After the above-described test, the cells went on to be cycled with the standard ICI protocol. Both cells were charged to 4.3 V and discharged to 3 V at a constant current of 20 mA g -1 . A 10-second current interruption every 5 and 15 minutes was introduced to cells 1 and 2, respectively. During the 57 th discharge of cell 1, an operando XRD experiment was performed on the cell as it was charged up to 4.3 V and subsequently discharged to 3.7 V at 20 mA g -1 with a 10-second current interruption every 5 minutes, as in the previous cycles. Patterns were recorded by a STOE STADI P diffractometer in transmission setup with monochromatic Cu-Kα1 radiation every 15 minutes using a Dectris Mythen2 1K detector setup. Rietveld refinements were performed against the XRD data using the Topas-Academic software (V6). Further details of the refinements and the results are provided in the SI (Section 5).