We downscale anthropogenic emissions from the native 0.5×0.5 degree CEDS spatial resolution to InMAP grid cells-which vary in size with a minimum edge length of 0.039×0.03125 degrees-using surrogate spatial data, which allows us to represent the spatial distribution of emissions within each CEDS grid cell. We do not apply additional spatial processing to non-anthropogenic emissions. To spatially downscale anthropogenic emissions, we employ spatial datasets that are global in scope and freely available, allowing us to scale our approach to a large number of cities. In cases where the datasets provide no information for a given surrogate within a given city-for example, some cities do not have agricultural areas within their boundaries-we assume emissions are evenly distributed throughout the city area. We also assume all emission sources except electricity generation occur at ground-level. Spatial surrogates used for each CEDS emission sector are as follows: