The chitosan-coated MNP were made by in situ co-precipitation of iron salts, as described in the literature, but with a few tweaks 42 An amount of 3.6 × 10 -3 moles of iron from a mixture in a molar ratio 2 : 1 (Fe 3+ : Fe 2+ ) of ferric nitrate (3.19g) and ferrous sulfate (1.19g) added to chitosan (5g in 100ml) was mixed at 100 rpm in 3% (v/v) acetic acid(10ml) at 70 °C. An ultrasonic processor was used to spread the chitosan-iron solution, allowing for smoother compound delivery. Following that, a solution of 20% (w/v) NaOH : 96 percent (v/v) ethanol in a 12:3 volume ratio was added to the produced chitosan iron solution to precipitate it (30ml). The alkaline mixture was then homogenized using a vortex for 30 seconds before being shaken gently (60 rpm) for 18 h. After centrifugation for 5 minutes, the precipitate was washed in a 1:1 volume ratio of 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and 96 percent (v/v) ethanol before neutralized. The neutralized solids were dried in an oven at 80 °C for 5 hours before being pounded to a fine powder.