62 This size was a compromise between having a suciently large system to model a comparatively low excipient concentration, with enough excipient molecules for the system to be thermodynamically realistic, and the prohibitive computational expense that would result from larger systems to model concentrations approaching those found in HSA therapeutic formulations. Sucient excipient molecules were added to bring their concentration to 0.1 % w/w, an industrially relevant concentration, 63,64 via gmx insert-molecules inserting into vacuum. In practice, this leads to a variable molar concentration, proportional to the molecular weight of the excipient. This is not an issue, as it maintains the quantity of Martini beads across all simulations and makes comparisons between them more straightforward. The vacuum system was minimised for 1000 steps using the steepest descent algorithm and solvated using the MARTINI polarisable water model.