log P) from -0.4 to 5.6, topological polar surface area (TPSA) from 0 Å² to 140 Å², and Wildman-Crippen molar refractivity from 40 to 130. These specific ranges were selected to reflect characteristics commonly found in orally active drugs, ensuring that the molecules evaluated would be relevant for potential pharmaceutical applications. For all three algorithms -GB-GA, GB-EPI, and GB-BI -we utilized a batch size of 40 molecules, maintaining this size for the initial selection as well. This consistent batch size ensures that each algorithm evaluates an equivalent set of molecules, providing a fair comparison of their performance. Additionally, we applied stringent criteria to filter out unsuitable molecules. Specifically, molecules that exhibited structural alerts, which are indicative of potential toxicity or other undesirable properties, were excluded from the archives. Furthermore, we removed any molecules that failed to meet Veber's rule of druglikeness.