The environmental impacts (CC, AP, LU, WU) of CNC production were quantified based on LCI (Table ) input; see which shows distribution of impacts between process contributors, which are mainly process inputs (pulp, H2O, H2SO4, electricity) and NaOH for acidic waste stream neutralization. The main contributor to CC impact is the use of NaOH for acid neutralization, which is consistent with the published pilot-scale CNC production process data . For both CNC61 and CNC64 materials, regardless of the significant difference in conversion, the absolute green-house-gas (GHG) emissions value is ~ 16 kgCO2/kgCNC. The difference in conversion (lower for CNC64), energy input (higher for CNC64) and pulp input (higher for CNC64) is balanced by the higher acid consumption in the CNC61 process and a higher consumption of NaOH for neutralization.