At the statewide average, we find that that LDVs are the vehicle fleet with the largest aggregate impact on overall PWM PM2.5 exposures and absolute disparities. For example, considering Hispanic Californians, LDVs account for 65-70% of the 0.2-0.4 µg/m 3 absolute disparity in PM2.5 exposure from on-road mobile sources (Figs. and). Contributions to the absolute disparity from HDVs (16-24%), MDVs (9-14%), and all other vehicles (<5%) are substantially smaller. Considering the PWM distribution of PM2.5 by vehicle fleet type and race ethnicity, we find broadly similar racial-ethnic distributions of exposure attributable to LDVs, HDVs, and MDVs, with Hispanic Californians receiving the highest exposures (Fig. ). ). Second, LDV emissions are more concentrated near population centers than other vehicle fleets, so LDVs result in a substantially higher-than-average exposure impact (Fig. metric: µg/m 3 population-weighed exposure per ton of annual emissions; this metric is directly related to intake fraction, e.g., .