Real-world screening data targeting kinase families were obtained from the Davis dataset, which is composed of binding affinity information with dissociation constant (Kd) values for 68 drugs and 442 kinase proteins. This version was the same as that found in the Github repository of DeepDTA 29 (). Data points were annotated as positive if Kd < 10 μM, and negative if Kd = 10 μM (indicating weak or inactive).