text: Manufacturing processes have five main variables: the workpiece, the tool, the machine tool, the environment, and process variables. All of these variables can affect the surface integrity of the workpiece by producing:
  *High temperatures involved in various machining processes
  *Plastic deformation in the workpiece (residual stresses)
  *Surface geometry (roughness, cracks, distortion)
  *Chemical reactions, especially between the tool and the workpiece