In the power sector, the two technologies that potentially compete with CCS are nuclear, and renewables, as both provide zero operational CO 2 emissions. More recently, nuclear faces challenges in terms of social acceptance, limited flexibility, and higher costs. Consequently, the projected deployment of nuclear power is low, providing only 1% of the cumulative CO 2 emissions reduction. In contrast, the 2 degrees scenario estimates that renewables will provide an additional 275 to 316 Gt of cumulative CO 2 emissions reduction by 2060 . Although renewable energy technologies have a near-zero marginal cost, the deployment of renewables is not going to negate the need for CCS. The high penetration of intermittent renewables, such as wind, and solar power, requires thermal power plants with CCS to balance the load on the electricity grid .