CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/AU61/00812, filed Jul. 6, 2001, which claims priority to Australian Patent Application No. PQ8613, which was filed on Jul. 6, 2000. The contents of International Patent Application No. PCT/AU01/00812 and Australian Patent Application No. PQ8613 are herein incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This invention relates to tools with more than one function. One particular area of interest in relation to the tool of this invention is that of fasteners. The invention in various embodiments can be applied to a wide field of fasteners, in a plurality of industries. 
         [0003]    This invention can be applied to traditional fasteners, including nuts and screws. In certain embodiments, the invention may also be applicable to fasteners capable of fixing or release by remote means. Reference is made to International Patent Application No. PCT/AU99/00185, published as WO 99/47819, the contents of which are imported herein by reference. 
       BACKGROUND ART 
       [0004]    Prior art tools are generally specific to a particular fastener. For example, screw fasteners are loosened or tightened by a screwdriver. A screw with a slot in its head will require a different screwdriver from a “Phillip&#39;s head” screw. Nuts can be tightened or loosened by means of a wrench, using a different wrench for each differently-sized nut. Alternately, a nut can be manipulated by an adjustable wrench, which can be used for a particular range of nut sizes. 
         [0005]    Problems can be encountered when a fastener is not normally visible—for example, because it is hidden under a cowling—or is difficult to see—for example, because of lack of light. In such circumstances, it is difficult to ascertain the precise type of tool which is necessary to manipulate the fastener. 
         [0006]    It is an aim of this invention, in one embodiment, to provide a multifunction tool which can be used to lock or unlock fasteners in circumstances where the fasteners are not normally visible. It is a further object of this invention, in another embodiment, to provide a multifunction tool which is capable of reporting on attributes of the fastener, such as size, type, “hand”—e.g., right hand or left hand, polarity, male or female nature, fastening status, and damage. It is yet a further object of this invention, in yet another embodiment, to provide a tool which is capable of detecting an attribute of a fastener, such as the size of a fastener, and of automatically adjusting itself in the appropriate manner, even though the fastener may not be visible. Other aims will be apparent from the disclosure below. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0007]    Accordingly, this invention provides a tool for activating a fastening element, the tool including: 
         [0008]    a first function whereby the tool is capable of activating the fastening element, and 
         [0009]    a second function whereby the tool is capable of detecting an attribute of the fastening element, 
         [0010]    wherein the or each attribute is selected from the group consisting of:
       location of the fastening element,   status of the fastening element (excluding torque or angle),   identification of the fastening element,   one or more environmental factors affecting the fastening element, size of the fastening element,   sequence of activation of the fastening element compared with other fastening elements,   history of the fastening element,   authorization requirements of the fastening element, and activation requirements of the fastening element (excluding torque or angle).       
 
         [0018]    The tool may include a plurality of parts. 
         [0019]    In activating the fastening element, the tool will usually fix or release the fastening element. The fastening element may be fixed to or released from a substrate or a second fastening element. For example, the tool may be capable of fixing or releasing a screw to or from masonry. As a further example, the tool may be capable of fixing or releasing a nut to or from a bolt. As another example, the fastening element may be one element of a fastener disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/AU99/00185. 
         [0020]    Depending on the nature of the fastening element, the activation of the fastening element may be effected by direct physical contact between the tool and the fastening element. However, in some embodiments the tool may be capable of activating the fastening element by remote activation without direct physical contact. As an example of direct physical contact, the tool of the invention may be a wrench having a head with spaced teeth for fitting around a fastening element, being a nut. Remote activation may be effected by any suitable means, for instance energy transmission and/or digital instruction. Energy transmission may be effected by, for example, electromagnetic pulse, induction, ultrasound, infra red, radio frequency, electromagnetic, microwave, or ultrasound energy. 
         [0021]    As to the second function of the tool, the tool can detect the attribute of the fastening element in any appropriate way. For example, detection may be effected using infra red, radio frequency, electromagnetic, microwave, or ultrasound technology. 
