As shown in Figure -g (lower panels), Q vdW ranges from 0.1e to 0.3e for large systems, whereas it is only about 0.01e in the benzene dimer. These values are predicted by MBD, with the pairwise sc-TS method yielding much lower vdW-induced charge displacements. To contextualize these numbers, we compare Q vdW with the analogous quantity Q PBE , calculated using the bare PBE functional without vdW corrections. The ratio Q vdW /Q PBE (shown in Figure -g, upper panels) indicates that vdW-induced charge displacement can account for up to 80% of the PBE displacement in π -π systems, and even exceeds the PBE value by a factor of 2 for the linear alkane chain (CBH). Notably, even at the sc-TS level, this ratio reaches 76 % for CBH, while MBD further increases vdW charge polarization by enabling delocalized collective density fluctuations along the chain (see Figure ).