where 𝑇 A is the initial normalized temperature and 𝑘 C is the cooling rate in numerical simulation; the calculation was performed during 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑘 C )* . In addition, the motion of the particles was constrained to a spherical surface to mimic the W/O microdroplet interface ( Supplementary Note 2). Equation (1) was solved using the Euler-Maruyama method as follows: