Table gathers an exhaustive list of examples of membrane-immobilized enzymes exploited for the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, among the selected biocatalytic transformations listed in Figure . Enzymes are immobilized either in the membrane (i.e. entrapped in the membrane pores) or onto the membrane surface. In these examples, the membrane can either be employed as a mere solid support (i.e. not exploited to perform membrane operations), or as a functional support forming an enzyme-membrane-reactor which acts as a combined reaction-separation unit (Figure ). Among the (recirculating) flow operations gathered in Table , the dynamic kinetic resolution of ibuprofen ester is a prominent example of how the use of a lipase-membrane-reactor can intensify a chemo-enzymatic process and push such technology to the next level (Figure ) . In this example, a lipase was entrapped in the porosity of a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane contactor. Such EMR allowed to simultaneously perform the continuous ibuprofen ester hydrolysis and the resulting Sibuprofen product separation (i.e. membrane-assisted extraction towards an aqueous phase). The unreacted R-ibuprofen ester was then recirculated into a chemocatalytic racemization unit (i.e. Amberlist OH -coated-resin) . The resin is an excellent racemization catalyst due to its strong basicity and to its macro-reticular network, which provides high surface-to-volume ratio. Its large pores allow bulky molecules, such as (R)-ibuprofen ester, to diffuse effectively. This feature, combined with its strong basic properties, enables the rapid racemization of the ester through ketol-enol tautomerism mechanism hydrolysis in an enzyme-membrane-reactor. To this aim, β-glucosidase was covalently immobilized onto ceramic membrane surfaces, and employed to hydrolyze oleuropein into oleuropein aglycone and glucose (in aqueous medium, see Figure ) . Given the differences in polarities between oleuropein aglycone and the other compounds involved in the process, a membrane-assisted solvent extraction was chosen to intensify the process. The aglycone produced in the membrane contactor was continuously extracted with an organic solvent (ethyl acetate), which allowed its separation and purification from the reaction medium. An identical strategy was implemented with polymeric (Psf) membranes containing entrapped β-glucosidase in its pores, and using limonene as organic solvent . Yet, the use of such polymeric materials as aqueous-organic contactor for such solvent extraction processes might be less suitable than ceramic membranes, given their limited chemical stability. Another elegant example of membrane-immobilized enzyme reactors applications is the in situ removal of water through pervaporation, as in the intensified production of lauryl stearate (which is often used as emollient and excipients in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals 159 ) . In this work, a "sandwich-like" membrane structure, made of a porous lipase-PVA catalytic layer coated on a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyethersulfone (PES) matrix, was employed as enzymatic-pervaporation reactor.