As the prevalence of LIBs grows in the mobility sector and beyond, strategic placement of domestic LIB collection, refinement and manufacturing facilities can further minimize future environmental impacts by considering heterogenous LIB growth by location, collection approach, transportation distance, and electricity source for refinement processes. As LIB production scales, policies informed by consumer surveys, focus groups, pilot testing, and diverse stakeholder engagement will be needed to research and scale battery collection . Business models for collection of all LIB types and sizes will likely vary from manufacturer-led to municipal or private collection programs. In addition to collection costs, the varied scale of collection requires further investigation, particularly for localized environmental impacts. Notably, analogous economic and environmental impacts to local ecosystems of conventional mining are not considered in this analysis, and warrant future studies . Additionally, designing and manufacturing LIBs for recycling in a circular economy can reduce resource usage identified in this study . Future efforts should also focus on optimizing refinement processes for subsequent steps of the circular supply chain in LIB manufacturing, product performance, and economic cost.