where M is the anisotropic mobility tensor. The magnitude of the mobility tensor M is measured by the solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy experiments . µ is Li chemical potential, which contains the chemical part, µ chem , and mechanical part, µ mech . Lithium intercalation in the cathode is driven by the gradient of the Li chemical potential µ. The chemical potential of Li in NMC cathode is defined as the variational derivative of the total free energy to Li concentration,