Siepmann and Sprik developed a force field model that allows metal atom charges to fluctuate at every time step maintaining electrode equipotential. 106 This method was subsequently utilized to simulate electrochemical cells 17,107-109 and has since been integrated into software packages such as MetalWalls, 110 and LAMMPS. The technique was recently used to calculate the capacitance , and water structure and reorientation dynamics 113,114 at electrified graphene interfaces. It also has been extended with the Thomas-Fermi model to tune the metallicity of electrode atoms 115 . The method has demonstrated utility as a compromise between atomistic detail and computational expense 17 .