Experiments were conducted using a GSMLC with a well depth of 100 nm and a Philipps CM30 (S)TEM in TEM mode, and a frame rate of 4 frames per second. Liquid encapsulation was performed using 6 -8 layer trivial-transfer graphene (ACS Material) transferred onto holey carbon-coated gold TEM grids (Quantifoil, PLANO). Fabrication and handling of GSMLCs have been elucidated elsewhere. Experiments at 1 mM HAuCl4 solution and electron flux densities below 10 4 e -(nm²s) -1 were conducted using a Protochips Poseidon Select E-Chip and a Thermo Fisher Scientific (formerly FEI) Titan³ Themis 80-300 (S)TEM. Both microscopes were operated at an acceleration voltage of 300 kV. All silicon nitride membranes were plasma treated prior to filling using ambient air plasma. Crystalline HAuCl4•3 H2O (Alpha Aeasar) was dissolved in de-ionized water as a specimen solution. Data curation of TEM experiments was performed using FIJI. XRD measurements were conducted with a Rigaku Smart-Lab diffractometer using a Hypix 3000 solid-state 2D detector. The Cu-rotating anode X-ray source was operated with an acceleration voltage of 45 kV and a current of 160 mA on the Wolfram filament. The X-ray spectrum was not monochromatized to increase primary beam intensity. 5-degree Soller slits were used on the incident and receiving optics. The incident slit was opened completely, resulting in a 7x15 mm beam. Both receiving slits were closed down to 0. Erdmann Spiecker: Conceptualization (supporting), Supervision (equal), Project Administration (equal), Methodology (supporting), Review and editing (supporting), Funding Acquisition (lead). Andreas Hutzler: Investigations (equal) -LP-TEM at 1 mM (equal), LP-TEM at 10 mM (lead), Data curation (supporting), Methodology (supporting), Conceptualization (lead), Review and editing (supporting), Supervision (equal), Project Administration, Funding Acquisition (supporting).