PRIORITY CLAIM 
       [0001]    The present application is a National Phase entry of PCT Application No. PCT/EP2010/001414, filed Mar. 6, 2010, which claims priority from German Application Number 102009012707.0, filed Mar. 11, 2009, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The invention relates to a microscope with several optical systems in the imaging beam path and at least one subassembly whose optical effect on the imaging beam path can be varied by control, viz., a lens group or diaphragm that can be shifted along the optical axis, a diaphragm of variable aperture, a digital zoom device, a shutter or a focusing device. 
         [0003]    The invention permits a specimen positioned in the object plane of the microscope to be imaged into the image plane in multiple stages if all systems involved are tuned to each other. The said tuning is carried out with the aim of achieving the best possible functionality of the overall microscopical system, especially considering the possibilities for minimizing or compensating residual optical aberrations. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0004]    Microscopes with optical zoom systems in the imaging beam path are known. Among them there are, especially, two-channel stereomicroscopes equipped with zoom systems, or single-channel microscopes of, as a rule, higher resolution. The latter are sometimes also known as “macroscopes”, because they provide long working distances and large object fields. 
         [0005]    Also known is the use of objectives of variable magnification and variable resolution in multilens microscope systems with or without a tube lens system. Here, object imaging is implemented, for example, by combining the movements of optical components along the optical axis with the variation of the diameter of an iris diaphragm. 
         [0006]    In this respect, JP 2007213103 A1 describes an objective with a first fixed and two movable groups and a tube lens arranged behind them. The movement of the two groups along the optical axis is synchronized with the variation of the diameter of a diaphragm arranged behind the fixed group. 
         [0007]    The movements of lens components in the zoom systems can be positively controlled by means of cams, e.g., in the form of drum cams, or by means of direct drive units coupled to a lens group each. 
         [0008]    Microscopes in which zoom systems are controlled by means of cams are described, e.g., in
       U.S. Pat. No. 6,891,669 B2 entitled “Microscope System”,   DE 102 49 177 B4 entitled “Control unit for a microscope”, and   EP 1 510 846 B1 entitled “Guiding system for optical systems, especially zoom systems”.       
 
         [0012]    Zoom systems controlled by direct drive motors are described, e.g., in
       DE 198 22 256 C2 (EP 0 996 863 B1) entitled “Arrangement for the direct control of the motions of a zoom system in a stereomicroscope”,   U.S. Pat. No. 6,590,359 B2 entitled “Method for effecting the synchronous control of several stepping motors”,   U.S. Pat. No. 6,628,098 B2 entitled “Method for accelerating a control movement in a positioner system with step motors”.       
 
         [0016]    The movement of the lens components by direct motor drive is effected by use of control commands stored in an electronic data record assigned to the respective lens component. The electronic data record has the function of a virtual control cam. As with a mechanical control cam, controlling the movement of a lens component is effected taking into account the movement control of the other movable lens components of one and the same zoom system. 
         [0017]    Furthermore, microscopes are known in which motor drives effect not only the movement of the lens components but also the control of diaphragms, e.g., the aperture diaphragm, and of shutters, such as in connection with fluorescence illumination. 
         [0018]    Described, e.g., in EP 1 710 610 A3 entitled “Microscope comprising a control unit for controlling the movement speed of the sample stage according to the observation power of the selected lens unit” is a motorized microscope system in which controlling the speed of stage movement for the purpose of focusing is effected as a function of the current magnification of the optical system. The current magnification is derived from the positions of the lens components within a zoom system. 
         [0019]    In the publication U.S. Pat. No. 6,891,669 B2 “Microscope System” mentioned above, an arrangement for the active control of optical components is proposed, which takes into account the light intensity detected by a sensor on the image side. 
         [0020]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,006,675 B2 entitled “Method and arrangement for controlling analytical and adjustment operations of a microscope and software program” describes an arrangement for the computer-assisted control of system parameters, preferably in a confocal scanning microscope, for the purpose of achieving reproducible setting and control of the parameters for image documentation and image processing. 
         [0021]    In US 2003/0103662 A1 “Robotic Microscopy System”, a microscope system with automated parameter settings is described, with which a high throughput of biological samples by fast image analysis is claimed to be achieved. 
         [0022]    WO 01/088592 A3 entitled “Microscope Inspection System” describes an automated optical inspection system which is equipped with a zoom autofocus system and a camera. Here again, various functional units of the microscope or external components are coupled via control units. 
         [0023]    As an example of prior art,  FIG. 1  shows a motorized, modular-design stereomicroscope system, which consists of mechanically coupled and—via interfaces—electronically linked components
       for observation, image recording and image processing,   for supporting and focusing,   for illumination and contrasting, and   for operation and control.       
 
