Electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques are capable of probing various aspects of solid-liquid interfaces but provide limited insight into the molecular scale characteristics of interfacial electric fields. Typical electrochemical techniques infer interfacial properties based primarily on current-voltage relationships. The benefit of electrochemical techniques is that they are capable of directly isolating the interface; however, the measurements average over macroscopic surfaces and thus lack molecular detail. Molecular scale interfacial properties (e.g., electric field profiles) must be inferred using theoretical models which often include unverified assumptions. Furthermore, the interpretation of electrochemical measurement tends to assume a homogeneous interfacial structure, yet it has often been speculated that surface imperfections can play an outsized role in interfacial chemistry and thus in facilitating the flow of current. 27