CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]     This application claims priority to U.S. provisional applications 60/473,914, filed May 29, 2003 (docket number X2YA0030P-US); 60/500,347, filed Sep. 5, 2003 (docket number X2YA0037P-US); 60/502,617, filed Sep. 15, 2003 (docket number X2YA0039P-US); and 60/505,874 filed Sep. 26, 2003 (docket number X2YA0040P-US); 60/523,098 filed Nov. 29, 2003 (docket number X2YA0042P-US); and 60/534,984, filed Jan. 9, 2004 (docket number X2YA0045P-US). 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     This invention relates to energy conditioning.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003]     Objects of this invention are to provide energy conditioning, energy conditioning structures, and connectors and devices that incorporate energy conditioners.  
         [0004]     The invention provides electrical energy conditioners particularly useful for power applications. Internal structure of the energy conditioners may be included as components of connectors or electrical devices. Electrical devices are devices that include an electrical load.  
         [0005]     In all embodiments, internal structure of the conditioner includes a common conductor (G conductor), and some of the common conductor (G conductor) exists between surfaces of portions of two other conductors (A and B conductors), providing an overlapped structure. In all embodiments, the G conductor is electrically insulated from the A and B conductors both when the conditioner is connected in a circuit and when the conditioner is not connected in a circuit. In all embodiments, the A and B conductors are electrically isolated from one another when the conditioner is not connected in a circuit. In all embodiments, the A, B, and G conductors are spatially separated from one another in the overlapped region so that there is no conductive connection between any of them in the overlapped region.  
         [0006]     Preferably, the parts of the G, A and B conductors form a layered structural portion (or layered portion) and part of the G conductor forming part of the layered portion exists between the portions of the A and B conductors forming part of the layered portion. That is, the overlapped portion is formed by layered portions of the A, B, and G conductors.  
         [0007]     In all embodiments, there are at least two G conductor tabs of the G conductor extending from the overlapped portion or layered portion of the A, B, and G conductors.  
         [0008]     In preferred embodiments, the internal structure of the conditioner and either or both of a connector structure and an electrical load are substantially enclosed in a enclosing conductive structure. In these embodiments, the G conductor is coupled, either conductively or primarily substantially capacitively, to the enclosing conductive structure. For these structure, preferably there is at least one conductive path between two tabs of the G conductor that is outside of the overlapped structure. For these structure, preferably, there is a conductive path connecting two tabs of the G conductor that extends between conductive pathways connected to the A and B conductors. For these structure, preferably, there is a conductive path connecting the two tabs of the G conductor that extends between conductive pathways connected to the A and B conductors on one side of the overlapped region, and there is another conductive path between two tabs of the G conductor that extends between conductive pathways connected to the A and B conductors on the other side of the overlapped region. For these structure, preferably, there a conductive pathway connecting two tabs of the G conductor that extends around a conductive path connected to the A conductor, and a conductive pathway connecting to two tabs of the G conductor that extends around a conductive path connected to the B conductor. For these structure, preferably, there a conductive pathway connecting two tabs of the G conductor that extends around a conductive path connected to the A conductor on one side of the overlapped structure, and a conductive pathway connecting to two tabs of the G conductor that extends around a conductive path connected to the B conductor on the same side of the overlapped structure, a conductive pathway connecting two tabs of the G conductor that extends around a conductive path connected to the A conductor on an opposite side of the overlapped structure, and a conductive pathway connecting to two tabs of the G conductor that extends around a conductive path connected to the B conductor on the opposite side of the overlapped structure.  
         [0009]     As just noted, preferably, there exists a conductive path connecting the two tabs of the G conductor to one another which does not encircle any conductive path connected to either the A or B conductor. Preferably, this path connecting the two tabs of the G conductor to one another is very close to the outer surface of the overlapped or layered structure. Specifically, that path preferably projects not more than 10 millimeters, preferably not more than 5 millimeters, and preferably not more than about 1 millimeter from an outer major surface of conductive layers of the layered structure. Preferably, the cross sectional area defined by the cross section of the ground strap and the G conductor is less than 30 square millimeters, preferably less than 20 square millimeters, preferably less than 10 square millimeters, and more preferably less than 5 square millimeters.  
         [0010]     Preferably, the ground strap is also wide and flat. Preferably, the ground strap is at least 0.5, at least 1.0, at least 2, or at least 5 millimeters wide (as defined by the direction parallel to major surfaces of the overlapped or layered structure and perpendicular to the direction between the G conductor tabs). Preferably, the ground strap is at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, or at least 80 percent as wide as the overlapped or layered structure (as defined by the direction parallel to major surfaces of the overlapped or layered structure and perpendicular to the direction between the G conductor tabs, or a direction of a line segment connecting an a tab of an A conductor to a tab of a B conductor).  
         [0011]     Many embodiments include additional geometric relationships between portions of the A, B, and G conductors, such as shape and extent of layer overlap of layered portions of the A, B, and G conductors, width of portions of the conductive structures that extend beyond the overlap region, and shapes of the overlapped regions of the three conductive structures. The portions of the conductive structures that extend beyond the overlap region are generally referred to herein as tabs or tab regions. The tabs or tab regions project out of dielectric enclosing other surface of the overlapped region or layered structure of the A, B, and G conductors.  
         [0012]     Preferably, either the G conductor or structure designed to connect to the G conductor, is designed to connect to a ground line.  
         [0013]     Preferably, the A, B, and G conductors are designed so that the A and B conductors can be electrically connected to lines from a source of electric power. Alternatively, the A, B, G structures are designed so that the A and B conductors can each be electrically connected to data or control lines.  
         [0014]     Various embodiments include various one of the following important features.  
         [0015]     Preferably, tabs of the G conductor extend in a different direction or different directions than the direction in which tabs of the A and B conductors extend. Preferably, a G tab direction is different from each of an A tab direction and a B tab direction by at least forty five degrees.  
         [0016]     Preferably, no two tabs of the A, B, and G conductors are vertically aligned with one another, that is, aligned along a direction perpendicular to the layered region formed by overlap of the A, B, and G conductors.  
         [0017]     Preferably, the portions of the A, B, and G conductor tabs that are not coated or potted with dielectric are sufficiently spaced apart to prevent dielectric breakdown, or flash-over, in air. Thus, at 120 volts and 60 cycles, portions of the A or B tabs not coated or covered by dielectric are preferably spaced from portions of other tabs not coated with dielectric by at least 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7 millimeters. The nominal European voltage standard is now 230 volts and 50 Hz, for which uncoated portions of the A or B tabs should be spaced from one another at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 or 10 millimeters.  
         [0018]     Preferably, the tabs of the A, B, and G conductors are not circular in cross section. Instead they are relatively wide and flat. For example, each tab may have a width to height of cross section of greater than 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, or 30. Here, height refers to the direction passing through the overlapped regions of the A, B, and G electrodes, which in layered structural embodiments, is the distance from the bottom surface to the top surface in the embodiments having a layered structure.  
