Upon contact with H2O, the surfaces of oxide-based materials develop a charge due to deprotonation of functional groups at the solid/liquid interface . Active electrode materials (e.g., LTO, LCO, LMO, C-LFP, NMC, and NCA) undergo a lithium-proton exchange mechanism (Li + /H + ) at their surfaces, leading to the formation of lithium hydroxide (LiOH), when immersed in aqueous solution, creating a basic solution (pH > 7) . pH measurements (see Table ) confirm basic behavior across all active materials, and Ni-rich electrode materials show higher pH levels compared to others, consistent with literature findings .