Activation barriers for nitric oxide dissociation on metal slabs were calculated using climbing image nudged elastic band (CI-NEB) method, using six moving images between Mass-transfer limited features shift to less-cathodic potentials with increasing logarithmic nitrate concentration (Supplementary Figure ), where the Nernst equation bears a linear dependence on the logarithmic ratio of reactants and products (Supplementary equation 31). Supplementary Table . Adsorption enthalpies (Δ𝐸 𝑎𝑑𝑠 ) and free energies (Δ𝐺 𝑎𝑑𝑠 ) for nitrite and molecular and dissociated nitric oxide on a series of low-energy TM surfaces.