CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of the filing date of German Patent Application No. 10 2010 035 374.4 filed Aug. 25, 2010 and of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/377,016 filed Aug. 25, 2010, the disclosures of these applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The technical field relates to a system for collecting defect data of components in a passenger cabin of a vehicle with a component identification device for identifying an affected component, and a malfunction selection device, connected to the component identification device, for selecting a malfunction of the identified component from a predefined quantity of component-specific malfunctions. The technical field also relates to a method for collecting defect data of components in a passenger cabin of a vehicle and to a vehicle with a passenger cabin and a system, installed in the vehicle, for collecting defect data of components in the passenger cabin. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In vehicles used for the commercial transport of passengers, where the cabin outfit is to be considered a strong competitive characteristic, it is absolutely essential to detect defective components in the passenger cabin and to precisely collect defect data in a central location in order to make it possible to affect repair as soon as possible to rectify the defect. The classical method of collecting such defect data in passenger cabins involves carrying a paper-based logbook into which the persons accompanying the vehicle enter defect data which they either have noticed themselves or which was communicated to them by individual passengers. This approach can be associated with problems in that between learning of a defect of a component and the final entry in the logbook some time might pass, for example if the particular person accompanying the vehicle is engaged in serving passengers or is collecting empty food containers and waste, and during these activities is informed about a defect. Having received such a defect message the person accompanying the vehicle cannot immediately interrupt their work in order to make an entry in the logbook, but instead will first complete their activity and then log the defect. In the meantime it can happen that the person accompanying the vehicle forgets to make an entry, or that their recollection of the defect is only vague so that the corresponding logbook entry is not entirely correct. 
     EP 1 280 316 A2 shows an electronic variant of a logbook in which various users with different security levels can make dialog-guided entries of defect data by means of a mobile data collection device, in which affected components and their malfunctions can be selected. In this process at the same time the authorization of the respective user is verified. Furthermore, maintenance data generated from this is transmitted to mobile electronics devices for use during a maintenance procedure. 
     Collecting defect data of components in a passenger cabin of a vehicle, be it in a manual or electronic manner, while providing the possibility of collecting defect data at a central location and of conveying said data at a later stage to a maintenance system, nevertheless is associated with a degree of uncertainty relating to the precision of the acquired defect data. 
     It is at least one object to propose a system for collecting defect data of components in a passenger cabin of a vehicle, in which system the highest possible precision is achieved with regard to the defective component, the location of the defective component and the fault of the defective component. It is at least a further object to propose such a system which involves the smallest possible manual effort by a person accompanying the vehicle or by a passenger. In addition, other objects, desirable features and characteristics will become apparent from the subsequent summary and detailed description, and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to an embodiment, the system may comprise a component identification device for identifying an affected component, preferably from a predefined overall quantity of components in the passenger cabin, and a malfunction selection device, which is connected to the component identification device, for selecting a malfunction of the identified component from a predefined quantity of component-specific malfunctions. This is supplemented by a locating device that can acquire the position of an affected component in the passenger cabin, and with the acquired position by its connection to a component identification device triggers identification of the component at the acquired position. It is at least one objective of this design to engage in locating the affected component directly at the time of acquiring defect data, instead of having to note the details of the defective component, having to fall back on imprecise information supplied by a passenger, or taking over a reading error in determining an associated seat or the like. There is thus an advantage in that identification of the affected component only takes place after locating, and thus can exclude human error. 
     The locating device is equipped to determine with sufficient accuracy a position of a component in the three-dimensional space delimited by the walls of the passenger cabin. In the state of the art a multitude of locating systems exist which can be designed in various ways. It seems practicable for this locating device to comprise a series of base stations, arranged in the passenger cabin so as to be fixed and spaced apart from each other, which base stations are adapted to be able to determine the position of a pointing device. In this arrangement the locating device can, for example, fall back to measuring transit time differences of signals that are exchanged between the individual base stations and the pointing device, in order in this manner to determine relative positions to the individual base stations, which relative positions can finally be correlated to a three-dimensional position within the passenger cabin. The transit time differences may relate to the propagation of electromagnetic waves or, for example, of ultrasonic waves. 
     The component identification device is connected to the locating device and can, for example from a component database with component identification data and associated three-dimensional positions, from an incoming position identify a component or a component group at the acquired position. Any error relating to the component concerned can thus be excluded with adequate precision, because any knowledge relating to the seat row, seat number or the like is obsolete, and the locating device itself can convey the precise position to the component identification device. From the list of identified components in question (device list) the user can select the component concerned and can transmit the component identification to the malfunction selection device. 
