• Hormonal changes: The levels of many hormones in the body change upon aging, e.g., the levels of growth hormone, testosterone, and estrogen tend to decrease, while levels of cortisol (the stress hormone) tend to increase. • Changes in body composition: With age, there is a tendency to lose muscle mass and gain fat. This can increase the risk of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. • Decreased cognitive function: Cognitive decline has been widely observed upon aging, particularly in areas such as memory and processing speed. • Increased risk of falls and fractures: With aging, bones become weaker, and balance may decline, increasing the risk of falls and fractures.