , including first resize handle  501 - 1  and second resize handle  501 - 2 , which are on opposite corners of rectangle  501 . Note that in this example, point of contact  505   p  is at a location corresponding to first resize handle  501 - 1 . 
     UI  500 B also illustrates user gesture  505 , which includes a directional path  505 - 1 . Chart  5 B 2  includes a representation of point of contact  505   p  and directional path  505 - 1 , which crosses respective x-axis gridlines  505 - x   1 ,  505 - x   2 ,  505 - x   3 ,  505 - x   4 , and  505 - x   5 , as well as respective y-axis gridlines  505 - y   1 ,  505 - y   2 , and  505 - y   3 . Accordingly, in this example, directional path  505 - 1  crosses more respective x-axis gridlines than respective y-axis gridlines. 
     UI  500 B also illustrates that within rectangle  501 , diagonal axis  507  is depicted, and extends from the interior of rectangle  501  through first resize handle  501 - 1 , and corresponds to the directional path  505 - 1  as well as extending through exemplary resize snap locations represented by snap lines  508 - 1  through  508 - 6  (which may be displayed visibly in some embodiments, and not displayed visibly in other embodiments). 
     UI  500 B also depicts exemplary quantized distance multiples  509 - 1  and  509 - 2 . In these examples, quantized distance multiples  509 - 1  and  509 - 2  correspond to snap lines  508 - 1  and  508 - 2 , which correspond to respective x-axis gridlines in chart  5 B 2 . 
       FIG. 5C  depicts that in response to user gesture  505  in UI  500 B, rectangle  501  has been snapped to snap line  508 - 1  (section  5 C 1  of  FIG. 5C ). Affordance  503 -C has been updated to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  501 . Specifically, in this example, rectangle  501  has been snapped to snap line  508 - 1 , and as indicated by affordance  503 -C, the width of rectangle  501  is now 4 cm, while the height is 6.6 cm. Thus, the aspect ratio of rectangle  501  has been maintained at a 3:5 aspect ratio. 
     Chart  5 C 2  illustrates the corresponding location of point of contact  505   p  in relation to directional path  505 - 1  of user gesture  505 , where the current location is at x-axis gridline  505 - x   1 . This example illustrates that when rectangle  501  was snapped to snap line  508 - 1  in  5 C 1 , the snapping was to a respective x-axis gridline, i.e.  505 - x   1 . 
     Further, as indicated by chart  5 C 2 , rectangle  501  is being snapped to x-axis gridlines, which are separated by quantized distance multiples  509  (as depicted in UI  500 B). Thus, though the size changes in the x-direction (or width in this example) are fixed by the quantized distance multiple, a y-axis size adjustment (or height in this example) to the user interface element is derived to maintain the aspect ratio of the user interface element. Here, once rectangle  501  is snapped to 4 cm width (x-axis size), the height of rectangle  501  is derived, namely 6.6 cm height (y-axis size). 
       FIG. 5D  illustrates the continuation of exemplary user gesture  505 , which includes the directional path  505 - 1  within UI  500 D ( 5 D 1  in  FIG. 5D ), and chart  5 D 2  shows the corresponding directional path  505 - 1  superimposed on respective gridlines. Exemplary affordance  503 -D has been updated to reflect the size increase of rectangle  501  due to user gesture  505 . Rectangle  501  is now at 4.9 cm width and 8.1 cm height, while maintaining the 3:5 aspect ratio. 
     For illustrative purposes, magnified region  511  displays a magnified image of the area around rectangle  501  and point of contact  505   p . Magnified region  511  includes images of snap lines  508 - 2  and  508 - 3 , as well as predefined distance threshold  512 - t , which is predefined distance  512  from snap line  508 - 2 . Note that rectangle  501  is less than predefined distance  512  from snap line  508 - 2 . 
       FIG. 5E  illustrates the continuation of exemplary user gesture  505 , which includes the directional path  505 - 1  within UI  500 E ( 5 E 1  in  FIG. 5E ), and chart  5 E 2  shows the corresponding directional path  505 - 1  superimposed on respective gridlines. Exemplary affordance  503 -E has been updated to reflect the size increase of rectangle  501  due to user gesture  505 . Rectangle  501  is now at 5 cm width and 8.3 cm height, while maintaining the 3:5 aspect ratio. 
