[0001]    This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/897,246 filed Oct. 30, 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    Embodiments disclosed herein relate to a modular aeration device that can be used in a container or vessel such as a bioreactor, and in particular, such as a single use stirred tank bioreactor, as well as relating to a modular aeration device and mixing assembly, and a container or vessel containing the same. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Traditionally, fluids such as biological materials have been processed in systems that utilize stainless steel containers or vessels. These containers are sterilized after use so that they can be reused. The sterilization procedures are expensive and cumbersome, as well as being ineffectual at times. 
         [0004]    In order to provide greater flexibility in manufacturing and reduce the time needed to effect a valid regeneration of the equipment, manufacturers have begun to utilize disposable sterilized containers such as bags that are used once with a product batch and then disposed. An example of use of these disposable or single-use bags is in a system for mixing two or more ingredients, at least one of which is liquid and the other(s) being liquid or solid, and the bag has a mixing element or the like for causing the contents to mix as uniformly as possible. 
         [0005]    An example of such a disposable container is a bioreactor or fermenter bag in which cells are either in suspension or on microcarriers and the container has a circulating member for circulating the liquid, gases, and in some cases the cells around the interior of the container. Many conventional mixing bags are shaped like cylinders, with the bottom of the bag forming a cone, to mimic the shape of the tanks that the disposable bags are replacing. Such a shape is conducive to mixing the contents of the bag. 
         [0006]    Typically, the bag contains a mixer for mixing or circulating the contents, such as a magnetically coupled impeller contained within the bag and a magnetic motor outside the bag which remotely causes the impeller to spin. 
         [0007]    The containers also can contain an aeration device or gas sparger through which gas bubbles are introduced into the container contents, such as biopharmaceutical fluids such as cell culture liquid, to exchange gases such as air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. Controlled volumes of gas can be delivered to the sample. One critical aspect of an aeration device is the bubble size it produces. In bioreactor applications, for example, there is a balance between managing bubble size such that mass transfer from the gas-liquid phase or vice versa is sufficient for the process, and causing negative culture effects such as significant shear or foaming. Generally, the smaller the bubble, the more efficient the transfer of gas from the bubble to the liquid, due to increased surface area resulting from producing the multiple smaller bubbles at a given gas flow rate into the system. However, the smaller the bubble, the greater the potential damage to cells as compared to larger bubbles, and the greater the overall accumulation of foam on the liquid surface is likely to be. 
         [0008]    Creating and maintaining a generally homogenous environment for the contents of the vessel such as cells in culture is also of critical importance in bioreactor operations. It is undesirable to have zones and/or gradients with regard to mixing (pH, nutrients, and dissolved gases), shear, temperature, etc. Some cell culture processes may require the highest possible mass transfer capabilities while others may require specific bubble sizes that are large enough that sensitive cells will remain unharmed. 
         [0009]    It therefore would be desirable to provide a container or vessel, such as a disposable or single-use container or vessel, for fluids with a versatile aeration device to aid in optimal cell culture growth performance in bioreactors, for example. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0010]    Embodiments disclosed herein relate to gas spargers or aeration devices, and containers or vessels incorporating them. In accordance with certain embodiments, the aeration device comprises a plurality of aeration elements that can produce gas bubble of different sizes and deliver them to the contents (e.g., biopharmaceutical fluids) of the container. In certain embodiments, the aeration elements are interchangeable. In certain embodiments, each aeration element has a pre-selected gas permeable material that produces gas bubbles of a known size. In accordance with certain embodiments, disclosed herein are containers, such as a disposable or single-use containers, optionally having one or more inlets and one or more outlets and an optional fluid agitator or mixer associated with the container to cause mixing, dispersing, homogenizing and/or circulation of one or more ingredients contained or added to the container. In certain embodiments, the agitator assists in distributing in the fluid the gas bubbles produced by the aeration element. In accordance with certain embodiments, the container includes the aforementioned aeration device alone or in combination with the mixer. 
