text: The fundamental difference between traditional cells and nanogap cells is their electric potential distribution. This is the premise of the "virtual breakdown" effect.
  For electrochemical reactions with high-concentration electrolyte in the macrosystem, the Debye-length is quite small. Due to the screening effect almost all of the potential drop is confined within the small Debye-length region (or double layer region). The potential in bulk solution (far from the electrodes) does not change too much, meaning that there is nearly zero electric field inside the bulk solution. However, when the counter electrode is within the Debye-length region (i.e., nanogap electrochemical cells), two double layers from anode and cathode overlap with each other. The electrostatic potential inside the entire gap changes dramatically, meaning that the huge electric field is uniformly distributed across the entire gap.