Advances in modelling of electrochemical interfaces have allowed computational chemists to study charged surfaces by incorporating electric fields into electronic structure simulations using density functional theory (DFT) as illustrated in Fig. . For electrochemical processes which induce polarization of electron density, the corresponding reaction energy depends on the electrochemical potential of the surface, where the effects of the electric field are found to be strongly dependent on its dipole moment and polarizability, according to: 5,23,24