Due to its applicability to weakly coupled donor-acceptor states, Sarkar and co-workers used the simplified Fermi's Golden Rule method (Equation ) to model porphyrin nanoring structures, and found rate constants on the order of 10 10 s -1 for two different structures. Conversely, Shrabanti and coworkers found significantly slower rate constants for hexameric zinc-centered porphyrin nanorings, between 10 6 -10 7 s -1 depending on the molecular species. Nam and coworkers highlighted that the degree of non-radiative loss could be controlled through use of oxygen vacencies in titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Specifically, whether those defects were of singlet or triplet ground state quality. Rate constants for sin-glet ground states were on the order of 10 10 s -1 , compared to between 10 8 -10 9 s -1 depending on the defect for triplet ground states. This is likely in relation to the spin-forbidden nature of triplet-singlet transitions, but proves interesting nonetheless.