Cyclic voltammetry (CV) characterizations of the Ti electrode were carried out using the CHI660E electrochemical workstation, with a 4 cm × 3 cm graphite plate as the counter electrode and a SCE reference electrode. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were conducted using a SU8010 ultra-high-resolution FE-SEM equipped with an X-Max N EDS system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out using a Thermo K-Alpha+ XPS with an Al (Kα) source. X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Rigaku D-Mas 2500PC) was carried out using Cu Kα radiation.