cross-linker molecule. For instance, Kaushik et al. have demonstrated the use of DSH to form SAMs on a gold surface. Following the formation of a SAM layer, researchers applied the monoclonal antibodies directly onto surface to achieve their immobilisation via amide bonding. This simple and effective method was used to develop an impedimetric biosensor which targeted Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) blood biomarker of traumatic brain injury (TBI).