[0001]    This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/371,314, Feb. 13, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/933,578, tiled Sep. 3, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,828,801. The entirety of all of the aforementioned applications is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present invention generally relates to a medical device and, in particular, to a percutaneous cross-pin fixation and a non-bridging external fixation device designed for the setting and corrective treatment of bone fractures. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Bone fractures are typically treated by restoring the fractured pieces of bone to their natural positions and maintaining those positions while the bone heals. Briefly, the fractured bone(s) is aligned in good position (also called reduction) and then immobilized with a cast that holds the bones in position and immobilizes the joints above and below the fracture. When the initial post-fracture edema or swelling goes down, the fracture may be placed in a removable brace or orthosis. In cases of complex or open fractures, surgical nails, screws, plates and wires may be used to internally hold the fractured bone together. The surgical implantation of these internal fixation devices, however, may cause extensive trauma to the patient, increase potential for infection, and require second surgery for their removal. An alternative to internal fixation devices is the external fixation device. Pins or screws are placed into the broken bone above and below the fracture site to reposition and immobilize the bone fragments. The pins or screws are connected to a metal bar or bars outside the skin to form a stabilizing frame that holds the bones in the proper position so they can heal. After an appropriate period of time, the external fixation device is removed. 
         [0004]    Distal radius fracture is a common fracture found in many slip-and-fall cases. Since distal radius fractures have a tendency to collapse, maintenance of fracture reduction is of great significance. Although many external fixation devices have been developed for the treatment of bone fractures, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 1,789,060, U.S. Pat. No. 2,333,033, U.S. Pat. No. 2,435,850, U.S. Pat. No. 4,135,505, U.S. Pat. No. 4,271, 832, U.S. Pat. No. 4,299.202, U.S. Pat. No. 4,488,542, U.S. Pat. No. 4,922,896, U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,096 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,951,556, these devices are generally cumbersome and expensive, and are difficult to be readily employed in a restricted spatial area, such as the wrist. There still exists a need for lightweight, non-bridging external fixation devices that allows for direct fixation of a distal radius fracture, maintenance of the radiological parameters, and early mobilization of the wrist. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0005]    An external fixation device for the setting and corrective treatment of a bone fracture is disclosed. The device includes a splint member having a first and a second axially slidable and mutually fastenable base portions for adjusting the length of the splint member and a plurality of bone pins. Each of the base portions of the splint member contains mountings for the bone pins to traverse the site of the bone fracture in a multi-angle and multi-planar configuration so as to secure fractured bone segments against rotation and axial movement. The splint member is made of a fiber reinforced lightweight polymeric material. 
         [0006]    In one embodiment, the polymeric material is selected from the group consisting of PPS (polyphenylene sulfide), PEEK (polyetherether ketone), Ultrapek (polyether ketone ether ketone), epoxy, polyester, polyamide, and vinyl ester. 
         [0007]    In another embodiment, the fiber is selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, glass fibers, metal fibers, synthetic fibers, and mixtures thereof. 
         [0008]    In another embodiment, the fiber reinforced polymeric material is a carbon-fiber reinforced plastic. 
         [0009]    In a related embodiment, the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic has a minimal tensile strength equal to or greater than 30 Ksi. 
         [0010]    In another related embodiment, the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic is PPS reinforced with 40-60% of carbon fiber. 
         [0011]    In another related embodiment, the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic is PEEK reinforced with 30-50% of carbon fiber. 
         [0012]    In another related embodiment, the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic is epoxy reinforced with 30-60% of carbon fiber. 
         [0013]    Also disclosed is a method for treating a distal radius fracture. The method involves inserting a first bone pin through the fracture site, joining a first base portion of a splint member with the first bone pin, inserting a second bone pin through the fracture site, jointing a second base portion of the splint member with the second bone pin, positioning and joining the first base portion with the second base portion of the splint member, and inserting one or more bone pins into the fracture site through the first base portion, the second base portion, or both base portions of the splint member. Wherein the bone pins traverse the site of the bone fracture in a multi-angle and multi-planar configuration so as to secure fractured bone segments against rotation and axial movement. In one embodiment, the splint member allows for insertion of up to six bone pins into the fracture site. In another embodiment, the splint member is made of a reinforced lightweight polymeric material. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    Reference may now be made to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings; in which: 
           [0015]      FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic illustration of an embodiment of the external fixation device of the present invention with positioning spacers. 
           [0016]      FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic illustration of an embodiment of the external fixation device of the present invention without positioning spacers. 
           [0017]      FIG. 3  is a computerized schematic representation showing the external fixation device as attached to a fractured distal radial portion of the forearm. 
           [0018]      FIG. 4  is a top and side perspective view of an embodiment of the distal base portion of the external fixation device. 
           [0019]      FIG. 5  is a top plan view of an embodiment of the distal base portion of the external fixation device. 
           [0020]      FIG. 6  is a side view of an embodiment of the distal base portion of the external fixation device. 
           [0021]      FIG. 7  is a bottom plan view of an embodiment of the distal base portion of the external fixation device. 
           [0022]      FIG. 8  is a side and perspective view of an embodiment of the proximal base portion of the external fixation device, which can be adaptable and slidably interconnected with the distal base portion of the external fixation device. 
           [0023]      FIG. 9  is a top plan view of an embodiment of the proximate base portion of the external fixation device. 
           [0024]      FIGS. 10-13  are, respectively, top, side, bottom and end views of an embodiment of a positioning spacer for deploying the external fixation device. 
           [0025]      FIG. 14  is a picture of the CPX device used in Example 1. 
           [0026]      FIGS. 15A and 15B  are radiographs of a DRF with the CPX device.  FIG. 15A : PA view.  FIG. 15B : Lateral view. 
           [0027]      FIG. 16  is range of motion (ROM) compared to the uninjured side at final evaluation. 
           [0028]      FIGS. 17A and 17B  are diagrams showing mean progressive PRWHE score ( FIG. 17A ) and DASH score ( FIG. 17B ). The DASH score was compared to MacDermid&#39;s study (54); n=18, CPX patient population, eliminating 3 patients with other associated injuries. 
           [0029]      FIG. 18  shows AO classification C2.2 DRF (patient #14) treated with the CPX System. Panel A) Pre-op PA, Panel B) Pre-op lateral, Panel C) Post-op PA, Panel D) Post-op lateral, Panel E) Healed PA, and Panel F) Healed lateral. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0030]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , there is illustrated the distal radius portion  10  of the forearm  12  of a patient showing a fracture site  14 , which extends through the distal radius portion of the forearm proximate the wrist. In order to impart an immobilization to the fracture site  14 , there is provided the inventive external fixation device  16 , which, in this instance, employs a novel cross-pin arrangement  18  for fracture fixation without having to immobilize the wrist portion of the patient, thereby avoiding the effects of Ligamentotaxis, which could unduly cause a high degree of discomfort to the patient and also necessitate a lengthy period of rehabilitation in order to again attain full mobility of the wrist joint at the injured site. 
         [0031]    In particular, the basically orthopaedic wrist external fixation device  16  (also referred to as the cross-pin fixation (CPX) system) includes an axially adjustable splint  20 . The splint  20  is generally rectangular in transverse cross-section and comprises an elongated distal base portion  22  and an elongated proximal base portion  24 . The base portions  22  and  24  are slidably interengagable and mutually lockable, and can be adjusted relative to each other to fit the size of the forearm  12  and the specific location of the distal radius fracture site  14  of the patient. Each of the base portions  22 ,  24  includes a plurality of angularly extending through holes  26 ,  28 ,  30 ,  32 ,  34  that orient from the top to the bottom of the base portion. The holes  26 ,  28 ,  30  in the distal base portion  22  are angled in a direction towards the proximal base portion  24 . The holes  32 ,  34  in the proximal base portion  24  are angled so as to slope or incline towards the distal base portion  22 . Bone fracture-setting pins  36 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42 ,  44  are inserted into the fracture site  14  through the holes  26 ,  28 ,  30 ,  32 ,  34  to form a rigid lattice-type pin arrangement  18  within the fracture site  14 . The rigid lattice-type pin arrangement  18  promotes the healing process by immobilizing the fractured distal radius, maintaining the correct bone alignment, securing the bones against mutual rotation, and minimizing the discomfort to the patient. During the assembling process, the splint structure  20  is kept at an appropriate distance from the skin of the forearm  12  by detachable positioning spacers  48 , which are mounted at the spaced apart ends of the distal and proximal base portions  22 ,  24  through mating guideways or slots formed in the sides of the base portions  22 ,  24 . 
