CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/107,035, filed Jan. 23, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to micro device system integration. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to the test and repair of micro-device integrated systems which integrate micro devices before and after integration into the system substrate. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY 
       [0003]    Test and repair of emissive displays including micro devices transferred to the system substrate is very crucial to increase the yield. While using redundant micro devices can increase the yield, it can increase the costs as well. The embodiments below are directed toward enabling easy and/or practical test and repair processes to increase the yield and reduce the cost. 
         [0004]    According to one aspect there is provided a method of testing a device on a substrate, the method comprising: connecting a temporary electrode to a floating contact of the device; biasing the device to be tested for different defects; and removing the temporary electrode. 
         [0005]    In some embodiments an optical sensor or sensor array is positioned in a direction of light output from the device, the method further comprising: measuring by the sensor or the sensor array the light output from the micro device generating measurements; and characterizing the device and identifying defects with use of the measurements. 
         [0006]    In some embodiments, the temporary electrode comprises gel or electrolyte material. In some embodiments, the temporary electrode comprises transparent material which allows light to pass through. 
         [0007]    According to a second aspect there is provided a repair structure on a system substrate comprising: a pixel circuit; a repair contact pad; and at least one fuse coupling the pixel circuit to at least one of the repair contact pad and a micro device. 
         [0008]    In some embodiments, the fuse is operative to open and disconnect the micro device from the pixel circuit in a case that the micro device is defective. In some embodiments the repair contact pad is shared between the pixel circuit and the micro device and an adjacent pixel circuit and an adjacent micro device. 
         [0009]    According to another aspect there is provided a repair structure on a system substrate comprising spare circuits, switching mechanisms for disabling defective circuits and defective devices, wherein the spare circuits are connected to repair pads for receiving spare devices 
         [0010]    In some embodiments a defect mapping block maps data from defective circuits and devices to spare circuits and spare working devices. 
         [0011]    According to another aspect there is provided a method of repairing a system comprising a defective circuit or micro device, the method comprising: identifying the defective circuit or micro device; populating a repair pad corresponding to the defective circuit or micro device with a functional device; connecting the repair pad to a corresponding pixel circuit; disabling the defective circuit or micro device. 
         [0012]    According to a further aspect there is provided a method of repairing a system comprising a defective circuit or micro device, the method comprising: identifying the defective circuit or micro device; populating a repair pad corresponding to the defective circuit or micro device, the repair pad associated with a repair circuit; and disabling the defective circuit or micro device. 
         [0013]    The foregoing and additional aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the detailed description of various embodiments and/or aspects, which is made with reference to the drawings, a brief description of which is provided next. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0014]    The foregoing and other advantages of the disclosure will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings. 
           [0015]      FIG. 1A  shows an example of a test structure for identifying defective micro devices in the system or donor substrate. 
           [0016]      FIG. 1B  shows another example of a test structure for identifying defective micro devices in the system or donor substrate. 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  shows an example of a test structure using capacitive substrate for identifying defective micro devices in the system or donor substrate. 
           [0018]      FIG. 3A  shows a simplified model of a capacitive coupling test structure for identifying defective devices (or circuit). 
           [0019]      FIG. 3B  shows a simplified model of another embodiment for a capacitive coupling test structure for identifying defective devices (or circuit). 
           [0020]      FIG. 4A  shows a repair embodiment based on repair pads and fuses for repairing a defective transferred micro device. 
           [0021]      FIG. 4B  shows another repair embodiment based on repair pads and fuses for repairing a defective transferred micro device. 
           [0022]      FIG. 5A  shows an exemplary implementation of a generally short (closed) fuse for connecting the circuit to the micro device. 
           [0023]      FIG. 5B  shows another exemplary implementation of a generally short (closed) fuse for connecting the circuit to the micro device. 
           [0024]      FIG. 5C  shows a cross section of an exemplary implementation of a generally closed fuse for enabling a connection between the circuit and a repair micro device. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5D  shows a cross section of another exemplary implementation of a generally closed fuse for enabling a connection between the circuit and a repair micro device. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  shows an exemplary implementation of a generally open fuse for enabling a connection between the circuit and a repair micro device. 
           [0027]      FIG. 7A  shows a repair embodiment based on a spare circuit and repair pads. 
           [0028]      FIG. 7B  shows another repair embodiments based on a spare circuit and repair pads. 
           [0029]      FIG. 7C  shows another repair embodiments based on a spare circuit and repair pads. 
           [0030]      FIG. 8  demonstrates a data path block diagram for mapping the defective circuits and micro devices to repaired ones. 
