Young's modulus. The hydrogel discs were centered on the plates of the testing system, then the top plate was lowered at 0.01 mm/s until the compressive force reading was 0.0075 N. The testing parameters were for 50 wt.% strain at 0.01 mm/s, with a force limit set at 3.5 N. Young's modulus was calculated, according to Equation 1, across the 5-15 wt.% strain range for all samples.