There are two types of pinching: one occurs between a bubble and a narrowing wall (neighbor-wall pinch-off), and the other involves a bubble being pinched between two other bubbles (neighbor-neighbor pinch-off) . Several factors influence this mechanism , including the flow rate. Higher flow rates can lead to more frequent pinch-off events. Additionally, foam properties play a role in the occurrence of the pinch-off mechanism, as foam with higher viscosity and lower surface tension is more likely to exhibit pinch-off behavior. The characteristics of porous media, such as pore size distribution and permeability, also influence the occurrence of pinch-off. Narrower pore sizes and lower permeability can increase the likelihood of pinch-off events. iii.