Similarly, the incorporation of oxygen into organic molecules can also influence the optical properties of photocatalytic materials . The oxygen atom in the organic material has a strong electronegativity, which can donate electron density to the surrounding conjugated systems . This electron-donating ability can lower the material's band gap, enhancing its absorption properties and allowing for the absorption of light in the visible or near-infrared regions. In addition to improving absorption, such functional groups can enhance the solubility of the material in non-polar solvents, facilitating better dispersion and interaction with reactants in photocatalytic processes. By modulating the electron density and altering the molecular orbitals, the oxygen can significantly tune the optical and electronic properties of materials, making them more suitable for photocatalytic HER .