). An algorithm is developed to quantify environmental impacts based on a weighted distribution of participating countries and the shortest distance along major transport routes (the case of cobalt is presented as an example in Fig. .) Conventional mine-to-refinery environmental impacts are calculated for one kg of embodied Li, Ni, Co, and Al metal (Table ). While transport emissions for Li, Ni, and Co range from 5.4-6.4 kg CO2-eq/kg embodied metal, Al is three times lower. For the circular case applied to California, smartphones and EV battery packs collected at CFs are transported to a hypothetical central LIB circular refinement facility at the population-weighted center (i.e., gravity point) of California (near Bakersfield) . In conventional supply chains, transporting mined material concentrates accounts for 3.68 kg CO2-eq/kg NCA-eq and 4.32 kg CO2-eq/kg LCO-eq. By comparison, emissions for the transport of aggregated end-of-life NCA EV battery packs (i.e., not disassembled) and LCO smartphone batteries (not separated from phones) to a circular refinement facility are 0.073 kg CO2-eq/kg NCA-eq and 0.47 kg CO2-eq/kg LCO-eq, 98.2% and 89.1% lower than transport of mined concentrate, respectively. The reduction in CO2-eq emissions is attributed to differences in elemental concentrations of transported materials and aggregate transport distance (e.g., a weighted average of 224 km for circular NCA-eq materials, and 57,600 km for conventional NCA-eq materials).