The dopants-boron, cerium, and silver-play critical roles in modifying the electronic properties of TiO₂. Boron and cerium can introduce intermediate energy levels within the band gap, while silver doping can enhance charge carrier separation and reduce recombination rates, improving overall photocatalytic performance. The slight reduction in band gap energy observed in this study aligns with reported trends in doped TiO₂-based materials, further validating the approach used for catalyst development.