In organic-rich mudrocks, the wettability of kerogen can affect the distribution and flow of fluids within the rock pores. Water-wet kerogen surfaces tend to promote the preferential imbibition and flow of aqueous fluids, while oil-wet kerogen surfaces can hinder water infiltration and enhance the preferential flow of hydrocarbons . Mixed-wet kerogen surfaces introduce complexities, where both water and oil phases can exhibit varying degrees of wetting . The wettability of kerogen not only impacts fluid flow but also influences other processes such as adsorption. The wettability characteristics of kerogen can affect the adsorption behavior of fluids on its surfaces, including the adsorption of water, oil, or other chemical species .