Non-invasive and automated technologies: (i) Time-lapse imaging -continuous monitoring of embryos without the need for manual handling improves embryo selection and reduces stress on the embryos; (ii) Automated IVF systems: robotics and automation are being integrated into laboratories to improve the efficiency and consistency of processes like fertilization and embryo transfer; (iii) Non-invasive genetic testing: techniques to assess the genetic health of embryos using culture media, rather than invasive biopsy, are being developed to minimize risks. Artificial wombs: Research into ectogenesis, or artificial womb technology, aims to support the development of embryos outside the human body. Such technology is providing solutions for individuals unable to carry pregnancies due to medical or anatomical reasons, and advancing neonatal care by supporting extremely premature infants. 121, 122