CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     Not applicable.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention relates to a wind turbine.  
         [0003]     Modern wind turbines are divided into two major categories: horizontal axis turbines and vertical axis turbines. Horizontal axis wind turbines typically comprise a tower and a fan-like rotor mounted at the top of the tower for rotation about an axis substantially parallel to the earth&#39;s surface. The rotor of a horizontal axis wind turbine must face either into or away from the direction of the wind and a yaw mechanism is required to rotate the rotor about the vertical axis of the tower to keep the rotor in proper alignment with the wind flow. Since a mechanical means of delivering power to the ground could cause the rotor to yaw out of alignment with the wind, energy conversion devices, such as generators; power transmission equipment; and related equipment are typically also mounted atop the tower. A structurally robust and costly tower is required to support the weight of the elevated equipment. In addition, the tower structure must be resist oscillation and fatigue resulting from pressure pulsations produced by the interaction of the moving rotor blades and the tower. Likewise, the pressure pulse created by the wind shading of the tower causes the blades of the rotor to flex inducing fatigue in the blades and other rotor components. Maintenance of horizontal axis turbines can be complex because the equipment is located at the top of the tower. A large crane is typically required to replace equipment or to support the rotor during bearing replacement or maintenance. While horizontal axis wind turbine installations are relatively complex and expensive, they are the most common wind turbine configurations in current use.  
         [0004]     Vertical axis wind turbines comprise, generally, a central shaft arranged vertically with respect to the ground and rotatably supporting a plurality of blades or vanes arrayed around the shaft and roughly perpendicular to the wind flow. Vertical axis turbines do not require a yaw mechanism to align the blades with the wind and the generator or other energy converter and related power transmission equipment may be mounted on the ground at the base of the turbine, potentially substantially reducing the complexity and cost of the installation.  
         [0005]     Vertical axis wind turbines are divided generally into lift- and drag-types. Drag-type vertical axis wind turbines, exemplified by the three-cup anemometer and the Savonius wind turbine, are rotated by the force produced by the wind impinging on the exposed area of cups, buckets, or paddles arranged around a vertical shaft. Savonius, U.S. Pat. No. 1,697,574, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a vertical axis wind turbine that can be described as a barrel cut in half lengthwise with the halves offset to form two scoops and mounted on a vertical shaft. The efficiency of a Savonius turbine is limited because power produced by the gathering side of the rotor is offset by drag produced by the other side of the rotor. In addition, since the area of the scoops exposed to the wind flow varies as the turbine rotates, the torque is not even throughout a revolution of the shaft and no torque will be produced to initiate rotation if the rotor is improperly aligned with the wind flow. Further, the maximum velocity of the cups or paddles of a drag-type turbine is substantially equal to the velocity of the wind (tip speed ratio≈1). While this type of turbine can produce high torque and can be useful for pumping water and similar tasks, the speed of rotation is generally too slow for efficient production of electricity, a major use of commercial wind turbines.  
         [0006]     Lift-type vertical axis turbines rely on the lift force generated as the wind flows over an air foil to obtain tip speeds exceeding the wind&#39;s velocity. Darrieus, U.S. Pat. No. 1,835,018, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a wind turbine typifying lift-type vertical axis wind turbines. The Darrieus wind turbine is the only vertical axis wind turbine ever manufactured commercially in any volume. The Darrieus wind turbine may comprise C-shaped rotor blades attached at their top and bottom ends to a vertical central shaft or rectilinear blades arranged parallel to the shaft in a cylindrical drum or squirrel cage arrangement (sometimes referred to as a “Giromill”). Darrieus turbines typically have two or three blades. Since lift forces provide the torque for rotation, the tip speed of the blades can exceed the speed of the wind. Darrieus wind turbines can have a tip speed ratio exceeding three making this type of turbine suitable for electric power generation.  
