Heat transfer is one critical metric to optimise in both processes. In the case of the TVSA process, it accelerates both the pre-heating and desorption steps, and in the S-TVSA process, it accelerates the preheating step. Zanco et al. showed how heat transfer in a packed bed could be significantly improved by using open-cell foams with increased productivity of a CO2 capture TSA process of 80%. Meanwhile, alternative heating methods are important to consider, such as microwave heating, Joule heating, and induction heating. These can also help to electrify the process and reduce the requirement for additional equipment to convert electricity into heat, like heat pumps.