The secondary particle with diameter of 14 m was extracted from the X-ray CT electrode image and then a randomised Voronoi microstructure of 400 primary particles was generated using Rhino Grasshopper, forming the polycrystalline geometry. A shell of diameter 20 m was placed around the particle that captured the presence of carbon binder. The theoretical framework was implemented in the finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics (v6.0, Sweden) on a 3D tomography-based mesh, as described. The mesh consisted of approximately 4 million elements with 13 million degrees of freedom. The Multifrontal Massively Parallel Sparse Direct Solver (MUMPS) was used to solve the discretised transport, electrode kinetics and deformation kinematics equations in a fully coupled manner. Also, a history field was defined to ensure damage irreversibility. 17 Time stepping was handled using 2nd order backward Euler differentiation, whilst a time step sensitivity analysis was carried out.