3) and recovery (Eq. 4). Figure shows different crossflow profiles (top) and resulting AFFF fractograms (bottom). We implemented constant, linearly decreasing, and exponentially decreasing crossflow profiles with varying crossflow rates (0.3 mL/min to 0.6 mL/min) and a constant carrierflow of 0.5 mL/min. As previously mentioned, the two main peaks in all fractograms correspond to monomeric AuNP and C/S particles. The recovery 𝑅(%) of C/S particles and the resolution 𝑅 𝑆 between both peaks were calculated and summarised in Table . Note that all calculated retention ratios 𝑅 fulfill the third quality criterion of 0.03 < 𝑅 < 0.2.