The electrochemical analogue to Equation 1 is the Butler-Volmer expression for the kinetic current, ik (Equation ). In the Butler-Volmer expression, in addition to the same temperature dependent exponential with an activation energy, there is also a linear, potential dependent term in the exponential. More complex theories expand on Butler-Volmer by, for example, adding a quadratic potential term to the exponential, as is done with Marcus theory. Here, 𝛼 is the transfer coefficient, which is a function of the pre-equilibrium electron transfers and the ratedetermining step, and 𝜙 is the applied potential with respect to a reference potential. In all cases, Butler-Volmer retains the qualitative form of the traditional Arrhenius expression, and elevated temperatures will increase the kinetic current. 𝑖 𝑘 = 𝐴𝑒 Since temperature will improve reaction kinetics, the question remains how to efficiently heat the system.