with Agrobacterium carrying a TYLCV infectious clone, plants infiltrated with the TYLCV plasmid DNA conjugated PEI 30 -SWCNT developed no symptoms (Fig. ). To confirm these observations at the molecular level, total DNA was isolated, and the presence of the TYLCV genome was detected via Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) assay. The RCA assay did not amplify the TYLCV genome in the DNA-PEI 30 -SWCNT infiltrated samples (Fig. ), confirming the no release of the viral DNA or unavailability of viral DNA to the cellular replication machinery.