The requirement for new LIB systems exhibiting higher levels of performance continues apace, amid widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), portable electronics and stationery energy storage systems. Since their introduction in the early 1990s, the energy density of a typical LIB cell has increased from ~150 Wh kg -1 to in excess of 250 Wh kg -1 , all while cost has fallen by up to 97 %. This commendable progress has been enabled through a number of achievements: economies of scale and the establishing of efficient vertically integrated supply chains, improvements to cell engineering/design and manufacturing, along with the development of higher capacity and lower cost active materials. On the cathode side in particular, the industry has moved from Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO, ~140 mAh g -1 ) to LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 (NMC111, ~160 mAh g -1 ) to LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811, ~200 mAh g -1 ). Olivine phosphate materials (such as LiFePO4, LFP with 170 mAh g -1 ) have also been widely studied academically and adopted commercially, particularly for applications which value low-cost, high safety and long lifetime.