Enriched-or high-purity O2 is a critical commodity in the medical, manufacturing, and aerospace industries and for the production of feedstock chemicals such as ethylene oxide and phthalic anhydride. The vast majority of O2 is produced from the cryogenic distillation of air. This multistep process involves compression and pre-treatment of air to remove volatile organic compounds, water, and CO2, and then the resulting gaseous mixture-predominantly O2, N2, and Ar-is expanded and cooled to cryogenic temperatures upon passing through a series of heat exchangers, before being fed into distillation columns where O2 is separated from N2 and Ar (Figure ). While cryogenic distillation is the most mature and widely used technology for air separations, there is significant interest in identifying more energy-efficient and scalable methods for isolating O2 from air.