text: Metal—organic frameworks (MOFs), especially conductive frameworks, can be used as electrocatalysts for processes such as CO reduction and water splitting. MOFs provide potential active sites at both metal centers and organic ligand sites. They can also be functionalized, or encapsulate other materials such as nanoparticles. MOFs can also be combined with carbon-based materials to form electrocatalysts. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), particularly those that contain metals, can also serve as electrocatalysts. COFs constructed from cobalt porphyrins demonstrated the ability to reduce carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide.
  However, many MOFs are known unstable in chemical and electrochemical conditions, making it difficult to tell if MOFs are actually catalysts or precatalysts. The real active sites of MOFs during electrocatalysis need to be analyzed comprehensively.