The findings emphasize the unique benefits of exosome-based therapies, particularly in comparison to stem cell transplantation and pharmacological treatments. Exosomes, due to their cell-free nature, minimize the risks associated with immune rejection and tumorigenicity while providing targeted therapeutic delivery to affected areas. Their multi-modal capacity to address key pathological processes, including neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal loss, positions them as a promising frontier in neuroregenerative medicine.