Two prevailing mathematical formulations describe bone cell population dynamics and their biochemical signaling dynamics in the BMU. One formulation is based on the power law approach, popularized for bone remodeling by . The second formulation uses the mass action kinetics as in the models of and . These distinct approaches form the basis of many temporal and spatiotemporal models of bone remodeling (Figure ). Models that do not explicitly follow either approach are not included in Figure ; however, most of those detailed in Supplementary Material Table show citation connections for the field's literature.