RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/843,520, filed on Apr. 27, 2001; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/167,388, filed on Oct. 6, 1998, which issued on May 1, 2001 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,226,316; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/666,069, filed on Jun. 21, 1996, now abandoned; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/218,198, filed on Mar. 28, 1994, which issued on Jul. 9, 1996 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,535,238; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/792,869, filed on Nov. 19, 1991, which issued on Mar. 29, 1994 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,226; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/614,816, filed on Nov. 16, 1990, which issued on Mar. 3, 1992 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,840. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     This invention relates to spread-spectrum communications, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for adaptive power control of spread-spectrum signal in a cellular, personal communications environment.  
       DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART  
       [0003]     A spread-spectrum signal typically is generated by modulating an information-data signal with a chip-code signal. The information-data signal may come from a data device such as a computer, or an analog device which outputs an analog signal which has been digitized to an information-data signal, such as voice or video. The chip-code signal is generated by a chip-code where the time duration, T c , of each chip is substantially less than a data bit or data symbol.  
         [0004]     Spread-spectrum modulation provides means for communicating in which a spread-spectrum signal occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum bandwidth necessary to send the same information. The band spread is accomplished using a chip code which is independent of an information-data signal. A synchronized reception with the chip-code at a receiver is used for despreading the spread-spectrum signal and subsequent recovery of data from the spread-spectrum signal.  
         [0005]     Spread-spectrum modulation offers many advantages as a communications system for an office or urban environment. These advantages include reducing intentional and unintentional interference, combating multipath problems, and providing multiple access to a communications system shared by multiple users. Commercially, these applications include, but are not limited to, local area networks for computers and personal communications networks for telephone, as well as other data applications.  
         [0006]     A cellular communications network using spread-spectrum modulation for communicating between a base station and a multiplicity of users, requires control of the power level of a particular mobile user station. Within a particular cell, a mobile station near the base station of the cell may be required to transmit with a power level less than that when the mobile station is near an outer perimeter of the cell. This is done to ensure a constant power level at the base station, received from each mobile station.  
         [0007]     In a first geographical region, such as an urban environment, the cellular architecture within the first geographical region may have small cells which are close to each other, requiring a low power level from each mobile user. In a second geographical region, such as a rural environment, the cellular architecture within the region may have large cells which are spread apart, requiring a relatively high power level from each mobile user. A mobile user who moves from the first geographical region to the second geographical region typically adjusts the power level of his transmitter, for meeting the requirements of a particular geographic region. Otherwise, if the mobile user traveled from a sparsely populated region with fewer spread out cells using the relatively higher power level with his spread-spectrum transmitter, to a densely populated region with many cells, without reducing the power level of his spread-spectrum transmitter, his spread-spectrum transmitter may cause undesirable interference within the cell in which he is located and/or to adjacent cells. Also, if a mobile user moves behind a building and has his signal to the base station blocked by the building, then the mobile user&#39;s power level should be increased. And doing this quickly, with high dynamic range and in a manner to ensure an almost constant received power level with low root mean square error and peak deviations from this constant level.  
         [0008]     Accordingly, there is a need to have a spread-spectrum system and method for automatically controlling a mobile user&#39;s spread-spectrum transmitter power level when operating in a cellular communications network.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0009]     A spread spectrum base station comprises an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit having an input configured to receive a received spread spectrum signal and gain control the received spread spectrum signal to produce a gain controlled signal. A correlation circuit has an input configured to receive the gain controlled signal and correlate the gain controlled signal with a code to produce a despread signal. A power measurement and comparator circuit is configured to receive the despread signal and a control level of the AGC circuit. The circuit processes at least the despread signal and the control level to produce a processed signal and compares the processed signal with a threshold to produce a comparison signal. The comparison signal is used to produce a power command. A multiplexer multiplexes the power command with a signal for transmission over an antenna. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0010]     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.  
