Exposure to BPS elicited distinct responses in the IC and PD+/LRRK2+ neurons, particularly at the level of mitochondrial homeostasis. Functional evaluation of mitochondria upon BPS exposure showed that the IC neurons respond by elevating the mitochondrial potential, a response not seen in the PD+ cells (Figure ). This may be interpreted as a compensatory response of IC neurons to increase ATP production, or conversely, as a result of mild ATP-synthase inhibition, which leads to hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential due to lower consumption of the mitochondrial proton gradient.