A sequential method was adopted for model calibration. Among the eight parameters to which predictions of key model outputs were sensitive, four kinetic parameters (V -NH , V -P , q , CH , and q , LI ) were first calibrated using data from the bench-scale kinetic experiment designed to mimic the full-scale PBR (Figure ), while holding the remaining four parameters at their default values (Table ). Specifically, optimal parameter values were identified within the minimum and maximum bounds using the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) algorithm, with a focus on ammonium, orthophosphate, VSS of microalgae biomass, carbohydrate, and lipid concentrations over time. The calibrated kinetic parameters were V -NH (0.15 g-N•g-COD -1 •d -1 ), V -P (0.54 g-P•g-