A 3D-printed modular microfluidics platform was designed to enable solutions to be flowed over electrode surfaces. This system, shown in greater detail in Figure , consisted of three components: a clear tough resin (Formlabs Inc clear resin) for both the top and bottom layers and a soft flexible resin (Formlabs Inc flexible 80a resin) for the middle 'gasket' layer. The microfluidics channels were defined in this flexible middle layer. All components were designed using Solidworks™ software. The designs were 3D-printed using a Formlabs Inc 3+ printer. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubing (Merck Life Science Ltd) with an outer diameter of 1.5 mm was connected to a stainless steel dispensing tip 20G (Merck Life Science Ltd) to and connected to the microfluidic channel. A 10 mL syringe (Sigma Aldrich) was filled with the solution being analysed and a digital programmable pump (NE-1000) allowed for liquid to be dispensed at controlled volumes and flowrates. The accuracy of this digital pump was confirmed by flowing a known volume of water into a pre-weighed beaker for a set amount of time and then measuring the mass increase and comparing against expected mass using a calibrated four-point balance (OHaus Pioneer PA213)