The Canada Clean Fuel Regulations (CFR) were established in 2022 under the authority of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act of 1999. Similar to the RFS, the CFR requires producers of gasoline and diesel, referred to as primary suppliers, to lower the overall CI of fuels they produce by utilizing biofuels. Biofuel producers also generate compliance credits that can be traded to create a market to further incentivize biofuel production. The CFR was implemented to prevent or reduce air pollution from the combustion of liquid fossil fuels. The CFR differs from the RFS in that producers have the option to calculate a CI for a unique fuel production pathway via LCA. Calculations to determine the CI of fuels produced for CFR compliance must be performed in the Government of Canada's Fuel LCA Model, which is based in the openLCA software. However, while biomass conversion processes may readily be customized based on the producer's unique methods, the CFR requires the use of a single CI for biomass feedstocks including corn, sorghum, sugarcane, and corn stover, among others (Table ). While it is possible for a new feedstock CI to be approved for use in calculations, the Fuel LCA Model guidance currently states: "Feedstock production in a subregion of a region included in the [Fuel LCA Model] Data Library is not an eligible criterion for submitting a new pathway application." Thus, the CIs for these crops available to use in the Fuel LCA Model are weighted averages of several provincial-level CIs for each crop. Miscanthus is not a feedstock currently included in the Fuel LCA Model, though fuel produced from this crop would be eligible for a new pathway application including the unique crop CI. However, given the treatment of other crop CIs by the CFR, a CI for miscanthus production included in the Fuel LCA Model would likely represent the average CI of production, across the U.S., for example.