         [0028]    Means for observation, image recording and image processing comprise the binocular viewing tube  1 , the motorized zoom system  2  with antiglare shield  3 , a controllable multiple nosepiece  7 , and the camera  18 . A motor focus system with stand column  16  is provided for supporting and focusing. For illumination and contrasting, a transmitted-light illuminator  4  with specimen receptacles  5  and  6  and controllable light source  14 , and a reflected-light illuminator with focusing optics  8  and controllable light source  13  are provided. Operation and control are effected by a focus control unit  15 , a zoom control unit  17 , a transmitted-light operating unit  9 , a central control unit  12  for coupling the components to be controlled, a central control element  10  for influencing system control, optional pedal switches  11  for controlling various system functions, and an optional PC  19  with monitor and software for system control and image processing. 
         [0029]    Because of the functional coupling of diverse system components, such as e.g., magnification and/or zoom system, focusing system and light source control, a higher functionality of the overall system is achieved, the efficiency of microscopy is enhanced, and setting the system is facilitated for less experienced users. 
         [0030]    Known configurations of such microscopes also have means for saving defined system settings in the central control unit or in the PC as user profiles. 
         [0031]    As a disadvantage of the known microscopes with functional coupling of diverse system components, including the functional coupling of integrated zoom systems, each motorized or controllable system component is assigned its own, invariable control profile in the form of a mechanical control cam or in the form of an electronic data record as a virtual control cam. 
         [0032]    Thus, also the control function for the respective zoom system with direct drive units is preset by the manufacturer and cannot be altered by a central system control facility. There is no possibility of subsequent change. 
         [0033]    Also known is the combination of several magnifying components in common, such as, e.g.,
       a zoom magnification changing system (also called a microscopical zoom system in the literature) with an objective of fixed focal length,   a zoom magnification changing system with an objective of variable focal length (also known as a zoom objective),   a zoom magnification changing system with a multiple nosepiece for objectives of different, fixed focal lengths,   a zoom magnification changing system with a zoom tube lens system, or   a magnification changer providing discrete magnification steps and provided with a zoom objective and a zoom tube lens system.       
 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0039]    While these combinations of magnifying components, given here as examples, expand the variable (continuously or by discrete steps) magnification range, the disadvantage is that the current optical function parameters of the individual components involved and their share in the total magnification, in particular, the individual magnification factors and their functional interdependence, are not taken into account with regard to achieving the best possible observation results. 
         [0040]    In other words: the potentials given by the physical parameters of the individual components are less than fully utilized for the performance potential of the overall system with regard to, e.g., aperture, resolution, magnification, aberrations such as spherical aberration, or the depth of field achievable with the overall microscopical system. 
         [0041]    Proceeding from this state, the problem of the invention was to create a microscope with an imaging system that is provided with several optical systems and/or system components and in which not only the functionality of the individual system components but also their interaction with regard to the achievable functional parameters of the overall microscopical system is improved compared to prior art. 
         [0042]    According to the invention, the problem is solved by a microscope of the kind named at the beginning, equipped with a control unit for generating control signals for the at least one component, the optical effect of which on the imaging beam path can be varied by control action,
       in a first operating mode, for the closed-loop or open-loop control of the functional parameters only of the optical imaging system to which the component is assigned, and   in a second operating mode, for the additional closed-loop or open-loop control of the functional parameters of the overall optical system of the microscope.       
 
         [0045]    At least one memory unit should be provided, in which control signals, or control commands equivalent to control signals, for each of these components are stored and assigned to optical functional parameters. Furthermore, these components should be coupled with electronically controllable drive units, so that the input ports of the control unit are connected with the memory units and with a command input means, and their output ports are connected with the drive units. The command input means is designed for presetting optical functional parameters related to the observation or imaging of an object. By means of the stored control signals, the overall system can be controlled. 
         [0046]    In an example embodiment, the microscope is provided with means for the measurement of current optical functional parameters, for comparing the current optical functional parameters with specified ones, and for the correction of control signals depending on deviations determined, and for the correction of the control signals stored. On this basis, control of the functional parameters of the overall system is possible. 
         [0047]    The command input means may be configured for presetting several optical functional parameters, such as, especially, magnification, depth of field, resolution or aperture. 
         [0048]    The magnification of a compound system in the sense of the present invention results from the parameters of the components. Here, 
         [0000]      β total = def   |β|=|f′   tube   /f′   objective *Γ magnification changer |
 
         [0049]    If common definitions are chosen for such systems, there results a formally similar notation, in which, for clarity&#39;s sake, indexing is omitted in part:
       for the objective:       
 
         [0000]      β= DEF β objective = DEF   f′   objective (β=1)   /f′   objective  
       for the afocal zoom system:       
 
         [0000]      β= DEF β zoom = DEF |Γ′ zoom   |*f′   tube (β=1)   /f′   objective (β=1)  
       for the tube lens system:       
 
         [0000]      β= DEF β tube = DEF   f′   tube   /f′   tube (β=1)  
 
         [0053]    In the following, this notation is used for the magnification, but also, in an extended sense, for other system-descriptive parameters such as numerical aperture on the object side, resolution, object field size, etc. 
         [0054]    The invented microscope is provided with a means for switching from the first to the second operating mode, and vice versa. 
         [0055]    For example, the invented microscope comprises a zoom objective ZS 1 , a zoom tube lens system ZS 3  and a zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  arranged in between. Preferably, these components are designed in such a way that the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  covers a range of magnifications from β=0.2 to 4.0, the zoom objective ZS 1  a zoom range of magnifications β=1.0 to 2.0, and the zoom tube lens system ZS 3  a zoom range of magnifications β=1.0 to 2.5. Because of the joint action of the components, a zoom range covering magnifications β from 0.2 to 20 can be achieved. 
         [0056]    In this connection, the control unit is designed to generate control signals for moving the lens components of the zoom systems ZS 1 , ZS 2  and ZS 3  to desired positions, which
       in the first operating mode are in connection with optical functional parameters of the respective individual zoom system, and   in the second operating mode are in connection with optical functional parameters of the total imaging system,
 
with storing of the desired positions for each of the movable lens components being intended in assignment to particular optical functional parameters.
       
 
         [0059]    The invention expressly also relates to microscopes comprising
       one or several optical zoom systems featuring lens components that can be moved along the optical axis, the movement of the lens components effecting a change of optical functional parameters of the microscopical imaging system, and   one or several coded optical systems of fixed focal length, i.e. optical systems with lens components exclusively in stationary positions.       
 
