Electrochemical analysis was conducted using an Autolab potentiostat MULTI AUTOLAB M101 electrochemical workstation (Metrohm Ltd., Utrecht, The Netherlands). All electrochemical characterizations and modifications were undertaken using the on-chip counter electrode (CE) and reference electrode (RE) and where stated an external Ag/AgCl RE was used. To establish a connection between the chip and the potentiostat, a chip holder was fabricated using a Bridgeport Hardinge VMC 480 CNC machine. The silicon chip was fabricated in a comb structure fashion with gold interdigitated microelectrodes (IDE) arrays of six working electrodes (WE) capable of being individually modified in one side, a gold macroband CE, and a platinum pseudo RE (Fig. ). The other side of the IDEs acts as a protonator interdigitated electrode (protonator IDEs) in a four-electrode configuration for the experiments that implemented for in-situ electrochemical pH control.