Electropositive carbon also influences the electron transfer dynamics (ETD), where the carbon surface, being electron-deficient, promotes the efficient transfer of electrons from the electrode to the catalyst. This ensures that the proton reduction process is well-coupled with the electron flow, resulting in a higher rate of hydrogen production. The reactivity of electropositive carbon surfaces fosters a favorable charge distribution (Table ), enhancing the catalyst's ability to manage the delicate balance between proton adsorption and electron delivery required for efficient HER catalysis.