Each one of the models requires two sorts of parameters. They are referred to here as the manufacturing parameters and the FF parameters. The manufacturing parameters are the chosen parameters used to determine the influence of each manufacturing process, whereas the FF parameters are variables in the Newtonian equation governing the interaction among the particles in the system. The simulation output is a 3D microstructure of the electrode considering Periodic Boundary (PB) conditions for the corresponding manufacturing step where the output of the previous phase is fed consecutively into the next one-the resulting microstructure of the slurry simulations into the drying model, then finally, the resulting microstructure from the drying model is injected in the calendering model. The solid to liquid ratio is defined as the mass of the dry material before the solvent addition over the mass of the slurry after the solvent addition. The active material (AM), SE, carbon additives and binder wt.%, The SE particle size distribution (PSD) are the manufacturing parameters measured in-house for the workflow (more information is provided in the Experimental Section). These values were decided beforehand and lead to acceptable results in terms of electrochemical results and coating homogeneity. Throughout the simulation process, all manufacturing parameters were as experimentally defined and kept without further changes. To fit the FF parameters, some of the simulation outputs (such as density, viscosity and porosity) are compared with the experiments after each manufacturing step., Within the CGMD simulations, the AM and SE are considered to be two distinct groups of spheres that represent particles in the 3D geometrical domain with a particle size distribution and a certain density.