The MEA was sealed with a torque of 4 Nm in the PEFC test fixture (Scribner Associates, USA) between two graphite flow fields, consisting of 17 serpentine passes with channel widths and depths of 1 mm. The PEFC was then installed into an 850e test system (Scribner Associates, USA), undergoing a conditioning cycle to 'break-in' the MEA before the polarisation curves and diagnostic tests were carried out . Diagnostic tests at three different health states (normal, reactant starvation, drying) were performed at a current density of 400 mA cm -2 . To induce starvation, the cathode-side stoichiometry was reduced from +3.0 to +1.5, reducing the amount of oxygen available for the reaction. Although a stoichiometry of +1.5 indicates 50% more oxygen than is theoretically required, it is likely to cause some starvation, particularly on a local level. To induce drying, the inlet temperatures of the anode and cathode were reduced to ~40℃ (while maintaining a cell temperature of 60°C). This reduced the amount of water entering the system.