     By means of identification of the component the malfunction selection device cannot automatically detect the presence of a malfunction. However, since usually in relation to each component concerned only a limited number of malfunctions are possible, they may be filtered out, from a malfunction database or an internal storage unit, by means of the malfunction selection device for a selection dialog. The malfunction selection device preferably comprises a collection of known malfunctions that may be detected at an identified component. The malfunction selection device thus makes it possible to list on a display unit all imaginable malfunctions, from which malfunctions a user can select the actually determined malfunction. This is associated with a particular advantage in that free-text information relating to an existing malfunction can be done without, which free-text information only rarely describes a malfunction with adequate precision. Restricting the choice of malfunctions furthermore facilitates the transmission of defect data to a maintenance system, because the maintenance system then only needs to generate maintenance notes from a complete quantity of possible malfunctions, without having to interpret free-text information or the like. 
     In an embodiment, the system comprises a pointing device for marking a respective component for the locating device. The pointing device can be designed in such a manner that to the locating device it represents an unequivocal passive object that is located within the passenger cabin and visually or based on other physical characteristics cannot be mistaken for other objects or components. On the other hand, the pointing device can also be designed as an active component that emits a locating signal which can be evaluated by base stations arranged so as to be affixed in the passenger cabin. The scope of protection is not limited to particular locating devices or pointing devices, and for this reason in this context, only as examples, various types of pointing devices are mentioned. A pointing device may, for example, emit an electromagnetic or acoustic signal which can be received by components of the locating device. From the determination of transit time differences of this signal at the various base stations, the relative position of the pointing device can be determined unequivocally by the individual base stations of the locating device. The pointing device may, furthermore, comprise visually conspicuous coloration or some other characteristics that can be recognized by suitable components of a locating device. However, this requires, for example, the arrangement of base stations, cameras or the like in adequate numbers within the passenger cabin so that the pointing device can be seen by the greatest possible number of such components of the locating device, even if said pointing device is visually covered to one or several sides of the passenger cabin. 
     In another embodiment, the component identification device is designed, by means of the acquired position of the affected component, from a component database comprising component identification data and positioning data of components to filter a component group comprising one or several components of the passenger cabin for a selection dialog, with the aforesaid being located in close proximity to the acquired position of the affected component. If the component concerned is a rather small component or if the component cannot be unequivocally marked, without adjacent components also being touched or covered by the pointing device, it makes sense to make it possible to also identify adjacent components in the form of a component group, in order to later on exclude possible faults or to always carry out a new position determination until the correct component has been identified. However, depending on the locating technology applied, the achievable positioning accuracy can be in a range of approximately +/−10 cm, and consequently for this reason, too, it is recommended to straight away identify a component group with adjacent components. By way of a simple selection dialog it is possible to quickly and in an uncomplicated manner select among the adjacent components. 
     In another embodiment, the malfunction selection device is adapted to filter possible malfunctions, which relate to a selected component from a malfunction database comprising a predefined quantity of possible malfunctions, for a selection dialog. A selection dialog on a suitable device that is connected to the malfunction selection device can thus quickly lead to a more precise determination of the present malfunction. 
     In another embodiment the component identification device and the malfunction selection device are connected to an electronics device. The electronics device comprises a display unit and is adapted to display a selection dialog, and further comprises an input unit by means of which a user can interact with the selection dialog. As set out above, a particular characteristic of the system according to the invention relates to the provision of a group of components in question, and, after selection of the component concerned, to the provision of a limited quantity of predefined malfunctions, in order to obtain as precisely as possible a malfunction description relating to an identified component. By means of the input device, the user can navigate through the selection dialog by means of a user interface, which is preferably a graphic user interface, which apart from text information can also comprise images of components. 
     In another embodiment the electronics device is equipped to transmit component identification data and malfunction data to a storage unit which is preferably a digital logbook or a component of a digital logbook in the form of a central defect database. In this manner, identified malfunctions can be stored, in a manner identical to that of a paper-based logbook, in a single location from where they can later in an automated manner be transmitted to a maintenance system. 
     In another embodiment the component identification device comprises a component database in which the three-dimensional positions of all the components in the passenger cabin of the aircraft have been correlated with component identification data. This makes it possible, at a later point in time, to draw conclusions relating to the respective component after locating the respective component has taken place. In this arrangement, component identification data can be present in whatever form, for example as a parts number that can be supplemented by a precise seat position or the like. In addition to this, the incorporation of clear text information is also imaginable, which may be helpful to indicate incorrect component identification. The database may be treated like a read-out table. It is not absolutely necessary for the evaluation table to be two-dimensional; it can also be implemented so as to be three-dimensional, wherein, in a specified two-dimensional or three-dimensional grid, positions with component identification data are contained as data points so that in the presence of a three-dimensional position it is easily possible to read out matching component identification data. 
