The scope of the study encompasses a cradle-to-gate system boundary around a simulated chemical plant that manufactures crude paracetamol from raw materials using CST-derived βpinene, considering all material and energy flows associated with the process, but excluding the production of capital goods (Figure ). The assessed manufacturing plant was modelled to be located in Europe in order to reduce transportation impacts through proximity to CSTproducing Kraft pulping sites in Northern Europe as well as through proximity to the local European market, supporting the decentralisation of the pharmaceutical industry. As LCA studies of pharmaceuticals commonly reference environmental impacts to the mass of product output, the functional unit for this study was defined as the production of one metric tonne of crude paracetamol, which is in line with the anticipated production scale of the future plant. Further processing of crude paracetamol (e.g., recrystallisation, tabletting, packaging) was excluded from this study, as were the product's use and end-of-life stages.