In the last few decades, more and more evidence has emerged that AMPs have multifaceted, and sometimes quite subtle, yet severe, effects on lipid membranes. AMPs have been linked to structural changes like membrane thickening or thinning , membrane hyperpolarization , and membrane solubilization at elevated concentrations . We have previously shown that many natural AMPs significantly increase the transversal lipid diffusion (i.e. lipid "flip-flop") and, more recently, we have shown that AMPs can cause significant lateral restructuring in heterogeneous membranes . Despite the more nuanced picture starting to emerge, permeabilization of the membrane to ions and other solutes remains as the prevailing hypothesis for the antimicrobial mechanism of most natural AMPs. This is not surprising, as a large part of the research has explicitly focused on the peptide-induced permeabilization of lipid membranes, which was initially demonstrated, and later further investigated, using conductivity studies. These include the black lipid membrane (BLM) studies, where the current across a lipid membrane is monitored as a function of applied voltage . A pristine lipid bilayer is a capacitor and non-conductive, but peptide permeabilization allows ion passage, generating an electric current. This method has been used to demonstrate permeabilization by peptide toxins such as alamethicin and melittin , but also several other peptides and AMPs including; cecropin , tritrpticin , indolicidin and LL-37 . The aforementioned studies clearly demonstrate permeabilization of the membrane, and were instrumental in identifying the membrane itself as the primary target of AMPs , however, they can at best provide indirect observations regarding the molecular mechanisms. Saigo et al suggest that different shapes of the current vs time profiles of the conductivity studies are correlated to different pore structures . Ashrafuzzaman et al, on the other hand, use conductance studies to provide evidence that gramicidin A, which is commonly hypothesized to form highly defined structural pores, instead forms a variety of transient membrane defects . Nevertheless, the fact remains that these methods are indirect in terms of mechanisms.