         [0032]    The splint  20  is made from a high strength material. In one embodiment, the splint  20  is made of a reinforced lightweight polymeric material. Examples of the polymeric material include, but are not limited to, PPS (polyphenylene sulfide), PEEK (polyetherether ketone), Ultrapek (polyether ketone ether ketone), epoxy, polyester, polyamide, vinyl ester. The polymeric material may be reinforced with carbon fibers, glass fibers, metal fibers such as aluminium fibers, synthetic fibers such as Kevlar, mixtures of the above-described fibers, and minerals such as talc, silica, silicon carbide, zirconia, and alumina. The amount of reinforcement fibers or minerals may constitute 10% (w/w) to 80% (w/w) of the final composition. In one embodiment, the splint  20  is made from carbon-fiber reinforced plastic with a minimal tensile strength of about 30 Ksi. 
         [0033]    In a preferred embodiment, the splint  20  is made from PPS reinforced with 40-60% of carbon fiber. 
         [0034]    In another preferred embodiment, the splint  20  is made from PEEK reinforced with 30-50% of carbon fiber. 
         [0035]    In another preferred embodiment, the splint  20  is made from PEEK reinforced with 30-50% of carbon fiber. 
         [0036]    In yet another preferred embodiment, the splint  20  is made from epoxy reinforced with 30-60% of carbon fiber. 
         [0037]    In another embodiment, the splint  20  is made of a ceramic material, such as alumina, zirconia, or silicon carbide. 
         [0038]    In another embodiment, the splint  20  is made of a lightweight metal or alloy. Examples of lightweight metal and alloy include, but are not limited to, titanium, aluminum and nickel. Examples of alloys include, but are not limited to alloys of titanium, aluminum, zirconium, tantalum, or niobium. 
         [0039]    In another embodiment, the splint  20  is made of steel or steel alloys. 
         [0040]    The bone fracture-setting pins  36 ,  38 ,  40 ,  42 ,  44  are also made of a high strength material. Examples of such material include, but are not limited to, surgical grade steel, titanium, and titanium alloys. In one embodiment, the pins are standard 1.6 mm Kirschner wires (K wires). 
         [0041]    As shown in  FIG. 2 , upon completing the appropriate positioning of the external fixation device  16  and the arrangement  18  of the pins. The pins are locked in the holes of the splint  20 . The positioning spacers  48  are removed by simply sliding off the mating guideways or slots on the base portions  22  and  24 . The external arm area about the entire fracture site may be suitably bandaged, as is well known in the medical technology. 
         [0042]      FIGS. 3-9  show embodiments of the external fixation device  16  with more details.  FIGS. 4-7  show an embodiment of the distal base portion  22  with three angled holes  26 ,  28 ,  30  to receive pins  36 ,  38  and  40 , respectively. In this instance, the three holes extending downwardly therethrough at angles of within a range of 30 degree to 60 degree from the vertical. The holes  26 ,  28 ,  30  arc each differently angled so that pins  36 ,  38  and  40  pass through the fracture site  14  at intersecting or crossing relationships. As shown in  FIG. 3 . the holes  26 ,  28 ,  30  are also angled so that pins  36 ,  38  and  40  are directed downwardly towards pins  42 ,  44 , which are angled in the opposite inward orientation from the proximal base portion  24  so as to intersect pins  36 ,  38 ,  40  when extending through the bone in the fracture site  14 . 
         [0043]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , the pins  42  and  44  also subtend angles within the range of 25 degrees to 60 degrees from the vertical, and form an intersecting cross-over pattern with each other and pins  36 ,  38  and  40  upon insertion through the fracture site  14 . In one embodiment, pins  36 ,  38 , and  40  are placed with vertical angles (i.e., the angle formed between the downward pin and the downward vertical line) of about 40, 41, and 50 degrees, respectively. Fins  42  and  44  are angled towards pins  36 ,  38 ,  40  with vertical angles of 35 and 40 degrees, respectively. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that these angles are exemplary only and that the fixation device  16  may have pin holes formed therethrough at various other orientations. Moreover, the number of pin holes and pins can also be modified as needed. 
         [0044]    As shown in  FIGS. 4-9 , the distal base portion  22  also has a raised portion  50  on an upper surface. The raised portion  50  contains a screw-threaded aperture  51  for receiving a set screw  52  that is adapted to engage with a groove  54  of the proximal base portion  24  and to be locked thereto when the base portions  22  and  24  are in slidable engagement through the sides of the groove  54  on the proximate base portion  24  and the contacting lips  56  on the distal base portion  22 . 
         [0045]    The elongated base portions  22  and  24  both include transverse side apertures  60  for elements (not shown) for locking the pins into position in the base portions  22  and  24  upon the insertion of the pins into the bone of the patient, so as to prevent movement between the splint  20  and the pins. 
         [0046]    The lower end portion of each base portion  22  and  24  may be provided with side slots  62  extending along partially the length of each lower side edge so that positioning spacers  48  can be slid thereon to facilitate positioning of the external fixation device. The positioning spacers  48  can be easily pulled off when the device is in its final deployed position. 
         [0047]    In one embodiment, the positioning spacers  48  are essentially U-shaped members with slits  68  on opposite internal sides to engage with projections  70  below the side slots  62 . In another embodiment, the positioning spacers  48  comprise a plastic material. 
         [0048]    In sum, the external fixation device  16  facilitates the stabilization of open and/or unstable fractures of the distal radius, where soft tissue injury may preclude the use of alternative fracture management such as pinning, casting, and any other type of external fixation. The external fixation device  16  immobilizes the fractured distal radius without panning the wrist joint, thus allowing early wrist mobilization and avoiding ligamentotaxis. The external fixation device  16  reliably maintains fractures reduction, allows early wrist range of motion, and promotes fracture healing through direct fixation of the fracture. 
         [0049]    The external fixation device of the present invention offer several advantages over other non-bridging fixators. First, to minimize motion of bone fragments and prevent articular step-off or deformity, it is important to achieve three-dimensional stability of all major fragments. The external fixation device of the present invention, with multiple small diameter K-wires crossing each other at different angles, greatly enhances the stability of bone fragments. 
         [0050]    Moreover, traditional bridging and nonbridging external fixators typically use pins that are placed perpendicular to the ling axis of the bone. This configuration unloads the fracture. In contrast, the pins in the external fixation device of the present invention are more longitudinally oriented and do not unload the fracture. 
         [0051]    In addition, the external fixation device of the present invention uses small diameter bone pins that flex when the construct is loaded and allow lead sharing across the fracture fragments, therefore facilitate callus formation and reduce the risk of nonunion. Also, the cross positioning of bone pins fixes the larger fracture fragments while buttressing the smaller fragments, helping to maintain joint congruency. The cross pin configuration works similar to reinforced concrete and the splint acts like a pillar giving rigidity to the whole device. 
         [0052]    Finally, the external fixation device of the present invention is light weight. Despite its unilateral frame, it achieves three-dimensional stability through the multiplanar bone pin configuration. 
         [0053]    The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application, as well as the Figures and Tables are incorporated herein by reference. 
       EXAMPLES 
       [0054]    Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures (DRF) with the Cross-Pin Fixation (CPX) System. 
       Patient Selection and Monitoring 
       [0055]    Forty-nine patients with 51 DRFs were evaluated. Among these patients, 14 patients, including 7 minors and 7 adults (AO Classification: 4, A2.1; 2, B1.1; and 1, C1.1), were treated conservatively with casting. The remaining 35 skeletally mature patients with 37 displaced extra-articular or non-displaced or displaced intra-articular DRF were treated with closed reduction and application of the CPX System. During the study, 14 patients were excluded. Among them, 12 patients were excluded for lack of either clinical and/or radiologic evaluation ≧2 months, one patient was excluded for noncompliant in the early postoperative period, and another patient was excluded because his conditions necessitated the use of synthetic bone graft. 
         [0056]    The remaining 21 patients are included in the study. The patients include 13 females, 8 males and a mean age of 54 years (age range, 27 to 87 years, see also Table 1). The fractures include 12 dominant, 7 non-dominant, and 2 mixed dominant sided injuries (see also Table 2). Mechanism of injury included 18 falls, 1 motor vehicle accident, and 2 other acute traumatic injuries. Twenty fractures were previously treated in the emergency room. Of these, six were splinted without reduction and 14 had attempted reductions. One patient was first treated at the study site. Initial consult revealed that 9 of the reduced fractures had displaced, 4 had unsatisfactory reductions, and 8 patients presented with displaced DRF. All patients consented to CRIF with Non-bridging External Fixation (the CPX System)/Possible ORIF. These patients fully understood that if the fracture was not reasonably reduced they would undergo ORIF. 