         [0011]      FIG. 1  shows an adaptive power control receiver and transmitter according to the present invention;  
         [0012]      FIG. 2  shows an adaptive power control receiver and transmitter according to the present invention;  
         [0013]      FIG. 3  shows the relative effect of a multiplicity of users communicating with spread spectrum in a cellular environment with and without using adaptive power control; and  
         [0014]      FIG. 4  is a flow chart of the method of the present invention;  
         [0015]      FIG. 5  is a block diagram of a base station;  
         [0016]      FIG. 6  is a block diagram of a mobile station;  
         [0017]      FIG. 7  illustrates linear and nonlinear power adjustment;  
         [0018]      FIG. 8  illustrates nonlinear power adjustment;  
         [0019]      FIG. 9  is a block diagram for an interference rejection circuit;  
         [0020]      FIG. 10  is a block diagram of a base station with interference rejection;  
         [0021]      FIG. 11  illustrates during transmission time;  
         [0022]      FIGS. 12 and 13  illustrate adaptive power control signal, the broadcast power, for fixed step algorithm; and  
         [0023]      FIGS. 14 and 15  illustrate adaptive power control signal, the broadcast signal, for variable step algorithm.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0024]     Reference now is made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals indicate like elements throughout the several views.  
         [0025]     The present invention assumes that a plurality of mobile stations operate in a cellular-communications network using spread-spectrum modulation. The cellular communications network has a plurality of geographical regions, with a multiplicity of cells within a geographical region. The size of the cells in a first geographical region may differ from the size of the cells in a second geographical region. In a first geographical region such as an urban environment, a cellular architecture within the region may have a large number of cells of small area which are close to each other. In a second geographical region such as a rural environment, a cellular architecture within the region may have cells of larger area. Further, within a specified geographic region, the size of the cells may vary.  
         [0026]     A mobile station while in the first geographical region may be required to transmit a lower power level than while in the second geographical region. This requirement might be due to a decreased range of the mobile station from the base station. Within a particular cell, a mobile station near the base station of the cell may be required to transmit with a power level less than that when the mobile station is near an outer perimeter of the cell. This is done to ensure a constant power level at the base station, received from each mobile station.  
         [0027]     For discussion purposes, a mobile station within a particular cell transmits a first spread-spectrum signal, and the base station transmits a second spread-spectrum signal. The APC-data signal may be transmitted with or separate from the generic spread-spectrum signal. For example, a spread-spectrum signal using a first chip code may be considered a first channel having the generic spread-spectrum signal, and a spread spectrums signal using a second chip code may be considered a second channel. The APC-data signal may be transmitted in the same channel, i.e. the first channel, as the generic spread-spectrum signal, or in a second channel which is different from the generic spread-spectrum signal.  
         [0028]     In the exemplary arrangement shown in  FIG. 1 , an apparatus for adaptive-power control of a spread-spectrum transmitter is provided. Each mobile station comprises acquisition means, detector means, decoder means, difference means, transmitter means, an antenna, and variable-gain means. The apparatus, by way of example, may have the acquisition means embodied as a first product device  101 , a first chip-code generator  102 , and a bandpass filter  103 . The detector means may be embodied as envelope detector  104 . Other type detectors may be used with the present invention, such as square law detectors or coherent detectors, as is well known in the art. The decoder means may be embodied as decoder  105 . The difference means may be embodied as differential amplifier  106 , the transmitter means as transmitter  112  and the variable gain means as variable-gain device  111 . The variable-gain device  111  may be a variable-gain amplifier, a variable-gain attenuator or any device which performs the same function as the variable-gain device  111  and described herein.  
         [0029]     The first product device  101  is coupled to the first chip-code generator  102  and to the bandpass filter  103 . The envelope detector  104  is coupled between the bandpass filter  103  and the differential amplifier  106 . The decoder  105  is coupled between the bandpass filter  103  and the differential amplifier  106 . The decoder  105  alternatively may be coupled to the output of the envelope detector  104 . The variable-gain device  111  is coupled to the differential amplifier  106  and between the transmitter  112  and antenna.  
