we see that the measurement diversity is highest with DART-MS and ESI-MS/MS measurements, followed by EI-MS and RI measurements. This is expected since both DART-MS and ESI-MS/MS measurements contain information across multiple collision energies; lower energy spectra are dominated by peaks that provide insights about the intact molecule (e.g., molecular weight) while higher energy spectra generally have more peaks allowing us to infer potential fragmentation information. If only using single DART-MS measurements collected at a single low energy value, as is common in many forensic applications , measurement diversity drops to 0.5 (Figure ).