Rinsing protocol: DNA origami incubated samples, immerse the substrate in 20-30 mL deionized water for 2 min, twice; streptavidin incubated samples, immerse the substrate in 20-30 mL 1x PBS buffer for 2 min, twice. Same incubation protocol of DNA origami or streptavidin (with concentration noted in corresponding samples) on non-patterned substrates modified with polymer brush monolayers was adopted. For non-passivating surfaces against streptavidin, an additional deionized water rinse was used, as salt deposits from the PBS buffer occur after large amounts of streptavidin adsorb on the incubated surface area.