         [0011]    In accordance with certain embodiments, the aeration devices disclosed herein are used in bioreactors to control the dissolved gas concentration (e.g., air, oxygen, CO 2 , etc.) of the bioreactor contents, thereby facilitating proper growth of cell cultures in the bioreactor, or can be used in fermenters to control oxygen content of the fluid therein. 
         [0012]    Also disclosed is a system for aerating a fluid in a container or vessel having an internal volume, the system comprising a container, an impeller assembly, a drive for the impeller assembly, and an aeration device having multiple interchangeable and removable aeration elements, the aeration device being positioned within the container internal volume to produce gas bubbles of different sizes. 
         [0013]    Also disclosed is a method of aerating a fluid in a container or vessel with an impeller assembly and an aeration device arranged in the container. In certain embodiments, the method includes preselecting a plurality of aeration elements each having a predetermined gas permeable material of a known pore size, pore size distribution and/or total porosity and attaching each selected aeration element to a base member to assemble an aeration device. In accordance with certain embodiments, the method includes introducing a fluid into a container, wherein an impeller assembly is at least partially contained in and the container, driving the blades or vanes of the impeller assembly to agitate the fluid in the container, and introducing gas into the aeration device which then produces bubbles of different, predetermined sizes to aerate the fluid in the container. In certain embodiments, the driver for the impeller assembly is external to the bag, and drives the impeller assembly magnetically. 
         [0014]    Also disclosed is a method of controlling or regulating the mass transfer of gas into the liquid phase in a container. The method includes providing a plurality of aeration elements in the container, such as a bioreactor, each of the plurality of aeration elements being in fluid communication with a source of gas and each of the plurality of aeration elements together defining a maximum mass transfer value; and reducing that maximum mass transfer value by independently adjusting the flow of gas to each of the plurality of aeration elements. In certain embodiments, the maximum mass transfer value is reduced by stopping all flow of gas to at least one of said plurality of aeration elements. In certain embodiments, the flow of gas to each of the plurality of aeration elements is independently controllable, either manually or via a controller such as a PLC. In certain embodiments, a single gas source is used, and is independently manifolded to each individual aeration element such as with suitable tubing or the like, either externally of the container or internally in the container. 
         [0015]    The modular approach to the aeration device provides manufacturing benefits, since overmolding multiple smaller sections of gas permeable material in each modular element reduces complexity and lowers mold costs compared to a process that requires overmolding of one large gas permeable section. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]      FIG. 1  is an exploded view of an aeration device and mixing assembly in accordance with certain embodiments; 
           [0017]      FIG. 2A  is a top view of an impeller cup in accordance with certain embodiments; 
           [0018]      FIG. 2B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 2A ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 3A  is a top view of an aeration element in accordance with certain embodiments; 
           [0020]      FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view of an aeration element taken along line A-A of  FIG. 3A ; 
           [0021]      FIG. 3C  is a cross-sectional view of an aeration element taken along line F-F of  FIG. 3A ; 
           [0022]      FIG. 3D  is a top view of a tab of an aeration element in accordance with certain embodiments; 
           [0023]      FIG. 3E  is a cross-sectional view of a tab taken along line E-E of  FIG. 3D ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 3F  is an enlarged view of detail B in  FIG. 3B  showing a gas channel in accordance with certain embodiments; 
           [0025]      FIG. 4A  is a perspective view of an aeration device and mixing assembly in accordance with certain embodiments; 
           [0026]      FIG. 4B  is a cross-sectional view of the aeration device and mixing assembly of  FIG. 4A ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 4C  is a cross-sectional view of the mixing assembly in accordance with certain embodiments; 
           [0028]      FIG. 5  is a bottom view of an aeration element in accordance with certain embodiments; 
           [0029]      FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of an aeration element taken along line D-D of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0030]      FIG. 7  is a graph of the characterization of k L a for spargers sections from 1 to 4 and full, with increasing air flow rate; 
           [0031]      FIG. 8  is a graph of gas transfer effectiveness v. area; 
           [0032]      FIG. 9  is a graph of average gas transfer effectiveness v. area; 
           [0033]      FIG. 10  is a graph of air flow necessary to achieve 30 hr −1  k L a; and 
           [0034]      FIG. 11  is a graph of air flow rate v. k L a. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0035]    In accordance with certain embodiments, the disposable or single-use container designed to receive and hold a fluid is not particularly limited, and can be formed of monolayer or multilayer flexible walls formed of a polymeric composition such as polyethylene, including ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, low density or medium density polyethylene; polyproplylene; ethylene vinyl acetate (EVOH); polyvinyl chloride (PVC); polyvinyl acetate (PVA); ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA copolymers); blends of various thermoplastics; co-extrusions of different thermoplastics; multilayered laminates of different thermoplastics; or the like. By “different” it is meant to include different polymer types such as polyethylene layers with one or more layers of EVOH as well as the same polymer type but of different characteristics such as molecular weight, linear or branched polymer, fillers and the like. Typically medical grade and preferably animal-free plastics are used. They generally are sterilizable such as by steam, ethylene oxide or radiation such as beta or gamma radiation. Most have good tensile strength, low gas transfer and are either transparent or at least translucent. Preferably the material is weldable and is unsupported. Preferably the material is clear or translucent, allowing visual monitoring of the contents. The container can be provided with one or more inlets, one or more outlets and one or more optional vent passages. 
