LCNPs were found to incorporate within the membranes of GUVs. LCNPs labelled with 0.5 mol% NBD-PE were mixed with Rhod-PE labelled DOPC GUVs (1.4 mg/ml MO and MO/DOPC  250 mol/mol). A uniform signal from the LCNPs was observed at the GUVs membrane surface, indicating that the lipid components of the LCNPs had incorporated within the bilayer structure of the GUVs as simple adsorption of LCNPs on the GUV surface would be observed as punctate spots of fluorescence at the GUV membrane (Fig. ). This is in agreement with previous studies, showing that LCNPs can adsorb into the DOPC membrane surface. The kinetics of LCNP incorporation into GUV membranes was measured (Fig. ). Over 13 min, the Rhod-PE probe intensity in the GUV membranes decreased as it was diluted by MO lipids that fused into the membrane structure (Fig. ). A proportional increase in NBD fluorescence intensity at the GUV membrane correlates with this Rhod-PE intensity decrease. The GUV membrane surface area is also seen to increase in a correlated GUV growth process. For example, in Figure , the GUV diameter increased by a factor of 1.4 in 14 min, which corresponds to the surface area increasing by a factor of ~ 2. Consistent with this observed GUV growth, the dilution of Rhod-PE in the membrane showed a decrease in fluorescence intensity by a factor of ~2.2.