CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/683,711, filed on Jan. 7, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,102,801 issued on Jan. 24, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/084,043, filed Feb. 27, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,672,265 issued on Mar. 2, 2010 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/939,410, filed Aug. 24, 2001, both of which are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to wireless communication systems. More particularly, it relates to a modification to such systems by employing a physical layer (PHY) automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme. 
         [0003]    Proposed broadband fixed wireless access (BFWA) communication systems, using either single carrier-frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) or orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) plan on using a high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) application. This application will transmit downlink packet data at high speeds. In BFWA, a building or group of buildings are connected, either wirelessly or wired, and operate as a single subscriber site. The data demand for such a system is quite high for the single site&#39;s multiple end users requiring large bandwidths. 
         [0004]    The current proposed system employs a layer 2 automatic repeat request (ARQ) system. Data blocks unsuccessfully transmitted to the subscribers are buffered and retransmitted from layer 2. The data blocks stored in layer 2 are typically large, are transmitted for high signal to noise ratio (SNR) reception, are received with a low block error rate (BLER), and are infrequently retransmitted. Additionally, layer 2 ARQ signaling is typically slow requiring large buffers and long retransmission intervals. 
         [0005]    Accordingly, it is desirable to have alternatives in addition to a layer 2 ARQ system. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    A user equipment for physical layer automatic repeat request is disclosed. The user equipment comprises a higher layer automatic repeat request (ARQ) mechanism, a physical layer transmitter, a physical layer receiver, an acknowledgment (ACK) transmitter and an adaptive modulation and control unit (AMC). A higher layer ARQ mechanism generates data for transmission. A physical layer transmitter receives the data for transmission from the higher layer ARQ mechanism, to format the received data into packets for transmission. A physical layer receiver receives and demodulates received packets and retransmission statistics. An ACK transmitter transmits a corresponding acknowledgment for a given packet at the physical layer receiver. An AMC unit adjusts a particular encoding/data modulation of each packet using collected retransmission statistics. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0007]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  are simplified block diagrams of downlink and uplink physical ARQs; 
           [0008]      FIG. 2  is a flow chart for using retransmission statistics for adaptive modulation and coding; and 
           [0009]      FIG. 3  is block diagram showing a multi-channel stop and wait architecture. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0010]      FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b  respectively show a downlink physical ARQ  10  and uplink physical ARQ  20 . 
         [0011]    The downlink physical ARQ  10  comprises a base station  12  receiving packets from the higher layer ARQ transmitter  14   a  provided in network  14 . The packets from transmitter  14   a  are applied to the physical layer ARQ transmitter  12   a  in base station  12 . The ARQ transmitter  12   a  encodes the data with a forward error correcting code (FEC), appends error check sequences (ECSs), modulates the data as directed by the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) controller  12   c,  such as by using binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (i.e. 16-QAM or 64-QAM). Additionally, for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), the AMC controller  12   a  may vary the subchannels used to carry the packet data. The physical layer ARQ transmitter  12   a  transmits packets to the subscriber unit  16  through air interface  14  by way of switch, circulator or duplexor  12   d  and antenna  13 . The transmitter  12   a  also temporarily stores the message for retransmission, if necessary, in a buffer memory incorporated in the transmitter  12   a.    
         [0012]    Antenna  15  of subscriber unit  16  receives the packet. The packet is input into physical layer ARQ receiver  16   a  through switch, circulator or duplexor  16   b.  At the receiver  16   a,  the packet is FEC decoded and checked for errors using the ECS. The receiver  16   a  then controls acknowledgment transmitter  16   c  to either acknowledge (ACK) receipt of a packet with an acceptable error rate or to request retransmission by, preferably, withholding an acknowledgment signal or transmitting a negative acknowledgment (NAK). 
         [0013]    The ACK is sent by ACK transmitter  16   c  to the base station  12  through switch  16   b  and antenna  15 . The ACK is sent via the air interface  14  to antenna  13  of base station  12 . The received ACK is processed by an acknowledgment receiver  12   b  in the base station. The ACK receiver  12   b  delivers the ACK/NAKs to the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) controller  12   c  and to the transmitter  12   a . The AMC controller  12   c  analyzes the channel quality to the subscriber unit  16  using statistics of the received ACKs and may vary the FEC encoding and modulation techniques of subsequent transmissions of the message, as will be described in more detail. If the subscriber unit  16  acknowledges receipt of the packet, receipt of this ACK at base station  12  causes the original packet, which was temporarily stored in a buffer memory, to be cleared in readiness for the next packet. 
