Similarly, no discernible peaks corresponding to boron were observed in the XRD spectra. Boron is typically incorporated into the lattice of TiO₂ at substitutional or interstitial sites, causing lattice distortion rather than forming distinct crystalline phases. As a result, its presence is not directly detectable through XRD but can significantly influence the material's electronic properties, such as reducing the bandgap and enhancing visible light absorption.