Moreover, metabolomics has provided valuable insights into the molecular bases of disease resistance and susceptibility. By comparing the metabolic profiles of resistant and susceptible plant genotypes, researchers have identified metabolites involved in defense signaling pathways, as well as antimicrobial compounds produced by plants to combat pathogens . For example, the researchers found that resistant genotypes accumulated higher levels of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid compounds, which have been associated with enhanced disease resistance in plants . Similarly, a metabolomics study by Camañes et al. revealed that tomato plants resistant to the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae produced higher levels of certain amino acids and organic acids compared to susceptible plants, suggesting their role in defense responses . Furthermore, metabolomics has shed light on the dynamic nature of plant-pathogen interactions, revealing how metabolic profiles change over time in response to pathogen infection .