CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/018,124, filed May 12, 2002, entitled Pneumatic Conveying which in turn is based upon a PCT application, Application No. PCT/GB00/02158 with an international filing date of Jun. 14, 2000, which in turn is based upon a UK application, Application No. 9913909.9, filed Jun. 16, 1999. Priority benefits are claimed under any or all: 35 U.S.C. §119(a)-(d) or (f) or 365(b) or 365(a) based on said PCT and UK applications. 
     
    
     
       STATEMENT RE FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH  
         [0002]    Not applicable.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0004]    This invention relates to pneumatic conveying and, in particular, to the conveying of materials which are in the form of thick, heavy pastes which are normally difficult to move and handle.  
           [0005]    2. Description of the Related Art  
           [0006]    An example of the sort of material with which this invention is concerned is provided by the oil exploration industry. When oil wells are drilled, the cuttings from the drilling operations are brought up onto the drilling platform. For a large part of the drilling operation, a special type of oil is pumped down to the drilling bits as a lubricant. The oil contaminated material which comes up onto the drilling platform has until recently been dumped into the sea. For environmental reasons, such disposal is no longer permitted and the material now has to be transported to the shore for processing.  
           [0007]    On the drilling rig, the oil contaminated cuttings are screened to remove a high proportion of the oil for re-use on the rig. The cuttings, which are still contaminated with some oil, are transported ashore in the form of a very thick heavy paste. Typically the material is put into special skips of about 10 ton capacity which are loaded by crane from the rig onto supply boats. This is a difficult and dangerous operation in bad weather and is laborious and expensive.  
           [0008]    German Patent Application No. 4010676 describes a device for even, continuous conveying of stiff, solids-containing compositions from a pressure vessel into a pipe- or hose-line wherein, at the outlet of the pressure vessel the material to be conveyed is mixed with the conveying air in a nozzle, while the material to be conveyed is fed evenly to the nozzle by means of a conveying screw. However, such a device suffers from the disadvantage that mechanical agitation is required.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0009]    We have now surprisingly found a novel method and apparatus for transferring thick heavy pastes material (e.g., drill cuttings) which has not been previously possible.  
           [0010]    Accordingly, the present invention is based on surprising discovery that it is possible to transport a material in the form of a thick heavy paste by means of pneumatic conveying from a relatively large vessel. Hitherto, it has been supposed that pneumatic conveying systems were only suitable for relatively free flowing material or conveying of small batches of wet sticky materials.  
           [0011]    Thus, according to the present invention there is provided a method, apparatus and system for conveying a non-free flowing paste comprising loading the paste into a vessel and applying a compressed gas to the vessel to cause the material to flow out of the vessel.  
           [0012]    The non-free flowing paste may be a thick and/or heavy paste or clay like material, e.g. oil rig drill cuttings.  
           [0013]    The vessel is preferably transportable and is a combined storage and pneumatic conveying vessel.  
           [0014]    The compressed gas is preferably compressed air, because it is relatively inexpensive although in certain instances an inert gas may be used, for example, compressed nitrogen.  
           [0015]    The vessel is provided with an inlet and an outlet, such that loading of the vessel is via the inlet. Preferentially the outlet is connected to a conduit which leads to a desired destination of the material.  
           [0016]    In a preferred embodiment the method of the invention also includes the step of transporting the vessel, having at least partially filled it with said material, from its filling station to a discharge station. At the discharge station, compressed air is applied to the interior of the vessel to convey the material out of the vessel to its destination.  
           [0017]    Preferably the vessel includes a conical hopper portion which, at least during discharge of the material, forms the lower section of the vessel. In a further preferred embodiment, the lower conical hopper portion is the outlet end of the vessel.  
           [0018]    Because of the nature of the material being handled in the method of the present invention, there is a tendency for the flow of the material out of the vessel to be less than complete. This is because the type of flow which occurs during discharge is of a form known as core flow or funnel flow. When this type of flow occurs, the material directly above the outlet falls through the outlet, e.g. the outlet valve, so that a falling core of material is created directly above the outlet. However, with sticky materials, the material around this core does not move. As the core falls, a depression occurs in the top surface of the material and the material surrounding that depression falls into the core. In the case of a sticky material there is a tendency for material around the core to remain in the vessel.  
