Biofilms are complex microbial communities adhering to surfaces . In engineered water systems, biofilms develop on the inner wall of water pipes and pose significant risks. Drinking water biofilms harbor pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant bacteria, corrode pipes, reduce water flow rate, deteriorate water quality, and increase the costs and complexity of water distribution . Monitoring and controlling biofilm formation in engineered water systems with conventional approaches are challenging because assessing the biofilms inside of the water pipes is difficult and biofilms are protected by an extracellular matrix . ML provides novel solutions for assessing and controlling drinking water biofilms (Table ).