Electrification is accepted as a promising strategy for light-duty vehicles (LDV). In recent years, electric vehicles (EVs) have been actively replacing internal combustion engine (ICE) cars. In 2021, the U.S. market share of electric cars was 4.5%, 5 and it is expected to increase over time. EVs offer several advantages over their ICE counterparts, including higher powertrain efficiency, the potential of achieving net-zero emissions, decreased maintenance cost, and more. Additionally, there has been considerable growth in core technologies such as lithium-ion batteries, which have supported the rapid market penetration of EVs. Prices of lithium-ion batteries have fallen nearly 90% over the last decade to around 153 USD/kWh in 2022 according to estimates from the DOE's Vehicle Technologies Office. Also, the energy density of lithium-ion battery packs has improved from 90 Wh/L in 2010 to 450 Wh/L in 2020 and is expected to continue to rise. In addition to innovations in battery technology, electric grids have become cleaner. Last year, the Annual Energy Outlook reported a rise in U.S. power generation from renewables, with shares of renewables projected to reach 44% in 2050. IEA has also discussed the Announced Pledges scenario, which features a completely renewable U.S. grid by 2050. Along with the several projects currently underway to increase renewable energy generation, there has been significant growth in the distribution of renewable electricity. A particular effort is the US Department of Energy initiative "Building a Better Grid", launched in 2022 which supports building long-distance, high-voltage transmission lines. These developments, spurred by the success of electrification in the LDV sector, have created spillover benefits toward the electrification of trucks. Currently, electric trucks only capture 0.1% of the U.S. market. However, interest in this segment is expanding as evidenced by the launch of the Tesla Semi and Scania along with policy support. The benefits and recent success of electrification in the LDV sector have echoed in other sectors, including heavy-duty vehicles. However, battery electric options have distinct challenges for long-haul trucking. Long-haul trucks have high energy requirements due to heavy payloads (up to 60,000 lbs, equivalent to 27.2 tonnes) and long routes (600 miles per day, 966 km per day). This necessitates heavy and expensive batteries that reduce fuel economy and payload capacity. Furthermore, charging these batteries using existing high-power chargers (150 kW) would take over 11 hours. This is a severe limitation as long-haul trucks often remain on the road for several days at a time with limited overnight charging options. Even with the development of megawatt chargers, a considerable amount of operating time will be lost during charging. Finally, the efficiency gain from an electric powertrain is smaller in the case of long-haul trucks which use high-efficiency compression ignition diesel engines (45%) instead of spark ignition gasoline engines (35%) used for LDVs. Clearly, there are both advantages and disadvantages to the electrification of long-haul trucks, and a careful analysis is necessary to evaluate its economic viability and environmental benefits.