Notably, the higher degree of agglomeration observed in the doped catalysts, particularly with increased cerium (Ce) concentration, can be attributed to the larger ionic radius of Ce compared to titanium (Ti). This larger size prevents Ce from effectively entering the Titanium dioxide lattice, leading to the formation of distinct Ce peaks in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. Conversely, an interesting trend was noted with boron (B) doping, where an increase in boron concentration resulted in decreased agglomeration and particle size. This phenomenon is likely due to the smaller ionic radius of boron, which facilitates better integration into the Titanium dioxide structure.