         [0062]    The term “coding” in this connection refers to data available in binary form, which are assigned, e.g., to an interchangeable objective to identify it and to render information about its individual basic characteristics such as focal length and relative aperture; the data may also contain information about vertex focal length aberrations or data for the correction of vignetting. 
         [0063]    It is known that motorized optical zoom systems that are combined with uncoded or coded optical systems of fixed focal length, i.e. optical systems with fixed lens components, describe a complete microscopical imaging system, such as, e.g., the combination of a zoom magnification changing system with an objective of fixed focal length, i.e. exclusively fixed lens components, and a tube lens system of fixed focal length exclusively with fixed lens components, too. 
         [0064]    Whereas motorized zoom systems with direct drive units can minimize optical aberrations thanks to their virtual control cams, the optical data in optical systems of fixed focal length are invariable due to the fixed lens components. 
         [0065]    For the correction of the motorized zoom system, use is made only of the theoretical data of these so-called optically fixed systems; these data can be taken from a data sheet, for example. In coded systems, these are, e.g., the theoretical magnification, the theoretical vertex focal length and idealized residual optical aberrations. In prior art, a coded objective is identified by the microscopical system only with regard to its magnification. 
         [0066]    During factory adjustment and testing of an optical system by means of objectively measuring adjusting devices, the real optical properties such as, e.g., magnification, vertex focal length, chromatic aberrations, distortion and field curvature of the fixed optical system, are registered and saved to an appropriate storage medium, say, in the form of a chip provided directly on the optical system. Thus, every fixed optical system has its individual characteristics, which can be read out, e.g., by an optoelectronic reading unit, and made available for further use. 
         [0067]    It is known in this connection, though, that the optical parameters of the fixed optical systems show deviations from the theoretical data, according to the error tolerance allowed in manufacture. 
         [0068]    By the analysis of the thus available real data of the fixed optical systems and, according to the invention, their linking to the virtual control cams of the zoom systems—corresponding to the second operating mode —, a marked optimization of the overall optical system is achieved, in that all optical real data of the overall system are included in system optimization and are taken into account, e.g., in the correction of the virtual control cam of a zoom magnification changing system, so that this correction affects not only the functional parameters of this zoom system, but the functional parameters of the overall microscopical system. 
         [0069]    As a prerequisite for exact lateral measurements of objects, one needs, for example, to exactly register the magnification. With the invented arrangement, this is possible without the complicated and frequently faulty calibration of the optical system. Exact focusing of the overall system can thus be achieved in a simple way. 
         [0070]    Furthermore, if the optical design provides for appropriate focus sensitivity of the lens components, the function of a highly advantageous internal focusing system can be achieved, in which, doing without object-side focusing (which may require, e.g., a disadvantageous movement of the specimen), so-called Z stacks of images or the like can be recorded. 
         [0071]    Due to the system optimization enabled by the invention, a marked minimization of a wide variety of residual optical aberrations of the overall system is achieved. The measure and scope of the system optimization is determined by the application, i.e., it is sensible to carry out only those corrections which actually lead to better contrasting and image processing results and, thus, to more positive image diagnoses. 
         [0072]    Continuous computation of optimized control cams for system improvement is effected, e.g., by preset basic routines using fast processors installed in the instrument. More complex corrections, e.g. for achieving special, application-related properties such as minimization of longitudinal chromatic aberration depending on the emission wavelength in multiple fluorescence excitations, are efficiently achieved with appropriate tools in the image processing software. Here, parts of the otherwise theoretical optical designing process are transferred to the microscope system itself in order to achieve a targeted improvement of the optical properties, i.e. the total potential of the overall system for improving the image is utilized. 
         [0073]    For the application-related optimization of the overall optical system, two fundamentally different procedures are used:
       System optimization in quasi-real time, i.e. after the individual coded optical components have been assembled with a motorized zoom system into the overall microscopical system, every zooming causes a recomputation of the currently optimum lens positions, provided the suitable, application-related optimizing algorithm has been activated. Otherwise, use is made of the stored theoretical data.   System optimization as a one-time setup, i.e. once the individual coded optical components have been assembled with a motorized zoom system into the overall microscopical system, the individual optical components per setup are optimally tuned to each other, and the optimized lens positions of the zoom system are then saved as new virtual cams. Whenever the objective is changed, the appropriate cams, registered and saved once and for all per setup, are called and used as the basis for zoom control. The same applies to the change of coded optical components, e.g., if the user equips the zoom microscope with new coded objectives.       
 
         [0076]    A disadvantage of the latter procedure for system optimization compared to real-time system optimization is that it only permits a mean system optimization, i.e. a minimization of all residual optical aberrations throughout the zoom range. By contrast, real-time system optimization permits a targeted optimization of individual optical parameters. This may make it necessary to accept that other parameters that are less important for the specific application get impaired. With a reset facility, the user can always reactivate the original factory settings based on the theoretical values of the linked individual optical systems. 
         [0077]    The general prerequisite for this is the presence of variable lens components of a zoom system or of other kinds of dynamical optical control elements that are part of an otherwise static optical system and, with this, are part of an overall optical system. The following combinations of fixed coded optical systems and optical zoom systems are feasible, for example:
       Coded fixed objective+motorized zoom magnification changing system+motorized zoom tube lens system,   Coded fixed objective+motorized zoom magnification changing system+coded fixed tube lens system,   Coded fixed objective+motorized zoom tube lens system, Motorized zoom objective+motorized zoom magnification changing system+coded fixed tube lens system,   Motorized zoom objective+coded fixed tube lens system.       
 
