The difference in results may also stem from the predictive accuracy of the models, as seen in Figure , where current-based models performed better with a small earlytime interval. Although the distinction is less evident in the velocity models compared to the current models, which can be attributed to the rich feature embeddings in the current profiles. These predictions align with earlier findings that assertive driving behavior leads to higher charge consumption 3. While the charge usage score for assertive drivers remains below the reference profile, adjusting their driving style could significantly reduce charge consumption.