The fabrication of functional vascular scaffolds requires careful consideration of multiple factors, including understanding the vascular anatomy and functions, selection or development of suitable materials and fabrication techniques . The arterial wall comprises three distinct layers: the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa, each with specific structures, functions, and cell lines . The innermost layer, the intima, is made of endothelial cells, collagen type IV, and elastin, preventing thrombosis, infection, and inflammation. The media, containing collagen types I and III, elastin, proteoglycans, and smooth muscle cells, offers mechanical strength. The outermost layer, the adventitia, mainly composed of collagen type I and fibroblasts, supports capillary growth and stabilizes the vessel by anchoring it to surrounding tissue and connecting to the body's vascular and nerve networks . In the context of vascular scaffold design, recognizing the complexity and functionality of each layer and adeptly selecting the fabrication techniques to mimic the architectural intricacies of the vascular wall is paramount.