Regardless of the specific measurement method, it is critical to ensure that the AM, electrode, and cell design is optimized to eliminate any extraneous resistances or other artifacts, which could undermine the accuracy of the measurements. Rct is inversely proportional to the electrode loading, while Rp is directly proportional to electrode loading . Generally, the electrodes and separator should be as thin as possible, and the electrolyte should be as conductive as possible, to ensure that Rct ≫ Rp. LiCoO2 (LCO) was synthesized with a narrow particle size distribution of ~ 1-5 µm by employing 0.5% Ti as a dopant to control crystal growth, allowing high-quality electrodes to be fabricated with a thickness of ~ 3 µm and a coat weight of ~ 1.3 mg cm -2 .