Another major source of TFA is direct emissions from industrial production and processes. For example, TFA is registered under EU's Regulation 1907/2006 on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as manufactured and/or imported into the EU in volumes ranging from 100 to 1000 tons per year. Additionally, TFA is used as an intermediate, but this usage does not require registration of production volumes. Xie et al.