In addition, recent studies have investigated the use of pulsed electric field (PEF) extraction, which applies short bursts of high voltage to plant cells, causing them to rupture and release dye compounds. A study by demonstrated that PEF could enhance the extraction of betalains from beetroot, achieving higher yields and preserving the stability of the dye compounds . PEF is advantageous due to its low energy consumption and minimal solvent use, though the initial setup cost for PEF equipment is a potential limitation.