Considering the energy intensity for these processes, the simulated seawater BPM requires a larger energy intensity at high current densities due to mass-transport limitations associated with the low concentrations of dissolved carbon species and the resulting low coulombic efficiency. However, at low current densities, where the flux is well matched to the concentration of (bi)carbonates, the energy intensity for CO2 generation by the BPM is < 100 kJ mol CO2 -1 . Further, the simulated energy intensity for CO2 desorption at 3.3 mA cm -2 is 108 kJ mol CO2 -1 , which agrees quite well with the 155 kJ mol CO2 -1 experimental reported by Digdaya et al., when considering the energy requirement in that report included losses associated with a ferro/ferricyanide redox couple at the working and counter electrodes (~40 kJ mol CO2 -1 at an equivalent current density).