Environmental impacts of these upstream steps are analyzed for two representative LIB chemistries and battery use cases: NCA in EV battery packs, and lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2 or LCO) in smartphones. California is chosen to assess circular extraction because it has the largest population and EV market share of any state in the U.S. . Smartphones are considered extracted when collected, aggregated, and transported from all California residents (analyzed per census block) to the nearest existing collection facility (CF) . The analytical model for this circular extraction is depicted in Fig. , where a shortest-path route for collection from block group to CF is modeled . To quantify conventional material extraction environmental impacts from mining, global supply chain data are adapted from GREET (Table -S7) . Smartphone extraction in the circular supply chain emits only 0.0189 kg CO2-eq/kg LCO-eq, significantly lower than conventional mining (1.96 kg CO2-eq/kg LCO-eq) by 99.0%. Energy and water consumption are similarly lower in the circular supply chain (Table ).