Coulomb interactions are known to be the main driving force governing a wide range of important phenomena in physics , physical chemistry , biophysics 1,5,7-10 and material science . Examples are abundant, ranging from the formation of macroscopic aggregates of suspended nanoparticles to the cell functionality , DNA assembly and encapsulation in viruses , conformation of polyeletrolytes and proteins , electric storage devices , sedimentation of charged colloids , etc. Controlling these interactions and understanding the role that they play in different phenomena is a mandatory step towards the development of new materials and advances in key applications in medicine, nanotechnology and biology . The buildup of local charges that gives rise to such interactions is controlled by the local electrochemical equilibrium . Typical examples are the formation of double-layer structures around charged surfaces, ion exchange through membranes, ion dissociation in polar media, and formation of covalent bonds between protons and acidic/basic groups on surfaces immersed in solvents.