Media production for GAC requires activation processes and may involve mining (e.g., coal), which consumes high energy and release greenhouse gases, making this phase a major contributor to the environmental impact of GAC treatment systems. Similarly, the production of IX resins, particularly single-use resins, involves the synthesis of polymers. This process causes high environmental impacts, including ozone-depleting emissions. Incineration of spent media from both GAC and IX, especially when used as single-use, is energy-intensive (above 1100°C