         [0007]     While vertical axis wind turbine installations are potentially less complex and costly than horizontal axis turbines, the lack of commercial success of vertical axis turbines is indicative of substantial drawbacks of this type of turbine. Since no tower is required, a major cost of a wind turbine installation is eliminated. However, wind speeds close to the ground are very low and turbulent due to boundary layer effects. As a result, the output of a vertical axis turbine, particularly the lower half of the rotor, is limited and the overall efficiency is relatively low. Further, guy wires may be required to stabilize the vertical shaft which may make the turbine impractical in extensively farmed or built-up areas. While the power conversion equipment can be mounted at ground level, a crane is typically required to lift the vertical shaft and blades for bearing replacement or maintenance. In addition, lift-type vertical axis turbines are not self starting, but an electric generator connected into a power grid can be used as a motor to start the turbine.  
         [0008]     What is desired, therefore, is a wind turbine combining the lower cost and reduced complexity of a vertical axis wind turbine with the higher efficiency and performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRITION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0009]      FIG. 1  is a cut-away perspective view of an electric power generation installation incorporating a vertical axis embodiment of the wind turbine.  
         [0010]      FIG. 2  is a sectional view of the elevation of the electrical power generation installation of  FIG. 1 .  
         [0011]      FIG. 3  is a sectional view of an elevation of the inventive wind turbine.  
         [0012]      FIG. 4  is an elevation view of a wind turbine.  
         [0013]      FIG. 5  is a section view of the wind turbine of  FIG. 4  along line Z-Z of  FIG. 4 .  
         [0014]      FIG. 6  is a bottom view of the wind turbine of  FIG. 4 .  
         [0015]      FIG. 7  is a schematic illustration of a method of generating the shape of a vane of the wind turbine.  
         [0016]      FIG. 8  is a section view of a vane of the wind turbine along line v-v of  FIG. 4 .  
         [0017]      FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a horizontal axis embodiment of the inventive wind turbine. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0018]     Referring in detail to the drawings wherein similar parts of the invention are identified by like reference numerals, and, more specifically to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a wind power energy converter for generating electricity  20  is illustrative of a vertical axis embodiment of the inventive wind turbine system. The energy converter installation  20  comprises, generally, a foundation or base  22  supporting a tower  24  which, in turn, supports the wind turbine  26 . One or more electric power generators  20  are located on the foundation  22  and driven by a flywheel  34 . The generators  20  are connected to the flywheel  34  by drive shafts  30  that are connected to a right-angle drive  32  that is rotatably connected to the flywheel. The right angle drive  32  may also include variable ratio gearing or other power transmission components, such as a hydrostatic pump and motor, to control the speed of rotation of the generator  20  under variable wind conditions. A power transmission apparatus rotatably connects the flywheel  34  and the wind turbine  26  at the top of the tower  24 . The exemplary power transmission apparatus, as illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , includes a clutch  33  to selectively connect the flywheel  34  to a main drive shaft  36  that is connected to and rotated by the wind turbine  26 . However, other known power transmission apparatuses could be used to transfer power from the wind turbine  26  to the flywheel  34 . For example, a hydraulic pump connected to be driven by the wind turbine  26  could supply pressurized fluid to drive a hydraulic motor connected to rotate the flywheel  34 . While the illustrated energy converter installation  20  incorporates electrical generators, pumps or other energy conversion devices attached to the flywheel could be used to convert the rotational energy of the wind turbine to an elevated fluid or another form of energy. Likewise, the energy converter installation  20  includes a right angle drive  32 , but the generator  28 , other energy conversion devices, and power transmission devices could be mounted in-line with the main drive shaft  36 .  
         [0019]     The tower  24  is typically cylindrical and may be constructed of any convenient material providing the necessary strength, rigidity, and other desired properties. For example, the tower  24  may comprise multiple pre-cast, tubular, reinforced concrete units with internal post tensioned cables, if necessary, for tower stabilization. The tower  24  is attached to the foundation  22  which may surface mounted or completely or partially buried, as determined by the installation&#39;s siting limitations. Referring to  FIG. 3 , the turbine  26  is rotatably supported at the top of the tower  24  by upper  40  and lower  42  bearings. The upper bearing  40  bears on an upper bearing support  44  attached to the tower  24  and on a hub  46  at the center of an upper vane support  48 . The hub  46  of the upper vane support  48  is bolted  50  to a flange on the end of the main drive shaft  36  so that the main drive shaft will rotate with the upper vane support. At its lower end, the turbine  26  is rotationally supported by the lower bearing  42  that bears against a lower bearing support  52  attached to the tower  24  and a hub  53  of a lower vane support  54 .  
