A variety of e-fuel production methods have been explored globally. For example, Direct- including Abu Dhabi, Italy, and Turkey, using different sources of CO2 and H2 to produce synthetic methane, methanol, and other e-fuels ; Power-to-Liquid (PtL) Processes: Both the UK and Germany have used methods involving Direct Air Capture (DAC) units, water electrolysis, and refinery plants, targeting power-to-liquid production for jet fuel hydrocarbons ; Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Synthesis: Utilized in several studies, spanning from the US to Europe, this process has been used with various feedstocks like H2, waste CO2, e-hydrogen, and biomass to produce diverse e-fuels .