Exosomes offer a dual approach to neuroprotection: they can modulate the inflammatory environment, reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress that exacerbate neuronal death, while simultaneously promoting synaptic plasticity and neuronal regeneration. Exosomes derived from MSCs, NSCs, and iPSCs have demonstrated the ability to carry neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which are essential for supporting neuronal survival and growth. This combination of protective and regenerative capabilities positions