Feature Generation for Protein Kinase Domains: The sequences of 497 human kinase domains were extracted from Modi & Dunbrack's MSA and were used for the subsequent feature generation. To reduce the noise level in our dataset, the TrimAl program was utilized to selectively filter out columns from the MSA that contained gaps, ensuring a gapfree final alignment. This refined alignment was then used to generate four types of amino acid descriptors: Z-scale , T-scale , ST-scale , and physical properties , with descriptor vector lengths of 453 for Z-scale, 755 for T-scale, 1208 for ST-scale, and 302 for Physical properties, respectively. Additionally, one-hot encoding of the kinase domain name information was implemented as a negative control benchmark.