The field of biosensors has seen a remarkable surge in recent years due to the development of labon-chip and nanotechnology-driven innovations. These biosensors offer significant advantages in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness, making them ideal for a wide range of applications in fields such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. Lab-on-chip biosensors are a type of miniaturized device that integrates various functions of traditional laboratory equipment onto a single microchip. These biosensors are designed to perform a variety of tasks, such as sample preparation, analysis, and detection, in a single platform. The integration of multiple functions onto a single chip results in a reduction in sample volume, processing time, and overall cost, while improving accuracy and sensitivity. Lab-on-chip biosensors have been used for the detection of a variety of analytes, including proteins, nucleic acids, and bacteria, making them valuable tools in the field of medical diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology-driven biosensors, on the other hand, utilize the unique properties of nanomaterials to enhance the performance of traditional biosensors. Nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and nanoparticles, possess properties such as high surface area, high electrical conductivity, and strong adsorption capabilities, which can be exploited to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors. For instance, graphene-based biosensors have been developed for the detection of a wide range of biomolecules, including DNA, proteins, and viruses, with high sensitivity and specificity. The combination of lab-on-chip and nanotechnology-driven biosensors has resulted in the development of highly sensitive and selective biosensors that are capable of detecting low concentrations of analytes in a variety of sample matrices, including blood, saliva, and urine. These biosensors have significant potential in the development of point-of-care diagnostic tools for a wide range of diseases, including infectious diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. 3.1 Multiple Sclerosis Arakawa et al. developed removable "Cavitas sensors" designed for non-invasive monitoring of saliva glucose in the human oral cavity. A salivary biosensor, featuring Pt and Ag/AgCl electrodes on a mouthguard support with an enzyme membrane, was created and evaluated.