where M i is the payload plus trailer mass sampled from the 2002 VIUS data set for class 8 trucks with a sleeper cab. If M i > M payload,max , another truck is needed to pick up the goods that could not be carried on a BET due to the weight restriction. The α parameter can range from 0 to 2: 0 if the existing trucks can somehow be rerouted to pick up these goods without adding any truck trips, and 2 if an additional truck round-trip is needed to pick up these goods. The very optimistic scenario α = 0 scenario is very unlikely, and α = 2 is the most pessimistic scenario. Here, as our baseline scenario, we use the intermediate value α = 1. The choice of α and its consequences are discussed further in the Supplementary Information.