         [0022]    The attribute to which the second function relates may be chosen from a wide range, namely, position or location of the fastening element, status of the fastening element (excluding torque or angle), identity of the fastening element, environmental factors affecting the fastening element, size of the fastening element, sequence in which the fastening element must be activated, history of the fastening element, authorization requirements in relation to the fastening element, and activation requirements of the fastening element (excluding torque or angle). However, the tool may also be capable of detecting the torque of the fastening element, the torque activation requirements of the fastening element, or the angle of the fastening element, in addition to detection of another attribute. 
         [0023]    Detection of the position or location of the fastening element can be particularly important when the location cannot be established by observation. This may occur, for example, because the fastening element is behind a cowling or masked by something else. It may also occur because the fastening element is intended to be hidden, such as behind a panel as disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/AU99/00185. When the tool of the invention locates a fastening element, it preferably provides a visible sign, such as the illumination of a display or an audible sound, such as a “beep”. In addition, the tool of the invention may be capable of locating a first fastening element in a set of a plurality of fastening elements which need to be coupled or uncoupled in a set sequence. 
         [0024]    Detection of the position of the fastening element may take place by macro or micro navigation, so that the position of the element may be established globally and/or relatively. This function may be carried out by any suitable technology, including global positioning systems, detection by sound or other waves, and so on. 
         [0025]    The status of the fastening element may be represented by the locked or unlocked status of the fastening element or whether the fastening element is fixed or released to a substrate or a second fastening element. 
         [0026]    The identification of the fastening element may relate to its type. For example, if the fastening element is a screw, the identification may be as to whether it has a slit or “Phillips head”. Detection of identity may also show whether the fastening element has a “north” or “south” polarity, whether, being a screw, it is right handed or left handed, whether the fastener is of the male or female type, and so on. The tool of the invention may identify indicia, such as a bar code. The tool of the invention may be programmed to operate only on fasteners which carry a particular identifying indicia, such as a bar code. The bar code may be readable in any way, including electronically. Thus, only authorized tools may be able to interact with particular types of fasteners. If desired, the capability of the tool to fix or release the fastener may depend on the identity of the fastener being acceptable to the tool. Consequently, if the fastener is of a manufacture not recognized by the tool, then the tool can be programmed to fail to actuate the fastener. 
         [0027]    Environmental factors affecting the fastening element may include whether the fastening element has been damaged (such as by tampering or mechanical stress), the amount of force (e.g., torque or pressure) required to activate the fastening element, or the temperature of the fastening element. If desired, the tool of the invention may be capable of detecting and reporting whether a fastener has been welded, or similar default information. 
         [0028]    Detection of the size of the fastening element can be useful, particularly in the case where there is direct physical contact between the tool and the fastening element. For example, the tool may detect the size of a fastening element being a nut and automatically adjust to that size so that the tool can tighten or loosen the nut. 
         [0029]    In relation to sequence of activation, it may be desirable to have a plurality of fastening elements in a situation where they must be activated in a chosen sequence, either for ease of construction or for security purposes. Thus, the tool of the invention may detect the activation sequence required, so that the operator of the tool will be aware of the order in which various fastening elements must be activated. 
         [0030]    The history of the fastening element can include whether the fastening element has been locked or unlocked previously and, if so, the number of times this has occurred. Another example of this type of attribute may relate to the need to service something associated with the fastening element and, if so, the type of service required. As an example, the fastening element may be securing a container of toner in a photocopier. The tool can detect the period of time since the fastening element was last released and hence the period since the toner was last changed. 
         [0031]    In relation to authorization requirements, it can be useful for the tool to detect these in security situations, for example maintenance of aircraft where it is important to know that only authorized personnel have activated fastening elements. Authorization requirements can be useful in other situations, for example, so that a manufacturer can ensure that repairs are carried out by fully trained and authorized personnel. 
         [0032]    With regard to activation requirements, these can include for example the type of activation required, whether activation is to be by energy transmission or physical contact and, in the case of energy transmission, whether this is to be electromagnetic, infra red, etc. 
