Since the NCI map simultaneously shows both intramolecular and intermolecular interactions, and the isosurfaces are relatively scattered, the image is clearly not as easy to analyze as the IGMH map. Additionally, although the grid spacing used to plot these maps is already small (0.15 Bohr), some isosurfaces in the NCI map, such as the one indicated by the orange arrow, appear jagged, while the isosurfaces in the IGMH and IGM maps do not have this issue. This simple example highlights the clear advantages of IGMH over NCI: the fragments in the IGMH analysis can be appropriately defined according to the specific purpose of the study, allowing for a focused examination of interactions in the region of interest, and the requirement for grid spacing is significantly lower than in NCI. Considering that the computational cost of IGMH is similar to that of NCI and IRI, IGMH is the optimal choice for researchers interested in interactions between or within specific fragments. Ref. .