Following the completion of the chemical reaction, the pH was meticulously regulated, if necessary, to achieve a pH of 11 using a 0.2 M ammonium hydroxide solution. Subsequently, an intermediate series of steps were executed: resting for 24 h in a closed system, washing with at least five volumes of distilled water, filtration, and a prolonged drying period of 24 h at 100 °C. The final phase involved calcination at 600 °C (see Figure ) for 2 h with a heating rate of 5 °C/min to remove the remaining organic material. It is essential to highlight that 50% of each prepared sample was deliberately reserved without calcination to decrease crystallinity and enhance degradation capacity . This strategic decision was made to conduct a comparative analysis on the percentage of artemisinin adsorption and drug release kinetics in the results section based on hydroxyapatite nanoparticles synthesized in previous work as a potential long-term cancer treatment .