We proceeded to determine a level of SeO3 2- supplementation where intracellularly expressed GRLMR endows survival and proliferation of host cells in comparison to cells expressing inactivated GRLMR. As illustrated in Fig 4C, liquid cultures of WT-GRLMR and Ala-GRLMR were each inoculated and induced with an initial concentration of 4x10 7 colony forming units (CFUs) in 2.5 mL of LB with 40 mM HNaSeO3 and 50 μM IPTG. The cultures were incubated at 30 C° for 3 days. At regular intervals, the cell population was assessed in each culture. This was done by determining the number of CFUs as measured by serial dilution of 10 μL culture samples. For robustness, this experiment was done in triplicate. Cells expressing inactivated GRLMR lost population, resulting in only 400 CFU/mL by day 3. In contrast GRLMR expressing cells comparatively declined on day 1 and rebounded to the initial CFU value by day 3, resulting in a WT:Ala ratio of 6,500:1.