The ordered layering of elongated pores produced by low-temperature freezing is very similar to that produced by directional freezing in other studies . In those studies, directional freezing was achieved by slowly lowering the sample into liquid nitrogen, creating a temperature gradient within the suspension, where the direction of freezing was guided from the cold end to the warm end along the vertical axis. Although directional freezing was not carried out in this experiment, the alignment of the pores with tilted horizontal orientations was observed, and the cryogel scaffold exhibited radial symmetry around the center axis. This tilted horizontal ordering was likely produced by the temperature gradient created as the suspension cooled from the outer edge of the container toward the center. Furthermore, the growth of ice crystals could be affected by the inter-particle interactions and arrangements of the CNCs . The CNCs are known to exhibit nematic ordering at high enough concentrations where layers of aligned CNCs are arranged (1). This arrangement could serve as an initial template to assist with the growth of lamellar ice sheets in between nematic planes. Unlike low-temperature freezing, high-temperature freezing produced rounded pore structures in scaffolds, indicating aggregated CNCs around individual unoriented ice crystals .