         [0019]     Preferably, at least one G tab projects out of the layered structure in a direction perpendicular to the direction at which a tab of the A or B conductor projects out of the layered structure.  
         [0020]     Preferably, all tabs of the A, B, and G conductors project out of the layered structure in different directions.  
         [0021]     Preferably, dielectric covers the top and bottom conductive surfaces of the layered structure. Preferably, the overlapped or layered structure is “potted”. That is, it is entirely coated with dielectric material, except for parts of the tab portions.  
         [0022]     Preferably, the initial portions of the tab portions where they project out of the overlapped region or layered structure are also coated with dielectric, or potted. Preferably, this dielectric coating covers each tab portion for a distance beyond the overlapped or layered structure of at least 0.01 millimeter, at least 0.1 millimeter, at least 1 millimeter, at least 2 millimeters, or at least 5 millimeters. As the normal intended voltage of an application increases, the distance along with the dielectric should cover the tab regions near the overlapped or layered structure increases. For implementations intended for 120 volt 60 cycle operation, this length should be at least 1 millimeter, and more preferably at least 2 millimeters. For implementations intended for 230 volts and 50 Hz, this length should be at least 1 millimeter, and more preferably at least 2 millimeters, and more preferably at least 3 mm. For digital signal and control line implementations for under 25 volts, preferably, this dielectric coating covers each tab portion for a distance beyond the overlapped region of at least 0.01 millimeter, at least 0.1 millimeter. Typical potting materials have a volume resistivity of greater than about ten to the tenth power ohm centimeters at room temperature.  
         [0023]     Preferably, the ratio of length a tab projects out of the layered structures to the height of the layered structure is greater than a certain ratio. Preferably, one or more of the tabs of the A, B, and G conductors project out from side of the layered structure at least 1, 2, 5, 10, or 20 times the height of the conductive layer of the same conductor.  
         [0024]     Preferably, the ratio of length a tab projects out of the layered structures to the height of the layered structure is greater than a certain ratio. Preferably, one or more of the tabs of the A, B, and G conductors project out from side of the layered structure by at least one tenth, one eighth, one fourth, one half, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 or 10 times the height of the layered structure. The height of the layered in this context means the distance between the outside surfaces of the A and B conductors.  
         [0025]     At least two of the tabs of the A, B, and G conductors project out of the layered structure at different heights from one another. Preferably, the A, B, and G electrodes all project out of the layered structure at different heights from one another.  
         [0026]     The existence of dielectric covering or coating the side surfaces of the overlapped region or layered structure is important. Preferably, the only side surfaces of the A, B, and G conductors that are not enclosed in dielectric are those surfaces forming the tabs that project out of the layered structure. Preferably, the top and bottom surfaces of the overlapped or layered structure are covered or coated with dielectric.  
         [0027]     Various ones of the structural features of the layered structure and the tabs projecting out of the layered structure mentioned above help to prevent “flash over” when, for example, 60 cycles AC 120 volt or 50 AC 230 volts is applied across the A and B conductors. In this context, “flash over” means dielectric breakdown through air between various ones of the A, B, and G terminals, such that current flows for example from the A electrode, through air, to the B electrode. “Flash over” connotes the light flash often caused by plasma generation or sparking in air associated with this type of dielectric breakdown.  
         [0028]     In preferred connector embodiments, the G conductor is conductively connected to a ground pin of the connector. In preferred device embodiments including a load, the G conductor is conductively connected to a ground pin of the connector.  
         [0029]     In less preferred embodiments, the internal structure of the conditioner may reside on a back side of a connector, adjacent but outside of an enclosing conductive structure enclosing the male or female pins of the connector, and the G conductor is either substantially capacitively coupled or conductively connected to the conductive structure enclosing the male or female pins of the connector. Similarly, in less preferred embodiments, internal structure of the conditioner may reside on the outside of an enclosing conductive structure that encloses a load, and the internal structure of the conditioner may be substantially capacitively coupled or conductively connected to the enclosing conductive structure.  
         [0030]     For bypass configurations, there exists at least one tab for each of the A and B conductors, and preferably only one tab for each of the A and B conductors. For feed through configurations, there exists at least two tabs for each one of the A and B conductors. For feed through configurations, preferably there exists exactly two tabs for each one of the A and B conductors. For bypass configuration, preferably, there exists exactly one A tab and only one B tab. For both configurations, preferably, there exists exactly two G conductor tabs.  
         [0031]     Method of making electrical energy conditioners preferably includes assembly of component parts including planar dielectric elements preferably pre-coated with a conductive layer, conductive electrode elements, and a housing. These methods may include metallizing a surface of a dielectric wafer (such by wet or dry deposition of a metal layer) so that a metal component may subsequently be uniformly mechanically bonded to the metallization, and thereby structurally and uniformly bonded to the surface of the dielectric wafer. However, we also contemplate fabrication at least partially by layering processes in which the conductive layers and various tab structures and spatial layer overlap relationships disclosed herein are achieved by layering and patterning, as opposed to mechanical assembly.  
         [0032]     Electrical devices of the invention include internal structure of the conditioner and a load substantially enclosed in a conductive enclosure. The G conductor may be either capacitively or conductively coupled to the conductive enclosure.  
         [0033]     Preferably, the electrical conductivity of the portion of the G conductor in the overlapped region is relatively high. For example, the G conductor preferably is formed including a metal extending across the overlapped region that is formed substantially from an elemental metal, like copper, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, etc., to provide a very high conductivity (very low resistivity), less preferably substantially includes a section in the overlapped region spanned by an alloy (including solder), and less preferably includes a section in the overlapped region formed from a conductive paste. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0034]     Where applicable, the same numeral refers in the figures to similar or the same component.  
