Scan rates were varied from 50 to 10 mV/s, with the goal of calculating the electron transfer rate of Cyt c and Zn Porph conjugated to AuNPs. To calculate the electron transfer rate k 0 , numerous equations were combined . In the work produced by Hicks et al., 2017 the k 0 value was determined using k 0 , numerous equations were combined . In the work produced by Hicks et al., 2017 the k 0 value was determined using Equation 1 .