The mpGNS were functionalized with the detection antibody for the RVFV protein using a classical NHS-coupling procedure. Among the three morphologies, mpGNS-3, which possesses a higher number of branches, exhibited enhanced antibody conjugation efficiency (Figure ). Figure illustrates the schematic representation of the mpLFIA platform based on mpGNS for RVFV protein detection. This platform operates through a two-step process (Figure ). In the first step, mpGNS-3@dAb was mixed with RVFV-containing blood serum, and the nanoparticles were concentrated magnetically. In the second step, LFIA was performed by placing the mpGNS-3@dAb with bound RVFV nucleoprotein onto the conjugate pad of an LFIA strip. Upon encountering the target RVFV protein, the mpGNS-3@dAb complexes were captured by immobilized RVFV-specific capture antibodies on the test line, generating an intense dark bluishgreen signal.