Moreover, the compatibility of the results with previous research studies on monodoped and co-doped photocatalysts provides further validation of the photocatalysts' stability. It demonstrates that the photocatalysts are likely to be safe for use in water treatment applications, as the treated water will not contain harmful concentrations of boron, cerium, or titanium. The low leaching rates can be attributed to several factors, including the strong bonding between the dopants and the TiO2 lattice, the optimal calcination temperature during synthesis, and the overall quality of the raw materials used. These factors contribute to the formation of a stable photocatalyst that can withstand the conditions of photocatalytic reactions without degrading.