One major disadvantage of phosphorene is its limited air-stability. Composed of hygroscopic phosphorus and with extremely high surface-to-volume ratio, phosphorene reacts with water vapor and oxygen assisted by visible light to degrade within the scope of hours. Through the degradation process, phosphorene (solid) reacts with oxygen/water to develop liquid phase acid bubbles on the surface, and finally evaporate (vapor) to fully vanish (S-B-V degradation) and severely reducing overall quality.