Another common approach, fused filament fabrication (FFF), employs extrusion 3D printing to fabricate intricate scaffolds with customizable shapes and sizes based on CAD designs , . While offering promise in blood vessel scaffold fabrication, FFF encounters challenges in achieving nanoscale dimensions critical for mimicking vascular wall components, limiting its functionality in this context since the vascular wall components, such as fibrous proteins of ECM, are in the nano range . These limitations have spurred the development of various strategies, such as designing and fabricating tubular structures through hybrid approaches that integrate multiple fabrication techniques. Notably, the combination of electrospinning and 3D printing has emerged as a promising avenue , . This integration enables the creation of mechanically stable scaffolds with intricate multiscale (micro-nano) hierarchical structures, essential for mimicking functional vascular scaffolds . One notable example of this advanced fabrication technique involves utilizing chitosan and polycaprolactone (PCL) for fabricating small diameter blood vessels (≤ 6mm) . This approach incorporates a combination of 3D printing and electrospinning techniques, achieving excellent hydrophilicity and mechanical properties, notably enhanced by the introduction of 3D-printed PCL strands on the electrospun substrate, showcasing a promising approach for advanced biomimetic constructs in cardiovascular tissue engineering.