Since CellµEnvs control tissue behaviors, we can guide development by engineering these microenvironments. This paragraph discusses key aspects: characterization, modeling, understanding the effects of CellµEnvs, and engineering. Characterization techniques have improved in throughput and sensitivity in the past decade, reaching single-cell resolution with spatial omics 442 , measurements of key regulators 443 , functional perturbations using CRISPR 444 , and mechanical tests . Moreover, versatile data-driven approaches help uncover cellular communication pathways and their downstream effects 447 .