Beneficial plant-microbe interactions, such as those involving plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), can enhance plant growth and nutrient acquisition by modulating the production of metabolites involved in various processes, including nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and defense responses . These mutualistic associations facilitate nutrient exchange, enhancing plant growth and development while providing carbon sources and ecological niches for the microbial partners .