         [0030]     The decoder  105 , as illustratively shown in  FIG. 2 , alternatively may be coupled between a second bandpass filter  114  and differential amplifier  106 . In this particular embodiment, the second bandpass filter  114  is coupled to a second product device  115 . The second product device  115  is connected to a second chip-code generator  113 . The embodiment of  FIG. 2  could be used where the APC-data signal is transmitted over the second channel simultaneously while the generic spread-spectrum signal is transmitted over the first channel. The second channel uses a spread-spectrum signal with a second chip code, and the second chip-code generator  118  generates a second chip-code signal using the second chip code.  
         [0031]     The product device  101 , FIGS.  1  or  2 , using a first chip-code signal from the first chip-code generator  102  acquires the generic spread-spectrum signal transmitted from the base station. The first chip-code signal has the same chip code as the generic spread-spectrum signal. The envelope detector  104  detects a received power level of the generic spread-spectrum signal. The received power level may be measured at the detector.  
         [0032]     The decoder  105  decodes the APC-data signal from the generic spread-spectrum signal as a threshold. More particularly, data which establishes or sets the threshold for differential amplifier  106  is sent with the APC-data signal.  
         [0033]     The differential amplifier  106  generates a comparison signal by comparing the received power level of the generic spread-spectrum signal to the threshold. The differential amplifier  106  may employ a differential amplifier or other circuits for performing the comparison function.  
         [0034]     The transmitter  112  transmits a transmitter spread-spectrum signal. The variable-gain device  111  using the comparison signal, adjusts a transmitter-power level of the transmitter spread-spectrum signal from the transmitter. The variable-gain device  111  may be realized with a variable-gain amplifier, a variable-gain attenuator, or an equivalent device which can adjusts the power level of the transmitter spread-spectrum signal.  
         [0035]     In operation, a base station in a cell may transmit the generic spread-spectrum signal on a continuous basis or on a repetitive periodic basis. Mobile stations within the cell receive the generic spread-spectrum signal. The received generic spread-spectrum signal is acquired and despread with the first chip-code signal from first chip-code generator  102  and first product device  101 . The despread generic spread-spectrum signal is filtered through bandpass filter  103 . The mobile station detects the despread generic spread-spectrum signal using envelope detector  104 , and measures the received power level of the generic spread-spectrum signal.  
         [0036]     The APC-data signal may be transmitted on the same channel as the generic spread-spectrum signal using the same chip code as the generic spread-spectrum signal. In this case, the APC-data signal is transmitted at a different time interval from when the generic spread-spectrum signal is transmitted. This format allows the mobile station to acquire synchronization with the first chip-code, using the generic spread-spectrum signal.  
         [0037]     As an alternative, the APC-data signal may be transmitted on a different coded channel using a second chip code. In the latter case, the second spread-spectrum signal having the APC-data signal would be acquired by the second chip-code generator  202  and second product device  201 . In either case, the APC-data signal is decoded using decoder  105 . Further, the APC-data signal may be time division multiplexed or frequency division multiplexed with the generic spread-spectrum signal.  
         [0038]     The decoder  105  decodes from the APC-data signal the value of the threshold for use by differential amplifier  106 . For example, if there were eight levels for which to set the threshold level, then at minimum, a three bit word may be used with the APC-data signal to transmit the threshold to the mobile station. The threshold is used to adjust and or set the threshold of the differential amplifier  106 . Accordingly, the received power level from envelope detector  104  is compared to the threshold of the differential amplifier  106 .  
         [0039]     If the received power level is greater than the threshold, then the variable-gain device  111  would decrement or decrease the transmitter spread-spectrum power level. If the received power level is less than the threshold at differential amplifier  106 , then the variable-gain device  111  increases the transmitter spread-spectrum power.  
