Metabolic engineering strategies in plants involve sophisticated approaches to modify the expression and activity of key enzymes or regulatory proteins in target pathways . These strategies aim to optimize metabolic flux, enhance desired metabolite production, or introduce novel metabolic capabilities. Gene overexpression is a common approach, increasing the activity of rate-limiting enzymes to enhance metabolic flux. This strategy has been successfully employed to boost the production of various metabolites, including vitamins, antioxidants, and essential amino acids . Conversely, gene silencing or knockout techniques are used to reduce competing pathways or undesirable metabolites, with RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing being widely adopted for this purpose . The introduction of heterologous genes has enabled the incorporation of new metabolic capabilities from other organisms, allowing for the production of novel compounds in plants, such as biodegradable plastics and pharmaceutical proteins .