           [0019]    It has been discovered that even for the sort of material with which this invention is concerned, it is possible to change the nature of the flow out of the vessel by altering the cone angle of the lower conical portion of the vessel. If the included cone angle is changed below a certain or critical value, then the flow changes from core flow to so-called mass flow. In the case of mass flow, the material descends as a mass in a uniform way towards the outlet with all the material moving. Accordingly the combination of the use of a vessel designed to achieve mass flow and the application of a compressed gas above the surface of the material is such that it is possible to push the contents of the vessel through the outlet so as fully to empty the vessel.  
           [0020]    It is well known that the critical cone angle will vary depending upon the material being conveyed as such would be well understood by those skilled in the art.  
           [0021]    The pressure used in the vessel in the method may also vary depending upon the nature of the material. However, we have found that a pressure of between  4  and  8  bar is suitable.  
           [0022]    In an embodiment of the present invention the drill cuttings are loaded into a first relatively small vessel capable of being pressurised from which said material is fed under pressure via a pipe to one or more further vessels also capable of being pressurised. Said further vessels may be transported to a position where discharge of material takes place or said further vessels may remain in their original position and the material is discharged from them into yet further vessels which are themselves transported to the destination.  
           [0023]    An apparatus for conveying a material in the form of a thick, heavy paste, may include a vessel capable of being pressurised by compressed gas, the vessel having a material inlet, a material outlet and a pipe connected to the material outlet, means for loading the material into the vessel through the inlet, and gas supply means for supplying compressed gas to the vessel to cause the material to flow out of the vessel via the outlet and along the pipe.  
           [0024]    Conventionally known pressure vessels are expected to withstand a maximum pressure of 2 bar. In a preferred embodiment the apparatus includes a vessel adapted to be pressurised by compressed gas to between 4 and 8 bar. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING  
       [0025]    [0025]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic elevation view showing the operation of a first method in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic plan view of FIG. 1;  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 3 is a digrammatic elevation view showing the operation of a second method in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic plan view of FIG. 3;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 5 is a digrammatic elevation view showing a continuation of the operation of the methods illustrated in FIGS.  1 - 4 ;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 6 is a digrammatic elevation view showing an alternative continuation of the operation of the method of FIG. 3;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 7 shows details of a standard ISO container sized vessel in plan and elevation views which may be used in the methods of the present invention;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 8 shows a partially broken away assembly of two ISO container sized vessels in elevation view;  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 9 shows an oil rig supply boat in elevation and plan views including vessels which may be used in a method of the present invention;  
         [0034]    [0034]FIG. 10 is an alternative embodiment of an oil rig supply boat in elevation and plan views including vessels of use in a method of the present invention. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0035]    Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of examples only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0036]    Referring to FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings, an off shore oil rig  1  has located on its platform  3  a pressure vessel  5  into which is loaded the screened drill cuttings arising from the drilling process. This pressure vessel  5  includes an upper material inlet, a lower conical portion  6  and a lower material outlet as well as means for supplying compressed air to the interior of the vessel, all as described in detail below in relation to similar vessels. The material inlet includes a valve assembly similar to that described in GB-A-1539079 and the entire vessel may be similar to that manufactured and sold by Clyde Materials Handling Limited (Clyde).  
         [0037]    In operation the pneumatic conveying system, including the pressure vessel  5 , follows a cycle of filling and discharging material from the pressure vessel. At the start of the cycle, the material inlet valve (in the Clyde system this valve includes a part spherical closure member) is closed. A vent valve is opened to equalise vessel pressure to ambient air. The inlet valve is opened and the oil cuttings/oil mixture is fed into the pressurised vessel. The vent valve is opened to vent displaced air from the vessel. When the pressurised vessel is full, the inlet valve closes. The vent valve also closes and the vessel is now sealed. An air inlet valve is opened and the material is conveyed in the form of a semi solid slug along pipe  7 .  
         [0038]    As indicated in FIG. 1, pipe  7  extends from a position below pressurised vessel  5  to an elevated position above a container assembly  9 . The assembly  9  comprises three ISO container sized vessels  11  located within a support framework  13 . (In other embodiments, the container assembly may include a number of vessels  11  other than three). The pipe  7  extends above the top of the container assembly  9  and has downwardly extending branches  10  leading into the inlets of each of the containers  11 .  
         [0039]    Each container  11  has a lower conical shaped hopper portion  15  and at the lowermost point of this portion there is a valve outlet  17  whereby the material within the containers  11  may be discharged via a pipe  19  to a connector  21 .  
         [0040]    A supply boat  23 , fitted with a further container assembly  25 , may be brought close to the oil rig  1 . A flexible hose  27  is connected to the pipe  19  at the connector  21 . At its other end the hose  27  is connected to a filling pipe  29  located on the boat  23 . The filling pipe  29  leads from the rear of the boat  23  to a position above the container assembly  25  and branch pipes  26  extend downwardly from the pipe  29  to the inlets of each of the containers  31  forming a part of the container assembly  25 .  
         [0041]    As illustrated in FIG. 2, there may be further pressure vessels such as the vessel  33  for feeding the drill cuttings/oil mixture to the container assembly  9 .  
         [0042]    Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated an arrangement broadly similar to that described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. As is described, the drill cuttings/oil mixture is fed from the container assembly  9  located on the oil rig platform  3  to the boat  23 . A container assembly  41  is located on the boat  23 , however, the containers  31  in this container assembly are arranged with their longitudinal axes extending horizontally rather than vertically as in the case of the FIG. 1 embodiment. The feed pipe  29  again extends to a position above the container assembly  41  and has branch pipes  43  extending downwardly into inlets located in the side of each container.  
         [0043]    As better shown in FIG. 4, there are in fact two container assemblies  41 , each of which is provided with a feed pipe  29  which may be connected to the flexible hose  27 .  
         [0044]    What has been described in reference to FIGS.  1 - 4  may be considered a first stage  30  in the method of the present invention. Following the loading of the containers  31  on the boat  23 , the boat is moved to shore where the unloading process or next stage is carried out. A discharge pipe  51 , FIG. 5, extends from the outlet  17  of each of the containers  31 . The pipe  51  may be connected to a flexible hose  53  which extends from a connection  55  located on the ship  23  to a further connection  57  located on land  58 . Extending from the connection  57  is pipe  59  which leads to an elevated position above a large container  61 . The pipe  59  is connected to an inlet  63  at the top of the container  61 . The container  61  is broadly similar in shape to the containers  31  and has a lower conical shaped portion  65 . When desired the material loaded into container  61  may be discharged via a lower outlet  67 .  
         [0045]    The process of feeding the drill cuttings/oil mixture from the containers  31  to the large container  61  involves pneumatic conveying similar to that described above in connection with the conveying of the material from the pressure vessel  5 , FIG. 1, to the containers  11 .  
         [0046]    Referring to FIG. 6 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated another stage in the method described above with reference to FIGS.  1 - 4 . The supply boat  23 , having had its containers  31  loaded with material, moves from the oil rig  1  to the shore  68 . When berthed, the containers  31  are raised by a crane  71  from the boat  23  onto a road vehicle  73 .  
         [0047]    Referring to FIG. 7 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated an ISO container sized conveying vessel  31  located within a support frame  81  and being positioned with its longitudinal axis arranged horizontally (FIGS. 7A and 7B) and with this axis lying vertically (FIG. 7C). The vessel  31  has a part spherical shaped upper end  83 , a cylindrical main body section  85  and a lower conical section  87 . At the lowermost or outer end of the conical section  87 , the vessel is provided with a discharge valve  89 . The vessels  11  are similarly constructed.  
         [0048]    Referring to FIG. 8 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated a container  30  assembly  91  comprising containers  93 , each located with a support frame  95 . A filling pipe  97  extends into each container via a valve  99  and, where appropriate includes a branch pipe (not shown), the container inlet being located in the upper end  83  of the container. Also extending into the upper end of each container  93  is a compressed air line  103  having valves  105 . Any number of containers may be connected in this way with a common material filling pipe and a common material discharge pipe.  
