For capital costs of the TVSA configuration, we used quotes from interviews with Climeworks' founders. They state that USD10-15M was required to build the Orca plant (with removal capacity of 4,000 tCO 2 /yr) and USD3-4M for building the Hinwil plant (with removal capacity of 900 tCO 2 /yr). In addition, independent academic assessments and breakdown of the capital costs are beginning to be published from IEAGHG not necessarily demonstrate the lowest costs for a NOAK plant. Beyond the scale of the technology, technology 2A also benefits from an uncomplicated process design and low-cost sorbent. However, there are limits to the scalability of this technology based on sorbent availability. But, this can be overcome by using other minerals such as CaO.