The workflow of extracting and analysing synthesis protocols was split into four overarching steps: text collection, where a corpus of research papers is identified and downloaded; paragraph identification, where raw synthesis protocols are identified within the prose; grammar parsing, where the natural language is converted into hierarchical data for later interpretation; and synthesis protocol extraction, where the extracted data is standardised to produce a structured "recipe" for each synthesis protocol. Key steps in the workflow are depicted in Figure . The first three steps have been widely described elsewhere, and only a brief description is provided in this section (with associated code provided by the authors on GitHub at ). The final stage of the workflow was developed in this study using python 3.9, and is made freely available by the authors on GitHub at .