were also incorporated to form TMC/CNF composites. The atomic percentages for TMC, TMC+CNF before and after plasma were quantified, as shown in Figure . CNFs increased the carbon content of TMC from 45.0% to 50.4% and the oxygen content from 18.5% to 21.8%, resulting from the cellulose composition (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n and the presence of carboxylic acid groups. Plasma ALE treatment resulted in a marked increase in oxygen content from 21.8% to 39.9%, almost doubling the initial amount. Meanwhile, fluorine content was reduced from 6.2% to 4.4%, confirming that the ALE plasma process successfully converted most fluorine-containing groups to oxygen-containing ones. In addition, titanium content decreased from 21.6% to 15.3%, and carbon content decreased from 50.4% to 40.0%, likely due to the increase of new oxygen terminations and slight loss of Ti 3 C 2 and CNFs.