Based on this concept, different types of activation/deactivation reaction cycles have been designed to construct chemically fuelled fibers, micelles, particles, and liquid droplets by using different precursor molecules such as amino acids, peptides, lipid analogues, reactive DNA, and synthetic molecules . For example, both Boekhoven's and Hartly´s groups have designed a reaction cycle by using anhydride formation as an activation reaction fuelled by carbodiimide, and spontaneous hydrolysis of the anhydride in water as a deactivation reaction . The activation/deactivation reaction cycles constructed with different types of chemical reactions have been thoroughly reviewed by Hermans and coworkers . These dissipative networks present several significant life-like dynamic behaviours: 1) they are fully dynamic: the precursors, the products, and the assemblies are in dynamic exchange; 2) they stay away from equilibrium with the input of the chemical fuel and continuously dissipate the input chemical energy as a result of kinetic asymmetry of the activation/deactivation reaction cycle ; 3) the emergent assemblies display lifecycles of appearance, growth, and decay, and the ability of regeneration and self-healing.