The simulated membrane potential across the 1D domain is equivalent to the measured membrane potential across the two reference electrodes in the 4-probe experiment. The choice of a 4-probe measurement (and simulation) is critical because it enables the decoupling of the potential losses that occur at the anode and cathode from those that result from and drive transport and kinetics in the BPM. For the purposes of the simulations and energy intensity calculations, we defined the energy intensity of the BPM-ED processes as the membrane potential in the 4-probe experimental cell since the energetics of the terminal electrodes are not directly correlated with the rate of CO2 efflux or sorbent regeneration in the BPM. Moreover, the terminal electrodes are often used to perform reactions that produce value-added streams in EMCC processes. Terminal electrodes were considered in our BPM-ED stack analysis (Section S24)