While this spectral peak is present in all simulation conditions, its characteristics differ between the bulk (solid lines) and interfaces (dashed lines). When a carbonate is near the interface, the primary spectral peak is red-shifted by ∼ 50 cm -1 . This shift indicates that the first solvation shell OH bonds typically experience larger fields when carbonate is near an electrode than in the bulk, due to the presence of image charge effects. In addition, we see the presence of a blue shifted feature near 3700 cm-1 when Carbonate is near the interface. The presence . In all plots, results are shown for CO3 in bulk water (solid black); a cell with no applied potential in the bulk (solid red), and near the electrode (dashed red); and in a cell with a 1V applied potential in the bulk (solid blue), near the cathode (dotted blue), and near the anode (dashed blue) of this low-field sub-population of water may indicate the formation of a vacuum region and a partial dewetting of the ion complex itself or of the interface near the ion complex.