Geothermal energy is the thermal energy contained within the crust of the earth and can be used to generate electricity. Geothermal power plants are comprised of similar components as coal or natural-gas power plants (e.g. turbines, compressors, heat-exchangers), but are driven from energy derived from the subsurface instead of burning fossil-fuels. This subsurface energy is accessed by producing geothermally-heated fluids from a well. As a result, geothermal power plants emit substantially less carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) compared to coal or natural gas power plants, but can still provide on-demand, or dispatchable, electricity, unlike other renewable energy technologies (e.g. solar photovoltaics). The importance of these distinctions cannot be overstated because dispatchable low-carbon energy technologies are valuable to electricity system decarbonization, which is an essential component of climate change mitigation. For example, even with a levelized cost approximately double that of solar photovoltaics, geothermal power plants may still be deployed in least-cost decarbonized electricity systems because they can provide dispatchable low-carbon electricity. Despite its value, the contribution of geothermal power to decarbonization efforts may be limited because the majority of identified conventional low-cost geothermal energy resources in the developed world are already in use. For example, there are only about 6 GW e of discovered conventional, or "hydrothermal", resources that are not yet being used to generate electricity in the U.S., which is equivalent to 0.5% of all installed generation capacity in the country in 2019. For this reason, investigating the use of non-hydrothermal geologies for geothermal electricity production is a primary research focus.