The model crude glycerol electrooxidation reaction solution consisted of a 2.0 M NaOH solution in a 1:4 w/w ratio of glycerol and water. A 2.0 M NaOH solution was used for comparative oxygen evolution reaction (OER) anolyte. A 2.0 M H2SO4 solution was prepared for use as an acidic HER catholyte. A model seawater catholyte was prepared by mixing 41.9 g L -1 of the artificial sea salt mix with HPLC water. CO2RR was performed in a 0.500 M Na2CO3 solution.