The powder was next calcined for three hours at 600 °C in a tube furnace with a 50 ml/min high purity N2 atmosphere and a temperature rise rate set at 5 °C/min. Then the catalyst is known as Co@CS, in a comparable manner non-nitrogen-doped carbon materials were created by calcining microcrystalline cellulose as the raw material, and the resulting cobaltbased catalyst was given the name Co@MC.