         [0057]    The first four patients were reviewed retrospectively for the early postoperative period. When an established protocol was in place, these patients joined an otherwise prospective study. The protocol included demographics, radiographic measurements, range of motion (ROM), grip and pinch strengths, as well as scores from The Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) (MacDermid J C, et al.,  J Hand Ther  2004; 17(1):18-23) and Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) (Beaton D E, et al.,  J Hand Ther  2001; 14(2):128-146) which were recorded on individual client file forms using unique assigned client numbers. 
         [0058]    The AO Classification was used to categorize fractures (Müller M E. Classification of Fractures. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987:106-115; Müller M E (ed):  Foundation, 1995:1-24; Kreder H J, et al.,  J Bone Joint Surg Br  1996; 78(5):726-731). Additional fractures included 10 ulna styloid, 1 comminuted distal ulna, and 1 displaced radial head fracture. Joint congruency of simple and complex intra-articular fractures were assessed by measuring step and gap displacement pre and postoperatively and on final x-ray examination to the nearest 0.1 mm using a ×10 magnifying loupe with an incorporated millimeter scale (B &amp; H Specialties, Syracuse, N.Y.) (Cole R. J et al.,  J Hand Surg,  1997; 22(5):792-800); Kreder H J, et al.,  J Hand Surg,  1996; 21(1):31-39). 
         [0059]    Radiographic measurements were performed by an independent radiologist using Digimizer image analysis software, version 3.4.1 (MedCalc Software, Belgium). An independent x-ray technician digitized the pre-op, initial post-op and final radiographs, and copied them in their respective groups on separate CD&#39;s. The radiographs were not viewed side by side. The radiologist, blinded to the demographics of the study population was given one group at a time to measure and record RI, RH, PT, and UV. 
         [0060]    All surgical procedures were performed by the investigating physician at an out patient ambulatory facility. All patients provided authorization to participate in this study. There were no conversions to ORIF. For removal of hardware, patients were given the choice of undergoing removal either in the office or at an ambulatory facility. This study was not submitted to an Institution Review Board. 
       Surgical Technique 
       [0061]    The CPX device ( FIG. 14 ) is made of aluminum and is light-weight (41 grams, with the pins). It consists of a two-part sliding bar  1410  with two screws  1420  to adjust the length (11.5 to 14.5 cm). At either end of the sliding bar  1410  are two heads  1430  and  1440 , each with three adjustable K-wire fixators  1450 . Each of the K-wire fixators  1450  has a K-wire guide hole  1452 , an angle locking screw  1454  that controls the angle of insertion of the K-wire (not shown). Skin spacers  1460  are attached to the heads  1430  and  1440  to maintain the proper distance between the sliding bar  1410  and the forearm during the assembly of the CPX device. The skin spacers  1460  are removed once the CPX device is assembled and fixated. From a technical standpoint, the device allows 10 degrees of rotation of the K-wire around the center insertion point. All the screws of the CPX device are loosened prior to reduction of the fracture. 
         [0062]    Surgery was performed under either regional IV block (4 patients) or axillary block (17 patients) under fluoroscopic control. The fractures were reduced by using the classical maneuver; palmar flexion and ulnar deviation (MacDermid 3C, et al.,  BMC Musculoskelet Disord,  2003; 31; 4:24) or by applying longitudinal traction with finger traps. After confirmation of reduction using a FlouroScan in the AP and lateral planes, a small stab wound was made near the radial styloid between the first and second dorsal compartments. A clamp was used to spread the soft tissues and a tissue protector was introduced into the incision and held against the bone at a 40 to 45° angle. All K-wires were smooth 1.6 mm. The first K-wire was then driven obliquely across the fracture site. While driving this K-wire, dorsal pressure was applied on the distal fragment to maintain PT while the wrist is held in ulnar deviation to maintain RI. The K-wire should exit the proximal fragment (radial shaft) in a mid-lateral plane. The first K-wire was then placed through the distal most K-wire fixator in the device. 
         [0063]    The CPX device was then aligned with the distal forearm in the mid-lateral plane. A second K-wire, also using a tissue protector, was then inserted through the proximal K-wire fixator, aiming at the lunate fossa. A small stab wound was made and a clamp was used to spread the soft tissues to facilitate the introduction of the tissue protector. The K-wire angle of insertion can be varied ±10 degrees on-center to achieve the desired position. The remaining K-wires were then introduced in a similar manner using a minimum of 2 distally and 2 proximally ( FIG. 15 ). Intra-articular displaced fractures did not require fragment-specific fixation as the percutaneous pinning and cross-pin fixation of the fractures with the CPX device maintained reduction. 
         [0064]    After surgery, patients were placed in soft dressings with a short arm volar splint and instructed to perform active finger range of motion (ROM). Patients were initially seen post-operatively for (1) removal of the surgical dressing, (2) radiographic evaluation, (3) pin site care, (4) assessment and reinforcement of active finger ROM, and (5) fabrication of a custom wrist/forearm orthosis by the investigating Occupational Therapist (OT). Occupational therapy, three times per week, commenced immediately thereafter to initiate additional active finger ROM, wrist and forearm active range of motion (AROM), a formal home exercise program, and resumption of usual activities. Patients were instructed to remove the splint six times each day to perform their home exercise program. Pin care management was rendered during office visits by applying hibiclens-soaked gauze wraps to the pin sites. 
       Assessment Parameters 
       [0065]    Radiographs were taken at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 weeks, 6 months, 1 year or longer post-surgery to assess radiological parameters of RI, RH, PT, and UV. Posterior-anterior (PA) views were performed with the forearm in pronation and lateral views with the forearm in neutral position. The CPX device and K-wires were removed once bone healing was verified by radiographic observation of trabecular bridging across the fracture site and obliteration of distinct fracture lines. From the initial to final post-op radiographic examination, maintenance of fracture reduction was defined as a loss of less than 5° RI, less than 2 mm RH, less than 10° PT (Knirk J L, et al.,  J Bone Joint Surg,  1986; 68(5):647-659; McQueen M, et al.,  J Bone Joint Surg,  1988; 70B: 649-651) or an increase in ulnar variance greater than 1.5 mm. 
         [0066]    At designated intervals, the OT recorded goniometric wrist measurements in flexion, extension, pronation, supination, and radial and ulnar deviation as well as, grip and pinch strengths using the Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument Company, Lafayette, Ind.) and the Baseline hydraulic pinch gauge (FEL Irvington, N.Y.). These values were recorded on custom designed occupational therapy forms. The findings were compared with the contra-lateral side. Scar assessment for height (flat, hypertrophic or keloid) and mobility (mobile, adhesion: minimum, moderate or severe) were also recorded on the forms. Wrist rehab was determined by calculating the number of days from each patient&#39;s surgery to their initial therapy evaluation. 
         [0067]    Patients completed the initial self-administered PRWHE (MacDermid J C, et al.,  J Orthop Trauma,  1998; 12(8):577-586; MacDermid J C, et al.,  J Hand Surg,  2000; 25(2):330-340) and the DASH (Solway S, et al.,  Institute for Work and Health,  2002:1-22) instruments during their initial therapy evaluation. The PRWHE was obtained at 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 6 months, and again at 1 year and/or final evaluation. Early in the study, a follow-up DASH was obtained at 3 and 6 months and one year. Later, an 8-week and then a 4-week DASH were added. These instruments provided outcome measurements of physical function, symptoms (pain), disability, appearance, and return to usual activities. 
         [0068]    Descriptive measurements (mean (standard deviation (SD)); median (range) were used to tabulate the pre- and post-surgical parameters of radiologic measurements, grip and pinch strength, AROM, DASH, and PRWHE scores. Data was not available for all patients at all time points. The percentages shown are the results for the number of available patients in each parameter and time point. Comparisons between injured and non-injured hands/wrists serve as controls for each patient&#39;s individual post-operative outcome. Data was collected at baseline (initial post-operative evaluation with the OT); 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks; 6 months; and 1 year or more post-surgery. 
         [0069]    Table 1 reports demographic, clinical and outcome characteristics of the study population. Mean follow-up was 20 months (range, 12 to 36 m) Table 2 shows the AO classification of the distal radius fractures. All fractures were reduced by closed reduction with no conversions to open. Patients were seen a mean of 6 days (range, 3 to 12 d) post surgery for radiographs and application of a removable custom orthosis. Table 3 shows normal radiographic parameters and longitudinal radiographic measurements of the study population (Fernandez D L, et al., Springer-Verlag, 2002:58-60; Azegami S., 2008).Preoperatively the mean, intra-articular step was 0.5 mm (SD 0.7) and the gap was 1.2 mm (SD 1.1). On final evaluation there were no step-offs, the mean gap was 0.2 mm (SD 0.4). 
         [0070]    Preoperative mean radiographic measurements were RI 20.9±5.4°, RH 8.5±4.4 mm, PT −2.7±13.7°, and UV 2.2±2.9 mm. At the initial post-op visit, mean radiographic results were RI 24.9±3.3°, RH 10.9±2.6 mm, PT 5.4±4.1°, and UV 0.6±2.2 mm. Three patients (#5, 6, and 16) were not fully restored; lacking RH or PT. Final mean measurements revealed RI 25±3.6°, RH 11±2.47 mm, PT 5.1±4.1° and U′V 0.8±2 mm. UV was greater than 2 mm in 6 patients and greater than −2 mm in 2 patients. Comparison of the initial post-op radiographic measurements to final revealed no loss of reduction (Table 3). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Clinical and Outcome Characteristics of Study Population 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 No.* Pins 
                 Othosis 
               
               
                   
                 Sex, Age 
                 Injured Side, 
                 AO 
                 Associated 
                   
                 Distal/ 
                 Applied 
               
               
                 Pt* No.* 
                 y* 
                 Dominance 
                 Class* 
                 Injuries 
                 Prior Rx* 
                 Proximal 
                 (d)* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 F, 56 
                 L, ND 
                 C2.2 
                 None 
                 ACR*, SAC* 
                 3/2 
                 6 
               
               
                 2 
                 F, 38 
                 R, D 
                 C2.1 
                 None 
                 ACR*, S-TS* 
                 3/2 
                 6 
               
               
                 3 
                 M, 36 
                 L, ND 
                 C3.1 
                 None 
                 ACR*, S-TS* 
                 4/2 
                 5 
               
               
                 4 
                 M, 54 
                 R, D 
                 B3.1 
                 None 
                 ACR*, S-TS* 
                 3/2 
                 6 
               
               
                 5 
                 F, 68 
                 R, D 
                 C1.1 
                 None 
                 ACR*, SAC* 
                 4/2 
                 3 
               
               
                 6 
                 F, 55 
                 L, D 
                 C1.1 
                 None 
                 ACR*, S-TS* 
                 3/2 
                 7 
               
               
                 7 
                 M, 45 
                 R, D 
                 B2.2 
                 Neck and 
                 Cast 
                 3/2 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Shoulder 
               
               
                 8 
                 F, 71 
                 R, D 
                 C1.1 
                 None 
                 Splint 
                 2/2 
                 8 
               
