Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 is structurally described . Morphologically, the virus consists of four structural proteins, namely Spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N), among which the former three are integral membrane proteins, and the latter remains complexed with its RNA genome. In addition, it comprises 9 or 10 accessory proteins . The spike (S) glycoprotein is a critical component of viral infection. It adheres to the host cell's surface receptor, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), allowing viral cellular entry via endosome formation and plasma-membrane fusion .