1. Targeting the immune system memory of specific self-antigens. Regular vaccines activate the immune system to recognize and attack foreign pathogens. In contrast, inverse vaccines remove the immune system memory of specific self-antigens that it mistakenly attacks in autoimmune diseases. The responsibility of the immune system T cells is to recognize harmful cells and molecules as foreign to the body and discard them; T cells also retain a memory of the invader to eliminate it faster in the future. However, sometimes T cells mistakenly recognize healthy cells as harmful, like in the case of multiple sclerosis, where T cells attack myelin, the protective coating around nerves. An inverse vaccine works by tagging the target antigen with a sugar molecule that the liver recognizes as "safe" (Figure ). This tricks the specialized liver cells into teaching the immune system T cells to tolerate and protect the target antigen, rather than attack it. In mouse models of multiple sclerosis-like disease, the inverse vaccine was able to completely reverse the autoimmune attack and restore proper nerve function. Figure . Induction of antigen-specific T-cell tolerance in liver: The administration of a glycosylated autoantigen results in the selective accumulation of the antigen in the liver, where it is presented to T cells by the hepatic antigen presenting cells (APCs).