Characterization of elastic modulus of sonicated gels was done with needle induced cavitation (NIC) using a custom-made setup with water as the fluid, pressurized with a NE 1000 syringe pump (New Era, Farmingdale, NY), contained in a 6 mL disposable syringe with a 27gauge stainless steel disposable needle, microstand, and Px409-015 GUSBH pressure gauge (Omega, Norwalk, CT). Data collected from NIC was recorded on a Surface Mini using a custom LabView program to interface with the pressure sensor and record the pressure values (Crosby Lab, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA). When calculating the elastic modulus of gels, the effects of surface tension were ignored and values were computed using Equation 1 . Each NIC experiment lasted on average from 30-90 seconds.