were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 12,000 x g, the supernatant was removed, and SiGNPs were resuspended in 200 µL of 10 µM DBCO-modified ssDNA in PBS and incubated overnight at 37°C under stirring. At the end of the incubation, the sample was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 12,000 x g, the supernatant was removed, and SiGNPs resuspended in 200 µL of MQ water. Centrifugation was repeated three times to wash GNPs. Finally, SiGNPs were redispersed using an immersion sonicator.