In the current model, this effect was ignored by encapsulating the porositypermeability correlation into the Darcy dimensionless number. Consequently, both cases (A) and (B) showed similar performance enhancement in terms of hydraulic losses (60%). However, it has been demonstrated that various TPMS shapes would cause different pressure drop and permeability of the porous structure . This effect will be considered in the mathematical framework of the topology optimization routine in the future studies by performing a set of pore-scale simulations on the chosen TPMS type to obtain the correlation between the porosity and the permeability, which would result in more accurate prediction of pumping power loss over the length of the optimized electrodes.