For instance, a 2023 LLaVA model based on a instructiontuned language model was trained on 150K images compared to a text only model at 100M examples by different research groups . LMM quality continues to improve and is measured by various mode sensitivities to different physical phenomena, at different resolutions, and with incompatible sizes. Additional enhancements can also occur through correcting alignment and registration errors, noise issues, or contradicting, inconsistent, or missing values .