A thorough investigation into the photocatalytic degradation pathway of CIP is essential for improving catalyst design. This involves identifying the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the reaction and understanding their interactions with CIP molecules. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide anions (O₂•⁻), and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) are often the primary ROS in photocatalysis, and their relative contributions should be quantified. Additionally, the degradation intermediates formed during the process should be identified and analyzed for toxicity to ensure complete mineralization of CIP into harmless byproducts.