The contrast in XRD-CT images arises from differences in the signal acquired from X-rays scattered by long-range ordered components present in the sample. This allows the identification of crystalline and semicrystalline components and visualisation of their distributions in the reconstructed cross sections. Figure presents the distribution of all identified components in the cross-section taken at the middle of the cell commercial cylindrical 18650 battery cell charged to 4.2 V (see Methods section for details regarding the cycling protocol); the cell consisted of a stainless steel casing (Fe), a centre pin, a semicrystalline separator, an anode tab, an anode Cu current collector, graphite, four partially lithiated graphite phases LixC, a cathode Al current collector and an NCA phase (LixNi0.81Co0.11Al0.08O2). Unless stated otherwise, the XRD-CT maps presented in this work correspond to the scale factor maps obtained from the analysis of the local diffraction patterns using the PQ-Net neural network. The anode was found to be composed of four different crystalline phases: LiC6, LiC12, LiC30 and LiC30+ with the major phase, LiC12, uniformly distributed in the anode and LiC6 present primarily at the electrode surface (Figure ). LiC30, LiC30+ and graphite were co-located in the regions adjacent to the Al tab current collector (Figure ), which is in agreement with our previous observations regarding the effect of battery cell components on chemical heterogeneities (i.e. regions of the Al current collector, steel casing and polymer separator in the core of the jelly roll) . It is important to note that the identification of the various partially lithiated graphite phases was only possible through the analysis of spatially-resolved diffraction patterns; as we later show these signals would be difficult to identify when performing single point measurements. Regarding the LixC phases, their structure is well known and described in previous studies apart from the lowlithiated graphite phase, referred in this study as LiC30+ with its principal reflection present at dspacing of ≈ 3.40 Å or Q of ≈ 1.85 Å -1 (in other studies this is also referred as Li1-xC54 ). More information regarding this phase can be found in the Supporting Information (Table -S2). Regarding the composition of the centre pin and anode tab, diffraction patterns showed that both phases can be described as cubic with lattice parameters of 3.594 Å and 3.529 Å respectively (Table -S2); it is indicated that the anode tab consists of the metallic alloy Ni0.92Cu0.02 while the center pin is most likely based on a Fe metallic alloy. These materials are known to be used in the manufacturing of cylindrical Li-ion batteries . X-ray diffraction point measurements performed during the first two full cycles were used to follow the evolution of crystalline lithiated graphite phases (Figure ). It is important to note that for the point measurements analysis, only four phases were used to describe the anode composition: graphite, LiC30, LiC12 and LiC6 as the complexity of the model with additional LiC30+ and LiC18 (i.e. six phase model) led to unstable results. This is a common problem due to insufficient angular (2theta) resolution as well as multiple peak overlap in the region where the highest reflections of graphite and the various lithiated graphite phases are present . The lattice parameters of the four phases were refined to fit the experimental data and the regions covered by these phases (in Q space) can be found in the Supporting Information (Table ). However, as shown in Figure , the presence of the various LixC phases can be resolved with the XRD-CT images.