The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in healthcare, agriculture, and animal husbandry have accelerated the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) . Recent estimates show that AMR was directly responsible for approximately 4.95 million deaths worldwide in 2019 . If unaddressed, AMR is projected to cause up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050, surpassing cancer as a leading cause of mortality . The pharmaceutical industry relies heavily on elements such as aluminium and potassium due to their diverse applications in drug formulations.