               
                 9 
                 M, 87 
                 L, M 
                 C1.1 
                 Fracture: Ulna 
                 ACR*, SAC* 
                 3/2 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Shaft, Elbow 
               
               
                 10 
                 F, 57 
                 L, D 
                 A2.2 
                 None 
                 Splint 
                 3/2 
                 8 
               
               
                 11 
                 F, 56 
                 L, D 
                 A2.2 
                 None 
                 ACR* S-TS* 
                 3/2 
                 8 
               
               
                 12 
                 F, 55 
                 R, D 
                 B3.3 
                 None 
                 ACR*, SAC* 
                 3/2 
                 8 
               
               
                 13 
                 M, 33 
                 L, M 
                 C2.1 
                 Multiple Trauma 
                 ACR*, S-TS* 
                 3/2 
                 5 
               
               
                 14 
                 F, 29 
                 L, ND 
                 C2.2 
                 None 
                 Splint 
                 2/2 
                 6 
               
               
                 15 
                 M, 55 
                 L, ND 
                 C3.1 
                 None 
                 ACR*, S-TS* 
                 2/2 
                 6 
               
               
                 16 
                 F, 65 
                 R, D 
                 C2.1 
                 None 
                 ACR*, S-TS* 
                 2/2 
                 6 
               
               
                 17 
                 M, 27 
                 L, D 
                 C3.1 
                 None 
                 SAC* 
                 2/2 
                 6 
               
               
                 18 
                 F, 72 
                 R, ND 
                 C1.1 
                 None 
                 Splint 
                 2/2 
                 4 
               
               
                 19 
                 F, 48 
                 L, ND 
                 C1.1 
                 None 
                 None 
                 2/2 
                 3 
               
               
                 20 
                 M, 63 
                 L, ND 
                 C1.1 
                 None 
                 ACR*, S-TS* 
                 2/2 
                 5 
               
               
                 21 
                 M, 54 
                 R, D 
                 A2.2 
                 None 
                 ACR*, SAC 
                 2/2 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Wrist Rehab 
                 HW* 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Grip Strength 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Began 
                 d/c* 
                 Complications 
                 Final FU* 
                   
                   
                 of Un Rx* 
               
               
                   
                 Pt* No.* 
                 (d)* 
                 (d)* 
                 (r)* 
                 (m)* 
                 PRWHE* 
                 DASH* 
                 (%)* 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 13 
                 44 
                   
                 36 
                 6.5 
                 2.5 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 10 
                 45 
                   
                 16 
                 25 
                 5 
                 108 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 9 
                 40 
                   
                 25 
                 0 
                 0 
                 109 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 7 
                 61 
                   
                 33 
                 4.5 
                 3.3 
                 109 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 4 
                 45 
                 DSBRN* 
                 31 
                 0 
                 0 
                 90 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 14 
                 48 
                   
                 29 
                 1 
                 0 
                 92 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 8 
                 40 
                 CRPS* (r) 
                 26 
                 5.5 
                 6.7 
                 109 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 12 
                 44 
                   
                 22 
                 1.5 
                 6.7 
                 102 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 15 
                 44 
                   
                 22 
                 0 
                 3.3 
                 70 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 9 
                 43 
                   
                 21 
                 8 
                 10 
                 112 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 15 
                 47 
                   
                 21 
                 1 
                 0 
                 102 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 16 
                 43 
                   
                 18 
                 31.5 
                 22 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 13 
                 54 
                 CTS* (r)* s/p* 
                 17 
                 43 
                 28 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 ECTR* Wrist 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 stiffness Rx* 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 manipulation 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 12 
                 47 
                   
                 12 
                 8.5 
                 4.2 
                 84 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 9 
                 41 
                   
                 14 
                 7 
                 4.2 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 7 
                 45 
                   
                 12 
                 1.5 
                 7.5 
                 131 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 10 
                 45 
                   
                 12 
                 1 
                 2.5 
                 83 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 7 
                 39 
                   
                 12 
                 0 
                 2.5 
                 110 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 12 
                 46 
                   
                 12 
                 7.5 
                 10 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 9 
                 48 
                   
                 12 
                 32 
                 26 
                 55 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 8 
                 43 
                   
                 12 
                 0 
                 0 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *Pt., patient; *No., number; *y, year; Class., classification; *Rx., treatment; *d, days; *HW, hardware, (removed); *d/c. discontinued; *r, resolved; *FU, Followup; *m, mouth; *PRWHE, Patient rated wrist hand evaluation; *DASH, disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hands; *un Rx, unaffected side; *%, percentage; ACR, attempted dosed reduction; *SAC, short arm cast; *S-TS, sugar-tong splint; *DSBRN, dorsal sensory branch radial nerve; *CRPS, complex regional pain syndrome; *CTS, carpal tunnel syndrome; *s/p, status post; *ECTR, endoscopic carpal tunnel release 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Distribution of Distal Radius Fractures According to AO Classification 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fracture Type 
                 Type 
                 No. a   
                 Percent b   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 A - Extra-articular 
                 A2.2 
                 3 
                 14.0 
               
               
                   
                 B - Simple articular 
                 B2.2 
                 1 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B3.1 
                 1 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B3.3 
                 1 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 C - Complex articular 
                 C1.1 
                 7 
                 33.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 C2.1 
                 3 
                 14.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 C2.2 
                 2 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 C3.1 
                 3 
                 14.0 
               
               
                   
                 Total DRF 
                   
                 21 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   a No., number of fractures treated per classification. 
               
               
                   