         [0014]    If no ACK is received or a NAK is received, the physical layer transmitter  12   a  retransmits the original message or selectively modified version of the original message to subscriber  16 . At the subscriber unit  16 , the retransmission is combined with the original transmission, if available. This technique facilitates receipt of a correct message by use of data redundancy or selective repeat combining. The packets having an acceptable error rate are transferred to higher layers  16   d  for further processing. The acceptable received packets are delivered to the higher layers  16   d  in the same data order in which the data was provided to transmitter  12   a  in the base station (i.e. in-sequence delivery). The maximum number of retransmissions is limited to an operator-defined integer value, such as in the range of 1 to 8. After the maximum number of retransmissions are attempted, the buffer memory is cleared for use by the next packet. Decoding an acknowledgment using small packets at the physical layer reduces transmission delays and message handling time. 
         [0015]    Since PHY ARQ occurs at the physical layer, the number of retransmission occurrences for a particular channel, retransmission statistics, is a good measure of that channel&#39;s quality. Using the retransmission statistics, the AMC controller  12   c  may vary the modulation and coding schemes for that channel, as shown in  FIG. 2 . Additionally, the retransmission statistics can also be combined with other link quality measurements, such as bit error rates (BERs) and block error rates (BLERs), by the AMC controller  12   c  to gauge the channel quality and determine whether a change in the modulation and coding scheme is required. 
         [0016]    To illustrate for SC-FDE, the retransmission occurrences for a particular channel are measured to produce retransmission statistics, ( 60 ). A decision on whether to change the modulation scheme is made using the retransmission statistics, ( 62 ). If the retransmissions are excessive, a more robust coding and modulation scheme is used, ( 64 ), usually at a reduced data transfer rate. The AMC controller  12   c  may increase the spreading factor and use more codes to transfer the packet data. Alternately or additionally, the AMC controller may switch from a high data throughput modulation scheme to a lower one, such as from 64-QAM to 16-QAM or QPSK. If the rate of retransmissions is low, a switch to a higher capacity modulation scheme is made, such as from QPSK to 16-ary QAM or 64-ary QAM, ( 66 ). The decision preferably uses both the retransmission rate and other link quality measurements signaled from the receiver, such as BER or BLER, ( 62 ). The decision limits are preferably set by the system operator. 
         [0017]    For OFDMA, the retransmission occurrences are used to monitor the channel quality of each subchannel. If the retransmission rate or retransmission rate/link quality for a particular subchannel indicates poor quality, that subchannel may be selectively nulled from the OFDM frequency set, ( 64 ), in order to preclude use of such poor quality subchannels for some future period. If the retransmission rate or retransmission rate/link quality indicates high quality, a previously nulled subchannels may be added back to the OFDM frequency set, ( 66 ). 
         [0018]    Using the retransmission occurrences as a basis for AMC provides a flexibility to match the modulation and coding scheme to the average channel conditions for each user. Additionally, the retransmission rate is insensitive to measurement error and reporting delay from the subscriber unit  16 . 
         [0019]    The uplink ARQ  20  is similar in nature to the downlink ARQ  10  and is comprised of a subscriber unit  26  in which packets from a higher layer ARQ transmitter  28   a  of the higher layers  28  are transferred to physical layer ARQ transmitter  26   a.  The message is transmitted to the base station antenna through switch  26   d,  subscriber antenna  25  and air interface  24 . The AMC controller, likewise, may vary the modulation and coding scheme using the retransmission statistics of a channel. 
         [0020]    Physical layer ARQ receiver  22   a,  similar to receiver  16   a  of  FIG. 1   a , determines if the message has an acceptable error rate requiring retransmission. The acknowledgment transmitter reports status to subscriber unit  26 , causing the transmitter  26   a  to retransmit or alternatively to clear the original message temporarily stored at transmitter  26   a  in readiness to receive the next message from the higher layers  28 . Successfully received packets are sent to the network  24  for further processing. 
         [0021]    Although not shown for purposes of simplicity, the system is preferably used for a HSDPA application in a BFWA system, although other implementations may be used. The BFWA system may use frequency division duplex or time division duplex SC-FDE or OFDMA. In such a system, the base station and all of the subscribers are in fixed locations. The system may comprise a base station and a large number of subscriber units. Each subscriber unit may serve multiple users within one building or several neighboring buildings, for example. These applications typically require a large bandwidth due to the large number of end users at one subscriber unit site. 
         [0022]    A PHY ARQ deployed in such a system is transparent to the higher layers, such as the medium access controllers (MACs). As a result, PHY ARQ can be used in conjunction with higher layer ARQs, such as layer 2. In such cases, the PHY ARQ reduces the retransmission overhead of the higher layer ARQs. 
