One of the first forecasts for nanotoxicology development was the five grand challenges described by . These requirements consisted of five main points: (1) equipment advancement over the next 5-15 years; (2) developing techniques for assessing the hazards of ENMs; (3) developing predictive models for hazardous effects; (4) developing methods for estimating long-term effects of ENMs; (5) facilitating methodologies for risk-focused research.