                   b Percent, percentage of each DRF classification treated. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Radiographical Measurements a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Pre-op 
                 Initial Post-Op Visit 
                 Final Evaluation 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Pt. No. 
                 RI b   
                 RH c   
                 PT b   
                 Uv c   
                 Step c   
                 Gap c   
                 RI b   
                 RH c   
                 PT b   
                 UV c   
                 Step c   
                 Gap c   
                 RI b   
                 RH c   
                 PT b   
                 UV c   
                 Step c   
                 Gap c   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 21 
                 3.1 
                 −31 
                 5.6 
                 0 
                 2.5 
                 25.5 
                 11.5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.7 
                 26.6 
                 12.8 
                 0.8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 2 
                 8.7 
                 0 
                 −38 
                 4 
                 0 
                 0.5 
                 20.3 
                 11.1 
                 7.8 
                 −2.4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 20.1 
                 10.6 
                 7.4 
                 −2 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 3 
                 21.2 
                 10.6 
                 4.3 
                 3.6 
                 1.6 
                 2 
                 23.9 
                 12.3 
                 1.1 
                 1.1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 13.3 
                 11.9 
                 0.7 
                 1.6 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 4 
                 26.2 
                 13.4 
                 5.5 
                 0.8 
                 1.7 
                 0.8 
                 27.2 
                 14.1 
                 13 
                 −1.1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 16.3 
                 13.5 
                 11.9 
                 −1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 5 
                 17.8 
                 4.1 
                 −20.6 
                 3.7 
                 0 
                 0.6 
                 26.4 
                 7.5 
                 −3 
                 2.3 
                 0 
                 0.6 
                 27 
                 8.3 
                 −3.7 
                 2.1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 6 
                 18.7 
                 4.3 
                 9 
                 5.3 
                 0 
                 1 
                 22.1 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 20.8 
                 4.4 
                 4.4 
                 3.3 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 7 
                 24.8 
                 13 
                 0 
                 −3 
                 0.2 
                 0.3 
                 26.4 
                 13.3 
                 9.4 
                 −3.3 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 25.9 
                 13.9 
                 9.3 
                 −2.8 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 8 
                 24.9 
                 12.3 
                 −10.8 
                 3.1 
                 0 
                 2 
                 27.3 
                 13.2 
                 7.1 
                 3 
                 0 
                 1 
                 27.5 
                 13 
                 7.4 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 9 
                 25.9 
                 12.1 
                 2.9 
                 4.5 
                 0 
                 1.6 
                 26.7 
                 13.6 
                 9.4 
                 2.4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 28.8 
                 13.7 
                 9.6 
                 2.1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 10 
                 20.2 
                 11 
                 13.5 
                 −2.1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 24.2 
                 13.3 
                 1.9 
                 −2.5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 22.8 
                 13.4 
                 1.7 
                 −1.8 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 11 
                 27 
                 12 
                 3.3 
                 1.6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 29.3 
                 13.3 
                 7.4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 28.4 
                 13 
                 7.1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 12 
                 14 
                 0 
                 −4.5 
                 0 
                 1 
                 3 
                 20.3 
                 11 
                 5.4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 25 
                 10.7 
                 4.4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 13 
                 22.2 
                 13.4 
                 0 
                 1.7 
                 14 
                 1.7 
                 23.2 
                 10.3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 23.3 
                 11.1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 14 
                 18 
                 4.9 
                 3.7 
                 1.9 
                 0 
                 1 
                 26.1 
                 10.3 
                 9.5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 25.9 
                 9.8 
                 9.4 
                 1.4 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 15 
                 18.2 
                 4.2 
                 −4.6 
                 5.6 
                 2 
                 3.5 
                 24.7 
                 9.3 
                 5 
                 2 
                 0 
                 2 
                 23.2 
                 9.7 
                 4.1 
                 1.9 
                 0 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 16 
                 23.1 
                 6.3 
                 11 
                 6.3 
                 0.5 
                 2 
                 26.2 
                 6.9 
                 9.3 
                 3.9 
                 0 
                 0 
                 27.5 
                 6.8 
                 10.3 
                 4.4 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 17 
                 9.9 
                 11.7 
                 2.9 
                 −4.8 
                 1.6 
                 2.4 
                 15.8 
                 11 
                 0 
                 −2.6 
                 0.8 
                 0 
                 14.6 
                 10.6 
                 0 
                 −2.8 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 18 
                 30.2 
                 10.4 
                 −5 
                 2.5 
                 0 
                 0.2 
                 28.7 
                 10 
                 4.7 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0.2 
                 30 
                 10.56 
                 3.6 
                 1.8 
                 0 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 19 
                 25 
                 10.9 
                 −12 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 27.4 
                 10.9 
                 8 
                 0.8 
                 0 
                 1.5 
                 26.2 
                 10.3 
                 6.7 
                 1.3 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 20 
                 21.2 
                 9.3 
                 3 
                 3 
                 0 
                 1 
                 22.2 
                 8.6 
                 7.4 
                 2.8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 22.5 
                 8.8 
                 8 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 21 
                 21.6 
                 10.9 
                 10.1 
                 2.3 
                   
                 0 
                 28.7 
                 14.1 
                 5.6 
                 0.9 
                 0 
                 0 
                 29 
                 13.1 
                 4.8 
                 0.4 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 mean 
                 20.9 
                 8.5 
                 −2.7 
                 2.2 
                 0.5 
                 1.2 
                 24.9 
                 10.9 
                 5.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.05 
                 0.3 
                 25 
                 11 
                 5.1 
                 0.8 
                 0 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 SD 
                 5.4 
                 4.4 
                 13.4 
                 2.9 
                 0.7 
                 1.1 
                 3.3 
                 2.6 
                 4.1 
                 2.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.6 
                 3.6 
                 2.47 
                 4.1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0.4 
               
               
                 median 
                 21.2 
                 10.6 
                 2.9 
                 2.5 
                 0 
                 1 
                 26.1 
                 11 
                 5.6 
                 0.8 
                 0 
                 0.6 
                 25.9 
                 10.7 
                 4.8 
                 1.3 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 min 
                 8.7 
                 0 
                 −38 
                 −4.8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 15.8 
                 4.2 
                 −3 
                 −3.3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 14.6 
                 4.4 
                 −3.7 
                 −2.8 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 max 
                 30.2 
                 13.4 
                 13.5 
                 6.3 
                 2 
                 3.5 
                 29.3 
                 14.1 
                 13 
                 4.4 
                 0.8 
                 0 
                 30 
                 13.9 
                 11.9 
                 4.4 
                 0 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Pt., patient; No., number; RI, radial inclination; RH, radial height; PT, palmar tilt; UV, ulnar variance. 
               
               
                   a normal radiogical measurements (56-65): RI 22-23° (range, 13 to 30), RH 11-12 mm (range, 8 to 18), PT 11-12° (range, 0 to 20) and UV 0 mm (range, −2 to 2) 
               
               
                   b measured in degrees 
               
               
                   c measured in millimeters 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0071]    All fractures healed with removal of the CPX device and K-wires at an average of 45 days (range, 39 to 61 days) postoperatively. One patient had removal of hardware in the office, the remaining patients elected to return to the ambulatory facility for removal of hardware under sedation. With this second procedure, there were no complications. 
         [0072]    Table 4 shows the final PRWHE subscale for Appearance of the wrist/hand on a scale of zero to 10, with zero being no dissatisfaction and 10 being complete dissatisfaction. Fourteen patients (67%) expressed no dissatisfaction. The remaining 7 patients (33%) expressed dissatisfaction to a value no greater than 3. Final OT evaluation of scar height revealed all proximal and distal scars were flat. Evaluation for scar mobility revealed 38 were mobile with 1 proximal and 3 distal having mild adhesions. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Patient Rated Wrist Hand Evaluation-Appearance a   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Client Number 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
                 16 
                 17 
                 18 
                 19 
                 20 
                 21 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Dissatisfaction 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 with 
               
               
                 Appearance b   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Patients rated their dissatisfaction with the appearance of the wrist/hand on a scale of 0 to 10. 
               
