text: Retinalophototrophs achieve adequate energy conversion via a proton-motive force. In retinalophototrophs, proton-motive force is generated from rhodopsin-like proteins, primarily bacteriorhodopsin and proteorhodopsin, acting as proton pumps along a cellular membrane.
  To capture photons needed for activating a protein pump, retinalophototrophs employ organic pigments known as carotenoids, namely beta-carotenoids. Beta-carotenoids present in retinalophototrophs are unusual candidates for energy conversion, but they possess high Vitamin-A activity necessary for retinaldehyde, or retinal, formation. Retinal, a chromophore molecule configured from Vitamin A, is formed when bonds between carotenoids are disrupted in a process called cleavage. Due to its acute light sensitivity, retinal is ideal for activation of proton-motive force and imparts a unique purple coloration to retinalophototrophs. Once retinal absorbs enough light, it isomerizes, thereby forcing a conformational (i.e., structural) change among the covalent bonds of the rhodopsin-like proteins. Upon activation, these proteins mimic a gateway, allowing passage of ions to create an electrochemical gradient between the interior and exterior of the cellular membrane. Ions diffusing outwards across the gradient through proton pumps are then bound to ATP synthase proteins on the cell’s surface. As they diffuse back into the cell, their protons catalyze the creation of ATP (from ADP and a phosphorus ion), providing energy for retinalophototrophic self-sustenance and proliferation.