       
    
    
       [0031]    While the present disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments or implementations have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the disclosure is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of an invention as defined by the appended claims. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0032]    In micro device system integration, the devices are fabricated in their native ambient conditions, then they are transferred to a larger system substrate. In one case, the micro device is functional after being placed on the system substrate since it has functional connections to the system substrate. In another case, post processing is needed to make the device functional. A common processing step includes creating connections between the micro device and the system substrate, in which case, the system substrate may be planarized first and a thick (1-2 micrometer) dielectric layer is deposited on top of system substrate. If needed, the contact areas to the micro devices are opened by patterning and etching the planarization layer. Thereafter, the electrode is deposited and patterned if needed. 
         [0033]    In this description, the term “device” and “micro device” are used interchangeably. However, it is clear to one skill in the art that the embodiments described here are independent of the device size. 
         [0034]    The main challenge with such integration is to identify the defective transferred devices and repair them or the emissive display if needed. In the case where no electrode is covering the a micro device element and/or the device has enough connection to the system substrate to be tested, one can easily identify the defect right after the device is put in its place, since the connections to the (pixel) circuit and the main supply voltages are fully formed. The test is not that easy however, when an electrode is deposited for creating a connection after the micro device is put in its place. In this case, at least one of the micro device contacts is floating prior to deposition of the electrode. This is even more challenging if the electrode is a common electrode covering the entire surface of the integrated system. If the electrode is deposited to test the circuit, repairing the damaged device is difficult because the electrode needs to be removed, which can easily damage the rest of the system. If the electrode is not in place, testing the micro devices is difficult due to lack of one or more connections. 
         [0035]    Various embodiments in accordance with the structures and processes provided are described below in detail. Included are an external electrode used to bias the transferred devices in the system substrate so that proper tests and verification can be performed, a capacitive coupling structure used to stimulate the transferred devices and extract their parameters and identify the defects, or fuses integrated into the system substrate so that the circuit can be disconnected from the defective micro device. In some embodiments, repair pads are distributed in the system substrate. The pads can be populated with micro device and coupled to the circuit to replace the defective micro device. In other embodiments, spare circuits coupled to repair pads are distributed in the system substrate. The repair pads can be populated with the micro device to replace the defective micro device (or defective circuit). The data to the spare circuits can be connected to the data line of the defective micro device (or defective circuit), or separate data line can be used for the spare circuit. In some applications, a defect mapping block is inserted in the data path to redirect the data related to the defective circuits to their sparse counterparts. 
         [0036]    Here, the embodiments are described in the context of pixelated systems (e.g., display, sensors, and other array structure), however, similar approaches can be used for other system configurations. Moreover, although the embodiments illustrate techniques applied to micro devices, it is to be understood that they can be applied to any other device size. 
         [0037]    In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 1A , the floating contacts of the micro devices in a partially (or fully) populated system  102  are connected with a temporarily and removable common external electrode  104  (this electrode can be patterned as well to separate rows, columns, or other structures). The same techniques can be used to test the devices on the donor substrate before the transfer process to a receiver substrate, as such reference to micro devices in a system  102  should be understood to equally apply to a donor and to a receiver substrate. The electrode  104  can be made of softer material to provide better contact by applying pressure and to avoid damaging the system substrate. One type of electrode  104  can be formed from conductive polymer materials deposited on a substrate or liquid substances (electrolyte). In another electrode  104  structure, a soft substrate such as plastic or polymer is used and conductive material is deposited on the substrate prior to being connected to the system  102 . The deposition can be done by spin coating, printing, sputtering or any other type of deposition technique. In a variation of this embodiment, cantilevers can be fabricated on the substrate of the electrode  104  in the position of contacts to the system or micro device donor substrate. 
         [0038]    If the micro-devices are optoelectrical and/or sensor devices, external light sensors  106  and/or exciting (modulating) sources can be used to test the micro-devices. In the case of using external sensors  106  for testing the device, depending on the direction of the light, the sensors  106  are placed either in front of the electrode  104 , or on the other side of the system  102 . If the light direction is through the electrode  104 , transparent material needs to be used for the electrode.  FIG. 1B  illustrates an embodiment for which the light direction is away from the electrode  104  in which case electrode  104  need not be transparent. In addition to using a light sensor, one can use electrical testing to extract the electrical defect information. It should be noted that although  FIG. 1A  shows light sensor  106  abutting contact  104 , it may be spaced apart from the electrode  104 . 
         [0039]    After the contact between the electrode  106  and the system substrate (or donor substrate)  102  is established, the circuits are operated to perform different tests such as open-and-short test, uniformity, and functionality test. 
