Circular pathways refining batteries to different products are analyzed using the Redwood data by the RC+Me+Hy process and the modeling of a representative battery recycling method combining mechanical and hydrometallurgy (Me+Hy) refinement (Method (3) in Fig. ). The Redwood process refines recycled batteries to mixed metal sulfate, (Ni,Co)SO4, whereas the representative Me+Hy produces discrete NiSO4 and CoSO4 as the products. The RC pathway (RC+Me+Hy) exhibits lower energy consumption (-72.3%), CO2-eq emissions (-39.5%), and water consumption (-12%) relative to the Me+Hy pathway (Fig. ), because it avoids additional treatment separating (Ni,Co)SO4 to discrete salts. Overall, our results indicate that refining batteries to mixed metal salts instead of discrete salts can substantially save environmental impacts while still satisfying the needs of circular LIB supply chains. Our findings also provide important insights to optimizing plant-scale battery refining operations. In the following sections, mixed saltbased pathways are analyzed for refinement. ). Numbers in parentheses labelled on the top of stacked bars denote the refinement methods summarized in Fig. .