The mOTU table was normalized by the total sequence count following which MicrobiomeAnalyst 2.0 , , marker data profiling option, was employed to filter based on a prevalence threshold of 30% across samples (minimum count requirement of one), and to compute alpha-diversity and core microbiome composition. In addition, the ampvis2 [77] R package was employed for data visualization purposes. As for the metabolomics/exposomics data, ANOVA test was computed in R and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.