The three-electrode perpendicular flow microfluidic device was placed in direct contact with a hot plate with a temperature controller (Cimarec+, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), which was connected to a datalogger for feedback control, as shown in Figure , similar to previous dynamic temperature experiments. This has advantages of improved accuracy by eliminating effects of temperature gradients experienced in most ovens, continuous temperature monitoring to avoid overshooting, and direct feedback between locally applied heating and locally measured temperature. To account for slight variations in surface temperature across the microfluidic device, three probes were placed at different positions on the device surface, two at the sides of the device and one on top (Figure ). We used the average temperature as the value that corresponded to the stable current obtained once the temperature reached its setpoint, and the standard deviation was noted. The resulting fine control over temperature enabled tightly controlled temperature conditions ranging from 25°C to 35°C.