Metabolomics has been used to study the metabolic profiles of various plantsymbiont associations, such as those involving plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) . These beneficial microbes can enhance plant growth and nutrient acquisition by modulating the production of metabolites involved in various processes, including nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and defense responses . These studies have revealed the complex metabolic exchanges that occur between plants and their symbiotic partners, which are critical for the establishment and maintenance of these mutually beneficial relationships .