               
                   b Dissatisfaction: “Rate how dissatisfied you were with the appearance of your wrist/hand during the past week.” 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Progressive AROM a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Dorsiflexion 
                 Volarflexion 
                 Pronation 
                 Supination 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Visit 
                 N b   
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Median (Range) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Median (Range) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Median (Range) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Median (Range) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IE c   
                 21 
                 22 (15) 
                  28 (−18 to 39) 
                 24 (6) 
                 24 (8 to 36)  
                  69 (11) 
                 68 (42 to 86) 
                 21 (25) 
                  22 (−24 to 66) 
               
               
                 4 w 
                 20 
                 36 (13) 
                 35 (0 to 62)  
                 29 (7) 
                 28 (16 to 42) 
                  75 (10) 
                 77 (52 to 88) 
                 44 (25) 
                  48 (−20 to 78) 
               
               
                 8 w 
                 19 
                 46 (12) 
                 46 (22 to 67) 
                  40 (11) 
                 38 (20 to 70) 
                 80 (9) 
                 82 (58 to 90) 
                 62 (17) 
                 66 (20 to 82) 
               
               
                 12 w  
                 19 
                 54 (11) 
                 56 (38 to 72) 
                  49 (11) 
                 50 (34 to 80) 
                 83 (7) 
                 86 (60 to 90) 
                 70 (14) 
                 74 (40 to 86) 
               
               
                 6 m 
                 17 
                 63 (11) 
                 60 (40 to 78) 
                  58 (11) 
                 56 (42 to 86) 
                 86 (4) 
                 86 (76 to 90) 
                 79 (8)  
                 80 (66 to 90) 
               
               
                 1 y 
                 21 
                 69 (11) 
                 71 (44 to 89) 
                 64 (8) 
                 64 (50 to 86) 
                 89 (2) 
                 90 (84 to 90) 
                 84 (8)  
                 90 (60 to 93) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a AROM, active range of motion, measured in degrees; 
               
               
                   b n, number of patients and fractures; 
               
               
                   c IE, Initial post-op evaluation 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0073]    Formal wrist rehabilitation/mobilization began a mean of 10 days (range, 3 to 16 days) after surgery. AROM measurements by the OT revealed that the injured wrists had an initial mean dorsiflexion (DF) of 22° (29%) as compared with the uninjured wrists mean of 70°. Similarly, initial visit volar flexion (VF) of the injured wrists was 24° (34%) as compared with the uninjured wrists mean of 70° (Table 5). Both DF and VF values improved as did the abilities to pronate and supinate. In regards to AROM measurements at final evaluation, the injured side&#39;s mean scores were DF 70° (SD 11,), VF 65° (SD 8), pronation 89° (SD 2), and supination 84° (SD 8). Comparison of the injured to non-injured side in percentage achieved is as follows: DF 99%, VF 92%, pronation 103%, and supination 103% ( FIG. 16 ). 
         [0074]    Mean grip and lateral pinch strengths increased postoperatively relative to the uninjured hand. At 6 months, 76% of grip and 88% of pinch strength recovered, improving to 86% and 94% respectively at final evaluation (Table 6). Postoperatively, the overall mean PRWHE scores were 70 at baseline, improving to 33 at 12 weeks, and 9 at final evaluation ( FIG. 17A ). Within the PRWHE, the usual activities subscale (Table 7) reporting subjective difficulty in performing personal care, household work, work, and recreation revealed an overall mean subscale score of 28 (range, 4 to 40)&#39;at baseline, improving to a mean 18 (range, 0 to 39) at six weeks. The pain subscale (Table 8) reporting on four items rating disability in reference to pain as well as pain frequency revealed an overall mean subscale score of 23 (range, 2 to 49) at baseline, improving to 16 (range, 0 to 40) at six weeks. Prior to hardware removal at six weeks post surgery, mean subjective outcome of the PRWHE revealed mild pain with mild to moderate difficulty in performing usual activities with the injured hand. 
         [0075]    The DASH revealed that the patients had a decrease in disability and symptoms as well as an improvement in functional ability (MDC 95 ) when comparing baseline scores to those at 4 and 12 weeks, and again at one year ( FIG. 17B ). A similar functional improvement (MDC 95 ) was noted when comparing the baseline score to those at 8 weeks and 6 months. 
         [0076]    One patient exhibited altered sensibility in superficial radial nerve distribution and was treated with desensitization and Gabapentin. The symptoms resolved to transient mild superficial radial nerve sensitivity without functional compromise. There were three patients with a protracted recovery. One patient, who had multiple injuries and stiffness of the wrist later developed carpal tunnel syndrome. At one year post-op, the patient underwent endoscopic carpal tunnel release and manipulation of the wrist with improvement. Another patient had associated fractures of the affected upper extremity, and the third patient with multiple injuries was diagnosed with type 1 complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Although the patient had altered sensibility in radial and ulna nerve distribution and related neck and shoulder problems, there was no allodynia or hyperpathia. These symptoms resolved, requiring no formal treatment from a pain management specialist. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Mean Percentage of Strength Achieved Postoperatively 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Grip 
                 Lateral Pinch 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Visit 
                 n a   
                 Injured b   
                 Non-Injured b   
                 Achieved c   
                 Injured b   
                 Non-Injured b   
                 Achieved c   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 8 w 
                 15 
                 22 
                 62 
                 35 
                 9 
                 16 
                 56 
               
               
                 12 w  
                 19 
                 33 
                 61 
                 54 
                 13 
                 17 
                 76 
               
               
                 6 m 
                 17 
                 45 
                 59 
                 76 
                 15 
                 17 
                 88 
               
               
                 FE d   
                 21 
                 54 
                 63 
                 86 
                 16 
                 17 
                 94 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a n, number of patients and fractures; 
               
               
                   b mean strength, measured in pounds; 
               
               
                   c percentage of strength, in relation to the uninjured hand; 
               
               
                   d FE, final evaluation. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Patient Rated Wrist Hand Evaluation - Usual Activities a   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Personal Care 
                 Household Work 
                 Work or Usual Activities 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Visit 
                 n b   
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Median (Range) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Median (Range) 
                 Mean (SD) 
                 Median (Range) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IE c   
                 16 
                 6 (2) 
                  7 (2 to 10) 
                 7 (3) 
                 8 (2 to 10) 
                 8 (3) 
                 10 (2 to 10)  
               
               
                 4 w 
                 20 
                 5 (3) 
                  5 (0 to 10) 
                 6 (3) 
                 8 (1 to 10) 
                 6 (4) 
                 6 (0 to 10) 
               
               
                 6 w 
                 15 
                 4 (3) 
                 3 (0 to 9) 
                 4 (4) 
                 4 (0 to 10) 
                 5 (4) 
                 3 (0 to 10) 
               
               
                 8 w 
                 16 
                 4 (4) 
                  4 (0 to 10) 
                 5 (3) 
                 5 (0 to 10) 
                 5 (4) 
                 5 (0 to 10) 
               
               
                 12 w  
                 15 
                 2 (2) 
                 2 (0 to 5) 
                 3 (2) 
                 3 (0 to 5)  
                 3 (3) 
                 2 (0 to 10) 
               
               
                 6 m 
                 17 
                 0.4 (0.7) 
                 0 (0 to 2) 
                 1 (1) 
                 0 (0 to 3)  
                 2 (3) 
                 0 (0 to 10) 
               
               
                 FE c   
                 21 
                 0.4 (0.9) 
                 0 (0 to 3) 
                 0.4 (0.8) 
                 0 (0 to 3)  
                 1 (2) 
                 0 (0 to 6)  
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Scored “0” no difficulty to “10” so difficult the patient was not able to perform the activity. Qualitative descriptors for the level of difficulty are defined as follows; 9-10 very severe, 7-8 severe, 5-6 moderate, 3-4 mild and, 1-2 minimal., 0 none; 
               
