The set of unknown parameters θ , that are used to describe the relation of the independent data x and the experimental data y exp (eq. 28), have to be adjusted to minimise the sum of squared errors (SSE, eq. 29). In case of NMR titrations θ corresponds to the stability constants and chemical shifts each component, x to the concentrations and y to the observed chemical shifts. In connection with ITC experiments θ refers again to the the stability constants as well as the heat of formation and optional to the dilution parameters. The integrated peaks of the a thermogram form y and the concentrations remain to be the independent parameters x.