The OER is inherently limited by its complex four-electron transfer process coupled with the removal of protons, collectively referred to as proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) . Unlike singleelectron reactions, PCET mechanisms require precise coordination between proton and electron movements, which introduces kinetic bottlenecks at each intermediate step. For instance, the transition from adsorbed hydroxyl (*OH) to oxo (*O) species, and subsequently to hydroperoxo (*OOH), involves high-energy barriers that impede the reaction rate. These steps require the adsorption and stabilization of intermediates on the catalyst surface while also minimizing unfavorable side reactions. Furthermore, mismatches in the rates of proton and electron transfers can lead to charge accumulation or depletion at the surface, increasing the reaction overpotential.