Looking at the differences in net and gross costs across selected countries, the carbon intensity of electricity has a stronger impact on costs than methane leakage rates of natural gas. This is not to say that methane leakage is generally less important; the selected countries lie on the low end for natural gas leakage rates, where values of 2.2% (Brazil, China), 7.2% (Turkey), 15.6% (Greece), and 21.1% (Slovakia) exist. The variability in carbon intensity for electricity among our five case studies is larger than the variability in methane leakage rates, which translates to a stronger impact of the electricity supply on the net costs. Or in other words, reducing the energy requirements of electrically-powered configurations has a higher impact on net-removal costs than energy reduction for processes powered by natural gas. This dependency on low carbon electricity and minimal methane leakage rate presents a clear obstacle to scaling (#20). Furthermore, across considered configurations, five (i.e., '1C: MEA', '1C: Amino acid ', 1D, 3A, and 3B) would not lead to net-negative emissions when tying into current energy supply systems, with the exception of that of France. This further underlines the need for large scale low-carbon electricity (#20), and reductions in energy consumption, where the energy consumption can improve through selection of optimal material (#2), process design (#5, #6, #7), equipment (#10, #11), system integration (#16, #17), and process learning from deployment (doing, experience) (#8, #9, #17).