Binary specifications rubrics may also be combined with 4-level assignment outcomes based on the EMRF rubric that allows for two levels of passing work (E: excellent, M: meets expectations) and two levels of work that does not pass (R: Needs revision, F: Fragmentary) . An advantage of this 4-level system is the ability to differentiate the quality of student work within the passing and not passing categories. In most cases, the F designation has been replaced with N (not assessable) to overcome students' association of the F with failing, resulting in the more frequently used acronym, EMRN . In Mendez's sophomore-level thermodynamics course, described previously, each quiz is assessed using the EMRN rubric . While students need to pass 11 quizzes to earn a C, 13 for a B, and 15 for an A, the threshold at which students pass the quiz also matters. For example, to earn a C, none of the quizzes need to be assessed as excellent (E), but to earn a B, 7 of the 13 quizzes need to be assessed as excellent (E) and to earn an A, 11 of the 15 quizzes must be assessed as excellent (E).