where 𝑘 usually refers to one type of particle considered in the DEM model, that leads to the smallest timestep. A common heuristic in the literature is that, to obtain a numerically stable simulation, one should then take a 10 % to 20 % fraction of ∆𝑡 𝑐 . In the present article, we chose a fraction of 15 % and we observe that all the simulations were stable, when taking the properties of the AM particles (namely 𝑘 is chosen as AM. Indeed, if BC particles are chosen, this leads to a bigger timestep -which not desirable, as mentioned above). The timestep used in the simulation is thus taken as ∆𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑚 = 0.15 ∆𝑡 𝑐 = 0.02176 µ𝑠.