growth rates of publications are high despite low absolute number of publications might indicate burgeoning and unmet interest (Fig. 4, Supplementary Figs. 2-4) -potential examples include gasdermins, TROP2, and nectin-4, all of which are amongst the fastest growing concepts with relative growth rates averaging >10% over the last three years (Figs. and). In contrast, for concepts such as immune checkpoint molecules, kinases, and glycoproteins, the gap between pace of growth and absolute number of publications is not as stark, indicating that these concepts might be at the later stages of emergence (Fig. ). For about half of the identified emerging targets, the number of publications increased by 1.1-1.5X (moderate pace); a few representative ones are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), toll-like receptors (TLRs), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) . A few targets appear to grow at a slow pace such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (Fig. ).