With the advantages of high sensitivity and easy operation, fluorescence technology has been widely applied in biological detection and imaging . However, traditional fluorescent dyes mostly suffer the influence of aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) effect, which limited their applications and sometimes may even cause the false negative signals in detection or diagnosis . In terms of these, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens provide an excellent solution for the problems caused by ACQ materials . AIE luminogens (AIEgens) indicate those luminescent materials with dim emission in solution state but enhanced emission after aggregation, the unique aggregation caused turn-on emission and enhanced photostability as well as other photoactivities (e.g. ROS: reactive oxygen species) in aggregate state make them particularly applicable for biological applications . After 20 years development, the application scopes of AIE materials in biological area currently have been extended to pathogens and mammalian cells related detection, tracing, therapy, and theranostics, etc . In this review, we will summarize the recent research progress of AIE biomaterials for anti-pathogen medical theranostic applications. Firstly, the working mechanism of AIEgens-based theranostics will be briefly described. Then, the applications of AIEgens for precise diagnosis of pathogens will be discussed and some representative examples will be highlighted. In addition, different types of anti-pathogen therapeutic approaches will be presented, including chemotherapy and phototherapy. At last, the existing deficiencies and future prospective of AIE biomaterials for anti-pathogen applications will be proposed.