In the broader scope of environmental remediation, photocatalysts offer a promising solution for mitigating pollution and reducing the carbon footprint . For instance, photocatalytic materials can be used to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater, convert CO2 into valuable chemicals, and degrade harmful substances in the atmosphere. These applications play a pivotal role in combating climate change and environmental degradation. Photocatalytic hydrogen production also contributes to the development of a clean energy economy, providing an alternative to conventional fossil-fuel-based energy sources. The ability of photocatalysts to harness solar energy for both environmental remediation and clean energy production exemplifies their potential as a key technology for a sustainable future .