where 𝜎𝜎 is the in-plane stress (𝜎𝜎 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 from the right side of Fig. ) at the cathode-electrolyte interface, E' is the electrolyte biaxial elastic modulus, 𝜀𝜀 𝑐𝑐ℎ is the strain induced by the cathode / electrolyte thermal expansion mismatch, 𝛥𝛥𝛼𝛼 is the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of the anode-facing material and its counterpart. If there is no mechanical relaxation (i.e., bending, creep, or interfacial delamination), then the resulting residual compression will act to deflect dendrites just as P in Fig. . From the analysis in the previous section, 𝑃𝑃 can be taken as 𝜎𝜎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐. (≈