Despite the perennially gloomy pharma legacy statistics highlighted at the beginning of this report, an atmosphere of optimism can be perceived in both the academic and commercial drug R&D sectors over approximately the last 12 months. This is based on a range of scientific and technological advances that are plausibly predicted to increase the likelihood of success. Some of these (e.g. including all the "omics" options) are now offered as specialist services by companies included in Appendix II. While an evidence package based on more conventional technologies may be deemed acceptable to justify progression (e.g. for those compounds already selected and optimised) these newer orthogonal approaches may be perceived either as nice-to-have extras or even, from a more sceptical outlook, merely as passing fads in their hype-curve ascendance phases. In addition, some may be considered more relevant to early-R rather than late-D. However, their increasing importance will not only support more robust data packages for current decision-support but, collectively, they also will dictate how bright the futures of both CDEV and ADEV are going to be. There is a wide selection of such advances to choose from but only a skim introduction to some can be given below; ). However, one overlooked aspect of small-molecule modulation is that inhibitors and antagonists remain in considerable excess over activators and agonists. It is latter that shoul more likely to yield a mechanistic fix for the loss-of-function that is causatively predominant for disease.