         [0082]    The invented microscope can be configured with a single-channel imaging system in the sense of compound zoom microscopes and macroscopes, or with a two-channel imaging system, especially as a stereomicroscope. 
         [0083]    The scope of the invention also comprises microscopes having the features according to claim  1 , in which zoom systems controlled by virtual cams are used in the imaging beam path in combination with zoom systems featuring mechanical control cams instead of the virtual ones, as well as microscopes retrofitted with the invented features. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0084]    Below, the invention is described in greater detail by exemplary embodiments. In the accompanying drawings, 
           [0085]      FIG. 1  shows the principle of a motorized, modular-design stereomicroscope system with control means as known in prior art, 
           [0086]      FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram of a linking of individual motorized zoom systems into a multiple-stage overall microscopical system, 
           [0087]      FIG. 3  shows a first exemplary embodiment of the invented overall microscopical system, exclusively with zoom systems, 
           [0088]      FIG. 4  illustrates the derivation of controllable optical functional parameters of the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , 
           [0089]      FIG. 5  shows a second exemplary embodiment of the invented overall microscopical system, in which, in addition to zoom systems, optical imaging systems of fixed focal length are provided, 
           [0090]      FIG. 6  shows examples of individual and total resolution ranges as a function of individual magnifications and of a total magnification for various control functions, 
           [0091]      FIG. 7  illustrates the principle of an afocal zoom magnification changing system, 
           [0092]      FIG. 8  illustrates the movement characteristics of the lens components of the zoom magnification changing system shown in  FIG. 7 , 
           [0093]      FIG. 9  illustrates the principle of the lens components of a specific zoom tube lens system, 
           [0094]      FIG. 10  illustrates the dynamics of the zoom tube lens system shown in  FIG. 9 , and 
           [0095]      FIG. 11  is a graph explaining the possibilities of influencing the object-side numerical aperture. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0096]    As stated above,  FIG. 1  shows an example of a motorized, modular-design stereomicroscope system as known in prior art, i.e. with optical components mechanically coupled and electronically connected via interfaces. 
         [0097]    In terms of the present invention this corresponds to a first operating mode, in which control commands for the movement of lens components to desired positions are generated, which are related to optical functional parameters of the respective individual zoom systems. This is effected via the central control unit  12  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0098]    This microscope system has the abovementioned shortcoming that the potentials inherently given by the physical parameters of the individual components with regard to the performance capabilities of the overall system are not exhausted. 
         [0099]    To remedy this shortcoming, the invention provides for a targeted control of the overall microscopical system according to optical functional parameters, and, as a prerequisite therefore, the making available of system data for improved linking of the components. According to the invention, this is effected by means of a control unit designed for switching system control from a first operating mode (described above) to a second operating mode in which control signals, or control commands equivalent to control signals, for moving the lens components to desired positions are generated, which are related to the optical functional parameters of the overall microscopical system. 
         [0100]    It is within the scope of the invention if the control unit is designed only for the computation and generation of control commands for the second operating mode so that the microscope can only be operated in a mode that corresponds to the second mode described here. It is advantageous, however, if the control unit is designed so that it can generate control commands for both the first and the second operating mode. Switching the control unit to the mode required for a given application is effected, e.g., by means of a central, manually actuated input element, optionally by means of a pedal switch and/or a PC with appropriate software. 
         [0101]    Such a linking of individual motorized zoom systems in a multiple-stage overall microscopical system is shown schematically in  FIG. 2 . 
         [0102]    The invented overall microscopical system, the functionality of which—other than in prior art—is brought about by, among other things, the innovative linking of individual motor zoom systems ZS 1 , ZS 2 , ZS 3 , ZS 4 , . . . , ZSn, permits multiple-stage imaging in the image plane, of an object positioned in the object plane, in communication with other motorized or coded system components of the microscope. 
         [0103]    For implementing the desired functionality, it is provided that the individual system components are linked to each other in such way that each can communicate with each. Such communication may be effected, e.g., via USB or CAN ports. 
         [0104]    Communication may have a hierarchical structure, with selected zoom systems being assigned a master function and others a slave function. 
         [0105]    As an alternative, a non-hierarchical, decentralized structure, with each component involved being provided with intelligence in the form of integrated software for linking with other components, is also within the scope of the invention. 
         [0106]    The linking of the individual zoom systems according to the invention is tied to prerequisites that are satisfied as follows: 
         [0107]    1. Each movable lens component of the zoom systems is coupled to an electronically controllable drive unit; the desired positions for each movable lens component are stored in a memory as virtual cams (track curves) assigned to particular optical functional parameters and can be read from the said memory; the basis of the virtual track curves are tables of values for β=β(1 i ), which are assigned to the individual zoom systems for the magnifications β i  as functions of the lens component positions 1 i . 
