The mesh was then imported into COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 to build the 4D-resolved model for the electrochemical and mechanical simulations. The Lithium-ion Battery, Transport of Dilute Species and the Solid Mechanics modules were used for the electrochemical and mechanical model. All the equations and parameters that are used are listed in Table . The CBD phase was considered as a partially open porous material with a 50% porosity, which is also considered in the CGMD simulations. This means that the CBD phase is electronically conducting and permeable to the diffusion of Li+ ions. Similarly, due to the fact that Si was meshed as a homogenized domain, the resulting Si domain was approximated as a porous electrode. Within this domain, Si particles were assumed to be close packed, resulting in a domain with a porosity of 26%. Thus, similar to CBD, the Si domain is permeable to Li+ ions. Diffusion of lithium within the Si particles was calculated using spherically symmetric Fick's law in an extra dimension. In both CBD and Si phases, the effective diffusion coefficient and electronic conductivity where corrected using the Bruggeman relation. Due to the hysteresis of the Si potential, two open circuit voltage (OCV) profiles must be considered for charge and discharge. In this work, as single discharge process is analyzed, thus the corresponding Si OCV curve, as well as the graphite OCV curve were considered separately, as shown in Figure .