Whole-cell vaccines use whole tumor cells or cell lysates typically modified/treated to enhance their ability to trigger an immune response. Aimed to elicit stronger and more diverse immune reaction by presenting a broad range of tumor antigens. Provenge (sipuleucel-T; Dendreon Pharmaceuticals, LLC) 121 is the first FDAapproved dendritic cell vaccine, a type of whole-cell vaccine. 3. Virus-based/Oncolytic vaccines: Viruses, engineered to carry cancer-specific antigens, trigger immune response against cancer cells expressing those antigens upon administration. Nadofaragene firadenovec-vncg (Adstiladrin; Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S) 128 is a 2022 US FDA-approved non-replicating adenoviral vectorbased therapy for treating adults with high-risk BCG unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with carcinoma in situ with/without papillary tumors. Oncolytic viral therapy relies on viruses that kill cancer cells without harming normal cells 127 and is the basis for the development of the US FDA-approved talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC or Imlygic; BioVex Inc.) 130 used for treatment of melanoma utilizing herpes simplex virus type 1.