The defect reaction was performed according to a previously developed protocol . Firstly, the reaction conditions between diazonium salt and SWCNTs were tested in a Lumidox 96-well green LED array (λ = 550 nm). 180 µL SWCNT solution (50 nM) were mixed with 20 µL of 4-nitrobenzoldiazonium tetrafluoroborate of different concentrations (from 1 µM to 100 µM) in a 96-well plate and illuminated with the LED array for 15 min at 25 mA. Afterwards the reaction was verified with NIR-fluorescence spectroscopy (see spectroscopy section). For a preparative defect reaction followed by ATPE, the volume of the reaction was scaled up to a final volume of 45 ml with total concentrations of 50 nM SWCNTs and 10-30 µM diazonium salt according to the protocol . In brief, a Falcon tube containing a large volume of SWCNTs/SDBS solution was put inside the LED-photoreactor and then the diazonium salt was added to yield the desired concentration. The sample was irradiated at full power for 15 min under stirring and a large amount of dSWCNTs was acquired after removing the diazonium salt by molecular weight cut-off filtration.