In the context of evaluating the reproducibility of dU dλ under different timestep settings, a t-test can be applied to compare the means of dU dλ obtained from simulations using different timesteps. By calculating the t-statistic and associated p-value, one can determine if the observed differences in the averages of dU dλ are statistically significant, or if they could reasonably be attributed to random chance. This provides a more objective and robust way to assess the impact of different timestep settings on the reproducibility of dU dλ than simply comparing averages and standard deviations. no SC 0 7.7 × 10 -2 1.7 × 10 -3 2.5 × 10 -6 3.1 × 10 -8 2.7 × -9 0.25 6.9 × 10 -1 2.0 × 10 -1 6.0 × 10 -1 1.7 × 10 -3 5.6 × -4 0.5 3.6