where 𝒙 8 is a normalized position of i-th coarse-grained particle in a DNA coacervate; 𝑡 is the normalized simulation time; 𝜁 is a normalized friction constant; 𝝃 8 is a normalized thermal noise force (〈𝝃 8 〉 = 0 and 〈𝝃 8 (𝑡)𝝃 9 (𝑡′)〉 = 2𝑇𝜁𝛿 89 𝛿(𝑡 -𝑡′)𝑰; 𝑰 is the identity matrix); 𝑇 is the normalized 'virtual' temperature of the system; 𝑈 -1-is a total potential composed of (i) the sum of the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential between all pairs of particles and (ii) the sum of the harmonic potential representing elastic energy between particles connected with a spring. Here, the friction against DNA coacervate phase separation is assumed to decrease with the microdroplet radius as the above hypothesis. The connected particles can be stochastically disconnected with a disconnection rate 𝑝(𝑙 88 , ) = Δ𝑡 )* 𝑒 ):;<= --, >/@ , where Δ𝐸(𝑙 88 , ) = 𝐸 A -* step of simulation; 𝐸 A decides the intrinsic disconnection rate without spring extension at the normalized temperature 𝑇: 𝑝(0) = Δ𝑡 )* 𝑒 ); . /@ . That is, the disconnection probability depends on the ratio of the stored elastic energy * & 𝜅𝑙 88 , & to thermal energy (∝ 𝑇) . Once the particles are disconnected, they remain unconnected. In contrast to the original model, the temperature was not constant when analyzing the annealing process of DNA coacervates in this study. Thus, the model was extended under the assumption that the temperature linearly decreased as follows: