ITC measurements were carried out on a MicroCal ITC200 (Malvern Panalytical). and the data was analyzed using the MicroCal PEAQ-ITC analysis software. The experiments were carried out at 25°C. Ligands, i.e. 1Gal and 5, and LecA were dissolved in the same buffer, i.e., 10 mM Tris/HCl buffer (pH 7.2, 100 mM NaCl, 10 μM CaCl2). The lectin concentration in the microcalorimeter cell (0.2 mL) was 300 μM. A total of 20 injections of 2 μL of 3 mM ligand solutions were added at intervals of 120 s while stirring at 750 rpm. Titrations were carried out in duplicate and Kd reported as an average.