Further studies demonstrated that CuO NPs synthesized from Zizyphusspina leaf extract were highly effective in controlling Fusarium solani, the pathogen responsible for root rot in tomatoes, surpassing the efficacy of chemical fungicides and Trichoderma biocide treatments. These CuO NPs also promoted more vigorous tomato seedling growth . Additionally, Khaldari et al. used green tea (Camellia sinensis) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) leaf extracts to synthesize CuO NPs and demonstrated that low concentrations (as low as 4 μg/mL), the NPs significantly promoted root and shoot growth in lettuce and tomato seedlings.