     All the above-mentioned databases, such as the defect database, the malfunction database, the component database or the like, and the component identification device and the malfunction selection device need not necessarily be implemented by means of various electronic devices or arithmetic units; instead, it generally makes sense to use a sole arithmetic unit with one or several database applications that comprises/comprise several data records, databases or tables, and can correlate positions with component identification data. Integration of the various components by means of a single arithmetic unit would reduce the complexity of the system, as well as the weight and the integration expenditure. In terms of improved reliability, the usual measures for increasing the reliability of electronic systems may be used, wherein it should, however, be taken into account that such a system for collecting or acquiring defect data is not adapted to support mission-critical functions. 
     In another embodiment the electronics device may be designed as a mobile arithmetic unit, for example in the form of a PDA, of a mobile PC or of some other mobile electronic device. In this arrangement it should be ensured that this electronics device comprises a data connection device by means of which necessary component identification data and malfunction data can be transmitted. As an alternative to this it is also imaginable that all the data required for the function are contained in this mobile arithmetic unit, and can regularly be updated by means of a corresponding data connection or data carrier, in particular following the exchange of one or several components in the passenger cabin. 
     In another embodiment, the electronics device comprises a pointing device for spatially marking the affected component. In this manner the electronics device can be used as the sole compact unit for determining and acquiring a malfunction without there being a need to fall back to an external, additional, pointing device. 
     In another embodiment it makes sense to equip the electronics device with a reading device for transponders, which reading device, in addition to the electronic three-dimensional position determination, makes it possible to read out transponder information of adjacent components so that component identification can additionally be improved. Generally speaking, the transponders can be so-called RFID tags which when excited by an external electromagnetic field are made to transmit a characteristic data record, which, for example, comprises component identification data. If the electronics device is held in close proximity to a number of components and if locating is carried out in that area, in addition to the electronically determined position, a set of component identification data is obtained by read-out of the transponders, so that the electronics device can check whether the component identifying device of the system according to the invention has failed to identify a component that has, however, transmitted a data record, by means of a transponder, to the electronics device (more complete actual configuration). 
     In this manner it would no longer be necessary to identify all the components in a current component identification database (cabin layout) but instead, for example, easily reconfigurable (movable) components whose positions in ongoing operation of an aircraft are difficult to keep track of (e.g., life jackets, class dividers, fire extinguishers or the like) may be registered independently of the component identification database by concurrently locating their exact position in the passenger cabin. This information obtained in addition in this manner may also be used in order to update the component identification database in ongoing operation. 
     Generally speaking, the absolute position coordinates of the defect, as additional information to component identification, provide valuable additional information, because in this way, for maintenance, lastly independently of human inaccuracy or EDP inaccuracy of any report or EDP errors the position of the defect is reconstructed. Likewise, on large-area components the precise positions of defects (e.g., cracks in lining panels, stains on a carpet, etc.) can be found again. 
     Preferably, the electronics device is a mobile electronics device that comprises a data connection device for communicating with the locating device, wherein the data connection device comprises, in particular, wireless data connection devices so that the electronics device can be used universally and within the entire passenger cabin for acquiring defect data. 
     The component identification device, the malfunction selection device and optionally also the databases necessary for this purpose are integrated in the mobile electronics device. Likewise it may make sense to equip the mobile electronics device with a data connection device so that it can communicate with an externally provided component identification device and/or a malfunction selection device for processing selection dialogs, if these components of the system are not to be integrated in the electronics device. 
     In another embodiment the pointing device can be designed as a visual pointing device that comprises a distance meter. Instead of using, for example, a housing edge of a pointing device, accordingly the user may visually mark the desired component or its position already from a certain distance, for example by means of a laser beam. In order to determine the correct position of the marking point the pointing device should comprise an additional position sensor in order to determine the spatial orientation relative to the locating device. The position of the pointing device, to which vectorally the orientation of the pointing device as well as the connecting line between the pointing device and the marking point would have to be added, would then result in the precise position of the component to be selected. In this manner it would be possible, for example in passenger cabins with a tight seating arrangement, to avoid having to inconvenience passengers when the respective component, while visible, nevertheless is not easily reachable by a person accompanying the vehicle, without, for example, passengers having to get out of their seats or the like. 
