text: The transcription-translation process description, mentioning only the most basic "elementary" processes, consists of:
  # production of mRNA molecules (including splicing),
  # initiation of these molecules with help of initiation factors (e.g., the initiation can include the circularization step though it is not universally required),
  # initiation of translation, recruiting the small ribosomal subunit,
  # assembly of full ribosomes,
  # elongation, (i.e. movement of ribosomes along mRNA with production of protein),
  # termination of translation,
  # degradation of mRNA molecules,
  # degradation of proteins.
  The process of amino acid building to create protein in translation is a subject of various physic models for a long time starting from the first detailed kinetic models such as or others taking into account stochastic aspects of translation and using computer simulations. Many chemical kinetics-based models of protein synthesis have been developed and analyzed in the last four decades. Beyond chemical kinetics, various modeling formalisms such as Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process, Probabilistic Boolean Networks, Petri Nets and max-plus algebra have been applied to model the detailed kinetics of protein synthesis or some of its stages. A basic model of protein synthesis that takes into account all eight elementary processes has been developed, following  the paradigm that "useful models are simple and extendable". The simplest model M0 is represented by the reaction kinetic mechanism (Figure M0). It was generalised to include 40S, 60S and initiation factors (IF) binding (Figure M1). It was extended further to include effect of microRNA on protein synthesis. Most of models in this hierarchy can be solved analytically. These solutions were used to extract kinetic signatures' of different specific mechanisms of synthesis regulation.