In Figure Except for some outliers around the 3500th full equivalent cycle in Figure (c), all other true data points lie within the model's upper and lower bounds. Additionally, the model accurately reflects the varying width between these bounds, corresponding well to the true data distribution. Unlike previous semi-empirical approaches, e.g. by Nauman et al. , this model effectively captures the aging behavior under static conditions, both with and without the capacity recovery effect. This effect, observable in Figure (c), can be understood as a combination of capacity fade caused by solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth and the limited capacity recovery from anode overhang areas .