However, despite immense efforts in the development of diverse hydrogel-based inks for extrusion-based bioprinting, "printable" inks that possess the optimal rheological properties along with cell-friendly microstructures, controlled swelling response, biocompatibility and biodegradability remain elusive. Ideally, cell-encapsulating extrusion inks should exhibit high zero-shear viscosity (10 1 -10 7 mPa•s) to ensure fiber formation and enable multilayer stacking during printing while exhibiting shear-thinning properties to achieve low viscosities under high shear and minimize the shear stress on cells during extrusion . Upon deposition, rapid viscosity recovery and high yield stress (10 1 -10 3 Pa) are crucial to maintain structural integrity and avoid undesirable flows and loss of form .