Kohn and co-workers used the Arrhenius form to study 15 naphthalene derivatives, with resulting rate constants between 6.52-11.29×10 10 s -1 with respect to the derivative, with a pre-factor term of 2.02×10 12 s -1 extracted from experimental measurements. Here, only 2 systems were found to be of the same order of magnitude as experiment, while all but 3 other derivatives were observed to be overestimated with respect to experimental measurements. Lin and co-workers examined 48 Boron-dipyrromethene derivatives using Equation , with resulting rate constants between 0.01-3438×10 8 s -1 with respect to the derivative. The statistics for the latter study are much more transparent; of the training set, 7 predicted rate constants were of the same order of magnitude, while of the remaining 41 rate constants, 30 were overestimated while 18 were underestimated. For the test set, 5 rates were of the same magnitude to experiment, with 27 underestimated and 17 overestimated rate constants. Frank and co-workers examined loss in carotenoids, and found a fitted rate constant of 1.15×10 11 s -1 , however their work was unable to distinguish between different types of non-radiative decay.