The ECM is a network of micro-/nano-fibers composed of glycoproteins, collagen, fibronectin, elastin, and other macromolecules . Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to acting as a nesting niche for cells, the chemical and physical properties of the ECM (e.g., stiffness, microstructures ) are key regulators of intracellular biochemical processes . On the other hand, although animal models provide 3D tissue structures, drug responses from animals can differ drastically from humans . While lab animals and humans have only slight differences in their genomes, these differences can be significantly amplified during transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes, causing major phenotypic variances , such as in hepatocyte enzyme activity .