Considering the results from the extrusion screening as well as the better cytocompatibility of the DbPE additive, we selected the 5 wt% GelMA + 20 wt% DbPE formulation for further cell-based 3D printing experiments (Figure , 7C and 7F). For bioink preparation, HepG2 cells were resuspended in GelMA and GelMA/DbPE solutions and the bioinks were subsequently held in the cartridge until their respective printing temperature (22 °C or 37 °C) was reached prior to extrusion. The presence of cells in the bioink did not visibly affect the self-assembly of the bPEs when preparing the inks, as ascertained from the gel-like consistency of the GelMA/DbPE bioinks.