Through microfabrication techniques, it is possible to create artificial blood networks with feature sizes that are comparable to those in the natural lungs. This substantially increases the efficiency of gas exchange and decreases the blood prime volume of microfluidic artificial lungs in comparison with commercial oxygenators. However, despite their efficiency, two main hurdles still need to be addressed for microfluidic artificial lungs to become a clinical reality: long-term hemocompatibility and scalability.