Here 𝐼𝐼 is the applied current, 𝐹𝐹 is the Faraday constant, 𝐹𝐹 is the effective area of the porous electrode-electrolyte interface, and 𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚 is the maximum concentration in the electrode. 𝐹𝐹 can be calculated from the total number of particles in the electrode and the average surface area of a particle: