The key challenge lay in seamlessly integrating the 3D printed structure with the electrospun fibers. To address this, a custom-made collector (as presented in figure ) was designed to enable the 3D printed structure to serve as a template for electrospinning. The 3D printed structure was then placed into the electrospinning device (figure ), and the fibers were electrospun onto the tubular surface Placing the template within the electrospinning device, the electrospinning parameters were carefully controlled to ensure the deposition of nanofibers around the 3D printed structure. The microscopic images revealed that the electrospun fibers exhibited outstanding adherence to the 3D printed structure (figure ). This robust attachment is attributed to the same chemistry of both 3D printed and electrospun fibers materials and the solvent used in the electrospinning process. As the fibers were created on the 3D printed structure, the solvent did not entirely evaporate, facilitating an adhesive effect that secured the fibers to the walls of the structure. These findings underscore the successful integration of 3D printed and electrospun micro/nano tubular structures, culminating in the creation of a promising future vascular graft. Notably, other study has utilized electrospinning alone for multilayered graft fabrication, relying on rotating mandrel collectors for aligned fiber deposition and subsequent manual layering techniques using different materials to achieve a bilayer structure with comparable thickness . Their bilayer grafts demonstrated rapid endothelialization on the inner PCL/collagen layer, coupled with strong mechanical support provided by the outer PCL/silica layer, underscoring the promising potential of the electrospinning technique for vascular graft fabrication.