Incorporating actively tunable materials with metasurfaces allows the real-time modulation of electromagnetic waves for applications including beam-steering 1 , holography 2 , thermoregulation , and color display . The optical properties of tunable materials can be controlled through various mechanisms, such as phase transformation, charge carrier density , and defect engineering . For example, thermochromic materials offer the benefit of undergoing a complete metal-to-insulator (MIT) transition in response to temperature. The significant contrast from transmissive to reflective also provides a large tuning space between the two states . Many inorganic phase-changing materials offer significant potential but are often influenced by their transition temperature and stability . These challenges could be addressed through strategies such as precise stoichiometric control and advanced fabrication processes , which allow for better control over transformations and defects .