Electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies are well positioned to decarbonize multiple carbon-intensive sectors due to their efficiency, safety and location independence . Prominent examples include redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage, fuel cells for transportation, and electrolysis for sustainable manufacturing. A universal fundamental challenge in electrochemical flow reactors is the integration of fluid flow and electrochemical reactions over three-dimensional porous electrodes. While the addition of flow offers advantages such as enhancing mass transport rates, controlling residence time and conversion per pass, the integration of fluid and reactions introduces challenges in controlling mass and heat transfer rates, multi-step reaction sequences, multiphase flows and scalability. Contradictory design parameters (e.g. the need for high surface area and high permeability) further complicate the analysis .