See DOI: 00.0000/00000000. 1d) in the fully lithiated state (LiC 6 ). In addition, the Li de-/intercalation within graphite follows a concentration-dependent staging mechanism, where stage n contains n graphene layers between two intercalated Li layers. For example, LiC 12 is a stage 2 compound with two graphene layers between two Li layers. The first model to explain the staging mechanism was proposed by Rudorff and Hofmann. However, their model fails to explain the phase transition between stage 2 and stage 3 Li x C 6 structures. An improved model by Daumas and Herold was then introduced to explain the phase transitions between the stages, where the graphene layers could be elastically bent and deformed around domains of the intercalated species. Despite various computational simulations and experimental characterizations , the staging mechanism is not yet fully understood. In addition, the phase transitions during Li de-/intercalation within graphite impacts Li diffusion. It has been reported that the transitions towards the densely lithiated stages 1 and 2 contribute to the rate limitations for charge and discharge due to the sluggish Li diffusion. On the other hand, the experimentally measured Li diffusion coefficients in graphite have been reported with a very wide range of values, from 10 -6 to 10 -16 cm 2 , 11-14 depending on the electrical potentials, the experimental methodology, and the elec-trochemical systems.