where k NNP , ∆W NNP , k classical , and ∆W classical represent the rate constants and free energy barriers for the NNP and classical models, respectively. For the classical model, the difference in barriers results in a desorption rate that is ∼ 2.3 × faster for CO 2 desorption from the interface to the air phase than for CO 2 transport into the aqueous phase. In the case of the NNP model, CO 2 desorption is ∼ 3.0 × faster than its transport to the aqueous phase. For both systems, the desorption rate of interfacial CO 2 is faster than its transfer into the aqueous phase because, unlike air, CO 2 must penetrate the interfacial hydrogen-bonding network, moving layer by layer-such as from interfacial water layers 1 to 5 (which have intrinsic viscosity) before reaching the bulk. This process is energetically less favorable, leading to slower transport rates of CO 2 phase transfer into the aqueous phase. These results highlight that the asymmetric interactions at the air-water interface play a significant role in governing the free energies of CO 2 transport, ultimately influencing the rates of CO 2 uptake into the aqueous phase. It is important to understand the role of fixed charge distribution at the interface in stabilizing CO 2 within the interfacial region. Therefore, we computed the electrostatic potential along the z-axis for both the classical and NNP models (Figure ). The electrostatic potential, based on the interactions along the z-axis, is calculated using the equation: