Liu and Ye 20 used in-situ EC-AFM to determine the morphology of the deposits on gold electrodes with 0.1 M LiClO 4 in DMSO as electrolyte. They found that the shape of the Li 2 O 2 nanoparticles depend on the water content of the electrolyte, and concluded that there is no evidence of a disproportion of LiO 2 in solution for the formation of Li 2 O 2 on the surface. The voltagram shows two cathodic peaks which were attributed to the formation of the superoxide ion followed by the formation of the peroxide. At a cathodic potential close to the first peak small particles were observed on the surface, which grow up when the second peak is reached. During the anodic scan, in an electrolyte containing 1000 ppm of H 2 O, three peaks of low intensity were observed, indicating that the species formed during the ORR are not fully oxidized during the OER. The two first anodic peaks were assigned to partial oxidation of the peroxide and superoxide (in solution) on the surface, but the process that originates the third peaks was not identified. If the electrolyte contains only 33 ppm of H 2 O, the cathodic voltagram only shows one peak, and the Li 2 O 2 particles are smaller as the water content diminishes. Shen et al. studied by EC-AFM the ORR/OER processes on HOPG using 0.5 M LiTFSI in DMSO with the addition of DBBQ (2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone) as soluble catalyst. The voltagrams show two cathodic peaks, attributed to the superoxide and peroxide formation, and three anodic peaks, the first one assigned to the superoxide oxidation and the other two to the peroxide oxidation. The AFM images in absence of DBBQ show the initial formation of Li 2 O 2 of size around 5 nm when the first peak is approached, while a toroidal morphology around 300-400 nm in diameter are formed when the second peak is reached. During the charge process a bottom-up mechanism of toroid decomposition is observed. In the presence of DBBQ the Li 2 O 2 deposit adopts a flower-like shape that decomposes from the outside to the inside during the OER.