         [0040]     The APC circuit  110  of  FIGS. 1 and 2  may be built on a digital signal processor chip. An analog to digital converter located at the output of the bandpass filter  103  would convert the received signal to a data signal. The envelope detector  104 , decoder  105  and differential amplifier  106  may be implemented as part of digital signal processing functions on the digital signal processor (DSP) chip. The analog to digital converters may be included on the DSP chip.  
         [0041]      FIG. 3  shows the advantage of using an adaptive power control apparatus with a mobile station in a personal communications network. The number of adaptive power control mobile stations, N(APC), versus the number of mobile stations which can be used in a similar region, N, is plotted with respect to an inner radius, R i , and an outer radius, R o . When the inner radius goes to zero, using spread spectrum as code division multiplex, the number of users with adaptive power control who can operate within a cell, is approximately ten times the number of users without adaptive power control who can operate within the cell.  
         [0042]     The present invention also includes a method for automatic-power control of a spread-spectrum transmitter for a mobile station operating in a cellular-communications network using spread-spectrum modulation. Referring to  FIG. 4 , a base station transmits  116  a generic spread-spectrum signal and an APC information-data signal. Each mobile station performs the steps of acquiring  117  the generic spread-spectrum signal transmitted from the base station, and detecting  118  a received power level of the generic spread-spectrum signal. The steps also include decoding  119  the APC-data signal as a threshold, from the generic spread-spectrum signal, or from a separate signal from the generic spread-spectrum signal. A threshold is set  120  from the APC-data signal. The method further includes comparing  121  the received power level to the threshold, and adjusting  122  a transmitter power level of a transmitter spread-spectrum signal in response to the comparison.  
         [0043]     In the exemplary arrangement shown in  FIG. 5 , a block diagram of a base station as part of a system for adaptive-power control of a spread-spectrum transmitter is provided. The base station comprises automatic-gain-control (AGC) means, base-correlator means, power means, transmitter means, and an antenna  126 . The AGC means is coupled between the antenna  126  and the base-correlator means. The power means is coupled between the base-correlator means and the transmitter means. The transmitter means is coupled to the antenna  126 .  
         [0044]     A received signal at the AGC means typically includes all of the incoming spread spectrum signals, unwanted interfering signals and thermal noise. The AGC means generates an AGC-output signal from the received signal.  
         [0045]     The AGC-output signal is passed to the base-correlator means. The base-correlator means despreads the AGC-output signal as a despread AGC-output signal. The power means processes the AGC-output signal as a received-power level. In response to comparing the received-power level to a threshold, the power means generates a power-command signal. The power-command signal is transmitted by the transmitter means as a second spread-spectrum signal to the mobile station.  
         [0046]     The power-command signal indicates whether the mobile station is to increase or decrease its power level. The determination of whether to increase or decrease the power level is made by comparing the received-power level to the threshold. If the received-power level exceeded the threshold, then the power-command signal sends a message to the mobile station to decrease its transmitter power. If the received-power level were below the threshold, then the power-command signal sends a message to the mobile station to increase its transmitter power.  
         [0047]     The power-command signal may be transmitted with or separate from the second spread-spectrum signal. For example, a spread-spectrum signal using a first chip sequence may be considered a first spread-spectrum channel, and a spread-spectrum signal using a second chip sequence may be considered a second spread-spectrum channel. The power-command signal may be transmitted in the same spread-spectrum channel, i.e., the first spread-spectrum channel, as the second spread-spectrum signal, or in a second spread-spectrum channel which is different from the second spread-spectrum signal.  
         [0048]     The base-correlator means is depicted in  FIG. 5  as despreader k  131 . The system, by way of example, may have the base-correlator means embodied as a product device, a chip-sequence generator, and a bandpass filter. Alternatively, the base-correlator means may be realized as a matched filter such as a surface-acoustic-wave device. In general, the base-correlator means uses or is matched to the chip sequence of the spread-spectrum signal being received. Correlators and matched filters for despreading a spread-spectrum signal are well known in the art.  
