The accompanying graph illustrates that several nanoparticles exceed the desired size range, which raises concerns regarding the effectiveness of the doping process. One potential reason for this discrepancy is that boron may not have been incorporated correctly into the titanium dioxide (TiO2) matrix. Inadequate doping can lead to suboptimal distribution of boron, resulting in larger particle sizes. Furthermore, the formation of agglomerates is another contributing factor to the observed increase in particle size. Agglomeration can occur when nanoparticles cluster together, leading to a significant increase in overall particle dimensions.