From the second cycle, CE significantly improved, reaching 98.0% and even up to 99.8% in later cycles. The S@PAN cathode also displayed strong rate performance (Figure ), achieving a high capacity of 961.9 mAh g -1 at 1 C. Using the specific lithiation capacity of 1122.3 mAh g -1 from the third cycle (with the first two cycles serving as activation), the S@PAN cathode maintained 91.9% capacity after 200 cycles (1030.2 mAh g -1 ), demonstrating exceptional stability.