Molecular docking simulations and analysis: HDOCK2.0 performs molecular docking simulations to predict how the protein interacts with antibodies . The PRODIGY web server was utilized to calculate the binding energy between the HpaA and antibodies . I computed hydrogen bonds formed between the HpaA-antibody complexes, which allowed us to determine interaction stability. The antibodies were selected based on the visual inspection, number of hydrogen bonds, and binding energy.