E-factor, material cost [$/mol], and yield [%]. The space time yield is the mass of target product formed per unit residence time, the E-factor is the ratio of waste to target product, and the yield is the amount of target product per concentration of 1. The material cost is evaluated by the sum of costs of 2,4-difluoronitrobenzene (100.8 $/500g), 12 pyrrolidine (77.3 $/500mL), and EtOH (86.6 $/500mL). The model was implemented with an ordinary differential equation solver implemented in Scipy.