[ Broader context ] Fossil fuels are essential to supply the global energy demand but cause remarkable CO2 emissions. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) can be an effective technology to decarbonize the fossil fuel-based heavy industry, e.g. power stations. In many systems proposed for CCU, further conversion of captured CO2 to valued chemicals (utilization) requires extensive input of hydrogen or energy, which are assumed to be generated using surplus renewable electricity.