Traditional semicrystalline polymers, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), have long been favoured due to their excellent mechanical strength, durability, and chemical resistance. However, with growing environmental concerns, bio-based and biodegradable alternatives such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and polycaprolactone (PCL) have been developed to reduce plastic waste accumulation.