         [0108]    2. During zooming, the current parameters aperture A i =A i [β i (1 i )], resolution b i =b i [β i (1 i )], depth of field T i =T i [β i (1 i )], object field diameter OFD i =OFD i [β i (1 i )] and, in case of zoom objectives, the objective focal length f obj i =f obji [β iobj (1 iobj )] are continuously calculated from the stored table of values β i =β i (1 i ) by means of an internal calculating program. The results of calculation characterize the functional parameters of the overall microscopical system. 
         [0109]    3. Access to the memory contents is made from a central place—e.g., the control unit—in case of hierarchically structured communication, or from each individual component in case of non-hierarchically structured communication, and the said memory contents are combined with each other. 
         [0110]      FIG. 3  illustrates the application of the structural principle of  FIG. 2  to a first example embodiment of such an overall microscopical system according to the invention. 
         [0111]    This schematic illustration shows the individual motorized zoom components linked in the overall system, which represent a typical microscopical imaging chain between object and image plane, such as zoom objective ZS 1 , zoom magnification changing system ZS 2 , zoom tube lens system ZS 3  and digital zoom system ZS 4 . 
         [0112]    In addition, the illustration shows the dynamics of the variable lens components by broken lines in exemplary graphs correlated to each of the zoom systems. Plotted on the ordinate axis of each graph is the distance of the lens components (in mm), and plotted on the abscissa axis is the magnification β. 
         [0113]    The zoom objective ZS 1  consists, for example, of two fixed and two movable lens components. Optionally, the zoom objective ZS 1  including the fixed lens components may, as known in prior art, be moved by a defined distance ΔZ along the optical axis for the purpose of so-called optical focusing. This objective focusing travel is limited by vignetting in the infinity segment between the objective and the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2 , the non-vignetted travel range being, on average, 2 mm≦ΔZ≦10 mm. 
         [0114]    Within the imaging chain of the overall system, the zoom objective ZS 1  has the function of image acquisition and primary magnification with a zoom factor typically in the range of 2× to 3×, with an added gain in resolution. 
         [0115]    Also known are zoom objectives ZS 1  that have, with a variable focal length, a constant transfer length, the distance between the object plane and the image plane. This type is particularly suitable for such applications in which, with variable magnification β iobj , the distance to the object must remain constant. 
         [0116]    Another objective design, in which the magnification remains constant or changes but slightly while the transfer length is variable, is particularly suitable for applications in process control, where a stationary zoom system is used to image objects at varied object distances. The advantage is that the variation of object distances achieved is greater than with the abovementioned optical focusing by moving the objective. 
         [0117]    The zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  also shown in  FIG. 3  consists, for example, of two fixed and two movable lens components. Within the imaging chain of the multiple-stage overall system, the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  is the component having the greatest zoom factor, ranging, e.g., from 10× to 20×, with an added gain in resolution. 
         [0118]    The motorized zoom tube lens system ZS 3  consists, for example, of one fixed and two variable lens components. Within the imaging chain of the multiple-stage overall system, the zoom tube lens system ZS 3  is the component for secondary magnification of the image with a zoom factor in the range of 2× to 3×, without resolution gain. 
         [0119]    For certain applications, though, such as measurement and counting, secondary magnification by the zoom tube lens system is useful even if this is what is known as “empty magnification”, i.e. without any gain in resolution. 
         [0120]    The example of a digital zoom system ZS 4  also shown is intended for digital documentation of the images transferred. Unlike the zoom components described before, this component does not use optical means for zooming but effects zooming by digital image processing of the images recorded by an imaging chip and resolved into pixels, a process by which no resolution gain is possible. 
         [0121]    The typical digital secondary magnification range is 3×≦β iZS4 ≦10×. For certain applications, this empty magnification is of interest nevertheless, especially where the detection of the form and position of objects, or measurement and counting jobs are concerned. In the simplest case, the digital zoom system ZS 4  is a digital camera attached to the camera port of the microscope system. 
         [0122]    The scope of the invention expressly comprises also the use of a zoom eyepiece instead of the digital zoom system ZS 4  described here as an example, or also the use of a zoom eyepiece in addition to the digital zoom system ZS 4 . In principle, the zoom eyepiece is optically equivalent to the digital zoom system ZS 4 . The only difference is that a digital zoom system, as mentioned before, is positioned in the documentation path of a microscope system, whereas the zoom eyepiece is arranged in the visual path, thus serving for visual observation of the object image. It is only for the sake of clarity that the description of the invention is restricted to the presence of the digital zoom system ZS 4 . 
         [0123]    From the linking of the individual zoom systems in a multiple-stage overall system, there results the current total magnification at the visual output port of the microscope without eyepiece magnification, or optionally at the camera port with digital zoom system ZS 4  or zoom eyepiece: 
         [0000]      β itotal =β iobj *β iMZS *β iZTS *β iZS4  
 
