Most ethical concerns regarding organoids pertain to human medical applications and are not relevant for material production 610 . Concerns about consciousness do not apply to material-producing organoids lacking a central nervous system, but remain valid for brain-computer hybrids with advanced cognitive functions 554 . Animal experimentation should follow the 3R rule ("replace", "reduce", "refine") and selfmicrofabrication could eventually reduce the need for animals in some conventional farming, as intended for cultured meat 611 .