         [0035]      FIG. 1  is a composite view showing in a side view a first embodiment of internal structure of a novel conditioner having a bypass configuration and in perspective view external structure of various connectors in which the conditioner may reside;  
         [0036]      FIG. 2  is a top plan view of the internal structure of the conditioner of  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0037]      FIG. 3  is a side section along the line  4 - 4  in  FIG. 3  of the structure of  FIG. 1 , with dielectric coating added;  
         [0038]      FIG. 4  is a side section along the line  3 - 3  in  FIG. 3  of the structure of  FIG. 1 , with dielectric coating added;  
         [0039]      FIG. 5  is a side view of a second embodiment of internal structure of a conditioner having relatively narrow A and B conductors;  
         [0040]      FIG. 6  is a side view of the left hand side shown in  FIG. 5 ;  
         [0041]      FIG. 7  is a side view of the right hand side shown in  FIG. 5 ;  
         [0042]      FIG. 8  is a side view of third embodiment of internal structure of a conditioner, and also showing certain metallization layer details;  
         [0043]      FIG. 9  is a drawing of pictures showing perspective and section views of an actual prototype of a third embodiment of internal structure of a conditioner;  
         [0044]      FIG. 10  is a exploded schematic view of internal structure of a fourth embodiment similar to the  FIG. 9  embodiment, but also showing A and B conductor tab portions projecting away from a layered structure;  
         [0045]      FIG. 11  is a perspective view of a fifth embodiment of internal structure of a conditioner showing holes in metallization layers, and two G tabs protruding from the same side of a layered structure;  
         [0046]      FIG. 12  is a perspective view of another prototype (having a structure similar to that shown for  FIG. 9 ) mounted to an assembly structure of a first connector;  
         [0047]      FIG. 13  is a side perspective view of the structure shown in  FIG. 12 ;  
         [0048]      FIG. 14  is a composite of plan and side section views showing one alternative geometric relationship of a component having layers useful in internal structure of a novel conditioners, in which certain layers have the same lateral extension;  
         [0049]      FIG. 15  is a composite of plan and side section views showing another alternative geometric relationship of a component having layers useful in internal structure of a novel conditioners, in which certain layers have different but symmetric lateral extensions;  
         [0050]      FIG. 16A  shows in side section two component structures used in one method of making internal structures of a novel conditioner, in which lateral extension of metallization layers forming part of A, B, and G conductors differ from one another;  
         [0051]      FIG. 16B  is a side section view showing component structures of a novel conditioner in which metallization layers forming part of a G conductor structure extends to certain side surfaces;  
         [0052]      FIG. 16C  an exploded assembly view in side section view of four component structures used in one method of making internal structures of a novel conditioner, in which lateral extension of metallization layer forming parts of the A, B, and G conductors differ from one another;  
         [0053]      FIG. 17  is a composite plan and side section view showing another alternative geometric relationship of layers of internal structure of a novel conditioner in which certain layers have non-rectangular, elliptical, or circular shapes;  
         [0054]      FIG. 18  is a composite of plan and side section views showing another alternative geometric relationship of layers of internal structure of a novel conditioner in which certain layers have non-rectangular shapes and varied lateral extensions;  
         [0055]      FIG. 19  is a composite of plan and side section views showing another alternative geometric relationship of layers of internal structure of a novel conditioner showing an extended tab portion having a bifurcated overlapped portion of an A, B, or G conductor;  
         [0056]      FIG. 20  is a composite of plan and side section views showing another alternative geometric relationship of layers of internal structure of a novel conditioner showing an extended tab portion having a bifurcated overlapped portion of a conductor, and varied lateral extensions of certain layers;  
         [0057]      FIG. 21  is a composite of plan and side section views showing another alternative geometric relationship of non rectangular layers of internal structure of a novel conditioner showing an extended tab portion and a bifurcated overlapped portion of a conductor including two arcuate sections the concave portions of which face one another;  
         [0058]      FIG. 22  is a composite plan and side section view showing another alternative geometric relationship of non rectangular layers of internal structure of a novel conditioner showing an extended tab portion and a bifurcated overlapped portion of a conductor including two arcuate sections the concave portions of which face one another, and varied lateral extensions of certain layers;  
         [0059]      FIG. 23  is a perspective view of a sixth embodiment of internal structure of a novel conditioner, having a feed through configuration;  
         [0060]      FIG. 24  is a side section view of the sixth embodiment viewed face on a section parallel to the left side shown in  FIG. 23  and passing through the geometric center of the sixth embodiment;  
         [0061]      FIG. 25  is a top side view of the sixth embodiment viewed face on from the top side shown in  FIG. 23  with dielectric coating removed to expose internal structure;  
         [0062]      FIG. 26  is a perspective view of a component having a metal layer of an A or B conductor on a dielectric plate of the sixth embodiment;  
         [0063]      FIG. 27  is a perspective view of an A or B conductor component of the sixth embodiment;  
         [0064]      FIG. 28  is a perspective view of an assembly of the elements shown in  FIGS. 26 and 27 ;  
         [0065]      FIG. 29  is a perspective view of a component having a metal layer of a G′ conductor structure on a dielectric plate of the sixth embodiment;  
         [0066]      FIG. 30  is a perspective view of components of G′ conductor structure of the sixth embodiment;  
         [0067]      FIG. 31  is an assembly of components of G conductor structure of the sixth embodiment;  
         [0068]      FIG. 32  is a schematic showing a circuit including a conductive shielding structure substantially enclosing internal structure of conditioner, and a load with capacitive coupling of the G conductor to the conductive enclosure; and  
         [0069]      FIG. 33  is a schematic showing a circuit including a conductive shielding structure substantially enclosing internal structure of conditioner, and a load with conductive coupling of the G conductor to the conductive enclosure. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS  
       [0070]      FIG. 1  shows in side view a first embodiment of internal structure  1  of a novel conditioner and connectors  2 - 10  of which internal structure  1  may be a part.  
         [0071]     Internal structure  1  includes an A conductor, a B conductor, a G conductor, electrically insulating (dielectric) slab  13 , and dielectric slab  14 . Opposing planar portions of the A and B conductors are separated from one another by a planar portion of the G conductor. Dielectric slabs  13 ,  14  are disposed between the opposing planar portions of the A, B, and G conductors.  
         [0072]     Internal structure  1  resides inside of housings of any of connectors  2 - 10 . Preferably, internal structure  1  resides inside of a conductive housing of any of connectors  2 - 10 . In any case, the A and B conductors of internal structure  1  are electrically connected to corresponding non-ground male or female pins of any of connectors  2 - 10 . Pins of connectors  5 ,  9 , and  10  are labeled A, B, and G, respectively to show the correspondence of the pins to their conductive connections to the A, B, and G conductors. The G electrode of internal structure  1  is either capacitively or conductively connected to a ground pin as shown for connector  10  or capacitively or conductively connected to a conductive housing as shown for connector  9 . Preferably, the G electrode is conductively connected, not capacitively connected.  
         [0073]      FIG. 1  shows a part of the A conductor extending to the left beyond the lateral extent to the left of the G conductor (that is, beyond the end of the overlapped portion). The A conductor portion extending to the left beyond the extent of the G conductor defines a ninety degree bend and a portion past the bend that extends down.  FIG. 1  shows a part of the B conductor extending to the right beyond the lateral extent to the right of the G conductor (that is, beyond the end of the overlapped portion) and defining a 90 degree bend to extend past the bend downward, before terminating.  FIG. 1  shows a facing end of the G conductor that extends beyond a front edge of the A conductor and defining a 90 degree bend to extend downward, before terminating.  FIG. 1  shows the extended or tab portion of the G conductor being narrower than an overlapped portion of the G conductor, but still relatively wide and flat. The tab portion of the G conductor has a width that is more than half the width of the overlapped portion of the G conductor in the layered structure. Although not apparent, the tab portions of the A and B conductors are narrower than the corresponding overlapped portions of the A and B conductors.  
         [0074]     Internal structure  1  includes a rear tab portion of the G conductor (not shown) extending beyond a rear edge of the A conductor (that is, beyond the end of the overlapped portion) and also having a 90 degree bend. Each one of the A, B, and G conductors projects out of the layered structure at a different height along the layered structure, projects out at different directions from one another, and protrudes from different sides of the layered structure. In addition, no tab of the A conductor overlaps, in the direction perpendicular to the major surfaces of the layers of the layered structure, any tab of the B or G conductor. The tab portion of the G conductor does not have a circular cross section; it has a wide flat cross section. The tab portions of the A and B conductors also have wide and flat cross sections.  
