In the main text, we use hypervolume as a measure of performance on this benchmark. To calculate hypervolume, a reference is needed. We use the Nadir point as a reference, which is estimated by running the NSGA-II optimisation algorithm on the S N Ar benchmark for 100 generations with a population size of 100. As shown in Figure , the Pareto front extends over a wide range of space time yields (2500-12 000) and a narrow range of E-factors (9.5-10.75). The Nadir point is estimated as (-2957, 10.7),