Similarly, Miller developed guidelines that call for distributing the bonding electrons to atoms to form single bonds or multiple bonds. This is followed by dividing total valence electrons to bonding and nonbonding electrons. Alternative procedures were presented by Mortimer, Davis, Gaily , Ahmad & Omar 3 , and Whitten 20 , these procedures follow the strict octet rule and cannot be applied to free radicals. In addition, the procedures are complicated and require iterative calculations when molecular complexity increases, so that it is likely to make mistakes for beginners when writing the Lewis structures.