     Because, as noted above, the directional path  505 - 1  intersects more x-axis gridlines than y-axis gridlines (illustrated in chart  5 E 2 ), the device snapped rectangle  501  to snap line  508 - 2  since the perimeter of rectangle  501  was closer to snap line  508 - 2  than predefined distance threshold  512 - t.    
     Though not explicitly depicted, point of contact  505   p  is lifted off touch screen  112  in UI  500 E, so in  FIG. 5F , the snap lines  508 , gesture  505 , resize handles  501 - 1  and  501 - 2 , and affordance  503  are no longer displayed in UI  500 F ( 5 F 1  in  FIG. 5F ). As there is no detected gesture in UI  500 F, no corresponding gesture path mark is displayed in chart  5 F 2 . 
       FIGS. 5G-5K  illustrate resizing another user interface element, rectangle  516 . 
       FIG. 5G  depicts an exemplary user interface displayed on device  100  within user interface UI  500 G (section  5 G 1  of  FIG. 5G ). In this example, the user interface includes the display of an electronic canvas  500 , on which rectangle  516  is displayed at an oblique angle. The device detects point of contact  518   p  over rectangle  516  in  5 G 1 . As there is no directional path associated with point of contact  518   p  in  FIG. 5G , no corresponding gesture path mark is displayed in chart  5 G 2 . 
       FIG. 5H  illustrates an exemplary affordance  503 -H displayed within user interface UI  500 H (section  5 H 1  of  FIG. 5H ). Affordance  519 -H is displayed in conjunction with user interface object  516 . In this example, affordance  519 -H is configured to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  516 . UI  500 H also illustrates that after point of contact  518   p  was detected in  5 G 1 , resize handles are displayed for rectangle  516 , including first resize handle  516 - 1  and second resize handle  516 - 2 , which are on opposite corners of rectangle  516 . Note that in this example, point of contact  518   p  is at a location corresponding to first resize handle  516 - 1 . 
     UI  500 H also illustrates a user gesture  518  that includes a directional path  518 - 1 . Chart  5 H 2  includes a representation of point of contact  518   p  and directional path  518 - 1 , which crosses respective x-axis gridline  522 - x   1 , as well as respective y-axis gridlines  522 - y   1 ,  522 - y   2 ,  522 - y   3 ,  522 - y   4 ,  522 - y   5 , and  522 - y   6 . Accordingly, in this example, directional path  518 - 1  crosses more respective y-axis gridlines than respective x-axis gridlines. 
     UI  500 H also illustrates that within rectangle  516 , diagonal axis  517  is depicted, and extends from the interior of rectangle  516  through first resize handle  516 - 1 , and corresponds to the directional path  518 - 1  as well as extending through exemplary resize snap locations represented by snap lines  520 - 1  through  520 - 6 . 
       FIG. 5I  depicts that in response to user gesture  518  in UI  500 H, rectangle  501  has been snapped to snap line  520 - 1  (section  5 I 1  of  FIG. 5I ). Affordance  519 -I has been updated to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  501 . Specifically, in this example, rectangle  516  has been snapped to snap line  520 - 1 , and as indicated by affordance  519 -I, the width of rectangle  516  is now 4 cm, while the height is 6.6 cm. Thus, the aspect ratio of rectangle  501  has been maintained at a 3:5 aspect ratio. 
     Chart  5 I 2  illustrates the corresponding location of point of contact  518   p  in relation to directional path  518 - 1  of user gesture  518 , where the current location is at y-axis gridline  522 - y   2 . This example illustrates that when rectangle  516  was snapped to snap line  520 - 1  in  5 I 1 , the snapping was to a respective y-axis gridline, i.e.  522 - y   1 , because the directional path  518 - 1  crosses more y-axis gridlines than x-axis gridlines. Thus, though the depicted size changes in the y-direction are of evenly spaced distances, 1 cm in this particular example, an x-axis size adjustment to the user interface element is derived to maintain the aspect ratio of the user interface element. Here, once rectangle  516  is snapped to 4 cm width, the height of rectangle  516  is derived, namely 6.6 cm height. 