         [0036]    In certain embodiments, the container may be a disposable, deformable, foldable, flexible bag that defines a closed internal volume, that is sterilizable for single-use, capable of accommodating contents, such as biopharmaceutical fluids, in a fluid state, and that can accommodate a mixing device partially or completely within the interior volume, and an aeration device within the interior volume. In certain embodiments, the closed volume can be opened, such as by suitable valving, to introduce a fluid into the volume, and to expel fluid therefrom, such as after mixing or other processing is complete. 
         [0037]    In certain embodiments, the container may be a two-dimensional or “pillow” bag, or it may be a three-dimensional bag. The particular geometry of the container is not particularly limited. In certain embodiments, the container may include a rigid base, which provides access points such as ports or vents. Each container may contain one or more inlets and outlets and optionally other features such as sterile gas vents and ports for the sensing of the liquid within the container for parameters such as conductivity, pH, temperature, dissolved gases and the like. 
         [0038]    In certain embodiments, each container can contain, either partially or completely within its interior, an impeller assembly for mixing, dispersing, homogenizing, and/or circulating one or more liquids, gases and/or solids contained in the container. In accordance with certain embodiments, the impeller assembly may include one or more blades or vanes, which are movable, such as by rotation or oscillation about an axis. In certain embodiments, the impeller assembly converts rotational motion into a force that mixes the fluids it is in contact with. In certain embodiments, the blades are made of plastic. 
         [0039]    Turning now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown an aeration device  10  in accordance with certain embodiments. The device  10  includes an impeller cup  12  that in the illustrative embodiment shown, is a disc or circularly-shaped rigid base member  13  having a central cylindrical cup  14  that terminates in a bottom  15 , best seen in  FIGS. 2A and 2B . The cup  14  is configured to receive an overmolded magnet  18  used in driving the impeller. A plurality of spaced projections, rods, cones or pins  16  extend upwardly from the top surface of the base member  13 . In the embodiment shown, there are 8 such projections, linearly aligned in pairs, although the number and location of the projections on the base member are not particularly limited. The projections are configured and arranged to engage with corresponding tabs in the aeration elements as discussed in greater detail below. In certain embodiments, as best seen in  FIG. 2B , each projection includes spaced body members each terminating in a head portion  16 A that flares outwardly as shown. In certain embodiments, one or more legs  29  extend downwardly from the bottom surface of the base member  13  ( FIG. 2B ) and can be received by corresponding respective receiving holes (not shown) in the housing or tank to position the device appropriately so that an external impeller drive may be connected. The base member  13  and the aeration elements can be made of plastic. The base member  13  acts as a support member or substrate for the modular aeration elements, and removably and selectively attaches to each of the aeration elements. In certain embodiments, the base member  13  is common to all of the aeration elements. 
