Remote computer laboratories tend to have relatively high requirements on internet bandwidth and latency, which may not be available to students who live in geographical regions that are far away from the organisers' servers or who suffer from poor connectivity in general. While these concerns apply to live video transmissions in general, many computational chemistry packages, especially when used for teaching, come with a "native" graphical user interface (GUI) that puts a lot of stress on the communication network when streamed, resulting in very slow unwieldy responses. This frustrating experience likely explains why hands-on fully remote workshops in computational chemistry, which typically involve some sort of molecule or periodic systems builder, are not very common. One way of addressing this issue is for the student to use their personal computer where the aforementioned issues of licensing and software installation come into play (see Case Studies 2 and 3, and section "Software deployment" below). However, this brings with it its own challenges -for example, the student's personal device may not have compute power, memory, or disk space required. Another way is to use GUIs that are designed to run in the web browser (see "browser-based teaching"). An alternative, as chosen for Case Study 1, is to install the specialized software on a compute cloud and have students use the GUI through a Virtual Network Computing (VNC) client. This communication networking solution allows real-time responses while connected to a remote computer, and in recent years has been extended to Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI), in which a cluster of computers can be emulated by virtual machines providing and managing virtual desktops. In this way, the desktop of physical computers at a regular teaching lab can be reproduced in cyberspace and this was used successfully to run computational chemistry Gaussview-based hands-on practicals with both real and virtual students present . However, we do not yet have extensive experience on how well this solution scales, due to bandwidth limitations, with number of participants beyond about thirty.