Building on the second point, the third point is that in this analysis the emission inventory appears to be a larger source of potential error than the choice of air quality model. For example, the r 2 value for total concentration predictions in five cities between GEOS-Chem and InMAP when using the same emission inventory is 0.98 (Figure ), but the r 2 value between GEOS-Chem and InMAP for the fractional contribution of Residential, Commercial, and Other emissions in 43 cities when using different versions of the CEDS inventory ) at different spatial resolutions is 0.01 (Figure ).