1.2 Prior works on CCU 'Capture' systems described in the literature usually refer to carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). Carbon capture involves capturing CO2 from heavy industries, such as power stations, fertilizer production sites, cement factories, steel plants, or directly from the air. 3 CO2 storage refers to the captured CO2 being compressed and injected into the underground for permanent storage. 3 CO2 utilization converts the captured CO2 to valued products, e.g., fuels and polymers. Depending on storage or utilization, the CCUS is divided into CCS (carbon capture and storage) and CCU (carbon capture and utilization). CCS deal with the endpoint of CO2, which can directly benefit climate change mitigation 17 but might deliver limited financial returns depending on the local policies. By contrast, CCU regards CO2 as a carbon source for further conversion, which can be highly profitable, as far as the deployed conversion methods are efficient and associated with a minimum additional GHG emissions. Hence, CCU is a complex system that requires a techno-economic evaluation at a regional scale, 17 e.g., an industrial park.