Carriers currently used for delivery of gene editing system cargo fall into three general groups: (i) viral vectors, (ii) non-viral vectors, and (iii) physical delivery (Figure ). Viral vectors have been extensively studied and utilized due to their high efficiency in delivering genetic material. Among them, adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), lentiviruses, and adenoviruses are the most used. AAVs are particularly favored for their low immunogenicity and ability to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells, making them suitable for a wide range of tissues. Lentiviruses, derived from HIV-1, can integrate into the host genome, providing long-term expression of the CRISPR components. However, the potential for insertional mutagenesis remains a concern. Adenoviruses offer transient expression and can carry larger genetic payloads, but their high immunogenicity can limit their use in clinical settings. The unfavorable effects of the viral vectors such as genome integration, immunogenetic responses and limited cargo loading impede the further clinical applications. Non-viral vectors, including lipid-, polymer-, or metal-based nanocarriers and cellpenetrating peptides (CPPs), offer an alternative approach in CRISPR delivery. Although considered not as prominent as viral-based delivery vectors, they possess the advantages of lower immunogenicity and toxicity, and huge cargo size, and are a proliferating area of research. 306, 313, 314 Negatively charged nucleic acids can be electrostatically complexed to cationic materials with the complexes subsequently endocytosed by cells. The most successful classes of cationic materials applied so far for nucleic acid delivery are lipids, e.g., rationally designed lipids and lipidlike materials, and naturally occurring and synthetic polymers. Ideally, any non-viral delivery material for genome editing should be well tolerated -biocompatible, non-immunogenic, and capable of delivering payloads to the nucleus. Thus, lipid-based nanoparticles can encapsulate CRISPR components and facilitate their delivery into cells via endocytosis. Polymer-based systems, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, provide customizable platforms for delivering CRISPR payloads with controlled release profiles. Nanoparticles offer unique advantages in terms of size, surface modification, and targeting capabilities. These nanocarriers can enhance cellular uptake and provide protection for CRISPR components from degradation. Exosomes, which are naturally occurring extracellular vesicles, have garnered interest due to their inherent biocompatibility and ability to mediate intercellular communication. Engineering exosomes to deliver CRISPR components holds promise for achieving targeted and efficient gene editing with minimal immunogenicity. In some cases, delivery vectors are not necessary for genome editing. In ex vivo therapies, mechanical intervention can create transient holes in cell membranes, allowing nucleic acids and proteins to enter the cell. The most common physical delivery methods include microinjection and electroporation/sonoporation, while methods such as hydrodynamic delivery are currently under development. Optimization of the in vivo CRISPR delivery still faces multiple challenges, including encapsulation of large size CRISPR system, targeted delivery, and enhanced endocytosis. In addition to gene editing, CRISPR systems have been developed for delivery of drugs, such as doxorubicin -e.g., CRISPR-dCas9. Thus, based on the potent functions of CRISPR system for disease correction, efficient in vivo delivery systems are urgently needed.