         [0075]     Not shown in  FIG. 1  is dielectric material that covers, except at the tabs, the side surfaces of the portions of the A, B, and G conductors that form the layered structure. Also not shown is dielectric material that preferably covers the top surface of the B conductor and the bottom surface of the A conductor.  
         [0076]     In one preferred connector assembly, for example the connector assembly of connector  5 , internal structure  1  is mounted to an assembly structure such as assembly structure  1200  described for  FIGS. 12 and 13 . An additional dielectric component is mounted on top of conductive elements  1206 ,  1205 ,  1204  and on top of internal structure  900 A, for mechanical support and/or additional electrical isolation of conductors  1204 ,  1206 . Conductors  1204 ,  1206  carry power and need to remain isolated from each other and from G conductor  1205  and the conductive housing or housings including conductive wrap  1202 . An external conductive housing, such as the housing forming all but the front surface of conditioner  5  shown in  FIG. 1 , is slipped over the foregoing assembly, making physical contact and electrical contact with conductive wrap or housing  1202  shown in  FIG. 12 . The external conductive housing may make conductive contact, by pressure, screw, rivet, or solder, to either conductive element  1205  or a conductive element extending from conductive element  1205 . The external conductive housing may also have a portion extending from one side to the other side of the hidden back surface of connector  5 , passing thereby between extensions of conductive elements  1206 ,  1204 , and electrically and preferably mechanically securing to either conductive element  1205  or a conductive element extending from conductive element  1205 . This structure provides a conductive pathway connecting the G1 and G2 tabs that passes between conductive paths extending from the A and B conductors around the hidden back side of a connector like connector  5 . This structure, also provides conductive paths that extend from the G1 tab to the G2 tab that pass around the conductive paths extending rom each one of the A and B conductors. This preferred embodiment also includes a ground strap  1207  (see  FIG. 12 ) that provides a conductive path connecting the G1 tab to the G2 tab outside the overlapped structure. Ground strap  1207  extends between conductive paths of the A and B conductors on the side of the overlapped structure that extend to  1210 ,  1212  (see  FIG. 13 ). Such an arrangement provides integration of the assembly and multiple points of electrical contact of the conductive element  1205  and the conductive wrap or housing  1202 .  
         [0077]     In one alternative, internal structure  1  is oriented in housings of connectors like connectors  2 - 10  such that the major surface of the layered structures of internal structure  1  are perpendicular to the extension of the male or female pins of the connector. In some of these embodiments, the bent portions of the tabs of the G conductor are sized to contact inner surfaces of a conductive housing of the connector, providing a pressure contact and some structural support of internal structure  1  in the connector. In some of these embodiments the bent portions of the tabs of conductors A, B, and G are disposed closer to rear ends of pins of the connectors than the planar layers of conductors A, B, and G, and the bent portions are soldered to back portions of corresponding pins.  
         [0078]     Alternatively, any one or more of the A, B, and G conductors may define pin structures designed to mate with the rear sides of pins of the corresponding plug. This type of design enables the internal structure  1  to be plugged into the back side of the pin structure in a corresponding connector, thereby facilitating connector assembly. That is, the connector, such as a pug designed for 120 volt or 230 volt, contains an assembly which itself includes connectors to connect to the A, B, G conductors. In related alternative embodiments, additional conductive paths, such as conductive wires, whether or not insulated, may be used to electrically connect one or more of the A, B, and G electrodes to corresponding connector pins in the connector housing.  
         [0079]     In many embodiments, after installation of internal structure  1  in a connector housing, the connector is “potted.” That is, the connector structure is filled with resin or glue which then sets or is set to electrically isolate and mechanically secure in position various components. In all embodiments, it is preferable that the side surface of at least the A and B conductors forming the overlapped region be covered with a dielectric, except where tabs exist.  
         [0080]     Preferably, the bent portions of the A, B, and G conductors maintain a relatively wide and flat cross section. Relatively wide and flat cross-sections of the A, B, and G conductors minimizes inductance in the A, B, and G conductors.  
         [0081]      FIG. 2  shows in plan view internal structure  1  having upper surface  20 , front top surface  22 , and back top surface  24 , which are the top surfaces of top portions of the G conductor, top surface  26 , which is the top surface of the tab portion of the A conductor, top surface  28 , which is the top surface of the tab portion of the B conductor.  
         [0082]     Upper surface  20  is generally rectangular. Top surface  22  has width  30 . Top surface  26  of the A conductor has width  32 . Internal structure  1  has width  34  and length  35 .  
         [0083]     Preferable, widths  30 ,  32  are less than width  34 . Preferably, widths  30 ,  32  are between 10 and 90 percent of width  34 .  
         [0084]     Top surface  22  has length  36  from the edge of upper surface  20 . Top surface  26  has length  38  from the edge of upper surface  20 .  
         [0085]     Preferably, lengths  36 ,  38  are less than widths  30 ,  32 . Preferably, lengths  36 ,  38  are less than one half length  34 , preferably less than one fifth length  34 , and more preferably less than one tenth length  34 . As shown, lengths  36 ,  38  are about one twentieth of length  34 .  
         [0086]      FIG. 3  shows a cross section through the lines  4 - 4  in  FIG. 2  and added external dielectric coating.  FIG. 3  shows a layered structure including a sequence of layers from top to bottom of insulator  40 , conductor A, insulator  42 , conductor G, insulator  44 , conductor B, and again insulator  40 . Insulator  40  is an external dielectric coating.  
         [0087]     Conductor A includes horizontally extended planar section  46  and vertically extended tab section  48 .  
         [0088]     Conductor B includes horizontally extended planar section  48  and vertically extended tab section  50 .  
         [0089]     Conductor G includes horizontally extended planar section  52 , first vertically extended tab section  54 , and second vertically extended tab section  56  (not shown in  FIG. 3 ; see  FIG. 4 ). Top of tab section  54  defines top surface  24  shown in  FIG. 2 . Top of tab section  56  defines top surface  22  shown in  FIG. 2 .  
         [0090]     Horizontally extended planar section  46  terminates at B conductor planar edge  58 . G conductor planar side surface edge  60  resides at a location in the plane of the layered structure beyond edge  58 .  
         [0091]     Horizontally extended planar section  48  terminates at edge  62 . G conductor planar side surface edge  64  resides at a location in the plane of the layered structure beyond edge  62 .  
         [0092]      FIG. 4  shows in cross section through lines  3 - 3  in  FIG. 2  internal structure  1  including added dielectric coating  40 .  FIG. 4  shows the sequence of layers,  40 ,  46 ,  42 ,  52 ,  44 ,  48 , and  40 , as in  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 4  also shows downward projecting portion  70  of conductor A the top surface of which forms surface  26  in  FIG. 2 . Side edges  72 , 72  of horizontally extended planar section  48  do not extend to inner side surfaces  74 ,  74  of vertically extended portions of tab sections  54 ,  56 , of the G conductor.  
