Nm³m⁻³d⁻¹. In R1 and R2, the LRCO was further increased to 7.75 Nm³m⁻³d⁻¹. As a result of this adjustment, the CRCO in R1 and R2 increased to a maximum of approximately 6 Nm³m⁻³d⁻¹. However, R1 exhibited fluctuations in CRCO when the LRCO was elevated to 10.33 Nm³m⁻³d⁻¹, indicating system instability under such high CO loads. Stability was eventually restored when the loading was reduced back to 7.75 Nm³m⁻³d⁻¹. Moreover, a temporary decline in CRCO, PRCH₄, and PRCO₂ was observed in R1 on days 30 and 98, which was attributed to malfunctions with the temperature controller. This highlights the sensitivity of the microbial community to temperature variations, as noted by .