Raman spectroscopy was utilized to investigate the crystal structure of the synthesized photocatalysts by analyzing their vibrational modes, with the resulting spectrum illustrated below. The characteristic Raman modes associated with the anatase phase of titanium dioxide (TiO2) were identified in both undoped and doped samples. Specifically, the observed modes include Eg(1) at 143 cm⁻¹, Eg(2) at 196 cm⁻¹, Eg(3) at 636 cm⁻¹, B1g at 396 cm⁻¹, and A1g + B1g at 517 cm⁻¹.