         [0033]    In the case of the aspect of the tool in which the tool detects an attribute of a fastening element and makes an adjustment in an appropriate way, some non-limiting examples of these will be given. The first is the case where the tool is a type of screwdriver and detects the type of head on a screw to be removed. In this example, the tool can detect whether the screw is of a regular slot type or the type known as a “Phillips head”. The relevant size of the slot or Phillips head may also be detected. After detection, the appropriate bit to fit the screwhead is loaded into the operating head of the screwdriver by a suitable automatic means so that the screwdriver can then be used to tighten or loosen the screw. This aspect of the invention can have particular application to save time when a screwdriver is being used by a relatively unskilled person, or where the type and size of the screwhead is difficult to detect by visual inspection, for example, because of lack of light or because clear visual access to the screwhead is difficult. 
         [0034]    As another example, the tool may be a wrench with adjustable jaws. When the wrench is brought into reasonable proximity to a nut being a fastening element to which the wrench is to be applied, the wrench detects (by a suitable means) the size of the nut and automatically adjusts the jaw span so that the jaws will fit properly around the nut. Alternatively, the wrench could provide a visual display of the nut size so that the jaws could be adjusted manually to the exact dimension, using a calibrated guide on the wrench. 
         [0035]    The tool may detect a plurality of attributes of the fastening element. Such detection may be simultaneous or sequential. The or each attribute may also be detected via a remote center. 
         [0036]    The tool may display information relating to the fastening element. As a further option, the tool may record relevant information relating to the fastening element, for example, in or on the tool itself or on the fastening element or by relay to a remote control center. The recording of information may be carried out in any suitable way. The tool may have the capability of writing updated information into its own memory, into a memory provided on the fastening element, or to the memory in a remote center. Any appropriate recording media may be used. 
         [0037]    The tool may be capable of reporting or transmitting information relating to the fastening element to the fastening element or to a remote center, by any suitable means, including using infra red, radio frequency, electromagnetic, microwaves, and ultrasound technology. For example, transmission may be effected by a mobile phone transmission. 
         [0038]    The function of reporting of attributes of the fastening element may be carried out using any suitable technology. The report itself may be displayed in a suitable manner on the tool, for example on a liquid crystal display or other type of screen or may be made available in some other manner, such as by a printout. 
         [0039]    The tool of the invention may be capable of receiving information or reports from the fastening element or from a remote center. In this way, the fastening element may convey to the tool, either directly or via a remote center, information regarding encryption or any of the other attributes of the fastener. The tool may also be capable of transmitting the received report. 
         [0040]    It is to be understood that the second function of the tool of detecting an attribute of the fastening element may be effected via a remote center rather than directly between the fastening element and the tool. The remote center may communicate, or download, directly to the tool such information as instruction manuals, authorized procedures, customer files, authorization, billing, encryption of fastening elements, service information, diagnostics, history, including history of parts replaced and various attributes of the fastening elements. The communication between the tool and the remote center is preferably two-way. This can be particularly useful with regard to controlling inventories, since the tool can provide a report on parts which have been replaced and which require to be ordered to maintain supplies. The remote center may include a database or may involve human interaction. 
         [0041]    The tool of the invention, apart from the option of receiving information from a remote center, may have facility for insertion of information, for example, by inserting a memory card into the tool. The card can include information, for example, comprising a service manual, and the tool may be able to display instructions to the user, either on the tool itself or on associated hardware, such as a base for the tool. The information on the card may be encrypted or the tool may be encrypted so that only an authorized card can be inserted in the tool or read with the tool. In this way, maintenance of authorized repairs, etc., can be ensured. 
         [0042]    The tool of the invention may, in interpreting the status of a fastener, instruct the user as to the type of action required to fix or release the fastener. In this way, the tool of the invention can be used by a relatively unskilled person. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0043]    The invention will now be described in relation to certain non-limiting examples thereof, with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
           [0044]      FIG. 1  is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a first embodiment of a tool of the invention. In this embodiment, the tool is adapted to locate a fastening element and then activate it. 
           [0045]      FIG. 2  is a front elevation of a second embodiment of a tool of the invention, being a two-part tool, showing part of the tool in proximity to a fastener. In this embodiment, part of the tool locates the fastener. The other part of the tool may then be manipulated in the appropriate way to release or fix the fastener. 