         [0124]      FIG. 4  illustrates how the controllable optical functional parameters of the multiple-stage overall system are derived from the functional relationships described above. In addition to the magnification β i  controllable in the individual zoom systems ZS 1 , ZS 2 , ZS 3  and ZS 4  according to optical functional parameters such as aperture, resolution, depth of field, etc., making the control cams of the variable lens components in the individual zoom systems ZS 1 , ZS 2 , ZS 3  and ZS 4  available to an overall optical system in which the control cams are linked and varied according to particular functionalities, brings about a substantial extension of the controllable system parameters. 
         [0125]    Controlling the lens components now linked in an overall optical system and, in addition, motorized aperture diaphragm control and, optionally (therefore not shown in  FIG. 4 ), the digital zoom system ZS 4  or zoom eyepiece, is effected by the control unit represented schematically by a circle. 
         [0126]    In the first operating mode, the said control unit only performs the separate controlling of the individual lens components with their assigned control cams, whereas in the second operating mode, it performs controlling of the individual lens components with varied control cams, e.g., for internal focusing or for the compensation or minimization of residual optical aberrations. 
         [0127]    In other words: Whereas the use of the virtual control cams in the first operating mode is restricted to influencing the functional parameters of the optical system which they are assigned or belonging to, their use in the second operating mode is open, or enabled, with the aim of influencing the functional parameters of the overall microscopical system. 
         [0128]    The logical connection of elements to be controlled, such as lens components, diaphragm control, digital zoom system, zoom eyepiece, objective focusing, and the optical functional parameters controllable according to profiles to be preset are symbolized in  FIG. 4  by connecting arrows. 
         [0129]    Thus, the linking of motor-driven lens components makes it possible, by computational combination of their virtual control cams and the diaphragm control data in the multiple-stage overall system, for the optical parameters to be controlled in a targeted manner within defined limits. 
         [0130]    Technically, this functionality is achieved by storing diverse profiles, such as, e.g., magnification β i =β i (1 i ), aperture A i =A i [β i (1 i )], resolution b i =b i [β i (1 i )] or depth of field T i =T i [β i (1 i )] or with altered lens component control cams with β* i =β* i (1* i ) in a suitable memory circuit device, e.g., an EPROM of sufficiently large storage capacity, either in the control circuitry of the respective individual zoom component (ZS 1  through ZS 4 ) or in the central control unit. 
         [0131]    By downloading via the respective interfaces of the zoom components ZS 1  through ZS 4  or of the central control unit, these various profiles can very conveniently be updated, or supplemented by further, application-specific profiles. This is a substantial advantage of the invention over the given, fixed mechanical control cams known in prior art. 
         [0132]    The right part of  FIG. 4  lists examples of various controllable optical functional parameters. Below, the invented mode of operation is explained for three cases of application: 
         [0133]    In a first case of application, where a constant magnification β total =const. is assumed, resolution and depth of field, e.g., can be varied within defined limits, which are defined by the zoom or aperture range of the linked individual zoom systems. In specific terms, zooming of the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  keeps the change of the magnification resulting from the variation of resolution and depth of field constant by reverse control of the downstream motorized zoom tube lens system ZS 3  and/or the digital zoom system ZS 4 , or of a zoom eyepiece having a total magnification of β total . Thus, a specimen can be observed with a constant final magnification but varying resolution and depth of field. 
         [0134]    Where the object is to be observed at varying magnifications (zooming through) but with constant depth of field (T total =const.) or resolution (b total =const.), this is, in a second case of application, implemented by compensating effects via the magnifications of the zoom objective ZS 1  and the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2 . 
         [0135]    Where, in a third case of application, the object distance is to be varied while the final magnification is to be kept constant (β total =const.), the variation of the magnification β obj  effected by changing the vertex focal length of the zoom objective ZS 1  can be compensated by reverse control of the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  with β MZS  and/or the motorized zoom tube lens system ZS 3  with β ZTS . 
         [0136]      FIG. 5  shows the fundamental structure of a second exemplary embodiment of the invented overall microscopical system. Combined here within the overall system are the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  and the digital zoom system ZS 4  with a coded objective CS 1  of fixed focal length and a coded tube lens system CS 3  of fixed focal length. 
         [0137]    Overall microscopical systems of this kind frequently feature means for the change of objectives and can be equipped with objectives of different magnifying power and different spectral characteristics. Thus, for example, the transfer length may vary between the objectives and wavelengths. 
         [0138]    Means for measuring focal lengths are known, which can also be used in connection with the present invention. 
         [0139]    Moreover, objectives are supplied with manufacturers&#39; certificates, which, among other items, contain information about color variations. Registration and algorithmic evaluation of these parameters are within the scope of the invention. 
         [0140]      FIG. 6  shows the individual and total resolution ranges as functions of individual magnifications and of a total magnification as examples of different control functions for β=β(b) or, because of b˜A, for β=β(A). 
         [0141]    The resolution b in terms of LP/mm (line pairs per mm) has been calculated from the resolved distance 2y in terms of μm. Here, the three-stage overall system shown as an example is composed of the zoom objective ZS 1 , the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  and the zoom tube lens system ZS 3 ; these three zoom systems and their linked combinations have the following parameters: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Zoom 
                 Resolution range b 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Zoom range 
                 factor 
                 in LP/mm 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Zoom objective ZS1 
                 β = 1.0 . . . 2.0 
                  2x 
                 — 
               
