Three conditions were tested in comparison to manual printing: 1) syringe pump only, with manual stamping conducted; 2) Arbor press only, with manual droplet application and removal; 3) a combined system of both syringe pump and arbor press. When compared to manual, as shown in Figure , the combined system in which both syringe pump and arbor press were incorporated in the μCP protocol led to enhanced SNR with all optimized parameters. The %CV results shown in Table indicate that the combined automated system had the lowest %CVs, within industrial ranges, with intra-assay %CVs of 7.08% and 3.29%, and inter-assay %CV of 5.18%. Compared to manual printing, with intra-assay %CVs of 9.79% and 5.66%, as well as inter-assay %CV of 7.73%, the application of a fully automated system further reduced the inconsistency of μCP. However, when only syringe pump for droplet addition and removal, or only the arbor press for force application, were used individually, the SNR was not enhanced as the failure modes identified in the FMEA remained possible. In fact, the SNRs were significantly reduced compared to manual printing, which could be due to the operator switching between manual and automated steps, prolonging the air-drying process between droplet removal and stamping (Figure ). When air-drying exceeded 3 minutes, as shown before, the SNR significantly decreased due to the over drying of the bioink, leading to inconsistencies in the final print. This was observed in the fluorescent images, where increased nonuniformity is observed in the printed squares of the syringe pump-only and arbor press-only conditions (Figure ). The high inter-assay values of 22.18% and 17.90%, for the syringe pump-only and arbor press-only, respectively, also depict the increase in inconsistency when relying on manual steps (Table ).