Today CNCs are commercially manufactured around the world in pilot (kg-per-day) and semiindustrial (tonnes-per-day) scale facilities with the main manufacturers located in North America, Europe and China, as shown in Figure . CNCs are most commonly produced from wood pulp via sulfuric acid hydrolysis with variations in hydrolysis conditions such as temperature, acid concentration, time and biomass-to-acid ratio , as well as acid recovery designs .