Electrostatic interactions between the HpaA and Annexin proteins governed the interactions. The Annexin protein was negatively charged. On the other hand, HpaA protein is positively charged, which triggers the interaction between them. The number of interactions between the two proteins is also shown in Figure . This research will aid in designing therapeutic ligands and further enhance our understanding of the protein TMPC-mediated bacterial binding to the human cell. Therefore, if I can inhibit this interaction, the bacterial interaction to human gastric cells can also be inhibited.