One such design scheme employs a radial design where one central ligand, often with a reference affinity, is connected to each other ligand in the set by a single edge. These minimally spanning radial designs have 𝑛 -1 edges. While radial designs have the shortest distance between all ligands and the reference ligand to decrease computational cost, there is no redundancy in the design and no possibility of error correction. Radial designs also assume that transformations from all ligands to the reference should be equally represented in the overall topology or that all transformations are equally challenging to perform, and can deliver poor results if the chosen reference proves problematic.