After investigating the two-dimensional cases, we study the three-dimensional cases in this section. The 3D simulations were performed using different parameters for the applied current density and the liquid/solid conductivity ratio, the results of which are illustrated in Fig. . For runs (A) and (B), the opted parameters were set as [τ = 0.005, λ = 5] and [τ = 0.5, λ = 1], respectively. As a comparison to 2D simulations, the chosen parameters made the runs (A) and (B) similar to the runs in the bottom left and top right of Fig. , respectively, where all the other parameters were kept the same. For case (B) with higher liquid/solid conductivity ratio, the result is quite similar to the 2D simulations where the flow pathway emerged over the membrane (Figs. and). However, an interesting design was observed for case (A) with higher applied current density, in which the optimization algorithm created two flow pathways in order to add more liquid to satisfy the applied current density in the non-limiting kinetics systems (due to parameter δ).