         [0040]      FIG. 1  also shows a plurality of aeration elements  20 A- 20 D. In the embodiment shown, four such aeration elements are depicted, although fewer or more could be used. As best seen in  FIGS. 3A-3F and 5-6 , in the embodiment shown each aeration element is generally pie shaped, and includes a perimeter flange  28  that is C-shaped in cross-section ( FIG. 3E ). The flange  28  carries one or more perimeter tabs  22 , each extending outwardly from the perimeter and having an aperture  22 A configured and positioned to releasably engage with a respective projection  16  in the base member  13 , such as by a snap fit. In certain embodiments, the diameter of each aperture  22 A increases from the top opening towards the bottom opening, i.e., it flares radially outwardly as can be seen in  FIG. 3E . Each aeration element can be readily engaged and disengaged with the impeller cup  12 , by aligning each aperture  22 A in each tab  22  with a corresponding pin  16  in the base member  13 , enabling selection of the desired bubble size vs. mass transfer capabilities simply by selecting and attaching an aeration element with the desired specifications. 
         [0041]    In certain embodiments, each aeration element includes a lower plate member  23 , which has a perimeter side wall  31  having a flange  26  extending radially outwardly. As seen in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the lower plate member  23  of the aeration element may include a plurality of stiffening ribs  95  ribs arranged in a grid-like pattern to provide added strength. The lower plate member  23  mate with the top plate member to define there between a closed cavity (but for the gas permeable material  24 ) into which gas is introduced via connecting member  96 . The aeration element may include a screen  27  such as woven monofilament fabric material available from Sefar Filtration Inc., such as PETEX 07-350/34 having mesh openings of 350 μm. The aeration element may also include a sheet or film  24  of a gas permeable material. Suitable materials include polymeric films and sheets, including but not limited to spunbond olefin materials such as Tyvek® 1059B, polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON®), polysulfone, polypropylene, silicone, fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (KYNAR®), POREX® membranes such as POREX® 4903, RM membranes commercially available from EMD Millipore, etc. 
         [0042]    In certain embodiments, the gas permeable material is overmolded into place, such as onto perimeter flange  26  of the side wall  31  of plate  23 , and can be sandwiched by the top perimeter flange member  28  ( FIG. 3E ). The screen  27  can be placed on top of the gas permeable material  24  and also sandwiched by the top flange member  28 . 
         [0043]    Each aeration element may include one or more legs  39  extending downwardly to selectively elevate each aeration element above the impeller cup. This eliminates variable gap heights. 
         [0044]    In certain embodiments, each aeration element includes a dedicated inlet gas source, including a channel  33  (FIG.  3 F) that can be placed in fluid communication with a gas source (not shown) such as with a hose, tube, conduit or the like, via connecting member  96 , for example. The channel provides fluid communication from the gas source to the gas permeable material via the channel  33 . 
         [0045]    As seen in  FIG. 3B , in certain embodiments there is a concave section  40  in the plate member  23  for the injection location in the mold, and an axial protrusion  41  that is a gate vestige that will be removed before overmolding. 
         [0046]    In accordance with certain embodiments, the aeration device thus includes a plurality of separate aeration elements, for example quarter circles as illustrated, each containing its own inlet gas source, and each capable of receiving a customized or pre-selected gas permeable material of a predetermined pore size, allowing for customization of pore size, bubble size, and total surface area of gas permeable material within a single-use container such as a bag. 
         [0047]    The aeration device efficiency for distribution of uniform bubbles is improved from the conventional single aeration device with a single gas inlet with a surface area of X, by including multiple gas inlets into multiple aeration elements which together add to a total surface area X. This approach of breaking down the aeration device to modular sections allows the device of a certain material and specified total surface area to use that total surface area more efficiently. Gas dispersion within each aeration element fed by a dedicated gas inlet enables more even distribution across the total surface area of all aeration elements. This is particularly the case when the surface that the sparger is on is not horizontal. This helps to keep the bubble size produced by the gas permeable material more consistent, the location of the generation of bubbles in relation to the mixing element more consistent, in some cases narrows the size distribution of the bubbles produced by the sparging element, and results in a more homogenous environment for the processed fluid such as cell cultures. 
