With over 10,000 dyes produced annually, amounting to more than 7 × 10^5 tons, various industries like textiles, paper, food, and pharmaceuticals utilize these dyes to color their products . The textile industry alone discharges about 10-15% of its dye consumption into the environment, leading to severe water pollution . Dyes can be categorized into acidic, basic, reactive, disperse, direct, vat, and azo dyes, all of which have been studied for wastewater treatment . In developing countries, water contamination accounts for 70-80% of illnesses, predominantly affecting women and children . The toxicity of many dyes adversely impacts living organisms and ecosystems (El Harfi and El Harfi, 2017).