       FIG. 5J  illustrates the continuation of exemplary user gesture  518 , which includes the directional path  518 - 1  within UI  500 J ( 5 J 1  in  FIG. 5J ), and chart  5 J 2  shows the corresponding directional path  518 - 1  superimposed on respective gridlines. Exemplary affordance  519 -J has been updated to reflect the size increase of rectangle  516  due to user gesture  518 . Rectangle  516  is now at 5 cm width and 8.3 cm height, while maintaining the 3:5 aspect ratio. 
     Because, as noted above, the directional path  518 - 1  intersects more y-axis gridlines than x-axis gridlines (illustrated in chart  5 J 2 ), the device snapped rectangle  516  to snap line  520 - 2 , corresponding to respective y-axis gridline  522 - y   3 , rather than any gridline corresponding to an x-axis gridline, such as  522 - x   1 . 
     Though not explicitly depicted, point of contact  518   p  is lifted off touch screen  112  in UI  500 J, so in  FIG. 5K , the snap lines  520 , gesture  518 , resize handles  516 - 1  and  516 - 2 , and affordance  519  are no longer displayed in UI  500 K ( 5 K 1  in  FIG. 5K ). As there is no detected gesture in UI  500 K, no corresponding gesture path mark is displayed in chart  5 K 2 . 
     UI  500 L-UI  500 Q ( FIGS. 5L-5Q ) illustrate exemplary user interfaces for snapping user interface elements to adjusted sizes and predetermined aspect ratios in response to detecting user gestures to resize objects. 
     UI  500 L illustrates a detected user gesture  532  including contact  532 - c  and resizing motion  532 - 1 , where contact  532 - c  is at resize handle  530 - 1  of currently selected user interface object  530 . User interface object  530  also has other resize handles, including second resize handle  530 - 2 , which is opposite resize handle  530 - 1 . In the exemplary embodiment of UI  500 L, user interface object  530  can be resized to an adjusted size that is different from the initial size of object  530 . Further, as object  530  is resized, a plurality of exemplary, predetermined aspect ratios may be snapped to (e.g., current aspect ratio  540 , native aspect ratio  542 , 1:1 aspect ratio  546 , and 4:3 aspect ratio  548 ). Specifically in this example, detected user gesture  532  is in the direction of current aspect ratio  540 . 
     UI  500 L also depicts the display in the user interface of an exemplary affordance  539 -L displayed in conjunction with user interface object  530 . In this example, affordance  539 -L is configured to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  530 . 
     UI  500 M illustrates that, in response to detected user gesture  532  in UI  500 L, the device snaps the shape of currently selected user interface object  530  to current aspect ratio  540 . UI  500 M also depicts that affordance  539 -M has been updated to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  530 . 
     UI  500 M also depicts resizing motion  532 - 2  of detected gesture  532 , which in this example, is in the direction of native aspect ratio  542 . 
     UI  500 M illustrates that, in response to detected user gesture  532  in UI  500 M, which includes resizing motion  532 - 2 , the device snaps the shape of currently selected user interface object  530  to native aspect ratio  542 . UI  500 N also depicts that affordance  539 -N has been updated to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  530 , i.e., native aspect ratio  542 . 
     UI  500 N also depicts resizing motion  532 - 3  of detected gesture  532 , which in this example, is in the direction of 1:1 aspect ratio  546 . 
     UI  500 O illustrates that, in response to detected user gesture  532  in UI  500 N, which includes resizing motion  532 - 3 , the device snaps the shape of currently selected user interface object  530  to 1:1 aspect ratio  546 . UI  500 N also depicts that affordance  539 -N has been updated to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  530 , i.e., 1:1 aspect ratio  546 . 
     UI  500 O also depicts resizing motion  532 - 4  of detected gesture  532 , which in this example, is in the direction of 4:3 aspect ratio  548 , which is also the aspect ratio of second user interface element  531 , which neighbors user interface element  530 . 
