From Figure (a) we can see that either H 2 or CH 4 are the products that most co-occur with all the elements, with one notable exception: bismuth, primarily associated with HCOO -. Moreover, it is interesting to note that bismuth exhibits the lowest co-occurrence with H 2 , followed by copper. Copper is widely recognized as an excellent catalyst for carbon dioxide due to its lower selectivity towards the HER compared to other metals. Our findings suggest the possibility that bismuth might be even less favorable to HER, and potentially more efficient to CO 2 reduction. These observations indicate that our analysis may have captured valuable insights into the product selectivity associated with different catalyst elements.