Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their heterostructures have emerged as intriguing novel material platforms, offering distinctive physical and chemical properties . These characteristics have the potential to unlock exciting opportunities for innovative functional applications in (opto)electronic devices , electrocatalysis and energy storage . Among the various 2D materials, semiconducting transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) containing molybdenum (Mo) have garnered significant attention within the scientific community. The heightened interest is primarily due to their exceptional electronic and optical properties, which can be finely tuned by controlling factors like thickness, composition, and structural defects . This tunability directly stems from their hexagonal symmetry structure, where each Mo atom is intricately coordinated by six neighboring chalcogen atoms (S, Se, or Te), forming strong covalent bonds and adopting a trigonal-prismatic geometry through the hybridization of molybdenum's sd 5 orbitals. This structural arrangement results in a lack of coordinatively unsaturated surface sites, rendering the basal planes of materials like MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , and MoTe 2 generally chemically inert, with most external interactions primarily driven by van der Waals (vdW) forces. Moreover, the distinctive bonding configuration in these sheets results in the outward-projecting p z orbitals of chalcogen atoms contributing to the valence band maximum (VBM). This feature enables effective charge transfers, even in cases where surface interactions are relatively weak . As a result, the electronic properties of TMDs are highly susceptible to surface interactions, further expanding their potential use in various applications.