Here, µ 0 is the vacuum permeability, dV is the volume element, r is the field point at which the contribution to the magnetic field is computed, and r is the source point of the contribution of the current density. Equation 11 calculates the magnetic field B(r) at a point r by integrating the contributions from the current density J(r ) at all other places within the molecule. Each contribution is determined by the magnitude and direction of the current at r and decreases with |r -r | 3 between the source point and the field point, effectively summing up the magnetic effects of all current elements throughout the molecular volume.