Cholesterol's role in eukaryotic membranes presents an opportunity to improve AMP selectivity and reduce toxicity. Curvaturedependent mechanisms like toroidal pore formation are inhibited by cholesterol-induced membrane stiffness of the outer membrane leaflet. Similarly, nanotube formation is constrained in cholesterol-containing membranes due to the substantial deformations required during pore initiation . In contrast, carpet-like mechanisms are common for hemolytic pep- tides. For example, cationic peptides, such as SAAP-148, relying on interactions with anionic phospholipids are less likely to disrupt RBC membranes, whereas peptides like -lysin, which target zwitterionic surfaces and depend on hydrophobicity, exhibit higher hemolytic potential. Ultimately, the physicochemical properties of AMPs, including hydrophobicity and charge, play a pivotal role in determining toxicity and off-target effects. These aspects are critical for advancing AMP design and will be further explored in the next section.