NMR experiments were conducted by using a Bruker Avance Neo 400 MHz spectrometer, which was equipped with a temperature-controlled 5 mm-probe head. The spectra were recorded at a temperature of 65 °C and a standard 1 H pulse program from Bruker ('zg90') was used. The relaxation delay (d1) was set to 25 s, the acquisition time was 2 s, and a total of 16 (or 32) scans were performed. For the analysis, carrageenan solutions with a concentration of 5 mg/mL were prepared in deuterium oxide and treated in a water bath at 70 °C until complete dissolution of the sample. As an internal reference, 0.5 µL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added (2.696 ppm, according to van de Velde et al. ). The signals of the anomeric protons of the D/DA-unit can be used to identify the different types of carrageenan .