         [0020]     The shells of a plurality of hydraulic rams  56  are attached to the tower  24 . The movable piston rods  58  of the rams can be extended to bear against the hub  46  of the upper vane support  48 . When replacing the upper  40  and lower  42  bearings, the turbine  26  can be raised to facilitate bearing removal by extending the piston rods  58  of the appropriate hydraulic rams  56 .  
         [0021]     The wind turbine  26  typically comprises 5-15 vanes  80  attached to vane attachment rings  60 ,  62  supported by spokes  64 ,  66  radiating from the central hubs  46 ,  53  of the upper  48  and lower  54  vane supports, respectively. Referring to  FIGS. 5 and 6 , when viewed in the direction of the rotational axis  82  of the turbine  26 , the vanes  80  form an annular envelope with an open center. The shape of the exterior envelope of the turbine  26  is typically that of a prolate spheroid. The height  91  (indicated by a bracket) of the wind turbine  26  is typically less than 50% of the height of the tower  24  to limit the forces acting on the tower and the resultant stress in the tower components. Turbines having a diameter to height ratio between 0.45 and 0.90, and, preferably, between 0.60 and 0.80 provide a desirable balance of speed and torque, producing ample power and limiting stress on the turbine components.  
         [0022]     The vanes  80  of the wind turbine  26  comprise a surface  94  bounded by a leading edge  100 , a trailing edge  102 , a upper end  86 , and a second end  88 . A line connecting and approximately bisecting the upper end  86  and the lower end  88  defines a substantially longitudinal axis  90  of the vane  80 . A line extending transverse to the longitudinal axis defines a substantially lateral, chord axis  92  of the vane  80 . Referring to  FIG. 7 , the shape of the surface  94  of the vane  90  substantially corresponds to a portion of the surface of a prolate spheroid  150  that would be overlaid if a planar blank  156  of the vane was aligned with its longitudinal axis  152  skewed relative to the polar axis  154  of the spheroid and then wrapped over the surface of the spheroid. Typically, the longitudinal axis  152  of the blank is skewed between 30° and 60° to the polar axis of the spheroid for the purpose of generating the surface but other lesser or greater angles of skew can be used. The leading  100  and trailing  102  edges of the vane  80  are elongated S-curves extending between the upper  86  and lower  88  ends of the vane. The elongated S-curves result from overlaying the blank  156  of the vane, having edges spatially corresponding to the leading  100  and trailing  102  edges of the vane and defined by sine waves having neutral axes substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vane, on the surface of the spheroid  150 .  
         [0023]     Referring to  FIG. 8 , when viewed in the direction of the longitudinal axis  94 , the surface  94  of the vane  80  has an elliptical profile. The shape of the ellipse is determined by the lengths of a minor axis  180  extending perpendicular to the surface  94  and a major axis  182  (indicated by a bracket) extending in the direction of the chord axis  92  of the vane  80 . The minor axis  180  varies in length from the upper end of the vane to the lower end of the vane so that the elliptical profile of the surface  94  takes the form of a truncated, conical ellipse. When viewed in the direction of the longitudinal axis  94 , the vane  80  is substantially planar at its upper end  86 , as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , and substantially curved at its lower end  88 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . Air flowing over the curved surface  94  of the vane  80  generates a lift force to rotate the turbine and the cupped profile of the reverse surface  95  of the vane enhances turbine start-up by catching the wind.  
         [0024]     Referring to  FIG. 3 , when attached to the upper  48  and lower  49  vane supports, a vane  80  is positioned such that the longitudinal axis  90  of a first length of the vane, approximately midway between the upper  86  and lower  88  ends, is skewed at a first angle  104  to the rotational axis  82  of the wind turbine  26 . The first angle  104  is greater than 15° and less than 90° and typically, in the range of 22°-44° to the rotational axis of the wind turbine. Skewing the longitudinal axis  90  of the vane  80  relative to the rotational axis  82  of the turbine  26  increases the chord line of the airfoil as defined by Bernoulli&#39;s Law and increases the ram pressure exerted on the vane by the wind to increase the lift force and reduce drag forces. The elongated S-curve of the leading  100  and trailing  102  edges causes the portions of the longitudinal axis extending through a second length and a third length proximate the upper  86  and lower  88  ends of the vane  80  to be substantially parallel to each other and skewed at an angle to the rotational axis of the turbine that is greater than the first angle, reducing the effects of vortices at the tips of the blades and improving the ability of the vane to catch the wind during startup.  
