Electricity consumption dominates the environmental impacts of lithium-ion battery circular refinement. The relative environmental impacts of input consumables (e.g., energy, water, commodity chemicals) in the gate-to-gate refinement processes are disaggregated in Fig. (additional criteria air pollutants in Tables S2-S3, Figs. ). Note that the embodied environmental impacts of electricity consumption in Fig. are based on the Nevada Power Company (NEVP) at the Redwood Materials location. Electricity consumption is a principal factor dominating the environmental impacts. For both LIB feedstock pathways (Methods (4) and (5) in Fig. ), electricity accounts for 70.3-91.0% of the total energy consumption, 71.8-79.1% of the total CO2-eq emissions, and 54.3-63.6% of water consumption (Fig. ). For both feedstocks, Hy processes comprise the majority of environmental impacts, contributing more than 87.3% to energy consumption, 86.3% to CO2-eq emission, and 88.8% to water consumption. Notably, the additional RC step required for processing energized batteries only marginally contributes to CO2eq emissions (7.4% of total). Unlike conventional pyrometallurgical processes that require external energy sources , the RC process is primarily autothermic because it leverages process heat released from exothermic reactions of the LIB materials . In addition to electricity consumption, chemical reagents used in circular refinement processes also contribute to embodied environmental impacts. Alkali reagents used to precipitate metals contribute between 19.0-21.3% of environmental impacts (largest relative contribution to water consumption). H2O2 is used to reduce high-oxidation state metal compounds for hydrometallurgical leaching of scrap material, and accounts for 11.3-20.1% of environmental impacts (largest relative contribution to energy consumption).