approach increased the tumor cell-killing activity but also exerted additional modulatory effects on the tumor microenvironment (e.g., collagen degradation). The photothermal properties of Au nanomaterials make them useful to kill malignant cells and when embedded into a hydrogels successive treatments can be realized after a single injection. For instance, Au NRs coated with PDA were effectively anchored within a hydrogel composed of CS/ β-GP (CGP) and ALG modified with DA (ALG-DA). Therefore, they remained near the tumor mass following peritumoral injection. The application of NIR irradiation for 3 min led to a temperature increase to 55-65 °C, which could be sustained through multiple rounds of laser treatment (Figure ). Similarly, the incorporation of Au NPs into a COL hydrogel was also intended as a single-dose multiple treatments approach.