     UI  500 P illustrates that, in response to detected user gesture  532  in UI  500 O, which includes resizing motion  532 - 4 , the device snaps the shape of currently selected user interface object  530  to 4:3 aspect ratio  548 . UI  500 P also depicts that affordance  539 -P has been updated to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  530 , i.e., 4:3 aspect ratio  548 . 
     Though not explicitly illustrated, contact  532 - c  is lifted off of touch screen  112  in UI  500 P, thus ending detected user gesture  532 . 
     UI  500 Q illustrates that after detecting the end of detected user gesture  532 , user interface object  530  is no longer currently selected, and thus affordance  539  and resize handles, including first resize handle  530 - 1  and second resize handle  530 - 2 , are no longer displayed. 
     In some embodiments, the following method is used to maintain aspect ratio while resizing at least one user interface object or user interface element:
         Upon detecting the start of a user gesture to resize an object, save the aspect ratio and dimensions of the object being resized;   while detecting user gesture movement, calculate the width and height the object would be if it were to be resized in accordance with the user gesture movement;
           calculate the aspect ratio of the change that would happen if the object were to be resized in accordance with the user gesture movement;   when the difference between the calculated aspect ratio and the original aspect ratio is below a predefined threshold:
               when an option to snap to respective gridlines is activated:
                   when the original object width is greater than the original object height, round the value of the width adjustment that would happen in response to the user gesture movement so that the width adjustment falls on an even increment, and then derive the height adjustment value to maintain aspect ratio;   when the original object width is less than or equal than the original object height, round the value of the height adjustment that would happen in response to the user gesture movement so that the height adjustment falls on an even increment, and then derive the width adjustment value to maintain aspect ratio;   adjust the height and width of the object with the rounded and derived height and width adjustment values;   
                   when the option to snap to respective gridlines is not activated, adjust the height and width of the object to an intersection point of a diagonal line extending from the object along the direction of the resize gesture and a line perpendicular to the diagonal line, wherein the perpendicular line crosses the current location of the user gesture, and the diagonal line crosses a plurality of possible object resize locations that maintain the original aspect ratio;   
               when the difference between the calculated aspect ratio and a predetermined aspect ratio is below a predefined threshold, adjust the height and width of the object with derived height and width adjustment values to correspond to the predetermined aspect ratio;   when the difference between the current aspect ratio and a 1:1 aspect ratio is below a predefined threshold, set the height and width of the object to the intersection point of a diagonal line extending from the object along the direction of the resize gesture and a line perpendicular to the diagonal line, wherein the perpendicular line crosses the current location of the user gesture, and the diagonal line crosses a plurality of possible object resize locations that maintain a 1:1 aspect ratio; and   otherwise, resize the object in accordance with the user gesture movement.   
               

     In some embodiments, one or more techniques of the method just discussed are used to resize two or more currently selected user interface objects or user interface elements, so that while detecting a user gesture corresponding to an user interface object resize gesture: the two or more currently selected user interface objects are simultaneously resized in accordance with the detected user gesture, and the respective aspect ratios of the two or more currently selected user interface objects are also simultaneously adjusted. 
     In some embodiments, the predefined threshold for comparing the difference between two different aspect ratios is a set value, e.g., whether the difference between a current aspect ratio and the original aspect ratio is below a predefined value such as 0.2. For example, the device may determine whether a current aspect ratio and the original aspect ratio are within 0.2 of one another, 0.1, 0.3, or any suitable value. In some embodiments, the predefined threshold for comparing the difference between two different aspect ratios includes determining whether the two aspect ratios fall within a range of values, e.g., 0.1-0.3, 0.15-0.35, 0.2-0.4, or any suitable range; thus, when the difference between the two different aspect ratios falls within the predefined threshold range, the comparison is true, and when the difference between the two different aspect ratios does not fall within the predefined threshold range, the comparison is false. In some embodiments, the predefined threshold for comparing the difference between two different aspect ratios is the difference of the logarithms of the respective aspect ratios. For example, the following calculation and comparison to a tolerance variable can be used to determine whether to snap to the current aspect ratio or to the original aspect ratio:
 
|log(currentAspectRatio)−log(originalAspectRatio)|&lt;tolerance
 
where tolerance is 0.1 (or may be set to another suitable value), and the result of the comparison is used to determine which aspect ratio to snap to, i.e., snap to the current aspect ratio if the inequality is true, or snap to the original aspect ratio if the inequality is false.
