standards. It is a low-cost tool for screening and predicting the flammability of polymers and other materials. In this flammability test technique, during pyrolysis, the gases are released into an oven at 900 °C containing an 80:20 mixture of N 2 :O 2 . According to ASTM E1354, the cone calorimeter test was also utilized to assess flame retardancy in terms of HRR, Carbon Monoxide Production (COP), and Smoke Production Rate (SPR). Aluminum foil was used to cover the bottom side of the specimens with a size of 100 × 100 × 3 mm, and they were horizontally subjected to a heat flux of 50 kW/m 2 . The contact angles of the vinyl ester resin reinforced by maleated epoxy resin and epoxidized corn oil were measured with respect to a 10 μL deionized-water droplet at room temperature using a Phoenix Smart optical contact meter (SEO Co. Ltd., Korea). The reported contact angles are the average of three measurements made at different points on each sample and taken 10 ± 2 s after droplet placement.