and using the PRBS signal (Figure (a)) based on its superior performance (Table ). We employed parameters from Table , and we derived the exact DRT using the Fuoss and Kirkwood formula (Section S1). The FFT method successfully recovered both the exact DRT and impedance, as shown in panels (b) and (d) of Figure , and with the normalized DRT (ε γ = 2.06 × 10 -4 ) and impedance (ε Z = 2.53 × 10 -4 ) residuals.