To replicate the conditions of real EIS experiments, and unless otherwise specified, the log-spaced frequencies for the synthetic EIS experiments ranged from 10 -2 to 10 6 Hz with 10 ppd, i.e., 81 frequencies . Different models for the exact impedance, 𝑍 exact (𝜔), were considered, namely the 1×ZARC, 2×ZARC, Gerischer, hook, Havriliak-Negami, fractal, and piecewise constant (PWC) models . Analytical expressions for the impedance of each model are reported in Table . The parameters used are given in Table .