         [0048]    In certain embodiments, as the bubbles emerge from each aeration element  20 A- 20 D, they are dispersed in the vessel by a mixing assembly  100 . In certain embodiments, the mixing assembly  100  is centrally located with respect to the aeration elements, and is positioned above the aeration elements with respect to the direction of gas bubble emission from the aeration elements ( FIG. 4A ). 
         [0049]    In certain embodiments, the mixing assembly  100  is an impeller assembly having one or more moveable blades or vanes  116 , with four spaced blades  116  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 4A  for purposes of illustration. The number and shape of the blades  116  is not particularly limited, provided they provide sufficient agitation of the fluid within the container when actuated. The blade or blades may be constructed of plastic material, such as polyethylene, or any polymer resistant to gamma irradiation, such as a polypropylene co-polymer. In certain embodiments, the blades  116  are each attached to a central cylindrical member  117 , seen in cross-section in  FIGS. 4B and 4C , which has an axially extending lower cylindrical member  119 , open at its bottom end, which receives the connector  19  of overmolded magnet  18 . One or more apertures  120  are provided to receive pins  121  of the overmolded magnet  18 , which are then heated and deformed to permanently couple the magnet to the impeller. 
         [0050]    The blades  116  are positioned axially above the overmolded magnet  18  as well as above the aeration elements  20 A- 20 D, where they are free to rotate when the magnetic impeller is drive by a suitable actuator. Maintaining the consistent location of the aeration device under the impeller assembly enables better distribution of the gas into the volume of the container as each modular aeration element is positioned equally or symmetrically under the impeller. This can maintain a smaller distribution of bubble sizes produced, since the interaction in the high-shear impeller zone can impact bubble size, formation and behavior. 
         [0051]    In certain embodiments, when the impeller assembly  100  is installed in a container, the cylindrical cup  14  that houses the overmolded magnet  18  protrudes outside the container and is sealed to the container. In this embodiment, the remainder of the impeller assembly  100  is housed inside the internal volume of the container. Preferably the aeration device and mixing assembly is positioned at or near the bottom of the container, when the container is in mixing position (such as a hanging position) and in close proximity to an inlet of the container. Thus, in certain embodiments, at least a portion of the impeller assembly is internal to the container, and the driver for the impeller assembly is external to the container. 
         [0052]    The modular feature of the aeration elements  20 A- 20 D allows flexibility in delivering a different range of bubble size versus mass transfer capability. For example, if only three aeration elements (e.g.,  20 A,  20 B and  20 C) are used instead of four (e.g.,  20 D is not used), the mass transfer capability of the device can be modified without changing the bubble size and without building a new device, since each aeration device has a dedicated gas feed. The control of which of the plurality of aeration devices receives gas feed from one or more sources of gas can be carried out manually or with a controller such as a PLC. Customization of aeration elements at the time of final assembly without impact on manufacturing of the container is achieved, as well as improvement in the ability to control and manage the shear produced by bubbles within a container such as a bioreactor, due to the improved management of bubble size and bubble velocity upon exiting each aeration element. Deleterious foam production also may be reduced. Tubing for supplying gas to the aeration device can be manifolded internal to the container or external to the container, regardless of whether a single gas source or multiple gas sources are used, allowing for ease of use for the particular application with flexibility of design. Each aeration element can be manifolded individually, thereby providing greater control over gas delivery into the system. 
         [0053]    In certain embodiments, feedback control loops are employed in order to maintain a desired dissolved gas concentration, for example oxygen or carbon dioxide, within the bioreactor/fermentor broth or system. The controlling system typically receives a signal input representing the real time process value from a probe/sensor which is in or on line, triggering a response output, as determined by a control loop algorithm which is built to provide action such as altering the gas composition and/or flow rate into the aeration device to achieve the desired effect on the dissolved gas process value. Dissolved gas (e.g., O 2 ) can monitored on a continuous or continual basis, and the flowrate adjusted via the feedback control loop on a continuous or continual basis. 
         [0054]    Depending upon how the aeration device is manifolded, the control system can be managed to include response outputs involving various manifolding techniques that could vary the number of aeration devices within the plurality of aeration devices as part of the feedback control algorithm designed to manage a specific, desired, dissolved gas concentration within the bioreactor/fermentor system. 
