Impact of the number of human queries. The number of human queries significantly impacts AL results, particularly when employing random sampling. With a lower number of selected queries, the performance of random sampling was suboptimal. As the number of human queries increased, the AL results using random sampling improved, highlighting the need of some acquisition strategies for larger query budgets. Even when using the lowest query budget T = 10, the AL approach results in improved predictor generalization performance over time (Additional file 1: