The electronic conductivity is also a temperature-dependent process, however intrinsic material properties determine whether there is a corresponding activation energy. The semi-metallic properties of graphite relate to an inversely proportional relationship with temperature and electronic conductivity. However, in the normal operating temperature range of a battery, the change in graphite electronic conductivity is considered negligible. In contrast, NMC exhibits semiconducting properties (owing to its non-zero band gap energy) this causes electron conduction to be significant dependent on temperature. As the electron conduction in NMC is a thermally activated process the corresponding activation energy can be evaluated using an Arrhenius type relationship (Equation [6]). The NMC811 electrode was extracted from a cell that was discharged to 2.5 V. This relates to a lithium content of approximately x=0.9. At this state of lithiation, the solid-phase electronic conductivity was evaluated to be 0.847 S m -1 at 25 °C. This value is four times higher than the 0.18 S m -1 activation energy calculated by Chen et al., demonstrating that using liquid gallium to delaminate the electrode rather than adhesive tape preserves the electrode structure. The corresponding activation energy for the positive electrode electronic conductivity was determined to be 3.5 kJ mol -1 (Figure ). The effect of lithium concentration was not evaluated due to the stability of the partially lithiated NMC materials in ambient conditions. Elsewhere, this relationship has been investigated previously by Amin et al. by pelletizing the pure active material and conducting EIS measurements in an electrochemical cell. Amin et al. studied NMC532 and NMC111 at lithium stoichiometries between x=0.25 and x=1.0. For these materials the activation energy of the electronic conductivity decreased from 40 kJ mol -1 to 4.8 kJ mol -1 and 46.3 kJ mol -1 to 9.6 kJ mol -1 respectively. The latter values for the lithiated materials are similar to the value reported in this paper. For states of lithiation below x=0.25 the material exhibits metallic properties and electronic conduction is not thermally activated. The electronic conductivity is the least sensitive parameter in the DFN model and therefore it is less critical to describe its dependency on lithium concentration.