where q̇ is the volumetric flow rate through the reactor and [B] is the concentration of component B in the reactor effluent. The impact of oscillating the surface binding energy of B* with time is depicted in Figures for a square waveform of amplitude ΔU ~ 0.6 eV and frequency of f ~ 10 Hz. The square waveform of surface binding energies of B* depicted in Fig. was simulated for a perfectly mixed reactor operating at 1% yield of B, 150 °C, and 100 bar A inlet. These conditions produce the instantaneous turnover frequency depicted in Fig. which ranges from 3-19 s -1 in a complex oscillating form; the TOF B achieves a maximum of 19 s -1 soon after the binding energy of B* switches to relatively low energy (BE B ~ 0.9 eV), while the minimum TOF B of 3 s -1 occurs just before BE B switches from 1.5 to 0.9 eV. These turnover frequencies of B are below the predicted resonance frequencies identified in purple in Fig. ). An explanation for the lower-than-expected TOF B is provided by the surface coverages of The TOF B of Fig. indicate that the highest rates occur when surface states flip from high to low binding energy of B*. The energetic path leading to this unloading of the surface of B* is depicted in Figure . In the initial strong binding state 1, A adsorbs to the surface as A* and forms a thermodynamic distribution with state B*. When the surface flips to weaker-binding state 2, B* readily desorbs with lower activation energy to form product B. By these two states, the complete cycle can be interpreted as filling of the surface sites (state 1) followed by forced desorption (state 2), the overall rate of which is determined by the surface frequency and amplitude associated with the surface binding energies of the two states.