Choice of Analytical Methodologies. Reflecting the abundance of HPLC instrumentation in laboratories worldwide, LC is employed widely for qualitative and quantitative (purity) analysis via relative referencing. The HPLC chemical profile for the non-polar extract (Figures and, Supporting Information) is dominated by the curcumin (1) peak. The HPLC chromatogram also showed a small amount of piperine (4) and vitamin B2 (riboflavin; 6) as well as unidentified peaks of more polar compounds eluting around 6.5 min before 1. Polar extracts were characterized by the presence of 1, 4, and 6. Vitamins B1 (thiamine; 5) and B6 (pyridoxine; 7) were too polar under the chosen conditions to be sufficiently retained for definitive identification (Figure , Supporting Information). The LC-based chemical profiles provided useful information relative to the available reference standards, but un-referenced peaks give little added information. Therefore, while LCbased targeted analysis can tentatively identify known chemical adulterants, its untargeted ability to recognize residual complexity is limited by the relatively high selectivity of the hyphenated detection method and/or the captured chromatographic polarity window.