represents the O 1s spectra and Figure the N spectra displaying the presence of NH4 + ions in the hexagonal channels of h-WO3. The presence of NH4 + ions enable the stabilization of h-WO3 and is also a key factor in controlling the shape of nanorods. Specifically, NH4 + ions preferentially adsorb on the {001} facet. Inhibiting crystal growth along this axis. The Ti spectra exhibit deconvoluted peaks at a binding energy of 459.12 and 464.87 eV corresponding to Ti +4 (Figure ).