text: Hemozoin is released into the circulation during reinfection and phagocytosed in vivo and in vitro by host phagocytes and alters important functions in those cells. Most functional alterations were long-term postphagocytic effects, including erythropoiesis inhibition shown in vitro.
  In contrast, a powerful, short-term stimulation of oxidative burst by human monocytes was also shown to occur during phagocytosis of nHZ.
  Lipid peroxidation non-enzymatically catalysed by hemozoin iron was described in immune cells.
  Lipoperoxidation products, as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), are functionally involved in immunomodulation