All oligonucleotides were synthesized on an ABI 394 DNA/RNA synthesizer with standard protocol. Val-Ala(NB) phosphoramidite was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane in concentration of 0.1 mol/L. Benzyl, PAB, mPAB, CA4, 4MU and GalNAc phosphoramidites were dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile in concentration of 0.1 mol/L, respectively. After oligonucleotide synthesis, DNA were deprotected in concentrated aqueous ammonia at room temperature for 2 hours. For sgc8-CA4 conjugate, DNA were deprotected in concentrated aqueous ammonia at 55 °C for 10 hours. After deprotection, the ammonia was removed under high vacuum, and the DNA was purified using of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For ODN4 and ODN5 (Table ), 80% aqueous acetic acid was used to remove 4,4'dimethoxytrityl (DMT) group from DNA after HPLC purification. Then, the purified DNA was freeze dried and desalted, and quantitated by detecting their absorbance at 260 nm.