Beyond mass transport, surface kinetics further limit OER performance. Even with optimal reactant delivery, the rate of intermediate formation and transformation on the electrode surface can be inherently slow. This bottleneck is particularly severe for non-noble metal catalysts, where surface defects or impurities can introduce kinetic barriers. Strategies to address these issues include engineering hierarchical structures with high surface areas and porous architectures to improve mass transport and designing catalysts with abundant active sites to enhance surface reaction rates . Despite these efforts, achieving a synergistic improvement in mass transport and surface kinetics remains a significant hurdle for high-efficiency OER systems.