Despite obvious benefits, the development of vaccines against multidrug-resistant strains has been slow. In recent years, bacterial vaccine-related research has branched out into the incorporation of nanoparticles for improved delivery 244 as well as increased/improved antigenicity. Another avenue of interest is the development of vaccines against multiple bacterial strains. The critical role of vaccinations in helping to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic is bound to help generate interest in and accelerate the development of bacterial vaccines, especially mRNA-based vaccines. Indeed, in early 2023, Kon et al. reported an mRNA-based lipid nanoparticle vaccine for the deadly bacteria Yersinia pestis responsible for plague. 247