The simulation entails solving Newton's equations of motion to generate a 3D microstructure of the SSB composite electrode under periodic boundary conditions (PBCs). All three dimensions remain periodic during the simulation of each phase, except for the calendering process, where only the x and y dimensions are periodic due to the application of pressure perpendicular to the z-axis. These conditions are applied to each manufacturing step (slurry, drying, and calendering), with the output of the preceding phase serving as input for the subsequent one, as illustrated in Figure . This approach necessitates two sets of parameters: the first set is the manufacturing inputs, which determine the influence of each manufacturing process on the microstructure, and the second set is FF parameters, which govern the potential governing particles' interactions.