text: A capping enzyme (CE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of the 5 cap to messenger RNA molecules that are in the process of being synthesized in the cell nucleus during the first stages of gene expression. The addition of the cap occurs co-transcriptionally, after the growing RNA molecule contains as little as 25 nucleotides. The enzymatic reaction is catalyzed specifically by the phosphorylated carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. The 5 cap is therefore specific to RNAs synthesized by this polymerase rather than those synthesized by RNA polymerase I or RNA polymerase III.  Pre-mRNA undergoes a series of modifications - 5 capping, splicing and 3 polyadenylation before becoming mature mRNA that exits the nucleus to be translated into functional proteins and capping of the 5 end is the first of these modifications. Three enzymes, RNA triphosphatase, guanylyltransferase (or CE), and methyltransferase  are involved in the addition of the methylated 5 cap to the mRNA.