The electrostatic potential (ESP) maps of a single CS 9-mer chains in neutral and two protonated states are illustrated in Fig. , to support the pH effect on the charge transfer kinetics through the CS-coated, LIG P12% sample. A neutral CS molecule is negatively charged in most regions with some positive charge accumulated on the -OH protons, with the same tendency also observed for monomers, both seen in Figs 7a and 7b. In the case of polymeric chains, an additional positive charge is also present on the terminal mer, rendering local -OH groups more acidic. However, when the protonated CS is regarded, a significant positive charge is concentrated at every -NH3 + group . The density of states (DOS) map of the monomer (Fig. ) shows a 6.39 eV HOMO-LUMO gap with the Fermi level in the middle of the gap. For the polymer, the gap is equal to 4.55 eV in the 9-mer and 18-mer versions. Thus, CS reveals an insulating character. However, when the chain contains acetylated mers (with an amide group), an additional DOS band appears above the Fermi level and becomes the LUMO. This shift, effectively narrows the bandgap to 3.07 eV, regardless of the number of acetyl groups in the chain (one or two groups yield the same position on the energy scale).