The prepared cathodes are assembled into CR2032 coin cells with electrolyte, a polypropylene separator, and a lithium foil anode in an argon filled glove box. Cells are tested in a VMP3 potentiostats from 0.8-3 V at 0.1 C for 4 cycles. A renishaw QONTOR instrument with a 532 nm laser is employed for the ex-situ Raman spectroscopy in the range from 0-4000 cm -1 with a resampling interval of 1 cm -1 . Cycled cathodes at 0%, 66%, and 100% depth of discharge and a cathode without cycling are measured.