Electrospinning was utilized to fabricate this layer, as it allows for the creation of nanofibrous structures with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Finally, the third layer, the tunica intima, was designed to mimic the endothelial lining of a natural blood vessel, which is essential for promoting blood compatibility and endothelialization. Gelatin, with its favorable properties for promoting cell adhesion and endothelial cell growth , was selected as the coating material for the lumen of the vascular graft. The gelatin coating was applied using the perfusion technique, ensuring a thin and uniform layer adhering to the graft's surface. The PBS-DLS-PEG copolymers were recently synthesized and characterized in our previous work , .