All chemical processes taking place spontaneously are trivially not at equilibrium and out of detailed balancewhile a reaction is ongoing, there is net flux from starting material to product. Furthermore, catalytic processes are always cyclic reaction networks coupled to a spontaneous process, the conversion of substrates to products, and as such can be maintained at a non-equilibrium steady state in which there is net flux around the cycle if their concentrations are chemostated. This observation does not appear particularly useful as we are typically only interested in the products of the catalytic process. However, it is possible to construct reaction networks in which what we would normally identify as the substrate of the reaction takes the role of "catalyst" and one of the intermediates is the "product".