In this context, optical fluorescence-based biosensors rely on a different approach, utilizing the fluorescence emission of a probe upon interaction with the target molecule. In contrast to electronic biosensors, they offer high sensitivity and selectivity, as well as stability and the ability to detect and quantify a wide range of targets. Fluorescence-based biosensors also have a wide dynamic range, enabling the detection of low-abundance targets in complex biological samples . Another advantage of fluorescence biosensors is their compatibility with microfabrication techniques, which allows for the development of miniaturized devices for point-of-care and field-based applications with a simple operation. In contrast, electronic biosensors may be limited by their need for external power sources .