               
                 Zoom magnification 
                 β = 0.2 . . . 4.0 
                 20x 
                 — 
               
               
                 changing system 
               
               
                 ZS2 
               
               
                 Zoom tube lens 
                 β = 1.0 . . . 2.5 
                   2.5x 
                 — 
               
               
                 system ZS3 
               
               
                 Zoom objective 
                 β = 0.2 . . . 8.0 
                 40x 
                 β obj  = 1.0: 20 . . . 1000 
               
               
                 ZS1 + zoom 
                   
                   
                 β obj  = 2.0: 40 . . . 2000 
               
               
                 magnification 
               
               
                 changing system 
               
               
                 ZS2 
               
               
                 Zoom objective 
                 β = 0.2 . . . 20.0 
                 100x  
                 β obj  = 1.0: 20 . . . 1000 
               
               
                 ZS1 + zoom 
                   
                   
                 β obj  = 2.0: 40 . . . 2000 
               
               
                 magnification 
               
               
                 changing system 
               
               
                 ZS2 + zoom tube 
               
               
                 lens system 
               
               
                 ZS3 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0142]    Based on the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2 , the linking of the zoom objective ZS 1  with the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2 , and the linking of the zoom objective ZS 1  with the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  and the zoom tube lens system ZS 3 ,  FIG. 6  shows both the possible limit resolutions, i.e. the maximum possible resolutions b imax =b imax (β itotal ), and, for the case that the magnifications of the three zoom systems ZS 1 , ZS 2 , ZS 3  are distributed differently, the ranges of possible resolutions as functions of the total magnifications b i =b i (β itotal ). 
         [0143]    The exemplary linking of the three zoom systems ZS 1 , ZS 2  and ZS 3  makes the very large range of variation of the parameters clearly visible. In the range of small magnifications 0.2≦β≦1.0 and, thus, low resolutions, the object fields observable are large. In this range known as low-power or macro examination range, the user gains an overview of the object for orientation and selects the object areas of interest, before he changes to higher magnifications and higher resolutions to closely inspect or to document the object details of interest. 
         [0144]    Thus, this functionality meets the typical working method of a microscope user. One can also see here the special advantage compared to conventional microscopy with discrete magnification steps, since zoom systems with large zoom factor, i.e., multiple-stage zoom systems, allow the object details to be closely tracked while the magnification is varied—in contrast to conventional microscopy, where objectives have to be changed several times and refocusing is required after every objective change. 
         [0145]    A concrete embodiment of a multiple-stage zoom system is formed, e.g., by combination of an afocal zoom magnification changing system ZS 2 , the principle of which is shown in  FIG. 7 , with a zoom tube lens system ZS 3  shown in  FIG. 9 . 
         [0146]    The zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  according to  FIG. 7  comprises four lens components designated LG 1  through LG 4 , beginning on the object side. The lens components LG 2  and LG 4  are movable relative to the other lens components in the direction of the optical axis of the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2 , and for this purpose they are coupled with electronically controllable drive units, preferably in the form of stepper motors. 
         [0147]    Concerning refractive powers, the lens component LG 1  is designed to have positive, the lens component LG 2  negative, the lens component LG 3  positive, and the lens component LG 4  negative refractive power. This zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  has an overall length of 130 mm and has, for example, other system data as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Abbe 
               
               
                 Plane, or lens 
                   
                 Thickness 
                 Variable 
                 Refractive 
                 constant 
               
               
                 component 
                 Radius r 
                 d 
                 distance 
                 index n e   
                 ν e   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Infinity space 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 up to the 
               
               
                 objective 
               
               
                   
                 55.8300 
               
               
                 LG1 
                   
                 4.50 
                   
                 1.530190 
                 76.58 
               
               
                   
                 −55.8300 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.30 
                   
                 1.584820 
                 40.57 
               
               
                   
                 infinite 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 v1 
               
               
                   
                 −35.2275 
               
               
                 LG2 
                   
                 1.40 
                   
                 1.747910 
                 44.57 
               
               
                   
                 9.1730 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.50 
                   
                 1.812659 
                 25.16 
               
               
                   
                 25.1205 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 v2 
               
               
                   
                 30.0675 
               
               
                 LG3 
                   
                 1.50 
                   
                 1.812659 
                 25.16 
               
               
                   
                 15.0700 
               
               
                   
                   
                 1.80 
                   
                 1.489140 
                 70.23 
               
               
                   
                 18.9690 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.90 
                   
                 1.716160 
                 53.61 
               
               
                   
                 −44.9896 
               
               
                 Diaphragm 
                   
                 1.00 
               
               
                   
                 infinity 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 v3 
               
               
                   
                 −47.6566 
               
               
                 LG4 
                   
                 1.30 
                   
                 1.620680 
                 49.54 
               
               
                   
                 7.9440 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.90 
                   
                 1.624080 
                 36.11 
               
               
                   
                 41.8692 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 v4 
               
               
                 Infinity space 
               
               
                 up to the tube 
               
               
                 lens system 
               
               
                 (FIG. 9) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0148]    The movement characteristic of the lens components LG 1  through LG 4  of the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  from  FIG. 7  is shown in  FIG. 8 . It is evident therefrom that the initial value of the magnification is 0.32, and the final value is 4.0, so that the magnification range is 12.5×. At distance settings v1 through v4, selected magnifications of 4.0×, 1.0× and 0.32× result as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Magnification 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 4.0x 
                 1.0x 
                 0.32x 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 v1 
                 68.657 
                 39.472 
                 2.098 
               
               
                   
                 v2 
                 11.189 
                 40.373 
                 77.747 
               
               
                   
                 v3 
                 28.039 
                 12.818 
                 3.104 
               
               
                   
                 v4 
                 0.016 
                 15.237 
                 24.951 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0149]    The zoom tube lens system ZS 3  shown in  FIG. 9 , which is suitable for combination with zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  described above, permits the focal length to be varied from 200 mm to 500 mm, and thus the tube lens system magnification to be varied by the factor 2.5×. The tube lens system magnification β tube  is defined by β tube =f′ tube /f′ tube (β=1) . 
         [0150]    This zoom tube lens system ZS 3  comprises three optical lens components designated LG 5  through LG 7 , beginning on the object side. The lens components LG 6  and LG 7  are movable relative to the lens component LG 5  in the direction of the optical axis, and for this purpose they are coupled with electronically controllable drive units, which preferably are designed as stepper motors. 
         [0151]    The other system data of the zoom tube lens system ZS 3  are given in the following table (lengths in terms of mm): 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Pupil, 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Abbe 
               
               
                 plane or lens 
                   
                 Thickness 
                   
                 Refractive 
                 constant 
               
               
                 component 
                 Radius r 
                 d 
                 Distance 
                 index n e   
                 ν e   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Entrance pupil 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 fixed 
               
               
                   
                 54.93 
               
               
                 LG5 
                   
                 2.400 
                   
                 1.6099 
                 56.00 
               
               
                   
                 −97.30 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3.000 
                   
                 1.8127 
                 25.00 
               
               
                   
                 −2075.25 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 V5 
               
               
                   
