The alternate technique, known as the null traversal and introduced by Yang et al., randomly docked 0.2% of the library (2% for the DUDE-Z library) and assigned the 100 best-scoring molecules to a probe library. The remainder of the library molecules were scored based on their maximal Tanimoto similarity to any probe library member. Similarity calculations employed Morgan fingerprints with a radius of 2 and a length of 1024 bits, mirroring the fingerprints used in HNSW construction.