Our strategy to study the perfusion properties of scaffolds brought attention to challenges associated with extracting water from the core of PEGDA hydrogels during manual D 2 O injections. The customised meshes fulfilled their purpose by effectively retaining the scaffolds at the bottom of the wells, compelling the injected solution to traverse through the scaffolds. However, even in this case, water proton signal located in the scaffold region was consistently detected, indicating poor perfusion of the contrast agent through the PEGDA hydrogel scaffolds. We can observe this phenomenon in Fig. , where some water proton signal (pink) can be observed at the bottom of the chip's wells after the D 2 O injection. By representing the horizontal pixel sum of each well, as shown in Fig. , we can more evidently observe the presence of water signal after the perfusion test, represented by spikes of signal at the bottom of the well in all tests performed. Hence, with these results, we demonstrated that this type of commonly used scaffold (i.e. 10 % PEGDA hydrogels) would be inefficient for fast perfusion requirements. For example, in Hyperpolarised Magnetic Resonance (HP-MR), the contrast agent normally has a lifetime of about 1 -2 minutes, requiring swift delivery into the material of interest. Another clear example would be to ensure a complete wash of a drug previously administered to cells for therapy studies.