           [0046]      FIG. 3  is a perspective view, partially cut away, of a third embodiment of the tool according to the invention, while 
           [0047]      FIG. 4  shows a side elevation of the tool of  FIG. 3  as part of a flow chart. In this embodiment, the tool can detect several attributes of a fastener, activate the fastener, and record relevant information. 
           [0048]      FIG. 5  shows a fourth embodiment of the tool of the invention, being a wrench with the ability to detect the size of a fastener, being a nut, and to automatically adjust the jaw span of the wrench. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0049]    Referring first to  FIG. 1 , tool  10  has a user interface/menu selection button  12  and an associated display  14 . Tool  10  also includes printed circuit board  16 , capacitor  18 , polarity logic circuit  20 , power supply  22 , Hall effect sensor  24 , and solenoid  26 . 
         [0050]    When menu selection button  12  is changed to “detect” mode, tool  10  can detect the location of a suitable fastening element and indicate this by suitable output to display  14 . Having located the fastening element, the user can then switch the menu selection button  12  to “activate” mode in order to fix or release the fastening element (not shown). Tool  10  uses electromagnetic energy both for detection and activation. 
         [0051]    Turning now to  FIG. 2 , tool  30  is in two parts, having detector cap  32  and permanent magnet carrier  34 . Detector cap  32  is used to detect the location of fastening element  40  which forms part of a fastening assembly  38 , as disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/AU99/00185. Fastener assembly  38  can be activated by magnetic means, with fastening element  40  being activatable to move towards concrete wall  42  in order to unlock fastener assembly  38  and towards wooden panel  44  in order to lock fastener assembly  38 . Fastening element  40  locks part  36  which mates with second part  41 . 
         [0052]    Detector cap  32  includes a small detector magnet  46  which is free to move in compartment  48 . Detector cap  32  is moved along wooden panel  44  in the direction of arrow  50  until small detector magnet  46  lies in the center of a transparent target (not shown) lying above compartment  48 . Small detector magnet  46  will lie in the middle of the target when detector cap  32  is centered over fastener assembly  38 . 
         [0053]    At this stage, carrier  34  may be inserted in detector cap  32  with either the south large magnet  52  or the north large magnet  54  inserted in cap  32 . If it is desired to move fastening element  40  to an unlocked position (towards concrete wall  42 ), south large magnet  52  is inserted in cap  32 . Conversely, to lock fastener assembly  38  by moving fastening element  40  away from concrete wall  42  and towards wooden panel  44 , north large magnet  54  is inserted in cap  32 . It is to be understood that the appropriate large magnet  52  or  54  can be applied directly to wooden panel  44  rather than being inserted in cap  32 , once the location of fastening element  40  has been established. 
         [0054]    Fastening assembly  38  is made so that when fastening element  40  changes from a locked to an unlocked position or vice versa, an audible “click” is emitted. Consequently, there is no need to know whether fastener assembly  38  is in the locked or unlocked position before applying carrier  34 . If no “click” is emitted, the state of fastening assembly  38  has not changed and carrier  34  should be reversed so that the large magnet of opposite polarity is presented to fastening assembly  38 . 
         [0055]    The next embodiment, in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , is a somewhat more sophisticated version. Tool  60  has an actuator  62  and a detector  64  as well as a read-out screen  66  and user interface/menu selection buttons  68 . Tool  60  also includes a modular head  70  (so that the module containing actuator  62  and detector  64  can be exchanged for a different module which may link to a different process of activation and/or detection). 
         [0056]    Tool  60  also includes an aerial  72  for reception and transmission, communication module  74 , processing module  76 , memory module  78 , and switching module  79 . Tool  60  has power supply  80  and insertable external memory card  82 . In the embodiment shown, tool  60  also has biometric authorization means  84 , so that use of tool  60  can be authorized by detection of an acceptable thumb print, for example. 
