In experimental research, this ideal situation is complicated by sample history. For samples representing a single object (e.g. a coin cell battery), an experiment irreversibly changes the sample, so that the sample corresponding to the original state is no longer available for new experiments; only the sample corresponding to the current state is. Formally, it is simpler to consider this state-change to be always present, even for socalled "non-destructive" testing methods. Therefore, the existing digital twins and provenance graphs within AiiDA had to be modified to allow for such bookkeeping.