 
       FIGS. 6A-6B  are flow diagrams illustrating a method  600  of managing user interface content and user interface elements while resizing user interface content and user interface elements in accordance with some embodiments. The method  600  is performed at a multifunction device (e.g., device  300 ,  FIG. 3 , or portable multifunction device  100 ,  FIG. 1 ) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display. In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface. Some operations in method  600  may be combined and/or the order of some operations may be changed. 
     As described below, the method  600  provides an intuitive way to maintain aspect ratio while resizing user interface objects. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when resizing user interface objects, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated computing devices, enabling a user to resize user interface objects faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges. 
     The method  600  is performed at a computing device with a display and one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures (e.g.,  FIG. 5A  portable multifunction device  100 ,  FIG. 3  device  300 ). 
     The device displays ( 602 ) on the display a user interface including at least one user interface element, wherein the user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures detected with the one or more user input devices, the user interface element has an aspect ratio, and the user interface element is displayed on the display in conjunction with a plurality of gridlines, which include a plurality of x-axis gridlines and a plurality of y-axis gridlines (e.g.,  FIG. 5A , section  5 A 1 , display of electronic canvas  500 , on which rectangle  501  is displayed at a slightly oblique angle, and has an aspect ratio, and the chart in section  5 A 2  depicts a plurality of x-axis and y-axis gridlines). 
     In some embodiments, at least one user interface element is displayed on an electronic canvas ( 604 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5A , section  5 A 1 , display of electronic canvas  500 , on which rectangle  501  is displayed). 
     In some embodiments, the user interface element is rotated to an oblique angle on the electronic canvas before detecting the user gesture ( 606 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5G , section  5 G 1 , rectangle  516  is displayed at an oblique angle). 
     In some embodiments, the user interface element includes at least a first resize handle and a second resize handle, wherein the first and second resize handles are positioned on opposite sides of the user interface element during the detected user gesture ( 608 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5B , section  5 B 1 , resize handles are displayed for rectangle  501 , including first resize handle  501 - 1  and second resize handle  501 - 2 , which are on opposite corners of rectangle  501 ). 
     In some embodiments, resize handles include an activation region proximate to and surrounding the resize handle to make it easier for a user to perform a gesture involving selection or movement of the resize handle. For purposes of clarity, these activation regions are not displayed herein. 
     In some embodiments, the display and at least one of the one or more user input devices comprise a touch-screen display ( 610 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5A , section  5 A 1 , touch screen  112 ). 
     In some embodiments, the plurality of gridlines is visibly displayed ( 612 ). 
     The device detects ( 614 ) a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element (e.g.,  FIG. 5B , section  5 B 1 , user gesture  505 , which includes a directional path  505 - 1  and point of contact  505   p ). 
     In some embodiments, the detected user gesture includes a point of contact corresponding to a first resize handle of the two or more resize handles, and a second resize handle of the two or more resize handles corresponds to a second location of the user interface element that is opposite the first resize handle ( 615 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5B , section  5 B 1 , user gesture  505 , which includes a directional path  505 - 1  and point of contact  505   p , where the point of contact  505   p  corresponds to first resize handle  501 - 1 , and first resize handle  501 - 1  and second resize handle  501 - 2  are on opposite corners of rectangle  501 ). 
     In some embodiments, the second resize handle is dynamically designated as an origin handle for the duration of the detected user gesture, and location data associated with the origin handle is used to derive one or more parameters for resizing the user interface element. 
     In response to detecting the user gesture, the device resizes the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, wherein the detected user gesture has a directional path that intersects at least some of the plurality of gridlines ( 616 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5C , section  5 C 1 , in response to user gesture  505  in section  5 B 1  of  FIG. 5B , rectangle  501  has been snapped to snap line  508 - 1 , thus resizing it;  FIG. 5B , section  5 B 1  gesture  505  has directional path  505 - 1  extending through snap lines  508 - 1  through  508 - 6 , which correspond to the gridlines reflected in the chart in section  5 B 2 , i.e., chart  5 B 2  includes a representation of point of contact  505   p  and directional path  505 - 1 , which crosses respective x-axis gridlines  505 - x   1 ,  505 - x   2 ,  505 - x   3 ,  505 - x   4 , and  505 - x   5 , as well as respective y-axis gridlines  505 - y   1 ,  505 - y   2 , and  505 - y   3 ). 
     While resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, the device maintains ( 618 ) the aspect ratio of the user interface element (e.g.,  FIG. 5C , section  5 C 1 , rectangle  501  has been snapped to snap line  508 - 1 , and as indicated by affordance  503 -C, the width of rectangle  501  is 4 cm, while the height is 6.6 cm, so the aspect ratio of rectangle  501  was maintained at a 3:5 aspect ratio). 
     The device maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element includes that when the directional path intersects more x-axis gridlines than y-axis gridlines, the device snaps a perimeter of the user interface element to respective x-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective x-axis gridline is less than a predefined distance threshold ( 620 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5C , section  5 C 2 , chart  5 C 2  includes a representation of point of contact  505   p  and directional path  505 - 1 , which crosses respective x-axis gridlines  505 - x   1 ,  505 - x   2 ,  505 - x   3 ,  505 - x   4 , and  505 - x   5 , as well as respective y-axis gridlines  505 - y   1 ,  505 - y   2 , and  505 - y   3 , indicating that directional path  505 - 1  crosses more respective x-axis gridlines than respective y-axis gridlines; chart  5 C 2  also illustrates the corresponding location of point of contact  505   p  in relation to directional path  505 - 1  of user gesture  505 , where the current location is at x-axis gridline  505 - x   1 , thus when rectangle  501  was snapped to snap line  508 - 1  in  5 C 1 , the snapping was to a respective x-axis gridline, i.e.  505 - x   1 ). 
     In some embodiments, respective x-axis gridlines snapped to are separated by a quantized distance multiple (e.g., 5 pixels, 10 pixels, 15 pixels, ⅛ cm, ¼ cm, ⅓ cm, ½ cm, or any suitable distance), and a y-axis size adjustment to the user interface element is derived to maintain the aspect ratio of the user interface element ( 622 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5C , section  5 C 1 , size changes in the x-direction, i.e., width in this example, are fixed by the quantized distance multiple  509 , and a y-axis size adjustment, i.e., height in this example, to the user interface element is derived to maintain the aspect ratio of the user interface element, specifically, when rectangle  501  is snapped to 4 cm width, i.e., x-axis size, the height of rectangle  501  is derived, namely 6.6 cm height, i.e., y-axis size). 
     In some embodiments, derivation of the y-axis size adjustment to maintain aspect ratio includes calculation of a y-axis size adjustment using at least a distance corresponding to the quantized distance multiple, the aspect ratio of the user interface element, and/or the origin handle. 
     The device maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element includes that when the directional path intersects more y-axis gridlines than x-axis gridlines, the device snaps a perimeter of the user interface element to respective y-axis gridlines when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective y-axis gridline is less than the predefined distance threshold ( 624 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5H , chart in section  5 H 2  illustrates that point of contact  518   p  and directional path  518 - 1  crosses respective x-axis gridline  522 - x   1 , as well as respective y-axis gridlines  522 - y   1 ,  522 - y   2 ,  522 - y   3 ,  522 - y   4 ,  522 - y   5 , and  522 - y   6 , so directional path  518 - 1  crosses more respective y-axis gridlines than respective x-axis gridlines;  FIG. 5I , section  511  depicts that in response to user gesture  518  in UI  500 H, rectangle  501  has been snapped to snap line  520 - 1 ). 
     In some embodiments, respective y-axis gridlines snapped to are separated by a quantized distance multiple, and an x-axis size adjustment to the user interface element is derived to maintain the aspect ratio of the user interface element ( 626 ). 
     In some embodiments, derivation of the x-axis size adjustment to maintain aspect ratio includes calculation of a x-axis size adjustment using at least a distance corresponding to the quantized distance multiple, the aspect ratio of the user interface element, and/or the origin handle. 
