6. The digitization of matter front the macroscopic to the atomic scale. The continued development of printers of physical objects due to 3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies allows for new creative opportunities at the scale of meters to micrometers. The increased control over the synthesis and characterization of precise nanoscale assemblies of matter such as nanoparticles, chemical and atomic layer deposition, and lithography provides a bottom-up approach to create matter that can further be probed efficiently. Purely synthetic approaches have reached a level of sophistication in chemistry that for any molecule that is calculated to be stable and viable, a synthetic path can be designed. Expert systems for such purposes have a long history and experienced a fresh boost by modern technology .