         [0093]      FIG. 5  is a side view of part of a second embodiment of internal structure of a conditioner having relatively narrow A and B conductors.  FIG. 5  shows G conductor tab portion  54 , G conductor horizontally extended planar section  52 , the A and B conductors, and dielectric wafers or layers  42 ,  44 . G conductor planar section  52  terminates at side edges  64 ,  60 . The B conductor projects straight out of the layered structure to location  78  prior to substantially curving downward.  
         [0094]      FIG. 5  also shows certain geometric relationships between section of the A, B, and G conductors and section forming the layered structure useful to define parameters general to all embodiments of internal structure of conditioners.  FIG. 5  shows G conductor thickness or height H 1 , dielectric  44  height H 2 , and layered section height H 3 .  FIG. 5  also shows G conductor tab section width W 1 . The B conductor projects straight out from the layered structure beyond the edge of the G conductor by B conductor projection distance P. Distance P is equal to the distance from the edge  64  of the G conductor to the location  78  to which the B conductor projects prior to having a substantial angle (for example greater than 20 degrees) out of the plane of the layered structure.  
         [0095]     Preferably, the ratio of P to H 1 , or the ratio of P to the height of the B conductor layer is at least 1, 2, 5, 10, or 20. Preferably, the ratio of the length the G and A conductors project out past the end of the edges of the other conductive layers in the layered structure to the heights of the G and A conductors also is at least 1, 2, 5, 10, or 20.  
         [0096]     Preferably, the ratio of P to H 3  is at least one tenth, one eighth, one fourth, one half, one, 2, 4, or 6. Preferably, the ratio the length that the tabs of the G and A conductors project out past the edges of the other conductive layers of the layered structure to H 3  is also at least one tenth, one eighth, one fourth, one half, one, 2, 4, or 6.  
         [0097]     Preferably, the ratio of W 1  to H 1  is greater than 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, or 30 such that the tab section of the G conductor is wide and flat. Preferably, the corresponding width to height ratios for the tabs of the A and B conductors are greater than 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, or 30.  
         [0098]     Preferably, dielectric material, which may be provided by potting or coating, exists between (that is, blocking line of site) any portion of any tab of any of the A, B, and G conductors and any portion of the layered structure of any other conductor. Preferably, dielectric material between any portion of any tab of any of the A, B, and G conductors and any portion of the layered structure of any other conductor has sufficient dielectric strength to prevent dielectric break down between the A and B conductors, and to prevent dielectric breakdown between the A and G or the B and G conductors during normal operation. Normal operation in this context means, for connectors designed for 120 volt 60 cycle operation, normal load conditions of 120 volt and 60 cycle operation. Normal operation means in this context, for connectors designed for operation at other voltages or frequencies, normal load conditions for those other voltages and frequencies. In this context, the applicants realize that there are a myriad of different connector specification designed for different normal load conditions. Dielectric strength depends of course on normal operating conditions. Therefore, no set combination of dielectric materials and thicknesses thereof will cover all embodiments. However, for purposes of definiteness, note that such dielectric coatings may be at least 10 microns thick, at least 0.1 millimeters thick, or at least 1 millimeter thick.  
         [0099]     As used herein, the term dielectric generally refers to a material having a solid form, and not to air.  
         [0100]     For the reasons just presented with respect to a potting or exterior dielectric coating of the layered structure, the thicknesses of dielectric wafers or layers  42 ,  44  depend upon application specifications, and are limited to thicknesses sufficient to prevent dielectric breakdown as specified by normal operating conditions. However, again for purposes of definiteness, dielectric wafers  42 ,  44  may be at least 10 microns thick, at least 0.1 millimeters thick, or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 millimeters thick The thickness of dielectrics  42 ,  44  also specifies a distance along the direction perpendicular to the surfaces of the layered structure separating the heights of tab portions of the A, B, and G conductors. Thus, these conductors may each be separated in height from adjacent conductors by at least 10 microns, at least 0.1 millimeters, or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 millimeters. Tab portions of A and B conductors are separated in height from one another by at least twice those distances.  
         [0101]      FIG. 6  is another side view of the same part of a second embodiment showing the horizontally extended planar section  46  and vertically extended tab section  48  of the A conductor have the same width, and the width of the A conductor being substantially less than the width of the G conductor.  
         [0102]      FIG. 7  shows another side view of the same part of a second embodiment exposing the B conductor and showing that the B horizontally extended planar section  48  and vertically extended tab section  50  of the B conductor also have the same width, and that width is substantially less than the width of the G conductor.  
         [0103]      FIG. 8  is a side view of third embodiment of part of internal structure of a conditioner which is similar to the first and second embodiments. The third embodiment differs from the first two in the following respects. First, it shows the tabs of the G conductor bent to extend in the opposite direction as the bends in the tabs in the A and B conductors. Second, it shows in black for additional emphasis, sub layers  800 A,  800 B,  800 C, and  800 D, of the A, B, and G conductors.  
         [0104]     Sub layers  800 A,  800 B,  800 C, and  800 D are metallization layers. That is, they are layers deposited upon dielectric slabs or layers  42 ,  44 . Sub layer  800 A forms part of the A conductor. Sub layers  800 B and  800 C form part of the G conductor. Sub layer  800 D forms part of conductor B. In methods of making embodiments wherein non integral components are assembled, sub layers  800 A,  800 B,  800 C, and  800 D provide a surface to which surfaces of assembly components of the A, B, and G conductors can wet, thereby making a reliable and uniform physical and electrical integration.  
         [0105]      FIG. 9 . shows in perspective and section views an unpotted prototype  900  of a third embodiment. The third embodiment includes A and B conductors having generally “H” shaped portions in the layered structure. Each one of the A and B conductors also includes a portion  900 ,  901  extending from the cross-bar portion of the “H” shape out beyond the termination of the layered portion to define tab portion  902 ,  903 .  
         [0106]      FIG. 10  shows an exploded view of a fourth embodiment in which tab portions  1001 ,  1002  of the A and B conductors are soldered to the outside exposed surfaces of each of the A and B conductors.  FIG. 10  also shows a modified shallow “H” shape for the A and B conductor layers in which the length of the cross-bar portion of the “H” shape is greater than eighty percent the length of the two posts of the “H” shape.  
         [0107]     The extension of the A and B tabs away from opposite sides of the structure enables the layered portion of the G conductor to extend in all directions beyond the extent of the layered portions of the A and B conductors. Preferably, the planar portion of the G conductor extends beyond the edge of the A and B conductors at least 1, more preferably at least 2, 10, or 20 times the spacing between the G and A or the G and B conductors.  
         [0108]      FIG. 11  shows a fifth embodiment of internal structure wherein both tabs  1101 ,  1102  of the G conductor project from the same side of a layered structure. In addition, this embodiment includes an A conductor tab  1105  that is soldered to metallized surface  1103  of the A conductor.  FIG. 11  shows the majority of the A conductor&#39;s upper surface formed by a metallized layer as opposed to an assembled metal component.  FIG. 11  illustrates what may be a beneficial property for all metallized layers, which are small apertures in the metallization. The existence of small apertures in the metallized layer may promote reliable and secure, for example by soldering, bonding of metal components to the metallization layer.  
         [0109]      FIG. 12  is a perspective view of prototype  900 A mounted to an assembly structure  1200  of a first connector. Assembly structure  1200  includes dielectric housing  1201  substantially inset into metal wrap or housing  1202 . Metal wrap or housing  1202  includes an extension  1203  extending toward tab G1 of the G conductor of prototype  900 A. Metal wrap or housing  1202  includes flanged portion  1220 . Metal wrap or housing  1202  also defines apertures through which extend conductive elements  1204 ,  1205 ,  1206 . Conductive elements  1204 ,  1205 ,  1206  extend through metal wrap or housing  1202  to form at the lower ends connector male pins  1210 ,  1211 ,  1212  (see  FIG. 13 ). Conductive elements  1204 ,  1206  are conductively isolated from metal wrap or housing  1202 .  
         [0110]      FIG. 12  also shows ground strap  1207 . Ground strap  1207  is electrically connected to or near the base of extension  1203 . Ground strap  1207 , back side tab G2 of the G conductor, and conductive element  1205  are electrically connected together near the back side of prototype  900 A. However, that connection is hidden from view by prototype  900 A. Ground strap  1207  is preferably close to the bottom surface of prototype  900 A, provides a very low resistance conductive path between the G1 and G2 tabs, and provides very little cross sectional area in the loop formed by ground strap  1207  and the G conductor.  FIG. 12  also shows a bottom portion of connector male pin  1212 .  
         [0111]      FIG. 13  is a side perspective view of the structure shown in  FIG. 12 .  FIG. 13  show connector male pins  1210 ,  1211 ,  1212  extending through apertures in metal wrap or housing  1202 .  FIG. 13  also clearly shows conductive elements  1204 ,  1206 , contacting tabs  1250 ,  1251  of the A and B conductors, and shows those tabs at different elevations in prototype  900 A.  
         [0112]     Importantly, the ground strap passes from the G1 tab to the G2 tab without enclosing any conductive paths connecting to either the A or B conductor. The ground strap in this example is about 3 millimeters wide and about one fifth the width of prototype  900 A between the tabs of the A and B conductors, and spaced between about 1 and 2 millimeters from the dielectric bottom surface of prototype  900 A.  
         [0113]     Preferably, the cross sectional area defined by the cross section of the ground strap  1207  and the G conductor is less than 20 square millimeters, preferably less than 10 square millimeters, and more preferably less than 5 square millimeters. Preferably, the ground strap&#39;s path does not project more than 10 millimeters, preferably not more than 5 millimeters, and more preferably not more than about 1 millimeter from an outer major surface of the A or B conductive layers of the layered structure.  
         [0114]     In one alternative embodiment, a second ground strap connects the G1 and G2 tabs along a path above the top of the prototype  900 A. That is, two ground strap to G conductor loops exist with one circling above the internal structure of the conditioner and one circling below the internal structure of the conditioner.  
         [0115]      FIG. 14  shows top plan, side, and bottom plan views of a component layered structure. At the top,  FIG. 14  shows in plan view a surface of a conductive layer G forming part of a G conductor. At the bottom,  FIG. 14  shows in plan view a bottom surface of conductive layer A forming part of an A or B conductor. In the middle,  FIG. 14  shows in side section view the same layers disposed on opposing sides of dielectric wafer or layer D. The three layer assembly shown in  FIG. 14  may be used as part of an assembly of internal structure of a conditioner, as generally discussed for  FIG. 16A -C below.  
         [0116]      FIG. 15  is similar to  FIG. 14 .  FIG. 15  shows at the top, in plan view, top surface of a metallization layer forming part of a G conductor.  FIG. 15  shows, at the bottom, in plan view, a bottom surface of a metallization layer forming part of an A or B conductor.  FIG. 14  also shows in the center, a side view of those elements deposited on a dielectric wafer or layer D.  FIG. 15  differs from  FIG. 14  in that the A conductor&#39;s layer does not extend to either of the side edges of the dielectric D, and the G conductor&#39;s layer does extend to both of the side edges of the dielectric D. Alternatively, the G conductor layer&#39;s lateral edges may not extend to the side edges of the dielectric D. Preferably, the side edges of the metallization forming part of the G conductor extend laterally further than the side edges of the metallization forming part of the A conductor.  
         [0117]      FIG. 16A  shows in side section two component structures  1601 ,  1602  used in one method of making internal structures of a novel conditioner, in which lateral extension of metallization layers forming part of A, B, and G conductors differ from one another.  
         [0118]      FIG. 16A  shows component structure  1601  having metallization layers  1610 ,  1611 , and major planar surfaces of dielectric wafer or layer D. Side edges of metallization layer  1611  and dielectric D are coextensive. Metallization layer  1610  has right side edge terminating at the same location as the termination of the right side edge of dielectric D. Metallization layer  1610  has left side edge  1613  terminating to the right of left side edge  1614  of dielectric D such that there is an extension  1615  of dielectric D not covered by metallization  1610 .  
         [0119]      FIG. 16B  is a side section view showing component structures of a novel conditioner in which metallization layers forming part of a G conductor structure extends to certain side surfaces.  FIG. 16B  shows a G conductor metallization layer including horizontally extended planar section  1620  layered on a bottom side of dielectric D, and the G conductor metallization including metallization  1621  extending vertically along a side wall of dielectric D. An A or B conductor metallization layer  1622  resides on a top planar surface of dielectric D. Layer  1622  has left and right side edges spaced apart from metallization  1621  of the G conductor by uncoated surface areas  1623 ,  1624  of the dielectric D. Metallization  1621  extending vertically along a side wall of dielectric D may further reduce electromagnetically coupling the A and B conductors. Metallization layer  1621  may extend along the side wall only part of the way towards the surface of the dielectric D upon which resides layer  1622 .  
         [0120]      FIG. 16C  shows an exploded assembly side section view of four component structures  1630 ,  1640 ,  1650 ,  1660  used in one method of making internal structures of a novel conditioner.  FIG. 16C  shows: component  1630  including metallization layer  1631  on a top surface of dielectric D 1  and metallization layer  1632  on a bottom surface of dielectric D 1 ; component  1640  including metallization layer  1641  on a top surface of dielectric D 2  and metallization layer  1642  on a bottom surface of dielectric D 2 ; component  1650  including metallization layer  1651  on a top surface of dielectric D 3  and metallization layer  1652  on a bottom surface of dielectric D 3 ; and component  1660  including metallization layer  1661  on a top surface of dielectric D 4  and metallization layer  1662  on a bottom surface of dielectric D 4 .  
