Where I(hkl) and I0(hkl) are the measured diffraction peak intensity and the corresponding peak intensity of the standard XRD pattern of Sb2Se3, respectively. The calculated TC values demonstrate that the as-prepared Sb2Se3 films are dominated by the (020) plane, and this effect becomes more prominent with increasing Sn doping concentrations (Figure ). On the other hand, the intensity of the Figure displays the Raman spectra of undoped and Sn-doped Sb2Se3 films. All Sb2Se3 films show three typical peaks at 152 cm -1 , 189 cm -1 , and 210 cm -1 , which are assigned to the orthorhombic Sb2Se3 phase. With a further increase in Sn doping concentrations, additional vibration modes at 118 cm -1 , 253 cm -1 , 373 cm -1 , and 450 cm -1 for Sb2Se3-Sn (1.0) and Sb2Se3-Sn (1.5) films are observed, suggesting the formation of Sb2O3. Considering these findings along with the SEM images (Figure ), the presence of small particles on the surface of the