Zhang et al. concluded that the method of H2 synthesis from magnetic Fe3O4 via Sonocatalysis, illustrated in Fig. , elucidates the complex interaction of several physical and chemical processes involved in this phenomenon. The process begins through sonocatalytic water splitting, enabled by the Fe3O4 catalyst, whereby H2O serves as the reactant and MeOH functions as the sacrificial agent. The activation of Fe₃O₄ by ultrasonic vibrations is driven by ultrasonic cavitation, where the rapid oscillation, expansion, and collapse of microbubbles create localized regions of intense heat and pressure . The sonoluminescence effect adds to this setting by illuminating the space between the valence and conduction bands of Fe3O4 caused by the release of energy and light from the burst bubbles. Oxygen atoms usually react with sacrificial agents to make oxidation products, while this electron excitation primes the catalyst for activity, allowing the reduction of hydrogen ions (H + ) to form H2. Crucial to this procedure is the sacrificial agent MeOH.