Thermal transformation provides an efficient technique to make numerous freestanding MOF derivatives (e.g., air, N2, or Ar) by directly pyrolyzing virgin MOFs at a set temperature under particular conditions. Different target derivatives are commonly linked to various pyrolysis temperatures and reactive environments . The creation of nanostructured carbon or carbonbased composites formed from MOFs requires a high pyrolysis temperature (600 to 1000 ºC) in an N2 or Ar environment . The thermal transformation reaction is often carried out in ambient air at a relatively low pyrolysis temperature (250 to 450 o C) to produce nanostructured metal oxides or their composites made from MOFs. Ion exchange, a solid-liquid reaction, is a potent method for producing nanostructured MOF derivatives with adaptable forms and compositions in addition to thermal transformation. Additionally, if the interaction between the metal ion and organic linkers is weaker than that between the metal ion and other inorganic anions, the thermal transition may take place in mild conditions . By maintaining the ion diffusion rate at an intermediate range during the conversion process, there are more opportunities to produce superior structural complexity, such as hollow, core-shell, yolk-shell, and multi-shell metal complexes. Overall, the reactant concentration gradient and temperature have a beneficial impact on the ion diffusion rate .