         [0023]      FIG. 3  is an illustration of an N-channel stop and wait architecture for a PHYARQ  30 . The Physical Layer ARQ transmit function  38  may be located at the base station, subscriber unit or both depending on whether downlink, uplink or both PHYARQs are used. Blocks  34   a  of data arrive from the network. The network blocks are placed in a queue  34  for transmission over the data channel  41  of the air interface  43 . An N-channel sequencer  36  sends data of the blocks sequentially to the N transmitters  40 - 1  to  40 - n . Each transmitter  40 - 1  to  40 - n  is associated with a transmit sequence in the data channel  41 . Each transmitter  40 - 1  to  40 - n  FEC encodes and provides ECS for the block data to produce packets for AMC modulation and transmission in the data channel  41 . The FEC encoded/ECS data is stored in a buffer of the transmitter  40 - 1  to  40 - n  for possible retransmission. Additionally, control information is sent from the PHYARQ transmitter  38  to synchronize reception, demodulation and decoding at the receivers  46 - 1  to  46 - n.    
         [0024]    Each of the N receivers  46 - 1  to  46 - n  receives the packet in its associated timeslot. The received packet is sent to a respective hybrid ARQ decoder  50 - 1  to  50 - n  ( 50 ). The hybrid ARQ decoder  50  determines the error rate, such as BER or BLER, for the received packet. If the packet has an acceptable error rate, it is released to the higher levels for further processing and an ACK is sent by the ACK transmitter  54 . If the error rate is unacceptable or no packet was received, no ACK is sent or a NAK is sent. Packets with unacceptable error rates are buffered at the decoder  50  for potential combining with a retransmitted packet. 
         [0025]    One approach for combining packets using turbo codes is as follows. If a turbo encoded packet is received with an unacceptable error rate, the packet data is retransmitted to facilitate code combining. The packet containing the same data is encoded differently. To decode the packet data, both packets are processed by the turbo decoder to recover the original data. Since the second packet has a different encoding, its soft symbols are mapped to different points in the decoding scheme. Using two packets with different encoding adds coding diversity and transmission diversity to improve the overall BER. In another approach, the identical signal is transmitted. The two received packets are combined using a maximum ratio combining of symbols. The combined signal is subsequently decoded. 
         [0026]    The ACK for each receiver  46 - 1  to  46 - n  is sent in a fast feedback channel (FFC)  45 . The fast feedback channel  45  is preferably a low latency channel. For a time division duplex system, the ACKs may be sent in idle periods between upstream and downstream transmissions. The FFC  45  is preferably a low speed, high bandwidth CDMA channel overlaying other in-band transmissions. The FFC CDMA codes and modulations are selected to minimize interference to other in-band transmissions. To increase the capacity of such a FFC  45 , multiple codes may be used. 
         [0027]    The ACK receiver  56  detects the ACKs and indicates to the corresponding transmitter  40 - 1  to  40 - n  whether the ACK was received. If the ACK was not received, the packet is retransmitted. The retransmitted packet may have a different modulation and coding scheme as directed by the AMC controller  12   c ,  26   c.  If the ACK is received, the transmitter  40 - 1  to  40 - n  clears the previous packet from the buffer and accepts a subsequent packet for transmission. 
         [0028]    The number of transmitters and receivers N is based on various design considerations, such as the channel capacity and ACK response time. For the preferred system previously described, a 2-channel architecture is preferably utilized, with even and odd transmitters and receivers. 
         [0029]    The PHY ARQ technique of the preferred embodiment provides a 7 db gain in signal to noise ratio (SNR) as compared to a system using only higher layer ARQ. This occurs by operating at higher block error rates (BLERs) (5-20% BLER) and using smaller block sizes for layer 1 than is practical with higher layer ARQ alone. The decreased SNR requirement allows for: increased capacity by switching to high order modulation employing an adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) technique; lower customer premise equipment (CPE) costs by using lower grade RF (radio frequency) components with the PHY ARQ compensating for reduced implementation performance; increased downlink range which extends the cell radius; reduced downlink power in the base station (BS) to minimize cell-cell interference; and increased power amplifier (PA) back-off when employing a multi-carrier technique.
A user equipment for physical layer automatic repeat request is disclosed. The user equipment comprises a higher layer automatic repeat request (ARQ) mechanism, a physical layer transmitter, a physical layer receiver, an acknowledgment (ACK) transmitter and an adaptive modulation and control unit (AMC). A higher layer ARQ mechanism generates data for transmission. A physical layer transmitter receives the data for transmission from the higher layer ARQ mechanism, to format the received data into packets for transmission. A physical layer receiver receives and demodulates received packets and retransmission statistics. An ACK transmitter transmits a corresponding acknowledgment for a given packet at the physical layer receiver. An AMC unit adjusts a particular encoding/data modulation of each packet using collected retransmission statistics.