Besides batteries, the use of CNTs in adhesives is the only other application with a high patentto-journal ratio (Figure ), which suggests considerable commercial interest in this area. The shape of CNTs could allow them to become entangled; alternatively, functionalized nanotubes could react with surfaces with their strength making them strongly adherent. For example, CNT were used to reinforce PDMS dry adhesive pads; the CNT improve the stability of the pads and diffuse concentration of charge at the PDMS surface which leads to surface deformation and loss of conformity. Alternatively, a poly(ethyleneimine), CNT and epoxy resin material was used as an adhesive. Here, the nanotubes improve the strength/mass ratio of the material, while adhesion depends on the fraction of poly(ethyleneimine) used. Selected patents describe the use of CNT for strengthening concrete (RU2669835 101 ) and the use of a trans-stilbene/maleimide polymermodified CNT to make an adhesive with improved thermal conductivity (CN2023116970357A 102 ).