               
                   b n, number of patients and fractures; 
               
               
                   c IE; initial evaluation (mean of 10 days ± 3 d); 
               
               
                   d FE, Final Evaluation; 
               
               
                 w, weeks; m, month; y, year. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Patient Rated Wrist Hand Evaluation - Pain a . 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 When doing a task with 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 repeated wrist/hand 
                   
                 When the pain is at its 
                 Frequency: How often 
               
               
                   
                 Pain at rest 
                 movement 
                 Lifting a heavy object 
                 worst 
                 do you have pain? b   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Mean 
                 Median 
                 Mean 
                 Median 
                 Mean 
                 Median 
                 Mean 
                 Median 
                 Mean 
                 Median 
               
               
                 Visit 
                 N c   
                 (SD) 
                 (Range) 
                 (SD) 
                 (Range) 
                 (SD) 
                 (Range) 
                 (SD) 
                 (Range) 
                 (SD) 
                 (Range) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IE d   
                 16 
                 3 (3) 
                 2 (0 to 9) 
                 6 (4) 
                  8 (0 to 10) 
                 9 (2) 
                 10 (3 to 10)  
                 6 (3) 
                 7 (1 to 10) 
                 4 (3) 
                  3 (1 to 10) 
               
               
                 4 w 
                 20 
                 2 (2) 
                 1 (0 to 6) 
                 5 (3) 
                  4 (0 to 10) 
                 6 (4) 
                 7 (0 to 10) 
                 6 (3) 
                 5 (0 to 10) 
                 4 (3) 
                  3 (1 to 10) 
               
               
                 6 w 
                 15 
                 1 (2) 
                 1 (0 to 5) 
                 5 (3) 
                  5 (0 to 10) 
                 7 (4) 
                 9 (0 to 10) 
                 5 (3) 
                 5 (0 to 10) 
                 2 (2) 
                 2 (0 to 5) 
               
               
                 8 w 
                 16 
                 1 (1) 
                 1 (0 to 3) 
                 4 (2) 
                 3 (1 to 8) 
                 6 (3) 
                 7 (1 to 10) 
                 5 (3) 
                 5 (0 to 9)  
                 2 (2) 
                 2 (0 to 5) 
               
               
                 12 w  
                 15 
                 1 (2) 
                 1 (0 to 6) 
                   3 (2.5) 
                 4 (0 to 9) 
                 4 (3) 
                 5 (0 to 10) 
                 5 (3) 
                 5 (0 to 10) 
                 3 (3) 
                  2 (0 to 10) 
               
               
                 6 m 
                 17 
                 0.6 (1)   
                 0 (0 to 3) 
                 2 (2) 
                 1 (0 to 6) 
                 3 (2) 
                 2 (0 to 8)  
                 3 (3) 
                 2 (0 to 9)  
                 2 (2) 
                 1 (0 to 6) 
               
               
                 FE e   
                 21 
                 0.2 (0.5) 
                 0 (0 to 2) 
                   1 (1.5) 
                 1 (0 to 5) 
                 1 (2) 
                 1 (0 to 7)  
                 2 (2) 
                 1 (0 to 7)  
                 1 (1) 
                 1 (0 to 4) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Patients described their average wrist/hand symptoms over the past week using a scale of 0 to 10. Qualitative descriptors for disability items related to pain are defined as follows; (0) none, (1 to 2) minimal, (3 to 4) mild, (5 to 6) moderate, and (7 to 8) severe or (9 to 10) very severe. If the patient did not perform an activity they estimated the amount of pain or difficulty they would expect. 
               
               
                   b Descriptors for pain frequency scored using a 0-10 scale are as follows: (0) none, (1-2) rarely, (3-4) occasionally, (5-6) frequent, (7-8) and (9-10) constant pain. 
               
               
                   c n, number of patients and fractures; 
               
               
                   d IE, Initial Evaluation; 
               
               
                   e FE, Final Evaluation; 
               
               
                 w, weeks; m, months. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0077]    There were no pin track infections, tendon ruptures, or non-unions. In spite of the number of pins used the scars were minimal. All patients returned to their prior occupation and/or activities.  FIG. 18  is an example of a C2.2 DRF pre-op, post-op and healed. 
         [0078]    The CPX System used in this study differs substantially from other non-bridging fixators. Its unilateral frame uses smooth 1.6 mm K-wires in the mid-lateral plane. The small diameter K-wires are inserted from the radial to the ulna side of the fracture thereby crossing the fracture and each other in different planes. A multiplanar cross-pin configuration is created by using a minimum of two K-wires proximally or distally. For unstable fractures the device allows for additional K-wires. Furthermore, using a mid-lateral approach diminishes the chance of snagging extensor tendons and reduces mobility of the skin around the pins during ROM exercises and usual activities. Further, there were no pin track infections, tendonitis or tendon ruptures. The concern of using pins in the mid-lateral plane is injury to the RSN and therefore potential development of CRPS. Use of the tissue protector and intervention with Gabapentin can minimize these concerns. 
         [0079]    The cross-pin configuration of the CPX System achieves 3-D stability, capturing larger fragments and buttressing the smaller fragments (Rogge R, et al.,  J Hand Surg  2002; 27(1):86-92; Graham T J: In: Saffar P, Cooney W, ed. Fractures of the distal radius. 1 st  ed. London:  Martin Dunitz,  1995:31-32). This was confirmed in this study by the fact that multi-fragment, dorsal and volar shear fractures held without supplemental or fragment specific fixation. Strauss et al (Strauss E J,.  J Trauma  2008; 64(4):975-981) substantiated the stiffness of the CPX System in a biomechanical study comparing the CPX System with a standard volar locking plate on fresh frozen human distal radii with cyclic loading of 10,000 cycles. There was no significant difference in mechanical stiffness between the two. 
         [0080]    Based on radiographic maintenance criteria there was no loss of reduction in the study population. Although some final radiologic measurements were out of range, patients maintained reduction throughout the treatment period with early wrist mobilization and resumption of usual activities. There were no angular collapses, increases in steps and gaps, fixation failures or re-operations and all patients returned to their prior activities or employment. 
         [0081]    The above description is for the purpose of teaching the person of ordinary skill in the art how to practice the present invention, and it is not intended to detail all those obvious modifications and variations of it which will become apparent to the skilled worker upon reading the description. It is intended, however, that all such obvious modifications and variations be included within the scope of the present invention, which is defined by the following claims. The claims are intended to cover the claimed components and steps in any sequence which is effective to meet the objectives there intended, unless the context specifically indicates the contrary.
An external fixation device for the setting and corrective treatment of bone fractures is disclosed. The device comprises a splint member having a first and a second axially slidable and mutually fastenable base portions for adjusting the length of the splint member and a plurality of bone pins. Each of the base portions of the splint member includes mountings for the bone pins to traverse the site of the bone fracture in a multi-angle and multi-planar pin configuration, so as to permit direct fixation of the fracture and provide a significant degree of stability.