         [0049]     Typically, the AGC circuit  128  is coupled to a low noise amplifier  127 , through an isolator  125  to the antenna  126 . In  FIG. 5 a  plurality of despreaders, despreader  129  through despreader  131 , are shown for despreading a plurality of spread spectrum channels, which may be received from a plurality of mobile stations. Similarly, the output of each despreader  129  through despreader  131  is coupled to a plurality of demodulators, demodulator  130  through demodulator  132 , respectively, for demodulating data from the despread AGC-output signal. Accordingly, a plurality of data outputs are available at the base station.  
         [0050]     For a particular k th  spread-spectrum channel, despreader  131  is shown coupled to power device  133  and multiplexer  134 . The power device  133  typically is a power-measurement circuit which processes the despread AGC-output signal as a received-power level. The power device  133  might include an analog-to-digital converter circuit for outputting a digital received-power level. The power device  133  also may include a comparator circuit for comparing the received-power level to a threshold. The multiplexer  134  is coupled to the output of the power device  133 . The multiplexer  134  may insert appropriate framing bits, as required.  
         [0051]     The transmitter means is embodied as a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulator  135  coupled to a power amplifier  137 . In  FIG. 1 , the input to the QPSK modulator  135  typically would have the power-command signal from the power device  133  multiplexed with data from the k th  channel. A plurality of spread spectrum channels would have their data and appropriate power-command signals combined by combiner  136  and amplified by power amplifier  137 . The output of the power amplifier  137  is coupled through the isolator  125  to antenna  126 .  
         [0052]     The power command signal is transmitted periodically. The period T is chosen typically to be 250 microseconds in order to ensure a low root mean square error as well as a low peak error between the instantaneous received signal and the constant desired signal.  
         [0053]     A mobile station illustratively is shown in  FIG. 6 . The mobile-despreading means is illustrated as despreader  204  and variable-gain means is illustrated as a variable-gain device  211 . The variable-gain device  211  is coupled between the transmitter  212  and through isolator  206  to antenna  205 . The despreader  204  is coupled to the isolator  206  and to demultiplexer  209 . The output of the despreader  204  is also coupled to a demodulator  210 . The despreader  204  may be embodied as appropriate correlator, or match filter, for despreading the k th  channel. Additional circuitry may be used, such as radio frequency (RF) amplifiers and filters, intermediate frequency (IF) amplifiers and filters, as is well known in the art.  
         [0054]     A received second spread-spectrum signal at antenna  205  passes through isolator  206  to despreader  204 . The despreader  204  is matched to the chip sequence of the desired k th  spread-spectrum channel. The output of the despreader  204  passes through the demodulator  210  for demodulating the data from the k th  channel. Additionally, the demultiplexer  209  demultiplexes the power-command signal from the despread signal outputted from despreader  204 . The power-command signal drives variable-gain device  211 .  
         [0055]     The variable-gain device  211  may be embodied as a variable-gain amplifier, a variable-gain attenuator, or any device which performs the same function as the variable-gain device  211  as described herein. The variable-gain device  211  increases or decreases the power level of the remote station transmitter, based on the power-command signal.  
         [0056]     Adjustment of the power level of the remote station transmitter may be effected either linearly or nonlinearly. As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , to increase the power level using linear adjustment, for example, the transmitter power is increased in regular increments of one volt, or other unit as instructed by the base station, until the power level received at the base station is sufficiently strong. Linear adjustment may be time consuming if the power adjustment necessary were substantial.  
