For comparing execution times on a high-end GPU (A100, 80 GB), a single, high-end CPU in an HPC cluster (Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6342 CPU @ 2.80GHz, using 12/24 logical cores and no restrictions on RAM (750 GB total available)), and a standard office laptop CPU (12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1235U @ 2.50 GHz, using 12/12 logical cores and 16 GB of RAM), inference was run three times for three different inputs with raw input lengths before tokenization of 508, 650, and 860 characters (chosen from the 25 th , 50 th , and 75 th percentile of the dataset), and the execution times were averaged. For the surrogate models, the models fine-tuned on the ChemicalTagger dataset were used. For the Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct model, ICL prompt template 1 (see Supporting Information) was used. No batching was applied.