Figure (c) shows the plot of the lumped parameter Λ, which also varies with different electrode potentials. According to Equation 2, Λ is a function of equilibrium Li + concentration (C eq ), active surface area (A) and Thermodynamic Factor (Γ). When increasing the electrode potential (i.e.,bringing LNMO electrode to a higher SOC), C eq decreases, leading to a drop in Λ. However, as shown in Figure (c), Λ first decreases, then an increase occurs xvi at potentials above 4.5 V, which corresponds to the electrochemical active region of the LNMO electrode as shown in Supplementary Materials (Figure ). This could be related to the Thermodynamic Factor Γ due to phase changes in the LNMO electrode. Additionally, the increase in the Λ could also be associated with change in the active surface area A due to cracks formation during the initial delithiation process In summary, we have demonstrated that PDW can be easily implemented in classical EECM analysis. The fitted parameters of PDW derived from the thin-film LNMO electrode are consistent and physically relevant. A systematic study of these parameters, along with the cycling aging of cathode materials, could be very interesting and is planned for future research. Additionally, we discussed how PDW can be converted into PDW-3D for a more accurate fitting of diffusion impedance, however, in practice, this approach is discouraged due to the limited number of data points accessible in the low-frequency range. Nevertheless, the discussion highlights that the essence of PDW is to account for different diffusion coefficients. The number of diffusion coefficients could be two, three, or even a PDF if determinable in future studies.