The production of H2 and/or CO was detected and estimated by manual injection of gas from the reactor headspace (50 µL) into a Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus GC and quantified using CH4 as an internal standard. The oxidation products in the solution post-photoreforming were detected and quantified using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-NMR) using maleic acid as an internal standard. The CO2 and hydrocarbons were detected using an Agilent 7890A GC equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and thermal conductivity detector (TCD).