         [0025]     The vanes  80  are mounted with the leading edge  100  of each vane projecting radially outward of the trailing edge  102  of the adjacent vane. The shape and arrangement of vanes maximize surface exposure and lift coefficient and minimize wind shading effects produced by the preceding vane. In addition, the air flow through the turbine  26  raises the air pressure in the interior of the annular turbine. The higher pressure in the center of the turbine produces thrust on the wind wane side of the vanes  80  for additional turbine speed and torque. Wind flowing horizontally from any direction at any speed, or wind shear flowing parallel to the axis of rotation  82  of the turbine  26  will create a force to rotate the turbine.  
         [0026]     A cap  27 , attached to the upper vane mounting  48 , covers the exposed upper ends  86  of the vanes  80 . The cap  27  reduces turbulence in the air flow and stabilizes the turbine.  
         [0027]     While the tower  24  elevates the turbine  26  to take advantage of the higher velocity, less turbulent wind above the earth&#39;s surface, the structural requirements and cost of the tower are less than that required for a typical horizontal axis turbine. The tower is not required to support the weight of the generator and mechanical power transmission equipment. Further, tower oscillation and fatigue caused by the pressure wave produced by the interaction of the tower and the blades of a horizontal axis turbine and the pitch and yaw forces generated by the rotor are substantially reduced or eliminated, reducing structural requirements and improving tower stability. There is no appreciable wind shading interaction between the centrally located tower  24  and the turbine  26 .  
         [0028]     Rotation of the turbine  26  is transferred to the generator  28  through the main drive shaft  36  connecting the hub  46  of the upper vane support and a clutch  33  at the input to the right-angle drive  32 . A variable mass flywheel  34  is also attached to the input to the right-angle drive  32  to modulate speed fluctuations produced by gusting winds and prolong the output of the generator  28  when the wind dies down. The variable mass flywheel  34  comprises a hollow ring torus  120  connected to a radially centered hub  124  by a plurality of tubular spokes  122 . The hollow toroidal tube  120  is elevated relative to the hub  124  so that a fluid, such as water, in the torus  120  will flow toward the hub, through the tubular spokes  122 , when the flywheel is stationary or turning slowly. On the other hand, when flywheel  34  is rotating, centrifugal force causes fluid pumped into the hub  124  by a pump  128  and controlled by the fluid control  130 , to flow outward through the spokes  122  to the toroidal tube  120 . Baffles internal to the torus  120  cause the fluid to rotate with the flywheel  34 . Adding fluid to the flywheel  34  increases the mass and inertia of the flywheel increasing the amount of energy that can be stored by the flywheel and enabling the flywheel to absorb greater speed fluctuations. Draining fluid from the flywheel  34  reduces the mass and inertia of the flywheel to ease turbine start-up.  
         [0029]     Referring to  FIG. 9 , the innovative turbine can also be constructed as a horizontal axis wind turbine  200 . The horizontally extending central shaft  202  is supported in a yoke  204  that is rotatable on a base  206  to facilitate yaw to align the shaft parallel to the wind flow. The turbine is responsive to wind flow substantially parallel to the shaft, either wind shear in a vertical axis configuration or wind flow parallel to the earth&#39;s surface in a horizontal configuration  200 . A horizontal axis is desirable when the overall height of the turbine is limited, for example, when the turbine is used to power a ship.  
         [0030]     The detailed description, above, sets forth numerous specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the present invention.  
         [0031]     All the references cited herein are incorporated by reference.  
         [0032]     The terms and expressions that have been employed in the foregoing specification are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims that follow.
A wind turbine operable as either a vertical axis wind turbine or a horizontal axis wind turbine is disclosed.