The Tafel slope (b) were calculated using the Tafel equation η = a + b log 10 j. Here η is the overpotential, b is the Tafel slope, and j us the current density. Chrono-potentiometry (CP) and chrono-amperometry (CA) tests were conducted on the working electrodes at constant current and potential, respectively, over a specified period to assess the stability of the electrodes under operational conditions. CV measurements at varying scan rates (10-100 mV s -1 ) within the non-Faradaic potential window of -0.02 -0.03 V vs Ag/AgCl (Figure ) were used to estimate the electrochemical surface area (ECSA). The double-layer capacitance (C dl ) was determined from the equation, C dl = I/ν, where I is the current density (mA cm -2 and ν is the scan rate (mV s -1 ). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed with a standard threeelectrode system using a ZAHNER electrochemical workstation (model IM6ex, Germany). The frequency range of the investigation spanned from 0.1 Hz to 10 kHz and the applied amplitude was 5 mV. The OWS process was conducted using a two-electrode cell setup, where the MoS 2 @NiFeCo-LDH and MoS 2 @NiFeCo-Mo(doped)-LDH catalysts served as the anode and the cathode electrodes, respectively.