Direct effects of TFA on soil quality were only recently investigated. Effects on the soil pH, microbial respiration, bacterial abundance and litter decomposition were reported, the latter being affected at concentrations similar to current TFA concentrations in soil for contamination hotspots as described in Chen et al 5 (0.0013 -2.4 mg/kgdw). Effects other than litter decomposition were statistically significant only at high TFA concentrations (≥10 mg/kg) which could be a result of acidity-related effects, as the pH significantly decreased at concentrations of 10 mg/kg and higher (TFA in acid form was directly used in the testing) 118 . Bott and Standley observed the incorporation of TFA into cells by microbial communities in freshwater surface sediments 119 after also demonstrating TFA incorporation in biomolecules such as proteins in aquatic organisms spanning a range of trophic levels . Concentrations that were used in these ~1.5 to 2.5-year experiments overlap with those currently observed in waters worldwide, ranging from 2.2 to 43 µg/L, (Table , Figure , SI), and resulted in significant cell incorporation of TFA 119 . It was also indicated that at elevated concentrations, the presence of TFA in the atmosphere may influence aerosols and cloud formation, boosting the formation of atmospheric clusters involved in new aerosol particle formation . As concentrations of TFA will likely increase by at least an order of magnitude in the coming decade, further investigations of TFA on biogeochemical processes are warranted.