Reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) and variable time normalization analysis (VTNA) were performed on the reaction using catalyst 3e and revealed a positive, near first-order dependence on the concentration of sulfonimidamide substrate 1a, electrophile 2a, and catalyst 3e, allowing us to approximate the rate law as Equation 1. The rate law is consistent with the formation of a ternary complex in the transition state. 28 However, due to the possible engagement of three different functional groups of the cinchona-phosphinate catalyst (i.e., phosphinate, quinuclidine, and/or quinoline groups) in contacts, we designed a set of experiments to elucidate the precise roles these fragments play in catalysis (Figure ).