The rapid increase in automobile ownership and use in developing nations like Nigeria, leading to unavoidable air pollution as emphasized by . However, measures can be taken to minimize and control pollution. highlighted the challenges faced by Nigeria, particularly in urban centers like Kaduna, due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. This growth has led to increased energy consumption, transportation activities, and industrial processes, consequently raising concerns about air quality. The transportation sector, characterized by old and poorly maintained vehicles, contributes significantly to urban air pollution. Additionally, inefficient industrial processes, open waste burning, and the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation are major contributors to air pollution in these areas.