Representative trajectories of different motion experiments under these conditions (0, 100, and 300 mM urea) are also shown in Figure . From these trajectories, the MSD and associated motion parameters can be extracted using the Python-based Nano-Micromotor Analysis Tool (NMAT) v 1.0.0 40 (Figure , left). We observed a clear correlation between the amount of fuel and the MSD of DNA enzyme nanoswimmers, in a concentration-dependent manner. With increasing urea concentration, the MSD shows a deviation from linear diffusion to a non-linear MSD characteristic of self-propelled motion. This is particularly visible in the case of 300 mM urea. Given their anisotropic shape and the homogeneous distribution of enzymes, one would not expect these nanotubes to exhibit ballistic motion, but only some degree of anomalous superdiffusion defined by an MSD scaling parameter 1< α < 2, as appears to be the case (Figure ). In the absence of a clear theory of active Brownian motion that would allow us to clearly characterize this case, we decided to investigate both the effective diffusion coefficient (Figure ) and the effective speed (Figure ) under an active Brownian motion regime with a ballistic component. We observed a concentration-dependent increase for both parameters, with a concentration of 300 mM leading to a significant increase in both the effective diffusion coefficient and speed. To exclude any effect of the fuel concentration on the diffusivity of the swimmers, we exposed the DNA structures without urease on their surface to concentrations of 0, 100 and 300 mM urea. Non-functionalized DNA nanostructures exposed to 0 and 100 mM urea showed a linear MSD, indicating purely diffusive motion, without significant differences (measured effective diffusion coefficient 0.7 ± 0.3 µm 2 /s and 0.6 ± 0.2 µm 2 /s, respectively) (Figure ). In the case of DNA nanostructures, without urease, exposed to 300 mM urea, we could not track their trajectories because the DNA nanostructures disassembled during video recording (see Supporting Video 3). We attribute this effect to the fact that urea at high concentrations is a DNA denaturing agent, causing the destabilization of the double DNA helix structure. Interestingly, we did not observe this effect in ureasefunctionalized nanoswimmers. We explain this difference by the fact that urease continuously converts urea, which leads to a decrease in the local urea concentration and thus preserves the stability of the DNA nanostructure.