measured TFA in the surrounding environment (surface water, groundwater, air, dust, soil) of three fluorochemical plants near Jinan, China, that manufacture inorganic fluorine products, TFA and fluoride-containing intermediates. Whereas Xie et al. reported surface water concentrations up to a maximum of 2.6 µg/L. , concentrations up to 7500 µg/L were recently reported in surface water of the river Arias in the vicinity of a production plant producing TFA and related PFAS in Southern France. In addition to F-gases and direct TFA production , there are several other precursors contributing to the accumulation of TFA in the environment, including a variety of groups of chemicals containing the C-CF3 moiety, such as agrochemicals , pharmaceuticals , (fluoro)polymers and other PFAS . TFA and its precursors can be emitted from point sources such as the (fluoro)chemical industry , wastewater treatment plants, landfills , and sites with a history of the use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) . The German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA) published estimates for TFA emissions from sources in Germany . The available data indicate that refrigerants and blowing agents were the largest quantifiable source of TFA with emissions at ~2000 t/year in Germany, followed by pesticides at ~457 t/year (mainly flufenacet, diflufenican and fluazinam), and human pharmaceuticals at ~29 t/year. Emissions from other sources, such as direct production of TFA, biocides, veterinary pharmaceuticals, and fluorochemicals in products could not be quantified in that study . There have been speculations about natural sources of TFA, but these have been discredited by Joudan et al. , who demonstrated that only increasing anthropogenic sources of TFA can explain its exponential increase in recent decades. A source of TFA that has been recognized since the 1990s and is garnering increasing attention is the transformation products from the thermal destruction of fluoropolymers, as well as treatment of PFAS by destruction methods . TFA formation yields of diverse PFAS destruction methods are often unknown and this should therefore be investigated when developing new destruction methods for PFAS . TFA has been dubbed a "Substance from Multiple Sources" by Nödler and Scheurer 101 , highlighting the difficulty in ascertaining the main sources of TFA in monitoring studies of water resources