In this context, the interesting advantages of combining the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and sonication which results in an increase in the production of hydroxyl radicals in the reaction mixture, and the turbulence effect created by ultrasound improves mass transfer between the liquid medium and the surface of the catalyst. A novel methodology integrating sonochemistry with photocatalysis, termed sonophotocatalysis (SP), has emerged as a sophisticated oxidation process and is now under investigation in the field of biomass valorisation . Recent research has shown the use of this synergistic process for the degradation of organic pollutants such as phenol and phenolic compounds , the degradation of textile dyes , and the treatment of pesticides in wastewater . While the potential uses of sonophotocatalysis surpass water and wastewater treatment, it has been investigated for energy production, including hydrogen generation via water splitting and other biomass sources. This energy-focused application underscores the promise of sonophotocatalysis in tackling environmental and energy issues, fostering a sustainable and efficient future . However, up until this point, many researchers have focused on developing carbon-based materials as a means to target metallic semiconductors in an efficient, environmentally friendly, and cheaper manner . The unique characteristics of carbon materials, including their optical activity, electrical conductivity, chemical stability, mechanical strength, and porous structures, render them exceptional candidates with high activity and stability for sonophotocatalysis . However, several challenges are associated with the use of carbonaceous materials in these catalytic processes . One of the main challenges lies in the low light absorption capacity of carbonaceous materials which will limit their ability to efficiently absorb and use light energy, essential for catalytic reactions in sonocatalysis and photocatalysis. Another challenge lies in the wide energy bandgap of carbonaceous materials which will affect the range of light wavelengths that can be effectively used by carbonaceous materials, thereby further limiting their photocatalytic activity. Additionally, carbonaceous materials often exhibit unsatisfactory physicochemical stability, which can lead to degradation and reduced catalytic activity over time .