As mentioned above, we adopt a DEM model where the particles are simplified to a spherical shape and coarse-grained to a computable scale. In this study, the gravity (denoted as 𝐹 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 in the following) of the particles, the interaction forces between particles, and the interaction forces between particles and boundaries are all considered. More specifically, we included in the DEM model all the following interaction forces: (i) the Simplified Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (SJKR) model, which includes cohesion force (denoted as 𝐹 𝑆𝐽𝐾𝑅 ), (ii) the Hertz contact force (denoted as 𝐹 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑧