Solar photovoltaics (PV) are among the most widely used renewable energy sources and offer a promising alternative to fossil fuels, addressing many of the challenges associated with conventional energy production. Perovskite, an abundant material found on Earth's surface, has gained significant attention as a solar cell absorber due to its superior properties compared to traditional materials. The first perovskite solar cell (PSC) was introduced in 2009 by a team of Japanese researchers led by Kojima, achieving an initial efficiency of 3.8% .