Queen Rearing for Commercial and Hobby Beekeepers
Raising your own queens is very rewarding in many ways.
- Save money while having the satisfaction of self
- You control the quality and reduce the risk of introducing pests and diseases
- Disease resistant breeding stock is now available
- Well adapted local stock is utilized in matings, conserving
- By working with nature, a fascinating natural process
- Raising your own queens is the best investment of your beekeeping time
Requirements for successful queen rearing
- A good breeder queen to graft larva from.
- Grafting requires good light, good eyesight or appropriate magnification.
- Grafting larva of the proper
age (1-24 hrs old).
- Queen rearing equipment (grafting tool, cell cups, cell bars and frame) can be made or
purchased. Some queen kits eliminate grafting
- Natural mating requires 69 degree temps. and mature drones (15 days old)
- Several good books on queen
rearing explain the principles of bee biology.
- Queen rearing classes.
A Simple Queen Rearing Technique
- Day 1 - Give breeder hive an empty dark brood comb to lay eggs in.
- Day 4 - Transfer (graft)
larva into artificial queen cell cups, from the breeder comb. Place the
frame into a strong colony (cell builder) made
queenless the day before.
- Day 14 - Remove completed cells from cell builder. Leave
one cell behind to replace the queen. Keep queen cells warm (80-94 F) until
they are placed in queenless hives (mating nucs).
- Day 22 - Virgin queens are ready to mate. They require
nice weather (69 F), and an abundance of drones to mate with. A few colonies
within a mile are adequate for providing drones for mating.
- Day 27 - If queens mate without weather delay, they should
now be laying eggs.
- Weather delays in mating will add days to the process,
after 3 weeks delay, virgin queens may start to lay unfertilized eggs.
- Time your activities so that warm temperatures and drones
are available when the queens are ready to mate.
How to graft queens
Grafting is simply the process of transferring larva from
the worker cell of the breeder's hive to an artificial queen cell. The shape
of the cell, along with the queenless condition of the hive receiving the
newly grafted cells stimulates the workers to feed them a diet which make them develop into queens.
A grafting tool can be as simple as a bent piece of wire,
or several varieties can be purchased. The tool is slipped under the larva
which is lifted out and placed in the bottom of the queen cell cup. Priming
the cells with a small drop of royal jelly or even diluted honey makes it
easier to float the larva off the tool. Don't flip over the larva. An unsteady
hand is helped by bracing it lightly on the comb.
Good light is essential, a headlamp works well, sunlight
is ok if done quickly. Magnifying lamps are useful for those with poor eyesight.
Some people are expert grafters from the start, others
need more practice. Grafting is what prevents most people from attempting
queen rearing. This is unfortunate, because with an hour or two of practice, anyone
can acquire this valuable skill. Give it a try.
The Breeder hive
- Graft from your best colony, or purchase a selectively
- Use the youngest (smallest) larva.
- By placing an empty brood comb in the brood nest 4 days
before you graft, the larva will be the right age.
Setting up the
Cell Building Colony
- Any strong hive can serve as a cell builder.
- Remove the queen one day before you graft cells.
- Place grafted cells in center of the brood nest.
- Place about 30 cells per colony.
- Large cells will be produced by well nourished colonies.
- Feeding is not necessary if a light honeyflow is on and pollen is abundant.
Setting up Mating
- Cells are placed in queenless colonies the day before
- The mating process is usually only 75% successful.
- Small mating colonies minimize the losses due to unsuccessful
- Mini-nucs are convenient for raising large numbers of
- Cells can be placed in any queenless colony.
- Most queenless colonies will accept cells without queen
- Recent research shows that queen quality is best when they are left to lay eggs in the nuc for about a month.
- Queens are ready to mate 5-7 days after hatching.
- Temperature must be at least 69 F with no strong winds.
- Virgin queens mate with 10 to 20 drones on one or more
- Drones and queens may fly a mile or more to drone congregation
- Queens will begin laying eggs 2 to 4 days after mating.
- Mating can be delayed up to 3 weeks and still be successful.
Good books on
The following books all describe in detail, various methods
of raising from one to a thousand queens. Most of the tricks of the trade
are in these books.
Queen Rearing and Bee Breeding (1997) by Harry LaidlawJr. and Robert Page Jr., Wicwas Press, Cheshire,
Successful Queen Rearing by Dr. Marla
Spivak and Gary Reuter
Contemporary Queen Rearing (1979) by Harry Laidlaw Jr., Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, Illinois.
Queens (1997) by Gilles Fert, O.P.I.D.A., Argentan,
Rearing Queen Honey Bees by
Wicwas Press - Comprehensive of bee books
Good internet source of used and out of print bee books.
Successful Queen Rearing by Marla Spivak
and Gary Reuter
Queen Rearing Classes
Successful Queen Rearing Short Course by
Dr. Marla Spivak and Gary Reuter at University of Minnesota
Art of Queen Rearing by Susan Cobey at UC Davis
Instrumental Insemination and Bee Breeding Workshop by Susan Cobey at UC Davis
Advanced Workshop on the Technique of Instrumental Insemination by Susan Cobey at UC Davis
Mann Lake Ltd.- Plastic cell cups, cages, grafting tools, kits, nuc boxes.
Dadant & Sons Inc. - Books, supplies
A. I. Root Co.- Books, videos
Bee Farm - Jenter system, supplies.
Betterbee Inc. (800) 632-3379 - Supplies and kits
Walter T. Kelley Co. (502) 242-2012,- Wood cages, wax cups, grafting tools
Suki Glenn office manager
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