                 −79.12 
               
               
                 LG6 
                   
                 2.50 
                   
                 1.7584 
                 52.00 
               
               
                   
                 23.54 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2.50 
                   
                 1.7918 
                 26.00 
               
               
                   
                 61.89 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 V6 
               
               
                   
                 93.77 
               
               
                 LG7 
                   
                 2.60 
                   
                 1.7545 
                 35.00 
               
               
                   
                 48.59 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4.90 
                   
                 1.4985 
                 81.00 
               
               
                   
                 −71.76 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 V7 
               
               
                 Image plane 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0152]    The dynamics of the zoom tube lens system ZS 3  according to  FIG. 9  is shown in  FIG. 10 . At distance settings v5 through v7, selected focal lengths result as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 f′ 
                 200 
                 240 
                 280 
                 320 
                 360 
                 400 
                 435 
                 470 
                 500 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 V5 
                 2.50 
                 11.14 
                 16.81 
                 20.87 
                 23.93 
                 26.35 
                 28.09 
                 29.57 
                 30.67 
               
               
                 V6 
                 60.18 
                 51.60 
                 43.12 
                 34.96 
                 27.16 
                 19.72 
                 13.48 
                 7.47 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 V7 
                 316.35 
                 316.30 
                 319.10 
                 323.21 
                 327.94 
                 332.97 
                 337.47 
                 341.99 
                 345.86 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0153]    It can be seen that the distances listed in the above movement table densely fill the total range and describe two coupled movements, which are defined by the focal length f′ parameter and thus are defined also via the tube lens system magnification β tube . So it is possible to use, e.g., the magnification as a control parameter. 
         [0154]    The size of the entrance pupil is a function of the magnification of the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  according to  FIG. 7 . 
         [0155]    Arranged upstream of the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  according to  FIG. 7  is an objective (not shown on the drawing), the object-side aperture of which results from nA=Φ EP-z.m.ch. /2*f′ objective . The object-side aperture is a multiplicative parameter. The objective magnification enters the formula with β objective =f′ objective (β=1) /f′ objective . The change of the tube lens system&#39;s focal length has no effect on the object-side aperture, i.e., the tube lens system&#39;s focal length enters the formula with a constant  1 . 
         [0156]    The possible ways to influence the object-side numerical aperture, which result from the combination of the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  with the zoom tube lens system ZS 3  having the respective data described above can be seen from the graph in  FIG. 11 . 
         [0157]    Within the polygon shown in the said graph, any magnification and any object-side aperture can be set. To arrive at an end configuration starting from an initial configuration, one determines the necessary movements of the lens components LG 1  through LG 4  of the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2 , and of the lens components LG 5  through LG 7  of the zoom tube lens system ZS 3 . 
         [0158]    For this purpose, one determines, in a first step, the movements required to vary the magnification of the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2  going by the change of the object-side aperture, and the movements required to vary the tube lens system&#39;s magnification, from the change of the total magnification and the predetermined change of magnification of the zoom magnification changing system ZS 2 . 
         [0159]    Once the necessary movements have been determined in this way, one moves, in a second step, the lens components LG 1  through LG 4  and, if necessary, the lens components LG 5  through LG 7  accordingly in order to bring the total microscopical zoom system to the desired final configuration with regard to magnification and object-side aperture. 
         [0160]    Thus, an exemplary application is described of a linking of the components involved in the second operating mode of the invention with regard to the magnification and object-side aperture of the total microscopical zoom system. 
         [0161]    An example application of linking the components involved in the second operating mode of the invention with regard to focus adjustment results in connection with microscope settings for the imaging of objects structured in depth, especially for the creation of stereoscopic images from observation planes at varied depths of an object. 
         [0162]    Involving the zoom tube lens system ZS 3  described above, one obtains a microscope system both with variable magnification and variable object-side aperture and with variable focusing. The zoom tube lens system ZS 3  implements the variation of the focal length as the total transfer length is varied. 
         [0163]    In this process, one determines, in a first step, the movements required for changing the focus position, as described, e.g., in DE 10 2005 040 830 A1, and then, in a second step, one brings the lens components of the components involved into the desired final configuration with regard to the focus position. 
       LIST OF REFERENCES 
       [0000]    
       
         
           
               1  binocular viewing tube 
               2  motorized zoom system 
               3  antiglare shield 
               4  transmitted-light illuminator 
               5 ,  6  specimen receptacles 
               7  multiple nosepiece 
               8  focusing optics 
               9  operating unit 
               10  operating element 
               11  pedal switches 
               12  central control unit 
               13 ,  14  light sources 
               15  focus control unit 
               16  stand column 
               17  zoom control unit 
               18  camera 
               19  PC 
             CS 1  coded objective 
             CS 3  coded tube lens system 
             ZS 1  zoom objective 
             ZS 2  zoom magnification changing system 
             ZS 3  zoom tube lens system 
             ZS 4  digital zoom system 
             LG 1  . . . LG 7  lens components
A microscope comprising multiple optical systems in the imaging beam path and at least one subassembly, the optical effect of which in relation to the imaging beam path can be modified by controlling the subassembly, e.g. A group of lenses or a diaphragm that can be moved in the direction of the optical axis, a diaphragm having a variable aperture, a digital zoom device, a shutter, or a focusing device. The microscope includes a control unit which is designed to generate control signals for the subassembly in a first mode of operation to regulate or control the functional parameters exclusively of the imaging optical system with which the subassembly is associated, and additionally in a second mode of operation to regulate or control the functional parameters of the entire optical system of the microscope.