The peak signal in Figure -II, which corresponds to the Cd 3d 5/2 and Cd 3d 3/2 states of Cd 2+ in SO-CdS, occurs at 405.12 eV and 411.94 eV . Three characteristic peaks in the C1s spectrum (Figure CdS and reveal the extensive functionality of derived carbon acquired from Spinacia oleracea hydrothermal treatment . Two peaks, located at 161.88 and 162.95 eV in Figure -V, are assigned to S 2p ½ and S 2p 3/2, respectively. The hybrid chemical bonds Cd-S and S 2-are linked to these peaks . Additionally, it has been shown by XPS and FT-IR experiments that several functional groups on the photocatalytic surface, including C-O and -OH, contain oxygen and may therefore work as traps to aid in charge separation .