. 𝜇 is the chemical potential of gas dissolved in solution, and 𝜇 = 𝜇 + 𝑘 𝑇𝑙𝑛 . 𝜇 is the chemical potential of gas in the external gas phase, and 𝜇 = 𝜇 + 𝑘 𝑇𝑙𝑛 . In above equations, 𝑃 is the ambient pressure, 𝑃 is the pressure of the gas inside the bubble, and 𝑐 is the actual gas solubility that equilibrates with the bubble. Here a reference state at a pressure of 𝑃 is chosen with the gas is saturated in solution, and 𝜇 and 𝑐 are the corresponding chemical potential and the solubility of the dissolved gas.