(ii) The Lithium ions have to then pass through the electrode-electrolyte interface and reach the electrolyte. Further, the lithium ions move via the electrolyte to the anode and this process is driven by ionic diffusion in the liquid electrolyte. (iii) The electrons are driven forward by the presence of a potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes. They pass through the cathode, conductive additions, and the cathode current interface. Finally migrating in the external circuit. Thus, reaching the other electrode. (iv) In the meantime, the Lithium ions pass through the SEI layer at the Anode and thus the electron and the Lithium ions enter the anode material simultaneously. This process is driven by solid-state diffusion. The above description presents a picture of the charging cycle of a Lithium-ion battery. It is to be noted that during the discharging cycle, the reverse movement of ions and electrons takes place. Let us take the example of a Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) battery to understand the various parts of LIB as shown in Figure . The charge and discharge cycles of a lithium-ion battery (LCO) are described below in Equations 1-3.