The industrial area chosen for sampling was Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) located at KM 16 Kachia Road. This site was selected due to the ongoing daily chemical processes at KRPC, accompanied by continuous vehicular activities entering and leaving the plant. Additionally, traffic congestion is prevalent during morning and evening hours at the KRPC junction, primarily due to shift workers' movement. On the other hand, the residential area sampled was around Maraba Rido Sabon Tasha. This location was chosen because it lacks significant industrial activity and is mainly characterized by densely populated residential settlements.