         [0057]     As shown in  FIG. 7 , to increase the power using nonlinear adjustment, the transmitter voltage may be increased, by way of example, geometrically until the transmitted power is in excess of the desired level. Transmitter power may be then reduced geometrically until transmitted power is below the desired level. A preferred approach is to increase the step size voltage by a factor of 1.5 and to decrease the step size by a factor of 0.5. Other nonlinear algorithms may be used. As shown in  FIG. 4 , this process is repeated, with diminishing margins of error in both excess and insufficiency of desired power, until the desired signal level has been obtained. Nonlinear adjustment provides a significantly faster rise and fall time than does linear adjustment, and may be preferable if power must be adjusted significantly.  
         [0058]     As illustratively shown in  FIG. 9 , a block diagram of a power measurement circuit with interference rejection is shown for use with the base station. A correlator is shown with the mixer  267  coupled between the chip-sequence generator  265 , and filter  268 . Additionally, AGC means and power means are included. The AGC means is embodied as an automatic-gain-control (AGC) circuit  61 , and the power means is embodied as a power measurement circuit  275 . As shown in  FIG. 9 , the AGC circuit  261  is connected to the mixer  267 , and the output of the filter  268  is connected to the power measurement circuit  275 . Additionally, the input to the AGC circuit  261  is connected to the power measurement circuit  275 .  
         [0059]     A received signal includes a first spread-spectrum signal with power P C  and the other input signals which are considered to be interfering signals with power P J  at the input to the circuit of  FIG. 9 . The interfering signal may come from one or more nondesirable signals, noise, multipath signals, and any other source which would serve as an interfering signal to the first spread-spectrum signal. The received signal is normalized by the AGC circuit  261 . Thus, by way of example, the AGC circuit  261  can have the power output, P C +P J =1. The normalized received signal is despread by the correlator to receive a particular mobile user&#39;s signal, which in this case is shown by way of example as the mixer  267 , chip-code generator  265  and filter  268 . The chip-code generator  265  generates a chip-sequence signal using the same chip-sequence as the first spread-spectrum signal. The despread signal is filtered by filter  268 , and the output of the filter  268  is the normalized power of the first spread-spectrum signal plus the normalized power of the interfering signal divided by the processing gain, PG, of the spread-spectrum system. The power measurement circuit  275  can process the despread-received signal with the received signal and output the received-power level of the first spread-spectrum signal. The power level of the interfering signal is reduced by the processing gain, PG.  
         [0060]     The power measurement circuit  275  can process the received signal with the despread, normalized received signal by multiplying the two signals together, or by logarithmically processing the received signal with the despread received signal. In the latter case, the logarithm is taken of the power of the received signal, P C +P J , and the logarithm is taken of the despread, normalized received signal. The two logarithms are added together to produce the received-power level.  
         [0061]     A key element for the present invention to work is to keep almost constant the despread signal, independently of variations of the other signals or of obstructions. A preferred implementation to accomplish this end is shown in the circuitry of  FIG. 9 .  FIG. 9  shows a way for determining at the base station the power of the first spread-spectrum signal when the received signal includes multiple signals and noise. If the circuitry of  FIG. 9  were not used, then it is possible that the interfering signal, which may include noise, multipath signals, and other undesirable signals, may raise the power level measured at the input to the receiver of the base station, thereby suppressing the first spread spectrum signal. The undesirable power level measured may cause the remote station to transmit more power than required, increasing the amount of power received at the base station.  
         [0062]      FIG. 10  illustrates the base station automatic power control circuit of  FIG. 9 , with the concepts from  FIG. 9  added thereto. Shown in  FIG. 10  are automatic gain control (AGC) means, power means, comparator means, transmitter means, and an antenna. The AGC means is shown as an automatic-gain-control (AGC) amplifier  272 , correlator means is shown as correlator  274  with filter  276 , and power means is shown as power measurement device  278 . The comparator means is shown as comparator  270 , the transmitter means is shown as power amplifier  258  coupled to the antenna  256 . Also illustrated is a control word generator  259  coupled between comparator  270  and power amplifier  258 .  
