The effect of operating parameters on the ion-separation capability of ion-exchange membranes was assessed in low-recovery (50%) ED experiments with synthetic PAIWW. A high degree of separation was observed for both anions and cations throughout the applied voltage range (Figure ). The P/SO4time plot (Figure ) for diluates in experiments 3, 4, and 6 (pH 1.5-2; 18-30 V) indicates the excellent separation of total P, which was mostly retained, and SO4 2-(with 80%-90% transport at the endpoint).