Finally, it is worth underlining the scale of these engineering runs: The five runs which we analyze within this case study comprise around 160'000 vials in total, amounting to the equivalent of 800'000 vaccine doses. It is therefore of utmost interest not only to develop a safe and rational process design, but also to ensure that such design is identified in a small number of runs. Indeed, these five runs comprise only a subset of all engineering runs that were conducted during freezing process design.