In summary, we successfully developed an intelligent delivery nanosystem (P-TN-Dox@CM) for homologous targeting, dual-modal fluorescence/photothermal imaging, and multi-stimuli-triggered precise chemo-photothermal therapy. The proposed P-TN-Dox@CM nanogels can actively deliver to tumor sites through specific homologous binding adhesion molecules derived from the tumor cell membranes, thus notably promoting the intratumoral accumulation and cell endocytosis. The as-made nanogels offered a tactical benefit of a dual thermo-/pH-responsiveness, which can significantly enhance the drug release after the nanogels entered the acidic microenvironments in tumor cells. The drug release can be further accelerated by temperature elevation on account of the photothermal effects of nanogels. Concomitantly, the NIR-photoinduced preferable hyperthermia can also effectively ablate tumors. In general, the synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy by P-TN-Dox@CM drug delivery system realized an excellent antitumor therapeutic efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, the proposed nanogels generated high contrast for in vivo fluorescence/photothermal imaging to assess the treatment in real-time. P-TN-Dox@CM nanogels also possessed high photostability and biocompatibility which had negligible systemic side effects during the treatment. This versatile delivery nanoplatform opens up new perspectives in the assembly of multifunctional modalities for comprehensive and personalized theranostics with optimal efficacies.