Charge saving score For training ML models, the actual SOC drop values for each trip were relatively small, making it challenging to use them directly and difficult to interpret at such a granular scale. To address this, we introduce the charge usage score, which quantifies the relative SOC drop between a reference drive cycle and the actual drive cycle. The reference drive cycle selected is the one simulated at a constant maximum velocity on flat terrain. Consequently, the equation for calculating the charge usage score is given below, where ∆ soc denotes the actual drop in SOC of a particular trip, and ∆ soc ref denotes the drop in SOC for the reference profile. To ensure a positive value, 1 is added to the final ratio. Since the reference drive cycle exhibits a faster rate of charge usage compared to the other drive cycles (Figure ??c), the charge usage score at any given time will always remain between 0 and 100. Values Velocity models. Based on domain expertise, we extracted 30 features from the 300-800 second window of velocity drive cycle data (Supplementary figure ). From these features, velocity standard deviation, total distance traveled, time to mean veloc- Early prediction models. The early prediction models were developed by segmenting velocity and current profiles into multiple time intervals, ranging from 300 to 800 seconds, with an increment of 50 seconds. The same four features mentioned earlier were extracted from these time intervals to predict the charge usage score over entire trip. For example, the first dataset and its corresponding features were derived from the 300-350 seconds interval, while the next set of features was extracted from the 300-400 seconds interval.