A sequence of measurements made with one APS for one performer is reported in Fig. ). The bursts of activity, interspersed with periods of no activity, are visible above a zero background in aerosol concentration. participants is reported in Fig. . The statistical analysis is described in Methods and the absolute results summarised in Extended Data Tables and; data normalised to the aerosol concentration from speaking at 70-80 dB are compared in Extended Data Fig. and Table . The distribution of aerosol number concentration generated across all participants is assumed to be log-normal, consistent with the data presented in a previous publication; concentrations must always be positive-valued and a small number of individuals generate a significantly larger aerosol flux than the median. This is particularly apparent for breathing, where measurements from individuals span almost three orders of magnitude. Indeed, 4 participants produced more aerosol in number concentration while breathing than while speaking at 90-100 dB. The reproducibility of concentration from singing a single note (70-80 dB) is not only apparent in single participant data (Fig. ), but also across the cohort with median concentrations in good agreement (0.83 and 0.91 cm -3 at beginning and end, respectively). At the lowest volume (50-60 dB), neither singing (p=0. 19) or speaking (p=0.20) were significantly different in particle production to breathing, with median number concentrations of 0.10, 0.19 and 0.28 cm -3 for speaking, singing and breathing, respectively. In the mixed model, compared to speaking, singing generates a statistically significant (p < 1×10 -5 ) enhanced aerosol number concentration, although this enhancement is small relative to the much larger changes associated with increase in volume (p < 1×10 ). Aerosol number concentration increases by a factor of 10-13 as volume increases from 50-60 dB to 90-100 dB, suggesting that shouting should be associated with little difference in risk to singing at loud volume. compares aerosol number concentrations from speaking and singing at 90-100 dB for male and female participants and for the different genres with the full cohort. Individual participant comparisons are provided in Extended Data Fig. . There are no significant differences in aerosol production either between genders (p = 0.34) or among different genres (p(choral different from "other genres") = 0.46, p(musical theatre different from "other genres") = 0.25, and p(opera different from "other genres") = 0.42). The variability among genres (almost a factor of 2 between the lowest and highest median concentrations) may be attributed to the small cohort sizes for each genre, the sensitivity of number concentration to volume and a minority of participants emitting higher concentrations than others (who could be classed as super-emitters). In addition, there is no correlation between the mean aerosol number concentration generated by an individual participant when singing at 90-100 dB or breathing and the participant's body mass index or peak flow rate (Extended Data Fig. ). Fig. : Comparison of average aerosol number concentrations (linear scale) from speaking and singing at 90-100 dB by the full cohort, males (12), females (13), opera (5), musical theatre (6), choral (5) and other genres (9).