Microbial dyeing leverages the capabilities of microorganisms to produce natural dyes through fermentation processes. This method provides a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes by using renewable resources. Microbial dyeing not only offers a renewable and biodegradable dyeing solution but also reduces reliance on petrochemicals. Research has demonstrated that bacteria such as Streptomyces and Pseudomonas can produce vibrant pigments suitable for textile dyeing, with good color fastness and fabric compatibility . Further studies have focused on optimizing fermentation conditions to increase dye yield and reduce production time, enhancing the efficiency and costeffectiveness of microbial dyeing . Microbial dyeing offers several advantages over traditional natural dye extraction methods. One major problem with natural dye extraction is the variability in dye yield and quality due to differences in raw material sources, which can lead to inconsistencies in color and performance. Microbial dyeing, on the other hand, can produce consistent dye yields and quality by controlling fermentation conditions and using genetically stable microorganisms. Additionally, natural dye extraction often involves complex and labor-intensive processes that require large amounts of water and chemicals, leading to high production costs and environmental impact. In contrast, microbial dyeing uses fermentation, a relatively simple and scalable process that can be carried out with minimal water and chemical use. This method also allows for the production of dyes from renewable resources, such as agricultural waste and biomass, further reducing its environmental footprint.