Typically, MRF is deposited on PG, and the Cu foil is removed by wet-chemical etching, after which the floating composite PG/MRF is scooped on the desired porous support. MRF can be a nanoporous carbon (NPC) film, highly permeable polymers such as poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] (PTMSP), 7 polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), or a composite film such as multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) deposited on NPC. However, the success rate of achieving selective membranes (defined as the number of selective membranes normalized by the number of attempts) remains low (10-20%). This is mainly because the transfer protocol involves floating and scooping steps where cracks can easily develop in PG. Transfer methods involving careful scooping of floating PG are also extremely challenging to scale up. Therefore, a key challenge is to develop a membrane fabrication route avoiding careful scooping of graphene and where the success rate is nearly 100%.