Disparities in exposure for those living at the extreme ends of the concentration distribution are also relevant for understanding environmental injustice. We estimated population-weighted distributions of exposure by race-ethnicity for each individual vehicle class (Figs. ). In general, changes in exposure at the upper (i.e., 75 th and 90 th ) percentiles are consistent with changes in exposure at the PWM and consistent across time. Considering the disparity in exposure at the 75 th and 90 th percentiles relative to the statewide mean, we find large and increasing relative disparities (e.g., 90 th percentile exposure for Hispanic Californians increasing from 104% to 118% higher than statewide PWM from 2000 to 2019).