Low carbon fuel policies such as the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), Canada Clean Fuel Regulations (CFR), and California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) are intended to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions associated with transportation. The RFS is unique among these three programs because of its pathway-based fuel carbon intensity (CI) reduction threshold categorization structure (sometimes referred to as a "technology mandate"). If fuel producers verify they utilized a certain feedstock and production process to produce a certain fuel, the fuel is assigned to the corresponding fuel category (referred to with a "D code") and effectively assigned a predetermined CI (e.g., a D code of 3 or 7 signifies that the fuel was produced from a cellulosic feedstock and achieves a 60% CI reduction compared to a petroleum baseline fuel ).