In order to replicate the conditions of testing in saliva, the glucose and pH solutions were prepared using artificial saliva (pH 6.8) for the sensing experiments. In Fig. , Au/Pt-B/o-PD/β-CD/GOx modified electrodes were tested for 60 s at -0.25 V to measure the current by using the CA method under seven different glucose concentrations in artificial saliva. Moreover, the pH control technique was employed through biasing the protonator electrodes at 1.06 V under similar conditions and glucose concentrations in artificial saliva, as shown in Fig. . The resulting i-t curves demonstrated an increase in signal response with increasing glucose concentrations. Interestingly, in agreement, the current responses were higher when the pH control was activated. Fig. exhibits the calibration plots for glucose concentrations in artificial saliva, both with and without pH control. A semi-log scale was utilized to plot the extensive range of glucose concentrations . The sensor showed an improved sensitivity of -0.46 nA.mM -1 and theoretical LOD of 0.3 µM in artificial saliva. However, the measurements conducted in artificial saliva showed a clear decrease in signal response compared to the calibration obtained in PB solutions due to the high viscosity and the presence of proteins, growth factors, and electrolytes . Increased electrolyte viscosity impedes both mass and electron transfer. Consequently, the diffusion coefficients of glucose oxidase (GOx) and glucose decrease as viscosity rises, ultimately diminishing the rate of reactant transfer . Saliva samples from eight different calves (Teagasc research farm) were collected for glucose and pH measurements. The CA responses of these samples were recorded using the GOx modified electrodes, similar to conditions of artificial saliva. Initial measurements were conducted without pH control, as depicted in Fig. . These measurements showed varying glucose readings for each sample, complicating the determination of actual glucose levels due to the different pH levels in each sample. An attempt was made to detect the glucose level in the actual samples using a commercial glucometer (Abbot Freestyle Freedom Lite) (Fig. : inset), but it was unsuccessful due to the significantly lower glucose concentrations in saliva compared to blood or serum. This underscores the importance of pH control in accurately identifying glucose levels in saliva samples, which can help distinguish between sick and healthy calves. Fig. represents the CA measurements of the real saliva samples when the pH control is used. As it can be seen from the figure, calf 7 & 8's reading differed from the other six samples, suggesting those to be the sick calves in the group. This was inline and in agreement with the calf health scoring which also identified calf 7 & 8 as being unwell.