Table and figure The results show that Pl-Al-KNPs exhibit a clear dose-dependent antibacterial effect. For instance, at 100 µg, Streptococcus spp. displayed a zone of inhibition of 13.2 mm, which increased to 16.0 mm at 150 µg. Similarly, S. aureus showed a notable increase from 5.3 mm at 75 µg to 16.4 mm at 150 µg. Salmonella spp. also demonstrated a progressive increase in inhibition, from 6.2 mm at 50 µg to 14.3 mm at 150 µg. These findings