     In some embodiments, the device maintaining the aspect ratio of the user interface element includes that when the directional path intersects the same number of x-axis gridlines and y-axis gridlines, and when a respective distance between the perimeter of the user interface element and a respective gridline is less than the predefined distance threshold, the device snaps the perimeter of the user interface element to respective gridlines selected from the group consisting of respective x-axis gridlines, respective y-axis gridlines, and respective x-axis and y-axis gridlines ( 628 ). 
     In some embodiments, while detecting the user gesture, the device displays an affordance in conjunction with the user interface element being resized, wherein the affordance is configured to display at least a current size of the user interface element ( 630 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5B , section  5 B 1  affordance  503 -B is configured to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  501 ). 
     In some embodiments, while detecting the user gesture, the device displays an affordance in conjunction with the user interface element being resized, wherein the affordance is configured to display at least a current aspect ratio user interface element ( 632 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5B , section  5 B 1  affordance  503 -B is configured to display both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  501 ). 
     In some embodiments, one or more techniques of the method  600  are used to resize two or more currently selected user interface elements, so that while detecting a user gesture corresponding to an user interface element resize gesture: the two or more currently selected user interface elements are simultaneously resized in accordance with the detected user gesture, and the respective aspect ratios of the two or more currently selected user interface elements are also simultaneously adjusted. 
       FIG. 6C  is a flow diagram illustrating a method  650  of managing user interface content and user interface elements while resizing user interface content and user interface elements in accordance with some embodiments. The method  650  is performed at a multifunction device (e.g., device  300 ,  FIG. 3 , or portable multifunction device  100 ,  FIG. 1 ) with a display and a touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the display is a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display. In some embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitive surface. 
     Some operations in method  650  may be combined and/or the order of some operations may be changed. Additionally, operations in method  650  may be combined with some operations in method  600  and/or the order of some combined operations may be changed. 
     As described below, the method  650  provides an intuitive way to maintain aspect ratio while resizing user interface objects. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when resizing user interface objects, thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. For battery-operated computing devices, enabling a user to resize user interface objects faster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the time between battery charges. 
     The method  650  is performed at a computing device with a display and one or more user input devices adapted to detect user gestures (e.g.,  FIG. 5A  portable multifunction device  100 ,  FIG. 3  device  300 ). 
     The device displays on the display a user interface including at least a first user interface element, wherein the first user interface element is configured to be resized within the user interface in response to user gestures, the first user interface element has a first aspect ratio, the first user interface element has an initial size, the first user interface element includes at least a first resize handle and a second resize handle, and, the first and second resize handles are positioned on opposite sides of the user interface element ( 652 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5L , user interface object  530  has resize handles, including first resize handle  530 - 1  and second resize handle  530 - 2  which are positioned on opposite sides of user interface object  530 ; user interface object  530  has an aspect ratio and can be resized to an adjusted size that is different from the initial size of object  530 ). 
     In some embodiments, the user interface element is rotated to an oblique angle on the electronic canvas before detecting the user gesture ( 654 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5G , section  5 G 1 , rectangle  516  is displayed at an oblique angle). 
     The device detects ( 656 ) a user gesture performed with one or more of the one or more user input devices, the user gesture corresponding to a gesture to resize the user interface element, and the user gesture is performed at a location corresponding to the first resize handle (e.g.,  FIG. 5L , detected user gesture  532  including contact  532 - c  and resizing motion  532 - 1 , where contact  532 - c  is at resize handle  530 - 1  of currently selected user interface object  530 ). 
     In response to detecting the user gesture, the device resizes ( 658 ) the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture (e.g.,  FIG. 5M , in response to detected user gesture  532  in  FIG. 5L , the device resizes the currently selected user interface object  530  to current aspect ratio  540 , which includes resizing the user interface object in accordance with resizing motion  532 - 1 ). 
     While resizing the user interface element in accordance with the detected user gesture, the device snaps ( 660 ) the first user interface element to an adjusted size that is different from the initial size, wherein the adjusted size corresponds to a predetermined aspect ratio (e.g.,  FIG. 5M , in response to detected user gesture  532  in  FIG. 5L , the device snaps the shape of currently selected user interface object  530  to current aspect ratio  540 , which includes resizing the user interface object to a size that is different from the initial size). 
