Reference items included a PS foam food tray with an initial mass (𝑚 0 ) of 8.98 g and an initial thickness (ℎ 0 ) of 4 mm and a PS foam takeaway container with an initial mass (𝑚 0 ) of 7.8 g and an initial thickness (ℎ 0 ) of 0.46 mm, which had been evaluated by LCA. All dollar values were adjusted for inflation using the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation calculator and are presented in 2024 U.S. dollars.