All the impedance spectroscopy experiments unless stated otherwise were performed with PalmSens4 potentiostat galvanostat, with an Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) module, which is controlled with PSTrace software (version 5.8.1704). The threeelectrode electrochemical cell consisted of a platinum wire counter electrode, Ag/AgCl (1M KCl) reference electrode, and ITO working electrodes. Prior to measurements, the cells were placed at a specific density on ITO electrode plate for cell culture monitoring utilizing impedancebased analysis. Experiments were performed in a closed, heat controlled chamber at 37°C. A complete Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), supplemented with fetal bovine serum 10% v//v (FBS, Gibco), L-glutamine 1% v/v (Sigma-Aldrich), and the antibiotics: streptomycin [10 000 U ml -1 ] and penicillin [10 mg ml -1 ] 1% v/v (Sigma-Aldrich), with low glucose content (1g/L) (Institute of Immunology and Experimental Technology, Wrocław, Poland), suitable for HeLa and HepG2 cell lines was used. The cells have an adhering nature, once they attach to the working electrode surface they tend to impede the current flow between the electrodes. This refers to the current passing through available cell-substrate space as well as through intercellular passages. When the cells approach confluence on the electrode, the impedance fluctuates visibly and changes at an accelerated rate . Impedance measurements were conducted over a range of 37 frequencies on HeLa cells since multiple research have recorded readings at various frequencies . In our case, the frequency range were set between the limits 10Hz and 40kHz. For frequencies between 100 and 10kHz, the data from these measurements showed a noticeable increase in the impedance value that corresponds to growth of insulating character of the electrodes due to the cells getting attached on their surface. At higher frequencies a less pronounced change is observed, with a small increase in the impedance values that can be correlated to the increase of resistance at the working electrodeelectrolyte interface. To understand the frequency that suits our measurements the best, we limited our studies to three frequencies (100 Hz, 2 kHz, and 10 kHz) between the range of 100 to 10kHz. Highest phase angle shift and rise of the impedance values of the cells with respect to the blank (in our case DMEM) was observed at 100 Hz, thus the operating frequency was optimized as 100 Hz and experiments were conducted at 0.2V against OCP. The majority of these measurements were brief, lasting about two hours. When the potentiostatic experiments first started, the electrode well was simply filled with 150µL of DMEM, and impedance was recorded for 30 minutes. Then, the medium in the well was spiked with 150µL of cells with a density of 1.33 x 10^6 cells/mL to give a final concentration of 6.65 x 10^5 cells/mL to observe their adhesion to the electrodes and how the later's surface is affected. Finally, at the 90 th minute, 150µL of trypsin was introduced, and the system was monitored for 30 minutes more, before the impedance tests were terminated.