In addition to examining fraction of time the analytes spent bound to the SWCNT surface or ssDNA-SWCNT conjugate, we also studied the relationship between binding residence times, defined as average residence times across all bounding poses, and ∆F/F values. Binding residence helps differentiate between stably bound analytes and those that exhibit transient but frequent binding interactions, both of which contribute to total bound time. This analysis showed a very weak correlation (R 2 ~ 0.004, Pearson correlation coefficients, ρP = 0.06, with a significant p-value) between the residence time of these analyte molecules in their binding poses on the ssDNA-SWCNT conjugate and the ΔF/F (Fig. ). However, a stronger positive correlation was observed between the analyte residence times at the SWCNT surface and the ΔF/F, (R 2 ~ 0.19, Pearson correlation coefficients, ρP = 0.44, with a non-significant p-value, Fig. , right panel). This finding can be rationalized by the expectation that longer residence times are positively correlated with stronger "perturbation cross section" for each analyte. Among the positively charged molecules from our set of analytes (F + , DA + , YY + , RR + , O + , 5 + ), all except YY + , 5 + , and O + exhibited significantly higher residence time than the neutral molecules ( ). This was confirmed by the p-value of 0.001, obtained from an unpaired t-test on positively charged versus neutral molecules.