Along the way, at the Mt-CO2 year -1 scale, the costs range from $250-1500 t-CO2 -1 . The lowest estimate for 3 of the 4 technologies converges onto $90-140 t-CO2 -1 , indicating the lower limit to the cost of DACS under our current assumptions and the four technologies studied here. The technology with the highest cost at scale is the electrochemical KOH BPMED due to its (current) high electricity requirement of 22.5 GJ t-CO2 -1 . However, alternative electrochemical technologies have the potential to reduce this requirement. For example, the recent work by the Hatton group demonstrates a technology that could use much less energy, 66,67 but there is not enough published data, and the technology readiness level is too low to perform an accurate cost assessment, and hence this technology improvement was not considered for analysis in this work.