         [0057]    By use of buttons  68 , tool  60  may be placed into any one of several different modes. In one mode, detector  64  can detect the location of a fastening element (not shown). In the same or a different mode, detector  64  can read fastening element information (for example, the type of fastener) and display this on screen  66 . In yet another mode, detector  64  can diagnose the status of a fastening element—for example, whether the fastening element is in the fixed or released state or whether it has been damaged. Tool  60  may then interpret the action required in relation to a particular fastening element and display this on screen  66 . In yet another mode, tool  60  can activate the fastening element to either couple it or release it as appropriate. Tool  60  can also record relevant information, by transferring it to the fastening element or by recording it in tool  60  itself or by transmitting it to a remote data center. 
         [0058]    To further detail the type of functions of tool  60 , it may locate the fastening element, interrogate it, determine its type and status, determine the sequence in which it must be activated, compared to other fastening elements, sense its environment (such as torque, pressure, temperature, etc.), or determine security issues, such as whether the person using tool  60  or tool  60  itself is authorized to activate the fastening element. Tool  60  can also display a service manual on screen  66  (the service manual may be stored on external memory card  82 ). Tool  60  can record the service history of the fastening element. Lastly, tool  60  can activate the fastening element. 
         [0059]    Turning now to  FIG. 4 , tool  60  is shown in the flow chart in its relationship with remote center  86  and fastening elements  88  and  90  in wall assembly  92 . As indicated, tool  60  can detect fastening element  88  and receive information from it. Tool  60  can activate fastening element  88  by applying a force or sending a message. Tool  60  can report to fastening element  88  and receive a report from fastening element  88 . 
         [0060]    While tool  60  can repeat these functions in relation to fastening element  90 , it is also possible to have communication between fastening elements  88  and  90  themselves. 
         [0061]    In summary, the link between tool  60  and fastening element  88  allows detection and reporting of position, type, status, sequence, history, environmental factors, authorization requirements and activation requirements. This can be done using infra red, radio frequency, electromagnetic, microwave, or ultrasound energy, amongst others. Tool  60  can also activate fastening element  88  using any of the above forms of energy and also by using digital instruction, alone or in combination with energy transmission and also variations such as electromagnetic pulse and induction. 
         [0062]    The link between tool  60  and remote center  86  can permit the downloading of manuals, instructions, procedures and customer files, the giving of authorization, billing, encryption control of fasteners, the uploading of service information, diagnostics, information as to parts replaced, the facilitation of inventory, and the location and history of fastening elements. 
         [0063]    Also shown is a link between remote center  86  and fastening element  88 . This link can provide reports on status, relay history, provide diagnosis, and control encryption links. 
         [0064]    While examples have been given above of the way in which functions carried out by tool  60  may be effected, it is to be understood that these functions may be carried out in any suitable way and, as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, there already exists relevant technology which can be adapted for this purpose. 
         [0065]    With reference to  FIG. 5 , tool  100  is a wrench having jaws  102  and  104  adjustable in accordance with arrow  106 . Wrench  100  includes detection unit  108 , LCD screen  110 , and actuating unit  112 . 
         [0066]    When tool  100  is brought into proximity to a fastener, in this case being nut  114 , and actuating unit  112  is actuated, the size of nut  114  is detected by detection unit  108  and displayed on LCD screen  110 . Once the size of nut  114  is detected, jaws  102  and  104  move towards or away from each other to automatically adjust so that tool  100  will precisely fit around nut  114  and can be used to loosen or tighten nut  114  around bolt  116 . 
         [0067]    It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the tool of the invention has widespread applicability in a very large range of fields and has the capacity to revolutionize the art of fixing and release of fasteners. 
         [0068]    Variations, modifications, and other implementations of what is described herein will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as claimed. Accordingly, the invention is to be defined not by the preceding illustrative description but instead by the spirit and scope of the following claims.
The invention relates to a tool which has more than one function. As a first function, the tool is capable of activating a fastening element, either by direct physical contact or by remote activation. As a second function, the tool is capable of detecting an attribute of the fastening element. The attribute can include position or location of the fastening element, status of the fastening element, identity of the fastening element, environmental factors affecting the fastening element, size of the fastening element, sequence in which the fastening element must be activated, history of the fastening element, authorization requirements in relation to the fastening element, or activation requirements of the fastening element.