SB consumed by humans that utilized in pharmaceuticals and food is disposed of in wastewater. Wastewater treatment plants typically employ a combination of biological and chemical processes to remove SB. The primary method is biological treatment, where microorganisms in activated sludge systems break down the compound . These bacteria metabolize SB as a carbon source, converting it into harmless byproducts like carbon dioxide and water . Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including UV/hydrogen peroxide treatment, ozonation, Fenton's process, and photocatalysis, can be employed to remove pharmaceutical organic contaminants , by generating highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that oxidize the organic compounds. that employ oxidative agents to decompose organic contaminants into less toxic ones . When SB makes it to water treatment facilities, it may be disinfected, but there's still a chance it might result in disinfection by products (DBP) .