Here, σ denotes conductivity, m for ion concentration , and µ i is the ion mobility. In highly concentrated regions, high electric fields and close ion proximity reduce the number of free ions contributing to conduction. Beside, ion mobility, the average ion speed per unit electric field, results from the balance between external electric field forces and ion movement resistance, including ion-ion, ion-solvent, and solvent-solvent interactions. As electrolyte concentration increases, molecular distances shrink, intensifying short-range interactions and increasing resistance, thus reducing ion mobility. This behavior is captured by the exponential decline in conductivity.