         [0063]     The AGC amplifier  272  is coupled between the bandpass filter  260  and the correlator  274 . The filter  276  is coupled to the output of the correlator  274 . The power measurement device  278  is coupled to the AGC amplifier  272  and the filter  276 . The comparator  270  is coupled to the output of the power measurement device  278  and to the control word generator  259 . The multiplexer  334  is coupled between the control word generator  259  and the power amplifier  258 . The control word generator  259  is coupled between the comparator  270  and the multiplexer  334 . The power amplifier  258  is coupled to the antenna  256 .  
         [0064]     A threshold level is used by the comparator  270  as a comparison for the received-power level measured by the power measurement device  278 .  
         [0065]     For each received signal, the AGC amplifier  272  generates an AGC-output signal. The AGC-output signal is despread to obtain the signal of user one using correlator  274  and filter  276 . The despread-AGC-output signal from the filter  276  is processed with the received signal from the AGC amplifier  272 , by the power measurement device  278 . The received signal to the power measurement device  278  may be a AGC-control-voltage level from the AGC amplifier  272 .  
         [0066]     The power measurement device  278  processes the received signal with the despread-AGC-output signal, for generating a received-power level. As mentioned previously for  FIG. 5 , the power measurement device can process the received signal with the despread-AGC-output signal by multiplying the two signals together, or by logarithmically processing the received signal with the despread-AGC-output signal.  
         [0067]     The comparator  270  generates a comparison signal by comparing the received-power level generated by the power measurement device  278 , to the threshold level. The comparison signal may be an analog or digital data signal. Broadly, the control word generator  259  can convert the comparison signal to a digital data signal, i.e., the power-command signal, for controlling the variable-gain device  211  of  FIG. 6 . The variable-gain device  211  uses the power-command signal, as processed by the control word generator  159 , as a basis for adjusting a transmitter-power level of the first spread-spectrum signal transmitted by the mobile station.  
         [0068]     In operation, a mobile station in a cell may transmit the first spread-spectrum signal on a continuous basis or on a repetitive periodic basis. The base station within the cell receives the first spread-spectrum signal. The received first spread-spectrum signal is acquired and despread with the chip-sequence signal from chip-sequence generator and product device. The despread first spread-spectrum signal is filtered through bandpass filter. The base station detects the despread first spread-spectrum signal using envelope detector, and measures or determines the received-power level of the first spread-spectrum signal. The base station generates the power-command signal from the received-power level.  
         [0069]     The power-command signal may be transmitted on the same channel as the second spread-spectrum signal using the same chip sequence as the second spread-spectrum signal. In this case, the power-command signal is transmitted at a different time interval from when the second spread-spectrum signal is transmitted. This format allows the mobile station to acquire synchronization with the first sequence, using the second spread-spectrum signal.  
         [0070]     As an alternative, the power-command signal may be transmitted on a different coded channel using a second chip sequence. In the latter case, the second spread-spectrum signal having the power-command signal would be acquired by the second chip-code generator and second product device. In either case, the power-command signal is demultiplexed using demultiplexer  209 . Further, the power-command signal may be time division multiplexed or frequency division multiplexed with the second spread-spectrum signal.  
         [0071]     The present invention also includes a method for automatic-power control of a spread-spectrum transmitter for a mobile station operating in a cellular-communications network using spread-spectrum modulation, with the mobile station transmitting a first spread-spectrum signal. In use, the method includes the step of receiving a received signal, generating an AGC-output signal, despreading the AGC-output signal, processing the despread AGC-output signal to generate a received-power level, generating a power-command signal, transmitting the power-command signal as a second spread-spectrum signal, despreading the power-command signal from the second spread-spectrum signal as a power-adjust signal, and adjusting a power level of the first spread-spectrum signal.  
         [0072]     The received signal includes the first spread-spectrum signal and an interfering signal and is received at the base station. The AGC-output signal is generated at the base station and despread as a despread AGC-output signal. The despread AGC-output signal is processed at the base station to generate a received-power level.  
