The performance across the two cohorts in identifying the least thermodynamically favored step coupled with the explanations did not differ across the two cohorts despite explicit instruction being 255 provided in cohort 2. One of the arguments for why targeted instruction in the course provided similar data is that the format of the course, being hybrid and condensed in the summer, could have impacted the outcome of the targeted instruction. However, student performance in Fall 2023 reflected that explicit instruction of the interplay does not impact the outcome. On the items in Figure , students averaged less than 50% on a and c and a little over 60% on b. The information was emphasized at 260 different points during lectures and discussions.