We can adjust 𝜇𝜇 via the bisection method to reach the target 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 , considering 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 increases monotonically with 𝜇𝜇 . Here, we define doping ratio 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑁 ⁄ as the number of electrons in the system divided by the maximum number of electrons that the system can hold. Obviously, 𝑐𝑐 is related to the carrier concentration of the system.