Non-essential elements like Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr pose significant toxicity risks. Lead (Pb) exposure causes gastrointestinal irritation and neurotoxicity, with chronic exposure linked to cancer. It affects children with developmental delays, and adults with hypertension and renal damage. Lead poisoning disrupts heme synthesis, resembling symptoms of porphyrin disorders (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centres for Disease . Cadmium (Cd) is carcinogenic, causing lung and prostate cancer, and damaging the kidneys, lungs, and bones (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2023). Nickel (Ni) is essential at low levels but carcinogenic at high concentrations .