Mann Whitney U tests for between group differences demonstrated that across the sample, students with programming experience appraised their understanding and comfort with using omics data higher than students without previous experience prior to the course (Table ). When these attitudes were analyzed after the course, Mann Whitney U tests demonstrated that these attitudes persisted, although the size of this effect had reduced between pre-test and post-test measures (13.1, 13.2). Because these measures of attitudes are self-reported by students, we also considered the final course grade of students to complement these subjective attitude measures. Despite feeling more confident about their ability to use omics data, a Mann Whitney U test revealed that there were no significant differences between the final course grades of students with previous computer programming experience (Mean rank= 80.72) compared with students without previous computer programming experience (Mean rank= 76.49; z=0.618, p > 0.50, r=-0.05). In evaluating the course (13.3), students with programming experience were significantly more likely to have found statistics and omics analysis less intimidating because of the labs (Mean rank= 100.45) compared to students without previous computer programming experience (Mean rank= 80.36; z= -2.80, p <0.01, r=-0.21).