         [0049]    At the lower end of each container  93  is a discharge valve  89  having connected thereto a pipe  107  via, if appropriate, a branch pipe  109 . In order to empty a vessel filled via the pipe  97 , the valve  99  is closed, the valve  89  is opened and compressed air is fed to the vessel via the air line  103  after opening the valve  105 . The drill cuttings/oil mixture is forced out of the vessel  93  under the pressure of the compressed air and into the pipe  107 . Due to the conical angle of the conical or hopper section  93  being less than a certain value, the material flow out of the container  93  is of the type known as mass flow and results in all of the material exiting uniformly out of the container.  
         [0050]    Also illustrated in FIG. 8, is the drill cuttings/oil mixture  120  in the vessel  93 . (This is shown in a broken out portion of the right side vessel.) The drill cuttings/oil mixture includes an upper surface  121  upon which the compressed air operates during the time the drill cuttings/oil mixture is forced out of the vessel  93 .  
         [0051]    Referring to FIG. 9 of the accompanying drawings, there is illustrated in both elevation (FIG. 9A) and in plan (FIG. 9B) a supply boat  110  which is fitted with large conveying vessels  111  which extend through the deck of the boat. This arrangement can hold up to a thousand tons of drill cuttings/oil mixture and this mixture can be pumped pneumatically from the tanks onto shore based storage containers. The conveying vessels  111  have a cone angle such that mass flow occurs and they work in a similar way to the assembly of FIG. 8.  
         [0052]    Referring to FIG. 10 of the accompanying drawings, there is shown another embodiment of a supply boat  112  illustrated in elevation (FIG. 10A) and in plan (FIG. 10B). In this case the boat is for conveying containers  113  which fit within the envelope of a 20 ft ISO container frame  114 .  
         [0053]    The use of ISO container vessels enables supply boats to be used in substantially unmodified form. Methods of the present invention involving the use of ISO container vessels may be operated in a different way.  
         [0054]    In one embodiment in accordance with the present invention, a number of empty ISO container vessels is lifted onto the drilling rig by the rig crane. The vessels are stood on end on support frames incorporating the discharge piping and they are assembled into a line of storage vessels each of which can store about twenty tons of drill cuttings/oil. The pressurized vessel  5  (see FIG. 1) and/or the vessel  33  (see FIG. 2) is used to transfer the drill cuttings/oil from screens or centrifuges into the ISO conveying vessels  11 . These vessels are then used to transfer the stored contents onto the supply boat as described above in connection with FIG. 1.  
         [0055]    An advantage of this method is that there is a buffer storage on the rig so that drilling can occur when the supply boat is not present. Furthermore transfer rates from the rig are much higher than is possible if a standard pneumatic conveyor system (such as the Clyde system) is used alone. In addition hose sizes can be minimised.  
         [0056]    An alternative embodiment making use of the ISO container vessels involves the use of these vessels on the supplied boat. Thirty or forty of these vessels may be stood on end and rafted together to form a stable structure into which 400 or 500 tons of cuttings can be conveyed, as illustrated in FIG. 10. When the vessel returns to port, the contents of the container vessels may be pneumatically transferred ashore.  
         [0057]    Alternatively, the tanks may be lifted off by cranes, turned horizontal and loaded onto standard ISO container road vehicles. If appropriate they could also be stacked on the quay side in the same way that containers are currently stacked. When the containers are received at the processing plant they are stood on end and used as conveying vessels to transfer the cuttings/oil into their destination.  
         [0058]    In a further embodiment in accordance with the present invention the drill cuttings/oil mixture is stored in large volumes in the legs of semi-submersible oil rigs or drilling platforms. The legs are typically 15 m diameter. Pressurised vessels located in the legs and operating on the same principles as described above will store the cuttings/oil mixture and then be used as pneumatic conveying vessels to transfer the material onto the supply boat.  
         [0059]    With some drill cuttings, it may be necessary or desirable to use low friction linings within the pressure vessels. Such linings may be used in conjunction with the use of the mass flow cone angle, as described above, to aid discharge of the drill cuttings from the internal surfaces of the pressure vessels.
A method and apparatus for transporting non free-flowing pastes using a vessel having a lower conical portion where the cone has an angle which provides for mass flow of the non free-flowing pastes when there is an application of compressed air on the surface of the non free-flowing pastes in the vessel.