         [0121]     In one method of fabricating an A, B, G structure, an additional A conductor component including a tab portion is inserted between layers  1661  and  1652  such that a tab portion of the additional A conductor component projects out to the left side of  FIG. 16C , an additional B conductor component is inserted between layers  1632  and  1641  such that a tab portion of the additional B conductor component projects out to the right hand side of  FIG. 16C , and an additional G conductor component is inserted between layers  1642  and  1651  such that tab portions project out of and into the paper in the view of  FIG. 16C . Termination  1633  of metallization layer  1632  spaced from the edge  1634  of dielectric D 1  helps ensure that the resulting A conductor does not conductively connect or flash over to G conductor structure. A similar structure providing an uncoated end region  1665  of dielectric D 4  helps ensure that the resulting B conductor does not conductively connect or flash over to G conductor structure.  
         [0122]     In one method of fabricating the additional conductive components and the components  1630 ,  1640 ,  1650 , and  1660 , they are assembled with the positioning just indicated, preferably via heating so that the metallization layers wet to each other and to the additional conductive components with which the are placed in conductive contact to form physically integrated structure having, as the conductive components, the A, B, and G conductors. Preferably, the G conductor extends to the left as shown in  FIG. 16C  beyond the extension of the A conductor, and the G conductor extends to the right as shown in  FIG. 16C  beyond the extension of the B conductor.  
         [0123]     Preferably, the additional conductive structures are substantially thicker than the metallization layers.  
         [0124]      FIG. 16C  also shows uppermost conductive layer  1631  and lowermost conductive layer  1662 . These layers are optional additional metal layers. Layers  1631  and  1662  may be conductively connected to no other conductive structure, to provide additional shielding of the A, B, and G conductors. Alternatively, layers  1631  and  1632  may be conductively connected to the G structure. Layers  1631  and  1632  may be conductively connected to the G conductor by a conductive band looping around internal structure of a conditioner. For example, for a conditioner integrated from the assembly shown in  FIG. 16C , such a band would loop out of the page, over the top, under the bottom, and connect behind the page. At the top and bottom, that band would contact and conductively connect to portions of surfaces  1631  and  1662 . An embodiment including a band similar to that just described appears in  FIGS. 23-25 . Alternatively, additional layers  1631  and  1632  may be conductively connected, for example, via solder, to tab portions of the G conductor structure.  
         [0125]      FIG. 17  is a composite of plan and side section views showing another alternative geometric relationship of layers of a component of a layered structure for internal structure of a novel conditioner.  FIG. 17  generally indicates that component layers of the layered structure can have non-rectangular, such as elliptical or circular shapes.  
         [0126]      FIG. 17  illustrates an elliptical configuration of a component  1700  of an internal structure of a novel conditioner including top layer G of a G conductor, dielectric wafer or layer D, and bottom A layer of an A or B conductor.  FIG. 17  shows the side edges of the A, D, and G layers terminate at the same extent on the left and right sides. Preferably, the A and G layers are metallizations deposited on dielectric D.  
         [0127]      FIG. 18  illustrates another elliptical configuration of a component  1800  of an internal structure of a novel conditioner including top layer G of a G conductor, dielectric wafer or layer D, and bottom A layer of an A or B conductor.  FIG. 18  shows the G layer extending to the same edge locations as dielectric D.  FIG. 18  shows the A layer not extending to any edge of the dielectric layer D. Alternatively, one or more portions of the A layer may extend to the edge of the dielectric D.  
         [0128]      FIG. 19  illustrates another configuration of a component  1900  and a tab component  1901 . The top of  FIG. 19  illustrates in plan view a metallized G portion of a G conductor. The middle of  FIG. 19  show a component structure including the G portion, dielectric D, and an A layer of an A or B conductor. The bottom of  FIG. 19  shows in bottom plan view, an tab component  1901  on the A layer such that it is conductively contacted to the A layer. Tab component  1901  includes a tab portion extending to tab end  1906 , relatively narrow tab component arm portions  1903  and  1902  spaced apart from one another and extending over a substantial length of the A layer, and relatively wide tab component ends  1904 ,  1905 .  
         [0129]      FIG. 20  illustrates another configuration of a component  2000  and a tab component  2001 .  FIG. 20  shows structure that is the same as in  FIG. 19 , except that the A layer edge  2002  does not extend to any side edge  2003  of the dielectric D.  
         [0130]      FIG. 21  illustrates another alternative configuration of a component  2100  and a tab component  2101 .  FIG. 20  is similar to  FIG. 19 , except that it show tab component arms  2102 ,  2103  forming crescent or partial “C” shapes.  
         [0131]      FIG. 22  illustrates another alternative configuration of a component  2200  and a tab component  2201 .  FIG. 22  is similar to  FIG. 20 , except that it show tab component arms  2202 ,  2203  forming crescent or partial “C” shapes. As in  FIG. 20 , the conductive A layer has edges that do not extend to any edge of the dielectric D.  
         [0132]      FIG. 23  shows a sixth embodiment  2300  of internal structure of a novel conditioner in which A, B, and G′ conductors each extend beyond the overlapped or layered structure. In this type of structure the A and B conductors may form paths in series with power or signals propagating from a source or control generator to a load. That is, conductive circuit lines may connect between a source and one end of an A conductor on one side of structure  2300  and between a load and the other end of the A conductor on an opposite side of structure  2300 .  FIG. 23  does not show the dielectric coating surrounding the conductive layers. However, the dielectric coating or potting exists in complete functional structures, as with the previously described embodiments.  
         [0133]      FIG. 23  shows structure  2300  including A, B, and G′ conductors, conductive surface  1631 , and conductive band  2305 . The A conductor has a top tab portion  2303 , a bottom tab portion  2304 , and a central portion within the overlapped or layered structure. The B conductor includes top tab portion  2301 , bottom tab portion  2302 , and a central portion within the overlapped or layered structure. The G′ conductor includes left side ground frame portion  2306 , right side ground frame portion  2307 , and G conductor portions (not shown in  FIG. 23 ) including tab portions connected through the layered structure conductively connecting ground frame portions  2306  to  2307 . Conductive band  2305  connects to the ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307 , to conductive outer layer  1631 , and to a corresponding conductive outer layer on a rear side of structure  2300 .  FIG. 23  also shows parts  2310 ,  2310  of circular or elliptical layers of the layered structure of structure  2300 .  
         [0134]      FIG. 24  is a side section view passing through A and B conductors showing layer sequence in the layered structure of structure  2300 . The sequence in the layered structure is similar to that shown for  FIG. 16C . That is, each dielectric wafer or layer D 1 , D 2 , D 3 , D 4  has a metallization on each of its major surfaces, as indicated by metallization layers  2320 - 2325 , and  1662 ,  1631 .  
         [0135]      FIG. 24  also shows in side section G conductor portion  2330 . G conductor portion  2330  may be initially an integral part of ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307 , or it may be a separate elongated piece of conductive material.  
