Figures and present a schematic and photograph of our FIA device. A steady capillary flow is first established between the buffer reservoir and absorbent pad, laterally moving along the channel and across the embedded LIG-Es. The sample is mixed with the p-aminophenyl phosphate (p-APP) substrate, incubated, and then injected into the device upstream of the LIG-Es. We performed real-time detection via chronoamperometry (Figs. and). Our optimized protocol allows the injection and analysis of up to 24 samples within 20 minutes, consuming less than 500 μL of carrying buffer and 5 μL of each sample (Fig. ). For the spiked buffer samples, the assay exhibits good linearity within the clinically relevant range, with a detection limit of 1.4 U L -1 (Fig. ); a value comparable with the lower working range of gold-standard benchtop systems .