To allow for direct comparison between various designs and techniques applied in microfluidic mixing, the average mixing time can be derived as τ S = L mix /v avg ≈ 376 ms (7) where L mix = 800 µm is the mixing distance required to achieve sufficient mixing for an excitation voltage of 20 V P P . However, it is important to note that the device's efficiency might be further improved through design optimisations, such as by arranging the embedded bubbles in an opposite instead of an alternating manner. Additionally, as active streaming has only been observed directly in front of the embedded microbubbles, the distance between the features could be reduced without leading to unintended and possibly unfavorable interactions between the generated vortices. Furthermore, through the simple application of an external amplifier, the strength of the acoustic streaming could be further increased, which would allow to reduce the derived mixing distance.