Land-use change (LUC) emissions from changing carbon stocks were estimated based on the LPJml global vegetation and hydrological model , coupled with the IMAGE integrated assessment model . Following the approach used by Hanssen et al. , carbon stocks after 30 years of growing feed crops were compared to carbon stocks under a simulated counterfactual of natural vegetation growth in the same location. The difference in carbon stocks was assumed to be emitted to the atmosphere as CO2. These emissions were allocated to the cumulative feed crop production over 30 years, which was determined per location using crop yield data in MapSpam with a 5-minute resolution for 2010 , as shown in equation ( ).