The applications focused on in this paper are: renewable energy, electric vehicles, consumer electronics, medical, UAV, and military. The criteria for a battery changes widely for different applications (Figure ). With consumer electronics or renewable energy storage, affordability is one of the most important factors . For electric vehicles, military unit equipment, and medical devices, total energy plays a greater role in battery performance . Safety is a criterion shared by all battery applications to varying degrees , particularly those near and in frequent contact with life. Others, such as UAVs, require high specific power and a moderate mix of other features . Sub-applications of each of these is discussed later (Section 5, Figure ).