where 𝑚 is the mass loading (in mg/cm 2 ), 𝜌 is the AM density (in g/cm ), ℎ (in µm) is the roll gap input in the virtual calendering machine, and 𝑡 is the thickness of the current collector (in µm). It is possible that the critical stress to cause particle fracture might have been reached before or later in real experiments, so the minimum roll gap and the minimum possible AM skeletal porosity are just estimates to evaluate the user's performance.