For proof-of-concept and to streamline our model-building efforts, we selectively subsetted the dataset to focus on wild-type kinase data from the three largest families: CMGC, TYR, and TKL. To establish a classification framework, the total number of 24 491 points were binarized with a threshold of pX = 6 (Figure ). Ligands were featurized with Morgan fingerprints with the radius and the number of bits set to 5 and 1024 respectively. Protein embeddings were concatenated with ligand fingerprints to create joined protein-ligand representations.