Among the non-commercial organizations, more than 65% of the leading organizations originate from the United States with the University of California leading overall (Figure ). The remaining consist of two research organizations each from South Korea (KOR) and China (CHN) with the L'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) being the only French organization featuring in the top 15 non-commercial organizations. In recent years, these leading organizations appear to be involved in research across a variety of rare diseases such as SLE, HD, multiple sclerosis, and the more obscure ones such as disabling pansclerotic morphea and Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Patents filed by researchers from the University of California in recent years (2015 onwards) cover a diverse group of ailments including developing small molecule inhibitors targeting various proteins and potentially useful in the treatment of ALS (WO2023086603, 70 WO2022104148 71 ), using a SARS-Cov-2 pseudoviral delivery system for therapeutic transgene as potential treatment for HD (WO2022165538A1 ), and development of GABA positive allosteric modulators (WO2018236955 ) and peptide-based inhibitors for treatment of MG, (WO2018049053 74 ). In our dataset we identified leading rare diseases and rare cancers based on the number of documents (journals and patents) associated with them using the robust data curation performed by CAS and are shown as heat maps in Figure ,B -ALS, HD, and MG all feature in the list. Other well-studied rare diseases include autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, 75 SLE, scleroderma, Sjӧgren's syndrome, and inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia. Among the top 10 well-studied rare cancers, ~30% are hematological malignancies (blood cancers) such as multiple myeloma, 81 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and AML. The list is also populated with rare cancers such as pheochromocytoma, type of neuroendocrine tumor ; cholangiocarcinoma, cancer of the bile duct, and melanoma, a type of skin cancer. Other examples of leading rare cancers include hepatocellular carcinoma, a type of liver cancer, mesothelioma which is cancer occurring in the tissue surrounding internal organs (mesothelium), and an aggressive form of brain cancer called glioblastoma. 89 Having identified leading rare diseases and rare cancers in our dataset, we wanted to see how interest in these, and other rare diseases have played out over the last few years. To determine this, we plotted the relative increase in publications (journal and patent) for the period 2018-2022 normalized with respect to total publications for that period for each disease (Figure ). HD, ALS, and MG show a clear, steady, and consistent increase in publications over the 5year period. This increase is perhaps most evident for MG with publications nearly doubling between 2018 and 2022. A few rare diseases such as scleroderma, an autoimmune disease resulting in hardening of skin, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, an aggressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in death and progressive supranuclear palsy, neurodegenerative disorder affecting muscles and movement, show waning publications over the years. Sjӧgren's syndrome, Graves' disease, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis 93 also show a downward trend in publications indicative of decrease in interest from the scientific community. Multiple sclerosis, SLE, sarcoidosis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome, all of which involve the body's immune system, show more or less consistent number of publications with minor fluctuations.