Photoelectrochemical characterization. A LOT-QD LS0816-H large-area solar simulator was calibrated to 1 sun (100 mW cm -2 ) using a certified Newport 843-R optical power meter. PEC experiments were conducted using Ivium CompactStat All CV scans were recorded at a 10 mV s -1 scan rate unless otherwise mentioned. The edges of BiVO4 photoanodes were only covered by black tape during laboratory benchmarking to prevent diffuse irradiation from reaching the perovskite light absorber. CO and H2 amounts were quantified using a Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus gas chromatograph by manual sampling from the reactor headspace. Product amounts obtained in laboratory experiments were corrected for leakage using a previously reported model, whereas dissolved gases were accounted for using Henry's law. No leakage correction could be applied to outdoor experiments due to the small number of data points and external factors (variable light irradiation and atmospheric conditions, solution and gas leakage).