Estimating environmental impacts of material extraction. For conventionally mined ore and brine, energy consumption, CO2-eq emission, and water consumption values are separated for the material extraction processes found in the GREET model. For the circular extraction case, LCObased smartphones are assumed to be collected and transported to existing private and municipal collection facilities (CFs) from each census block group in CA, assuming every person owned a cell phone and purchased a new phone every three years. A shortest-route algorithm was used for refinement is excluded from the analysis due to the lack of information in GREET. In collection of end-of-life batteries in smartphones, inefficient transport to a CF (e.g., driving each smartphone individually or taking longer transport routes to a CF) is not considered. In addition, all end-of-life EV battery packs are assumed to be driven to each CF in their original vehicles, which is attributed to the "product use" stage instead of extraction in life cycle assessment; therefore, zero CO2-eq emissions are assumed for the extraction step of EV batteries.