Metabolomics studies have revealed that PGPR can induce changes in the metabolic profiles of plants, leading to the accumulation of metabolites involved in growth promotion, nutrient mobilization, and stress tolerance . For instance, PGPR can stimulate the production of phytohormones like auxins and cytokinins, which regulate plant growth and development . Additionally, PGPR can modulate the production of metabolites involved in nutrient acquisition, such as siderophores for iron chelation and organic acids for phosphate solubilization . In the case of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), metabolomics has shed light on the metabolic exchanges that occur during the establishment and maintenance of this symbiotic relationship . AMF can induce changes in plant metabolism, leading to the production of metabolites involved in nutrient exchange, stress tolerance, and defense responses . For example, plants colonized by AMF exhibit increased levels of metabolites involved in nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism, as well as secondary metabolites with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties .