In h-WO3, the WO6 octahedra forms six-membered rings by sharing corner oxygens along the (001) plane, creating rigid tunnels that extend along the c-axis throughout the unit cell. The Ti mesh shows a distinct set of reflections corresponding to the pure Ti phase (reference identified by the PDF file number 00-051-0631). The diffraction reflections of Ti are sharp and well-defined, indicating the crystalline nature of the Ti metal. However, the XPS spectrum of Ti corresponds to Ti 4+ , while the XRD pattern indicates the presence of Ti metal. This discrepancy may arise from the WO3 interaction with Ti through oxygen bridges, suggesting that only the interfacial surface of Ti is affected by the hydrothermal growth process and another reason may arise because the XPS, can only probe depths of down to 10 nm (electrons ability to penetrate material is limited), whereas XRD can penetrate much deeper, reaching depths of up to several hundreds of micrometers (depending on absorption coefficient). Furthermore, the reflections of the pure Ti metal are present for the h-WO3@Ti pattern, showing the presence of Ti beneath the deposited h-WO3 without involvement in any chemical interaction. On the other hand, the h-WO3@Ni mesh/foam patterns are compared with the powder sample (Figure ) and all the reflections are aligned to the h-WO3 phase in addition to the reflections of the Ni metal substrate. However, from SEM images (Figure ) other Ni-O-OH deposits appear but they are X-ray amorphous.