1.2 ICG for surgery guiding 1.2.1 ICG for bile duct identification ICG fluorescence imaging assisted in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and pancreaticoduodenectomy has been proved to be a feasible and useful technique to clearly delineate the bile ducts, which could prevent the complication of bile duct injury. Since 2011, Schols et al has started a feasibility study of ICG fluorescence imaging LC , and in 2013 they presented the results with 30 patients included, that 83% common bile duct and 97% cystic duct were clearly identified at an early stage, which was earlier than the conventional camera mode . Base on the conclusion of this feasibility study, in Mar 2018 a multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial has been designed by the same group with 308 patients involved to further develop this technique of using ICG fluorescence imaging to reduce vascular and bile duct injuries . The study is still in recruiting, and the results will be beneficial for a guideline of ICG fluorescence LC in future.