         [0040]    With reference to  FIG. 2 , in another embodiment, a test substrate  220  made of an electrode  206  and a dielectric layer  204  is used. Here the dielectric layer  204  can comprise a stack of one or more dielectric layers (and an air gap can be the only layer or one of those layers). The electrode  206  can be patterned to separate rows, columns, or other structure. It also can be patterned to form different capacitance structures.  FIG. 2  illustrates one example of the position of the test substrate  220  relative to the integrated system (the orientation or the position of the integrated system and test substrate can be changed easily without affecting the results). 
         [0041]      FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B  are simplified diagram illustrating pixel circuits created by the integrated substrate and the test substrate. In the case of a display system, the micro device  304  can be a light emitting diode and in the case of a sensor system, the device  304  can be a sensor, having an internal capacitance (shown as C oled  in  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B ) illustrated explicitly with capacitor  306 . Here, one can use a different test setup to measure the micro device performance and detect any defects. In one test, a few different AC signals with known DC bias are applied to the device to extract properties and functionality of its components such as its resistors, capacitors, and test capacitors, among others. In  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B , this is illustrated by test signal V test    310  and test capacitor C test    308 . If any of the values of these elements is out of the expected range, it can be attributed to a defect. For example, if the resistive value at the off stage is too low, that means the micro-device is shorted, but if the resistive value at the ON stage is too high, then the device is an open circuit. Also, the capacitive measurement can identify the optical performance of the device. Although the pixel circuits in each of  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B  illustrates a device  304  having a particular polarity is to be understood that devices  304  of the opposite polarity are also contemplated. 
         [0042]    In another test, for testing an optoelectrical device, a sensor can be used to extract the light generated with AC coupling through the test capacitor such as is illustrated in each of  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B . These data can be used to identify the color uniformity and other optical performance of the emissive device. In another test, an exciting (modulating) source can be used to control the sensor. 
         [0043]    After the tests, the defective pixels are identified. The defective pixels either can be fixed or disabled. One way to repair a defect after identification is to remove the defective device from the pixel and replace it with a new one. The main drawback of doing this is the risk that the pixel might be damaged during removal of the defective device. 
         [0044]    In another method illustrated in each of  FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4B , some extra contact pads  410  (or extension of the main integration pad) are distributed across the panel, and these pads can be used to add new devices  414  to the system. Two types of fuses are used to connect the circuit  402  to the repair pads  410  and the original contact pads  404 . Generally open fuses  412  are used to connect the circuit  402  to the repair pads  410  and are not closed or shorted until and unless there is a defect and generally shorted fuses  406  initially for connecting the devices  408  to original devices  408  are blown or opened to disconnect the pixel circuit  402  from the pads  404  of original devices  408  once found to be defective. Fuses which are used for connecting a repair pad to the pixel, can optionally be shared with a few adjacent circuits. These fuses ( 406 ,  412 ) can be activated electrically or by means of a laser. In the electrical activation case, the fuses can be similar or different types of switches that are programmed to be ON or OFF. The repair pads can be directly connected to the pixel circuit, in which case, only the pixel connected to the pad can be repaired. In this case, if the repair pad is not used, it needs to be covered by dielectric before depositing any common electrode (or electrode that may pass over the repair contact) to ensure electrical isolation. The dielectric can be any material including polyamide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide, and other materials. Although the pixel circuits include an original device  408  and a new device  414  each having a particular polarity, as illustrated by  FIG. 4A  and  FIG. 4B , it is to be understood that original devices  408  and new devices  414  of the opposite polarity are also contemplated. 
         [0045]      FIG. 5A  shows an example of a fuse implemented with layer shaping. Here the conductive layer that creates the contacts  502  between the micro device and the circuit is extended into a fuse  504  so that it can be disconnected in the case the device is defective. This can be implemented in other layers and have a different shapes.  FIG. 5B  shows an implementation of a fuse  504  with a layer that connects the circuit to the micro device contact  502 . Also, there can be other layers after or before the layer utilized for the fuse  504 . The fuse  504  can be directly or indirectly coupled through other layers connected to the device or circuit.  FIG. 5  illustrates the use of a wire fuse  504  that can be burned electrically, by laser, or by other means.  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B  show a top view of the fuse  504 , the contact to the device  502 , and the contact to circuit  506 . 
         [0046]      FIG. 5C  and  FIG. 5D  show respective cross sections of exemplary implementations of generally shorted (closed) fuses described in  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B  respectively. The cross sectional views include the device contact  502 , fuse  504 , and the contact to the circuit  506 . Here the circuit layer  516  is fabricated (or transferred) on the system substrate  512 . The contact  506  is formed in the circuit layers  516  to connect the circuit to the device. A fuse  504  is formed by shaping the conductive layer that provides contact to the micro device  514 . The fuse can also be created in circuit layers  508 . Here, other dielectric layers may exist above the fuse. The circuit layer  516  can include different components to drive the micro device  514  and it can include different conductive and insulator layers. In  FIG. 5D , the device  514  is not directly connected to fuse  504 . The fuse  504  connects the circuit layer  516  to the micro device through another conductive layer  508 . In both  FIG. 5C  and  FIG. 5D , substrate  512  can be transparent. 
         [0047]    An example of a generally open fuse  616  is demonstrated in  FIG. 6 . The cross section includes device  618 , device conductive layer  610 , fuse  616 , circuit contact  614 , circuit layers  618 , and substrate  612 . Here two metal layers  610  and  614  (or other conductive layers) cross each other. The first metal is connected (coupled) to the circuit  614  the other one  610  is connected (coupled) to the repair device contact. The two layers can be shorted by various means such as laser, focused ion beam, or other means. 
         [0048]    In another embodiment, if the circuit has an issue, the device can be connected to another pixel circuit. The pixel circuit will be controlled by the same signal as the circuit connected to it. Although, it reduces the defect error, it will not be a complete fix for circuit defects. 
         [0049]    In other embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 7A ,  FIG. 7B , and  FIG. 7C , complete spare circuits  710  with extra pads  712  are distributed across the system substrate. Here, a repair structure is described that include spare circuits  710  connected to extra (repair) pads  712  for receiving working spare (repair) devices  714  and a mechanism  706  (a generally closed fuse) for disabling the defective circuits and defective devices. Here, the extra spare circuit is populated with a micro device  714  similar to the defective device  708 . Once discovered to be defective, the defective device is disconnected from the original circuit  702  by a similar fuse  706  as described above, or alternatively, one can also program this circuit to always be inactive in which case physical disconnection would not be required. Here, one can redirect the data line from the defective circuit to the spare circuit by using fuses similar to those described above. Alternatively, there can be a separate data line for the spare circuits. In one such example, the spare circuit can have a different orientation compared to that of the actual pixel circuit. As the integration process used for depositing devices into the spare circuit for repair may be different from the integration process used for the original devices, the orientation of the circuit can be switched to match the repair integration operation. For example, for repair integration, one can use a normal pick-and-place process instead of a direct selective transfer from the donor substrate. During the pick-and-place operation the device will be rotated in horizontally and so will have a different electrical orientation compared to a direct transfer of the devices to the system substrate. Therefore, circuits used for repair can be configured to accommodate the difference in electrical orientation of the device. Although the pixel circuit of  FIG. 7A  and  FIG. 7B  illustrates a defective device  708  and a new device  714  each having a particular polarity, and a particular serial order of the fuse  704  and contact  706  between the circuit  702  and defective device  708  it is to be understood that opposite polarities and orders are also contemplated.  FIG. 7C  shows one example of such opposite polarity that can accommodate the rotation of a repair device during the integration process. In all embodiments described here, the spare circuit can be shared among a small number of adjacent circuits. Since the rate of having multiple defective adjacent circuit is very low, one can divide the circuits into groups of small numbers of adjacent circuits and rely upon the use of one spare circuit for each group. 
         [0050]    For some defect repair mechanisms where the display controller needs to redirect the data flow to the spare circuits, a defect mapping block  806  as illustrated in  FIG. 8  is used. The video  802  (or any other input signal) comes to the controller through different interfaces. After pre-processing (such as domain conversion, scaling, color correction, image processing, etc.) using different blocks  804 , the data is passed to defect mapping block  806 . Defect mapping block  806  has a list of all defective circuits (including circuits once defective and now repaired) and the position of their corresponding spare circuits. In the defect mapping block  806 , the data for the defective circuits are mapped to their corresponding spare circuits. In addition, the data destined for defective circuits may be set to a predefined value to keep the circuit active. After that the data can go through external compensations and correction blocks  808  and then transferred to the array  810  of circuits integrated with transferred devices which as illustrated in  FIG. 8  may be a display. 
         [0051]    While particular embodiments and applications of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise construction and compositions disclosed herein and that various modifications, changes, and variations can be apparent from the foregoing descriptions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims
What is disclosed are structures and methods for testing and repairing emissive display systems. Systems are tested with use of temporary electrodes which allow operation of the system during testing and are removed afterward. Systems are repaired after identification of defective devices with use of redundant switching from defective devices to functional devices provided on repair contact pads.