A biofilm is defined as an aggregate of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) . Biofilm formation typically enhances the antibiotic resistance of bacteria compared to their free-floating (planktonic) counterparts . The EPS serves as an additional barrier that restricts antibiotic permeation, while the metabolic activity of bacteria within a biofilm often differs significantly from that of planktonic cells . Biofilms also protect bacteria from detergents and surface disinfectants , making biofilm formation especially problematic in healthcare environments where high selection pressure often drives the evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains . Biofilms are equally challenging for implants , which represent an attractive application for surface-coating AMPs .