Scheme 1 illustrates the methodology of combining the GDE mass transport model with the kinetic model. These models were developed using different software packages, resulting in a mismatch in time-stepping intervals and data formats. This discrepancy posed synchronisation challenges and data transfer/retrieval errors. To address this, a polynomial approximation of the species current density (JK) containing three major independent variables as described by the microkinetic model data, was employed to facilitate coupling between the models. These three variables chosen are also relevant to the mass transport model which include [CO2], pH, and applied voltage, Vapp.