• Catalyst Deactivation: Many catalysts, especially metal-based ones, suffer from deactivation over time due to exposure to CO₂ or reaction intermediates. Deactivation can occur through processes such as oxidation, poisoning by impurities, or irreversible binding of CO₂ to the catalyst surface. This reduces the efficiency and longevity of the catalyst, increasing production costs. Researchers are focusing on improving the stability of catalysts by modifying catalyst structures or introducing stabilizing agents to prolong their activity .