C demand charge = P charger × C demand charge from utility E charge N charging events (20) where P charger is the power rating of the charging hardware, and η EV SE is the efficiency of the charging equipment (92% from Burnham et al. ). The electricity price for charging is computed by adding the costs calculated using equations 16, 18, 19, and 20. It should be noted that this analysis does not include several costs that would be associated with day-today operation such as labor, maintenance, payment services, and more. Additionally, land costs that have large regional variability have not been accounted for in this analysis. We perform the electricity costing analysis for two scenarios to obtain an upper and lower bound for the electricity prices. The optimistic and pessimistic scenarios use the lower and upper bound for the reported hardware, installation, and utility costs, respectively. Additionally, the optimistic scenario features a high asset utilization rate where a charger is occupied each night, while the pessimistic scenario has a charger occupied once every three nights. The parameters for each scenario are shown in Table .