In the pyrometallurgy route, the main objectives of this step are to deactivate batteries and improve worker safety . This process involves a high-temperature furnace, initially emptied and then filled with pure nitrogen gas, within this furnace, metals and oxides in the battery are melted and converted into a copper, cobalt, iron, and nickel alloy, through the use of redox reactions occurring at temperatures of approximately 500-600 °C.