     A method is also provided for collecting defect data of components in a passenger cabin of a vehicle with the characteristics of the further independent claim. Advantageous improvements are set out in the following subordinate claims. The method in principle first involves the method-related steps stated below, which steps make it possible to achieve improved collection of defect data of components. After a defect of a component has been determined, the respective component is located by means of the locating device, which transmits details of the marked position of the component to a component identifying device, where from the three-dimensional position of the respective component its identification is carried out. This may, for example, take place by means of reading out from a table that is present in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional form, in which table positions within the passenger cabin are correlated with component identification data. If identification of the component has been successful, the malfunction selection device retrieves all the imaginable malfunctions of the identified component from a database, from a storage device or the like, and presents the possible malfunctions to a user. After selection of the applicable malfunction, said malfunction is finally saved, together with the component identification data, in a defect database. In this manner it is possible precisely, unequivocally and without any doubt to convey the present defect to a defect database, without manual inputs, free-text information, incorrect information or a faded human recollection being able to falsify the present malfunction. 
     An aircraft is provided with at least one passenger cabin that is equipped with a system. In particular in large modern commercial aircraft with a three-digit number of passenger seats, the presently very high level of furnishing and fittings, and corresponding passenger comfort, a multitude of different components exist, with completely different possible malfunctions, so that cabin crew need to record extremely precisely any defects they have noticed, so that timely repair or maintenance can be ensured. The system very clearly facilitates this because the cabin crew need not be preoccupied with exact positioning of the component, its designation, and the possible malfunctions, and as a result of the limited choice of possible malfunctions without the necessity of providing free text information, in a very short time extremely precise information relating to the defect detected becomes possible. This further enhances the comfort provided on board the aircraft, because it is possible, for example with a connection to a maintenance system, to ensure that the comfort on all seats can be maintained at all times. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Further characteristics, advantages and application options of the present invention are disclosed in the following description of the exemplary embodiments and of the figures. All the described and/or illustrated characteristics per se and in any combination form the subject of the invention, even irrespective of their composition in individual claims or their interrelationships. Furthermore, identical or similar objects in the figures have the same reference characters, where: 
         FIG. 1  shows a diagrammatic view of the system according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  shows a diagrammatic view of the sequence of marking and selecting a device and a malfunction; 
         FIG. 3  shows a diagrammatic block-based view of the method according to an embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 4  finally shows an aircraft that comprises a passenger cabin which is equipped with at least one system according to an embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows the system  2 , which comprises a locating device  4 , a component identification device  6  and a malfunction selection device  8 . The locating device  4  is in contact with a pointing device  10  in order to determine the position of the pointing device  10  within the cabin. Locating can, for example, be based on measuring transit time differences of electromagnetic or acoustic waves that are transmitted by the pointing device to several base stations  12  or other counterparts within the passenger cabin. For the precise determination of a spatial position, preferably four or more base stations  12  or receiving devices are to be affixed in the passenger cabin at defined locations. In the state of the art there are a multitude of different locating devices, wherein the embodiments of the invention is not limited to the selection of these. 
     By determining the three-dimensional position of the pointing device  10  within the passenger cabin, the system  2  is able, by means of the component identifying device  6 , to identify components situated in proximity to the pointing device  10 . To this effect, the component identifying device consults, for example, a component identification database  14  in which spatial positions of components are correlated in tabular form with component identification data. If a three-dimensional position is available, by means of it the components in question can be identified and can be presented to a user for selection, for example by means of a graphic user interface  16 . 
     After selection of the respective component  36  that comprises a determined defect, by means of the malfunction selection device  8 , for example by consulting a malfunction database  18 , a predefined quantity of malfunctions in question can be compiled and presented to a user for selection, for example by means of a further graphic user interface  20 . 
     After selection of the applicable malfunction, a data record is thus present that comprises precise component identification data and precise malfunction data, which data record can be conveyed to a logbook application  22 . The logbook application  22  may be in communication with a defect database or logbook database  24  or with some other storage unit in which centrally all the malfunctions or other defect data present within the passenger cabin is stored, which can then unequivocally be conveyed to a maintenance system for generating maintenance notes or maintenance schedules. 
     The component identifying device  6 , the malfunction selection device  8  and the logbook application  22  need not necessarily be designed as independent hardware-based devices; instead, they can also be installed, in the form of application programs, on a stationary or on a mobile device which by way of a suitable data connection can communicate at least with the locating device  4 . With the present technical development of mobile devices, for example PDAs, the component identification database  14  and the malfunction database  18  can without any problems be designed so as to be storable and executable in a mobile manner. 
     The pointing device  10  also need not necessarily be designed as a separate device, instead it may be executed in the form of an application in combination with a suitable electronics component for emitting electromagnetic or acoustic waves on the mobile device, so that all the components shown in  FIG. 1 , except for the base stations  12  of the locating device  4 , can be stored within a single mobile device. 
