Introduction. Heterogeneous catalysis is an integral component of many industrial processes that manufacture food, materials, and energy for a high quality of life . Catalytic surfaces, pores, and single-atom sites are responsible for accelerating the rates of reactions that protect and provide the most important resources including fuels , fertilizers , medicines , basic chemicals , CO 2 feedstock , clean air , and polymers that would be inaccessible absent catalytic acceleration. In the past century, enhancement of these processes has progressed via increased catalyst selectivity and stability along with increased overall activity for smaller reactors that operate at higher efficiency and lower temperature .