One significant advantage of metaproteomics in phage research is its ability to confirm the expression of lysogenic phages and their associated proteins. For instance, Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a harmless bacterium unless it is infected by the prophage corynephage β, which encodes the diphtheria toxin responsible for causing diphtheria . Another advantage of metaproteomics is that it enables to study host-phage interactions over time, including the role of host immune systems, e.g., CRISPR and other mechanisms , in combating phages .