The essence of life depends fundamentally on the ability of biological compartments to replicate and divide, characteristics that are critical in all known life forms. The origins of life are thought to date back to simple structures, such as droplets or membranous vesicles composed of amphiphilic molecules, likely precursors of modern complex cellular architectures. These primitive compartments, possibly formed by simple fatty acid vesicles, are fundamental to understanding how life could have begun under prebiotic conditions. Despite extensive studies, the mechanisms by which such simple vesicular structures could generate offspring through self-division, especially in the absence of the complex molecular machinery typical of contemporary life forms, remains poorly understood. In contrast, modern cell division within phospholipid compartments is highly regulated and involves intricate networks of macromolecular complexes, enzymes, and proteins. This process starkly contrasts early protocellular systems, which, lacking such complex components, must have relied on fundamentally different mechanisms for replication and division . The division of biological compartments that use chemical energy without the mediation of complex molecular machinery is rarely described, underscoring an important gap in our understanding of primitive life processes. Recent advances have highlighted how environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and UV light induce phase transitions in fatty acid-based protocells, leading to vesicle fission and daughter vesicles. These findings suggest that environmental conditions may have played a critical role in replicating early protocells. Furthermore, studies have shown that self-assembling single-chain amphiphiles, likely available in the prebiotic environment, played a fundamental role in the advent of primitive cell cycles. However, the instability of prebiotic fatty acid-based membranes to temperature and pH suggests that primitive cells could only host prebiotically relevant processes in a narrow range of non-fluctuating environmental conditions. This work introduces a mechanism for membranous vesicle selfdivision facilitated by converting a sacrificial molecule with high chemical potential. We use a chemical cycle driven by a carbodiimide, a condensing agent hypothesized to have played a key role in prebiotic chemical reactions, to induce significant structural changes in vesicles composed of a succinic acid derivative. This highly versatile molecule can spontaneously form vesicles at pH above 4.5, while it exists as oil droplets at lower pH levels (Scheme 1a). The reaction cycle involves the conversion of the diacidmolecule within the vesicle into transient oily anhydride molecules (Scheme 1b,c), followed by rapid hydrolysis back to amphiphilic constituents. Interestingly, this dynamic process leads to the local formation of new bilayers and the generation of daughter vesicles. By carefully controlling the conversion, we can direct the formation of these vesicles, offering new insights into protocellular behaviors. In addition, our research explores the transfer of molecular contents from progenitor vesicles to the newly formed compartments, providing insights into how protocellular systems might have managed resource distribution and compartmentalization during division. By elucidating this mechanism of chemically-driven selfdivision, our work aims to deepen our understanding of primitive cellular functions and contribute to the emerging field of synthetic biology, where creating cells with autonomous division capability remains a major challenge . Finally, we extended our study of the self-dividing mechanism of our initial amphiphilic molecule to include prebiotic vesicles composed of decanoic acid, a molecule be