Several interrelated factors drive the escalation of AMR. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in medicine, agriculture, and animal husbandry are primary contributors. Practices such as over-prescription, self-medication, and the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in livestock exacerbate the problem (UNEP, 2023). The pipeline for new antibiotics is worryingly sparse due to significant financial and scientific barriers faced by pharmaceutical companies . Moreover, environmental pollution and climate change contribute to the spread and mutation of resistant pathogens, complicating efforts to control AMR (UNEP, 2023; ASM.org).