indicates that the standard chemical potential (µ 0,Au e ) and the inner potential (ϕ Au ) are determined exclusively by the bulk of a gold electrode. Therefore, electrochemical potential of electrons (μ Au e = µ 0,Au e -ϕ Au ) and electrode potential are determined by Au bulk. Hence, for this example, the system and bath electrochemical potentials coincide, and Fermi level and CIP approaches work equally well in constant potential simulations.