The results indicate that cell performance initially improves as the temperature increases, reaching an optimal point at approximately 325 K. This improvement is attributed to enhanced carrier mobility and reduced resistive losses at moderate temperatures. However, beyond 325 K, the performance begins to degrade due to increased non-radiative recombination and thermal excitation of charge carriers, which lead to higher recombination rates and reduced charge collection efficiency. with increasing temperature, while short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor (FF) initially increase. The decrease in Voc at higher temperatures can be attributed to the temperature-dependent reduction in the built-in potential of the cell, as described in prior studies , . Despite the increase in Jsc due to enhanced photon absorption, the overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) declines due to the combined effects of reduced Voc and FF at elevated temperatures. These findings highlight the importance of thermal management in perovskite solar cells to ensure stable performance under varying environmental conditions.