Taken together, this knowledge suggests that operation of BPM-ED systems at high current density could be beneficial for several reasons. At higher current densities, salt crossover is less extensive due to the dominance of H + and OH -as charge carriers. Additionally, at these higher current densities, OH -fully replaces the initially exchanged (bi)carbonates as the charge carrying species in the AEL, which reduces ohmic losses due to the higher mobility of OH -. 60