Card assembly was performed on a clamshell laminator (Matrix 2210, Kinematic Automation, Sonora CA, USA). Pads were placed on the backing card in the following order: nitrocellulose, cover tape, conjugate pad, sample pad, wicking pad. Individual strips (3.3 mm wide) were cut with a Matrix 2360 sheet cutter (Kinematic Automation) and assembled in cassettes (proprietary design) using an assembly roller (YK725, Kinbio Tech Co., Shanghai, China).