However, significant challenges remain, particularly in the scalability of production, standardization of therapeutic protocols, and the need for thorough investigations into their long-term safety and efficacy in human trials. The future of exosome-based therapies lies in overcoming these challenges, particularly through advancements in bioengineering and combination therapeutic approaches. Research into optimizing exosome targeting, enhancing their cargo-carrying capacity, and integrating them with existing therapies will be critical for maximizing their clinical impact. Furthermore, large-scale clinical trials are essential to validate the efficacy and safety of exosome therapies, particularly in addressing the unmet medical needs of patients with neurodegenerative diseases.