with student outcomes. Xue and Stains reported statistically significant differences in students' conceptual understanding of resonance when instructors specifically discussed the 60 limitations of representations instead of emphasizing strategies for recognizing and drawing resonance structures. This finding is consistent with other studies in which students tend to gravitate toward structural characteristics or heuristics without understanding the concept. A sizable body of literature exists that focuses on assessing how students use resonance for solving problems in organic chemistry, primarily focusing on mechanistic 65 reasoning and acid-base chemistry . Brandfonbrener, Watts, and Shultz assessed organic chemistry students' understanding of resonance for substitution, acid-base, and addition reactions. For this research, the most pertinent acid-base findings concluded that students prioritize resonance over hybridization when considering acidity and basicity. The prioritization of resonance when accessing acid-base strength is consistent with other 70 findings. The findings from Brandfonbrener, Watts, and Shultz, coupled with findings by Gao et al. were the basis for the first prompt in the research study. Gao et al. analyzed resources students use when relating acidity and resonance -specifically for the three carboxylic acids below. The structures are shown in Box 1 below. Of the 66 students who correctly ranked the acids in terms of acidity, only six successfully provided the correct 75 explanation, and an additional 9 provided a partially correct explanation. Box 1. The carboxylic acids analyzed by Gao et al. Approximately 22% of the incorrect responses focused on the difference between the conjugated alkynyl-or alkenyl-substitution and carbonyl. Common arguments students 80 utilized were the increased resonance stability of an alkene or alkyne and the difference in scharacter in which 28% noted that alkynes have more s-character and 22% noting that the carbon center will be deprotonated instead of the O-H bond.