         [0055]    Increasing aeration element surface area by employing a plurality of spargers with individual air source inlets can increase the volumetric mass transfer coefficient k L a capability of the system. The k L a can be assessed via the static gassing out method, where the system is purged of oxygen through the addition of nitrogen gas. Air is then added at a controlled rate (with agitation at a controlled speed). A record of dissolved oxygen concentration over time is plotted and a mathematical analysis is performed to fine k L a according to the following formula: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
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         [0000]    where C=DO concentration, t=time
 
Under certain conditions, employing four aeration elements with individual gas inlet sources provides additional kLa than an element designed with a single (equal total) surface area supplied with gas from a single inlet.
 
       EXAMPLE 1 
       [0056]    A series of k L a trials was run in a 1000 L vessel, fitted with a 13″ rounded impeller, a baffle and appropriate sensors, to establish the relationship between area of gas permeable material in the modular sparger and expected gas transfer efficiency. For these trials, impeller rpm was kept constant at 60 rpm, a power input of 10 W/m 3 . Three replicates were run at each condition, using Tyvek® 1059B as the gas permeable material in all four positions of the modular sparger of  FIG. 1 , and air flow rates from 5 lpm to 20 lpm, for air flow rates (vvm) from 0.005 to 0.020 min −1 . A full size sparger was also tested. Mock media was used, consisting of water, Pluronic (0.2%), 1×PBS, and 50 ppm antifoam. The results are shown in  FIG. 7 . The data indicate that higher air flow rates result in higher k L a values. 
         [0057]    Gas transfer effectiveness can be ascertained by comparing k L a/area/vvm to the area of each modular segment of the sparger.  FIG. 8  shows this relationship based on an area of each module of the modular sparger of 40.98 square inches, and an area of a full size sparger of 200 square inches.  FIG. 9  shows the average gas transfer effectiveness across all air flow rates. 
         [0058]    Since the k L a/area/vvm value increases with smaller sparger area, it is clear that the modular sparger provides better efficiency in gas transfer; a smaller area can be used to achieve the same k L a without an increase in air flow. This is shown in  FIG. 10 . The plot in  FIG. 10  shows that the necessary air flow for a k L a of 30 hr−1 is about 0.025 vvm (25 lpm for 1000 L). Using just one module, the air flow requirement to achieve this same k L a rises to 0.035 vvm. Accordingly, two modules of Tyvek® can be used at about 0.025 vvm air flow to achieve the desired k L a value of 30 hr −1 . 
       EXAMPLE 2 
       [0059]    The modular sparger in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein allows for more than one type of gas permeable material to be used in the system. EXAMPLE 1 demonstrates that high k L a values can be achieved where TYVEK® material occupies only two of the four modular segments of the sparger. For example, the gas permeable material for the remaining two modular segments could be chosen to produce bubbles larger than those produced using TYVEK® material, such as Porex® POR97619 (“PE-10”), POR4920 (PE-40”) and POR 4903 (“PE-90”), all made of polyethylene. 
         [0060]    Using the vessel of EXAMPLE 1, these three types of gas permeable material were evaluated in one and two segments of the sparger, over a range of air flow rates from 5 lpm to 50 lpm (0.005 vvm to 0.05 vvm), with impeller rpm kept constant at 60 rpm. A summary of the results is shown in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0061]    In general, the larger pore size (PE-90) material tended to give lower k L a values, while the smallest pores (PE-10) gave the highest k L a values. Lower kLa values can, however, be tolerated where larger bubble size is desired.
An aeration device, and containers or vessels incorporating the same. The aeration device can comprise a plurality of interchangeable aeration elements that can produce gas bubble of different sizes and deliver them to the contents of the container. Also disclosed are containers, such as a disposable or single-use container, optionally having one or more inlets and one or more outlets, an aeration device including a plurality of aeration elements, and a mixer to cause mixing, dispersing, homogenizing and/or circulation of one or more ingredients contained or added to the container. The container can be a bioreactors and the aeration device controls the dissolved gas concentration content of the bioreactor contents, thereby facilitating proper growth of cell cultures in the bioreactor.