Incubation of samples under flow for samples subjected to biologically relevant flow conditions, a peristaltic pump (Ismatec REGLO, Cole Palmer, Cambridgeshire, UK) was used to control shear flow and recirculate the nanoparticle suspensions. Nanoparticle suspensions dispersed in either PBS or 10 % vol (in PBS) were introduced to Masterflex silicone tubing (Cole Palmer, #WZ-06411-62, 1.6 mm. inner diameter and 3.2 mm outer diameter) at 37 °C for 2 hours at (0.85 cm/s) and (8.5 cm/s) to mimic physiologically relevant median cubital vein and arterial blood flow conditions, respectively .