Oxygen vacancies are found to be non-negative U type (stable in the 0 and +1 charge states, likely aided by polaronic stabilisation of excess electrons), adopting the neutral state under most growth conditions. 105 V O,1 are lower in energy than V O,2 at each charge state (Figure ). This can be explained from their local coordination as mentioned previously, with Thus LMNO is potentially n-type dopable and not p-type dopable. This behaviour is driven by the antisite defects in LMNO rather than oxygen vacancies in other n-type oxides. 107,108