The global roadmap towards net zero emissions , targeting full carbon neutrality by 2050, has significantly accelerated the development and adoption of lightweight materials in various engineering applications for achieving sustainability goals . Among these, carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite has emerged as a promising material, due to its superior specific strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance, lower thermal expansion and design flexibility compared to traditional metallic materials . These characteristics make CFRP an ideal candidate for demanding applications that require strong yet lightweight structures, especially in industries such as aerospace, automotive, medical, and energy .