-In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, protein-based inverse vaccines loaded in polymeric biodegradable lactic-glycolic acid (PLGA) nano/microparticles (NP) to obtain the sustained release of myelin autoantigens and regulatory adjuvants, such as interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-10. -In another study, it has been reported that tolerogenic potential of immunodominant myelin T-cell epitopes can be improved by conjugation to a carrier polyethylene glycol (PEG) in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model for chronic multiple sclerosis. -In addition to PLGA microparticles, some other drug delivery systems that have been explored for inverse vaccines include, such as liposomes -lipid-based nanoparticles that can encapsulate and deliver vaccine antigens and adjuvants. Liposomes can be engineered to target specific cells and enhance the immune response, making them a potential delivery system for inverse vaccines. Emulsions, such as oil-in-water emulsions, can serve as vaccine delivery platforms and have been used to enhance the immune response. The emulsion formulation could potentially be adapted to deliver inverse vaccine antigens in a targeted manner. Virus-like particles (VLPs), non-infectious, self-assembling nanoparticles derived from viral structural proteins that can be used to deliver vaccine antigens. The particulate nature and ability to present antigens in a native-like conformation make VLPs an interesting option for inverse vaccine delivery. Polymer-based nanoparticles: in addition to PLGA microparticles, other biodegradable polymers like chitosan and poly(lactic acid) have been explored for nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery. These polymer nanoparticles could potentially be engineered to target the liver and induce immune tolerance for inverse vaccines. Exosomes are naturally occurring nanoparticles derived from cell membranes that can be engineered to carry vaccine antigens and adjuvants. The inherent targeting and immune-modulating properties of exosomes make them a promising platform for inverse vaccine delivery. -In a recent patent , multi-vesicular lipid nanoparticle tolerogenic vaccines have been developed for induction of systemic immune tolerance in vivo.