The CV curve (red line) for WE shows that only one intercalation/deintercalation step takes place when -1 V is applied. However, when -1.5 V is applied, two intercalation steps are observed (Figure ). Interestingly, the first-stage behavior of the WO3 electrode appears to align more closely with computational studies conducted by Ozoliņš et al., who proposed that proton conduction within WO3 occurs via bridge oxygen atoms, rather than through the Grotthuss mechanism. This distinction suggests that the proton migration in WO3 might follow a pathway distinct from traditional water-mediated diffusion, emphasizing the role of the material's intrinsic lattice structure in facilitating ionic conduction. The rectangular shape of the CV curve registered for CE indicates a typical capacitive charge storage mechanism (EDL formation), regardless of the voltage applied to the system.