Parental and child rights: Use of donors (egg, sperm) and surrogates introduces legal and emotional complexities regarding parental rights and the child's right to know their genetic origins. Using gametes or embryos from deceased individuals raises questions about consent and the welfare of the resulting child. Societal biases and legal hurdles may affect the access of same-sex couples or single individuals to ART. Genetic and technological ethics: Technologies like CRISPR used in ART raise concerns about unintended consequences, heritable changes, and societal implications of altering human genetics. The creation of gametes from stem cells and the development of artificial wombs challenge traditional views of reproduction and may blur ethical boundaries.