     Identification of a component or of a component group can additionally be improved by the use of a reading device  26  for transponders  28 , for example RFID tags. In particular in the case of small components which are arranged in association with other small components, and consequently unequivocal locating by means of the locating device  4  is made difficult, resorting to the acquisition of transponder data makes sense. In addition to this, when acquiring transponder data it is nevertheless possible to determine the determined position within the cabin in order to store this position together with the transponder data. This facilitates not only maintenance of the database  14  because it is not necessary to acquire all the three-dimensional positions of all the smaller components in the passenger cabin, but also the maintenance tasks, because maintenance personnel can see at a glance where the defective component is located within the cabin. 
       FIG. 2  provides a more detailed view of the various embodiments. A person  30  accompanying the vehicle operates a pointing device  32  which is designed in the form of a PDA comprising an electronics component with an antenna  34  for emitting electromagnetic waves for locating and/or for data transmission. The person  30  accompanying the vehicle holds the pointing device  32  to a component  36  and by activating an input means triggers a locating action so that, for example, transit time differences between the pointing device  32  and base stations  12  within the passenger cabin can be determined and correlated with positioning data of the base stations  12 . Locating can also be referred to as “marking a defective device”. Since the component  36  shown is a passenger seat that comprises a host of different independent components, due to the position determined, identification of the respective component  38 , a defective armrest, cannot be carried out entirely unequivocally. For this reason the component identifying device  6  is preferably adapted to present all the components in direct proximity to the pointing device  32  on a display unit  40  on which the graphic user interface  16  of  FIG. 1  is shown, from which components the respective component  38  can then be selected. The display unit  40  may be designed either in a stationary manner in the form of a cabin panel or a panel  42  for persons accompanying the vehicle, or it may be integrated in the pointing device  32 , as shown in  FIG. 2  further to the right. In addition, by means of a reading device  26  for transponders  28 , which reading device  26  is integrated in the pointing device  32 , a transponder data record can be read that identifies the component  36  as being a passenger seat. 
     After selection of the defective component the present malfunction can be selected, also by means of a graphic user interface  20 . In order to simplify the entry of defect data in the logbook application  22 , such as a digital logbook, it may be sensible to mount a mobile device within the passenger cabin at a central location, which device when defects become known is taken from its mounting and is held near the respective component. This would correspond to the illustration in  FIG. 2 , wherein integration of the component identifying device  6 , of the malfunction selection device  8  and of the pointing device  32  within this mobile device is to be preferred in larger vehicles, because a single pointing device  32  for locating a component, and subsequent working through selection dialogs at a cabin panel  42  may not necessarily be practicable. 
       FIG. 3  shows a diagrammatic block-based view of a method according to an embodiment of the invention. The method starts with the step of locating  42  by means of a pointing device, whereupon filtering  44  of components in question is carried out. In addition, reading  46  of transponder data of the respective component can be carried out. After the provision of an interrogation dialog  48  and a corresponding selection by a person accompanying the vehicle, a quantity of malfunctions in question is filtered  50  from a predefined quantity of possible malfunctions, and is made available  52 , in the form of a selection dialog, to the person accompanying the vehicle. Thereafter a data record comprising component identification data and malfunction data is conveyed  54  to a central storage unit, which as an example is designed as a defect database  24 . 
       FIG. 4  finally shows a commercial aircraft  56  that comprises a passenger cabin  58  which is equipped with a system  2 . In particular in the case of larger commercial aircraft with a large number of installed components within the passenger cabin it is recommended to use the system  2  in order to, as precisely as possible and in as error-free a manner as possible, convey malfunction data and component identification data to a digital logbook in order to make it possible to provide prompt maintenance. 
     In addition, it should be pointed out that “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and “a” or “one” does not exclude a plural number. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that characteristics or steps which have been described with reference to one of the above exemplary embodiments can also be used in combination with other characteristics of other exemplary embodiments described above. Reference characters in the claims are not to be interpreted as limitations. Moreover, while at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing summary and detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration in any way. Rather, the foregoing summary and detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the invention, it being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope as set forth in the appended claims and their legal equivalents.
A system is provided for collecting defect data of components in a passenger cabin of a vehicle that includes, but is not limited to a component identification device for identifying an affected component, and a malfunction selection device, connected to the component identification device, for selecting a malfunction of the identified component from a predefined quantity of component-specific malfunctions. The system includes, but is not limited to a locating device for acquiring a position of the affected component in the passenger cabin, with the aforesaid being connected to the component identification device. In this manner, by means of devices that are very simple to use, imprecise positioning information, component information and malfunction information can be avoided.