Antibacterial susceptibility testing was conducted using a standard microtiter dilution method, as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) and measured as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC is defined as the lowest peptide concentration required to inhibit bacterial growth. A detailed description of the bacterial strains and their growth conditions is provided in the supplementary information (Table ). Briefly, the bacterial cells were cultured overnight at 37 ºC in the appropriate broth for each strain, then diluted in cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton Broth (CAMHB). Serial dilutions of the peptides were added to the microtiter plates in a 100 µL volume, followed by the addition of 100 µL of bacterial suspension, achieving a final inoculum of 5×10 5 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. The plates were incubated at 37 ºC for 24 h, and the MICs were determined. All experiments were performed in triplicate.