One established strategy for enhancing ECR performance is the modifying catalyst surfaces with functional additives. This can be achieved either by directly altering the electronic properties of the catalyst surface or indirectly by affecting binding strengths through adsorbateadsorbate interactions. For example, Kim et al. demonstrated that the CO selectivity and reduced overpotential of Ag nanoparticles on carbon substrates could be enhanced using different anchoring agents. They suggested that the improved CO selectivity was due to the localized unpaired electrons of anchoring agent at the surface state of the Ag. Additionally, Au surfaces functionalized with imidazolium ions and thiol-tethered ligands have been investigated for their ability to control the selectivity of ECR products. Anion adsorption on metal catalysts has also been shown to improve ECR performance.