While these results highlight the immense potential of V2O5 in solar cell applications, future studies focus on experimental validation of the proposed structure to confirm these findings under real-world conditions. Additionally, advanced interface engineering can further minimize recombination losses and enhance charge transport. Long-term stability testing under varying environmental conditions, such as humidity and UV exposure, is essential to establish durability. Research into improved synthesis methods for V2O5, ensuring higher purity and uniformity, could lead to further performance gains. Moreover, scalable manufacturing techniques, such as roll-toroll processing, should be explored to transition this technology to large-scale production. Finally, investigating other non-toxic and low-cost materials for HTMs and ETMs may open new avenues for sustainable perovskite solar cells.