In addition to the consideration of targeted vs. untargeted analytical methods, regulatory aspects impact the potential answers to the above question. In the United States and the European Union, the rhizome of C. longa L. and preparations derived from it are permitted products as set forth in the 1994 Dietary Supplements, Health, and Education Act (DSHEA 1994) and the Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products, a pan-EU harmonized legislation, respectively. Neither provision has specifications or requirements to prevent adulteration. In the EU, such preparations can also be used in food supplements, the regulation of which is largely the responsibility of individual member states. Countries such as Belgium, France, and Italy have developed lists of plants, preparations of which are permitted in food supplements. Such lists, however, do not address identification, authenticity, or prevention of adulteration. Specifically, before 2019, Italy had listed C. longa L. as a permitted plant, with no conditions of use. Since the 2019 adverse reports, mandatory warnings have been introduced, albeit with no further restrictions. However, no rules were introduced in reference to the potential adulteration of C. longa products. This applies to Belgium as well, which introduced further mandatory warnings in 2019, but also imposed a maximum limit of 500 mg of curcuminoids per day for turmeric extracts with natural bioavailability, or equivalent amounts in case of enhanced bioavailability. The limit is based on food additive approval of "curcumin" (see the Introduction regarding general issues with the specificity of the nomenclature) as a food color and related uses. Other member states such as Ireland or France had or have also relied on maximum limits derived from food additive studies. Unfortunately, none of these regulatory actions took into account the authenticity of the plant source including the natural nature of the source. In terms of specific and new preparations, an application to market tetrahydro curcuminoids from turmeric has been recently submitted to the European Commission. With no apparent evidence of significant human consumption in the European Union before 1997, synthetic 1 is considered an unauthorized novel food, which cannot be marketed.