Carbon-based electrodes are also a popular choice, and they were found to achieve the highest limit of detection among the collected literature. Carbon electrodes are known to be a cheaper compared to gold meeting the affordability criteria. They, however, were also modified in most cases with a combination of nanomaterials and polymers increasing the complexity of their fabrication. The magnetic nano/microparticles-based sensing methods haven't achieved as low limits of detection compared to the solid-state sensors and typically requires more preparation/ application steps resulting in longer time-to-results. The benefit of MPs that they can be used in high volume, complex samples common in the agri-food industry. Most of the sensors collected in this review are studied in samples between 100 and 200 µL with a maximum of 1.5 mL. The magnetic particles are already used in commercially applied kits for bacteria detection, for instance immunomagnetic separation is a part of ISO protocol for STEC detection (ISO, 2012). Therefore, there is a high potential for their application in the complex samples. Finally, the ITO-based biosensors show good limits of detection, although they typically required complex and laborious modifications which limit their use in the POC detection.