     In some embodiments, snapping the first user interface element to an adjusted size that is different from the initial size includes snapping the first user interface element to two or more adjusted sizes that are different from the initial size, wherein the two or more adjusted sizes correspond to two or more distinct predetermined aspect ratios (e.g., in  FIG. 5N , the device snapped currently selected user interface object  530  to native aspect ratio  542 , and in  FIG. 5O , the device snapped currently selected user interface object  530  to 1:1 aspect ratio  546 ). 
     In some embodiments, the predetermined aspect ratio is selected from the group consisting of 1:1 aspect ratio, 2:3 aspect ratio, 3:2 aspect ratio, 3:5 aspect ratio, 5:3 aspect ratio, 5:7 aspect ratio, 7:5 aspect ratio, 8:10 aspect ratio, 10:8 aspect ratio, 3:4 aspect ratio, 4:3 aspect ratio, 16:9 aspect ratio, 9:16 aspect ratio, and an aspect ratio of the display ( 662 ). 
     In some embodiments, the predetermined aspect ratio is the first aspect ratio of the first user interface element ( 664 ), e.g, the aspect ratio of the first user interface element is restored, i.e., after adjustments, the aspect ratio snaps to its original value during an object resize gesture, which may be the original proportions of an image. 
     In some embodiments, the adjusted size corresponds to a predefined aspect ratio. In some embodiments, the adjusted size corresponds to a preselected aspect ratio. In some embodiments, the aspect ratio corresponding to the adjusted size of the user interface element is that of a neighboring user interface element, any of a number of predefined aspect ratios, such as 1:1, 2:3, 3:2, 3:5, 5:3, 5:7, 7:5, 8:10, 10:8, 3:4, 4:3, 16:9, 9:16, an aspect ratio of the display, an aspect ratio of the user interface element being resized at the time of the initiation of the detected user gesture, an aspect ratio based on predefined dimensions of the user interface element, e.g., photo images having an initial size and aspect ratio, etc., or any suitable aspect ratio. 
     In some embodiments, the displayed user interface includes a second user interface element having a second aspect ratio that is different than the first aspect ratio, the second user interface element is within a predefined distance of the first user interface element i.e., the first and second user interface elements are neighbors, or are proximate to one another, and the predetermined aspect ratio is the second aspect ratio ( 666 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5P , the device snaps the shape of currently selected user interface object  530  to 4:3 aspect ratio  548 , which is the aspect ratio of user interface object  531 , which is near by user interface object  530 ). 
     In some embodiments, while detecting the user gesture, the device displays an affordance in conjunction with the user interface element being resized, wherein the affordance is configured to display at least a current size of the user interface element ( 668 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5P , affordance  539 -P displays both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  530 ). 
     In some embodiments, while detecting the user gesture, the device displays an affordance in conjunction with the user interface element being resized, wherein the affordance is configured to display at least a current aspect ratio user interface element ( 670 ) (e.g.,  FIG. 5P , affordance  539 -P displays both the current size and the current aspect ratio of user interface object  530 ). 
     In some embodiments, one or more techniques of the method  650  are used to resize two or more currently selected user interface elements, so that while detecting a user gesture corresponding to an user interface element resize gesture: the two or more currently selected user interface elements are simultaneously resized in accordance with the detected user gesture, and the respective aspect ratios of the two or more currently selected user interface elements are also simultaneously adjusted. 
     The steps in the information processing methods described above may be implemented by running one or more functional modules in information processing apparatus such as general purpose processors or application specific chips, such as ASICs, FPGAs, PLDs, or other appropriate devices. These modules, combinations of these modules, and/or their combination with general hardware (e.g., as described above with respect to  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  3 ) are all included within the scope of protection of the invention. 
     The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Heuristics for resizing displayed objects within an electronic document are disclosed. The heuristics include resizing displayed objects to predefined ratios, resizing displayed objects by predefined increments, relating resizing of displayed objects to a global reference grid, and resizing a plurality of displayed objects aligned to an axis.