Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global threat to public health, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. It is clear that current rapid AST solutions and automated AST systems do not have sufficient evidence to determine if they have a significant impact on mortality, length of hospital stay, or clinical response rates when compared to the gold standard AST . Thus, rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) technologies could have the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce the threat of AMR by providing results in a matter of hours with reduced turnaround time, guiding susceptibility-guided therapy, and reducing overuse or misuse of antibiotics. Electrochemical AST systems have been increasingly reported in published studies, demonstrating reliable and fast AST determination in a phenotypic manner in the range of <60 min AST time as seen above with the potential to even detect single-cell level ASTs. Electrochemical approaches have great potential for widespread deployment due to their low cost, ease of manufacture, and high analytical sensitivity. However, for deployment in LMIC, lowcost portable electrochemical analysers will be needed. The lack of standardization, limited range of pathogens and antibiotics being tested, cost, limited clinical evidence, and turnaround time are the reasons for the limited use of rapid AST solutions and automated AST systems in the current clinical setting. In certain cases, the novel electrochemical development itself will have a significant cost, and in most cases, follow-up clinical trials are not taken up by the same groups. The future of Rapid AST lies in personalized medicine, where individual patients' bacterial infections can be treated with tailored antibiotic therapies based on their unique susceptibility profiles. Biosensing device development is needed to address challenges such as distinguishing polymicrobial samples, detecting drug resistance levels, and using a redox reagentfree or biocompatible reagent-enabled strategy. 3D printing technology is expected to be seen further in future for AST and can be used to fabricate multiple biorecognition elements on a single electrode, and the technique should cover a broad dynamic range for the quantification of drugs. We have seen few studies reported using 3D printing technologies, but we are yet to see the use of 4D printing technologies in electrochemical AST systems.