         [0073]     The received-power level is compared to a threshold, with the comparison used to generate a power-command signal. If the received-power level were greater than the threshold, the power-command signal would command the mobile station to reduce transmitter power. If the received-power level were less than the threshold, the power-command signal would command the mobile station to increase transmitter power.  
         [0074]     The power-command signal is transmitted from the base station to the mobile station as a second spread-spectrum signal. Responsive to receiving the second spread-spectrum signal, the mobile station despreads the power-command signal as a power-adjust signal. Depending on whether the power-command signal commanded the mobile station to increase or decrease transmitter power, the mobile station, responsive to the power adjust signal, increases or decreases the transmitter-power level of the first spread-spectrum signal, respectively.  
         [0075]     The method may additionally include generating from a received signal an AGC-output signal, and despreading the AGC-output signal. The received signal includes the first spread-spectrum signal and an interfering signal. The received signal is processed with the despread AGC-output signal to generate a received-power level. The method then generates a comparison signal by comparing the received-power level to the threshold level. While transmitting a second spread-spectrum signal, the method adjusts a transmitter-power level of the first spread-spectrum signal from the transmitter using the power-adjust signal.  
       PERFORMANCE OF THE INVENTION  
       [0076]     A spread spectrum base station receives all incoming signals simultaneously. Thus, if a signal were received at a higher power level than the others, then that signal&#39;s receiver has a higher signal-to-noise ratio and therefore a lower bit error rate. The base station ensures that each mobile station transmits at the correct power level by telling the remote, every 500 microseconds, whether to increase or to decrease the mobile station&#39;s power.  
         [0077]      FIG. 11  shows a typical fading signal which is received at the base station along with ten other independently fading signals and thermal noise having the same power as one of the signals. Note that the fade duration is about 5 milliseconds which corresponds to vehicular speed exceeding 60 miles per hour.  FIGS. 12-13  illustrate the results obtained when using a particular adaptive power control algorithm. In this case, whenever the received signal changes power, the base station informs the remote and the remote varies its power by “1 dB.  FIG. 8  shows the adaptive power control signal at the remote station.  FIG. 9  shows the received power at the base station. Note that the adaptive power control track the deep fades and as a result a 9 dB fades resulted. This reduced power level resulted in a bit error rate of 1.4×10 −2 .  
         [0078]     For the same fade of  FIG. 11 , assume a different adaptive power control algorithm is employed. In this case the control voltage results in the remote unit changing its power by a factor of 1.5 in the same direction, or by a factor of 0.5 in the opposite direction. In this particular implementation the minimum step size was 0.25 dB and the maximum step size was 4 dB. The resulting control voltage is shown in  FIG. 14  and the resulting received power from the remote unit is shown in  FIG. 15 . Note that the error is usually limited to “2 dB with occasional decreases in power by 5 dB to 6 dB resulting in a BER.8×10 −4 , a significant improvement compared to the previous algorithm. The use of interleaving and forward error correcting codes usually can correct any errors resulting from the rarely observed power dips.  
         [0079]     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the method and apparatus for adaptively controlling a power level of a spread-spectrum signal in a cellular environment of the instant invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention, and it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of the method and apparatus for adaptively controlling a power level of a spread-spectrum signal in a cellular environment provided they come in the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
A spread spectrum base station comprises an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit having an input configured to receive a received spread spectrum signal and gain control the received spread spectrum signal to produce a gain controlled signal. A correlation circuit has an input configured to receive the gain controlled signal and correlate the gain controlled signal with a code to produce a despread signal. A power measurement and comparator circuit is configured to receive the despread signal and a control level of the AGC circuit. The circuit processes at least the despread signal and the control level to produce a processed signal and compares the processed signal with a threshold to produce a comparison signal. The comparison signal is used to produce a power command. A multiplexer multiplexes the power command with a signal for transmission over an antenna.