         [0136]      FIG. 24  also shows a dielectric coating or potting  2350  enclosing all structure except top and bottom tab portions of the A and B conductors and top and bottom portions of ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307 . In this respect, the sixth embodiment differs from prior embodiments in that conductive material of the G conductor that projects straight out of the layered structure is encased in dielectric material, the only material conductively connected to the G conductor that projects out of dielectric are the ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307 , and the ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307  extend in the dielectric in a direction perpendicular to the plane formed by the layered structure.  
         [0137]     In one alternative, the ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307  may be rotated  90  degrees from their orientation shown in  FIG. 23  to be parallel with a line perpendicular to the major surfaces of the layered structure.  
         [0138]     One alternative to the sixth embodiment has the A and B conductors offset relative to one another such that their tab sections have not overlap along the direction perpendicular to the major surfaces of the layered structure. Another alternative has the A and B conductors canted relative to one another such that the A and B conductor tab sections do not project out of the layered structure in the same direction as one another. Moreover, the actual dimensions and shapes of the left side ground frame portion  2306  and right side ground frame portion  2307  are not critical, so long as they both conductively connect to the G conductor. Conductive band  2305  is preferred but optional. External conductive layers  1631 ,  1662  are optional. Conductive band  2305  need not conductively contact conductive layers  1631 ,  1662 . Although preferable, conductive band  2305  need not conductively contact ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307 . Preferably, conductive band  2305  is at least substantially capacitively coupled to ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307 . In embodiments with no conductive band, ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307  should be large enough, and/or capacitively coupled or conductively connected to substantial additional conductive material, to provide a sufficient source or sink of charge for a specified level of energy conditioning. Dimensions shown in  FIG. 23  are believed to be suitable for providing suitable level of energy conditioning for many uses.  
         [0139]      FIG. 25  show a top plan view of structure  2300  with dielectric or potting  2350  stripped away to expose underlying elements.  FIG. 25  shows top edges of A, B, and G conductors, contact ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307 , and conductive band  2305 .  
         [0140]     Preferably, the structure  2300  of  FIGS. 23-25  is substantially enclosed in a conductive housing or enclosure, and that conductive housing or enclosure is conductively connected to the G′ structure. Preferably, the conductive enclosure is conductively connected to the conductive band  2305 , preferably uniformly around the outer surface of the conductive band, and/or to both ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307 . The conductive enclosure may have a single aperture through which pass both conductive pathways that connect to A and B tabs  2302 ,  2304 . Preferably, the conductive enclosure has a separate aperture for each one of the conductive pathways that connect to A and B tabs  2302 ,  2304 , which feature provides conductive material of the conductive enclosure between the conductive pathways connected to the A and B tabs  2302 ,  2304 . The feature of having material of the conductive enclosure between the conductive pathways connected to the A and B tabs  2302 ,  2304 , provides a conductive pathway outside the overlapped region and between the two tabs of the G conductor. The conductive enclosure may include conductive contacts to conductive layers  1631 ,  1662 . The conductive band  2305  and/or the conductive housing provides paths between the two tabs of the G conductor that are outside the overlapped region and that do encircle conductive paths including both the A and the B conductors.  
         [0141]      FIGS. 26-31  show parts useful in one method of making structure  2300 .  
         [0142]      FIG. 26  shows a electrode pattern structure  2600  having a circular or elliptical A or B metallization  2605  on a surface  2601  of a dielectric, and dielectric side wall  2602 . Metallization pattern  2600  generally does not extend to edges of surface  2601 , except at to extension portions  2603 ,  2604 .  
         [0143]      FIG. 27  shows A conductor lead frame  2700 . Lead frame  2700  includes a top tab portion  2303 , a bottom tab portion  2304  (see  FIG. 23 ) and ring shaped center portion  2701 . The B conductor may have a structure identical or similar to that of the A conductor.  
         [0144]      FIG. 28  shows an assembly consisting of A conductor lead frame  2700  on layer  2605  of electrode pattern structure  2600 . These layers may be conductively and mechanically integrated by soldering or conductively pasting.  
         [0145]      FIG. 29  shows a electrode pattern structure  2900  having a circular or elliptical G metallization  2901  on a surface  2902  of a dielectric, and dielectric side wall  2903 . Metallization pattern  2900  generally does not extend to edges of surface  2902 , except at extension portions  2904 ,  2905 .  
         [0146]      FIG. 30  shows G′ conductor structures  3000  including contact ground frame portions  2306 ,  2307 , tab portions  3010 ,  3011 , and C shaped portions  3020 ,  3021 .  
         [0147]      FIG. 31  shows an assembly consisting of G′ conductor structures  3000  on electrode pattern structure  2900 . Note that C shaped portions  3020 ,  3021 , preferably reside entirely on metallization  2901 . C shaped portions  3020 ,  3021  may or may not abut one another. However, C shaped portions are necessarily conductively connected to one another for example by conductive connection through metallization layer  2901  or by additional conductive material there between, such as solder or electrically conductive paste.  
         [0148]     The foregoing embodiments and alternatives illustrate many variations in A, B, and G conductor shape, overlap relationship, and orientation. The inventors recognize that most of these alternatives are compatible with one another. For example generally rectangular and generally elliptical layers may be used in the same conditioner structure, and A, B, and G conductor layer shapes may vary from the generally rectangular and generally elliptical, so long as the desired overlap of the A, B, and G conductors exists, and the G conductor has at least two tab portions. Moreover, tab portions may project away from the overlapped or layered structures at angles that are not perpendicular to the surfaces or edges of the layered structure, for example at angles between about 15 and 89 degrees from the surface or edges of the overlapped or layered structures.  
         [0149]      FIG. 32  shows a circuit including a conductive structure  3201  including wall  3202 , source  3203 , load  3204 , internal structure of conditioner  3210 , additional conductive structure AA, A conductor tab A, B conductor tab B, G conductor tab G, source and return power lines  3205 ,  3205 , and load lines  3206 ,  3206 . Source and return power lines  3205 ,  3205  extend wall  3202  of conductive enclosure  3201  and are conductively isolated from conductive enclosure  3201 . Lines  3205 ,  3206  contact respective A and B tabs of internal structure of conditioner  3210 . Lines  3206 ,  3206  connect between respective tabs of internal structure of conditioner  3210  and load  3204 . Tab G of a G conductor of conditioner  3210  is conductively connected to a conductive area AA, and conductive area AA is capacitively (that is, not conductively) connected to conductive structure  3201 . Conductive structure  3201  substantially, and preferably entirely encloses load  3204 , conditioner  3210 , and conductive area AA, except for non-conductive apertures in structure  3201  through which pass lines  3205 ,  3205 .  
         [0150]      FIG. 33  shows a circuit similar to the circuit shown in  FIG. 32 . The only difference from the  FIG. 32  circuit is that G tab of the G conductor of the internal structure of the conditioner is conductively connected to conductive structure  3201 .
The invention provides electrical energy conditioners particularly useful for power applications. Internal structure of the energy conditioners may be included as components of connectors or electrical devices.