The torsional term, V tor , describes the variation in the potential with rotation of the particle about the interparticle vector r ij . ϕ offset αβ is the preferred torsional angle between patches α and β, whereas ϕ αβ is the actual torsional angle between patches α and β, such that there is an energy minimum where the two angles are the same. The preferred torsional angles used for each simulation are summarised in Table . Similarly to σ ang , σ tor dictates the energetic penalty of the particles deviation from the perfect torsional angle. In our simulations, we found that the results did not vary with σ tor , and as such, much like other studies on patchy particles, we kept a constant ratio between σ tor and σ ang such that σ tor = 2σ ang . This is a physically reasonable approximation as, from chemical considerations, it is likely that σ tor and σ ang are coupled such that the less the interaction cares about the alignment of the two molecules, the less likely it has a strong torsional preference i.e. the interaction overall will be less directional.