Clavibacter michiganensis (Figure ), recognized as a plant pathogen , demonstrated a significant increase in the iPD group compared to the control and PD-/LRRK2+ groups. The same trend was observed for Marmoricola sp Leaf446. (Figure ). This species has been mainly isolated from environmental sources, however a previous study found the Marmoricola genus to be highly abundant in the nasal microbiota of PD patients compared to control individuals . Nocardioides (Figure ), was found elevated in the iPD group compared to the PD-/LRRK2+. Of note, Nocardioides spp. can degrade a wide range of organic pollutants such as nitrophenol, ibuprofen, cotinine, melamine, or atrazine. Furthermore, Nocardioides can carry out steroid biodegradation and biotransformation . Sphingomonas spp. (Figure -H), was found significantly higher in the dust samples from the iPD compared to the PD-/LRRK2+ group. Interestingly, a previous study reported higher abundances of Sphingomonas genera in feces samples from PD patients, compared to a healthy control group, associated this with motor complications . Candidatus Rickettsiella isopodorum (Figure ), an intracellular bacterium infecting terrestrial isopods , was significantly higher in the control group. Lastly, statistically significantly elevated abundances of Acinetobacter parvus (Figure ) were observed in the PD+/LRRK2+ group compared to the others. This is an opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial infections.