Protocol for determination of % loading of curcumin in LLCs largely followed the protocol developed by Chang et. al. , with some minor modifications for use in microfluidics. Briefly, lipid films were made as before, with 5 mol% curcumin, and LLCs generated as before. Samples were compared to a control sample ie. the same curcumin concentration without lipids. Samples were left to equilibrate overnight before centrifuging at 13 k r.c.f. for 10 minutes to generate a pellet of curcumin. Pellets were washed and centrifuged three times using 1 x PBS at pH 7.4, before re-dissolving in ethanol 1 ml. Absorbance values for each pellet at 426 nm were compared to a standard curve (shown in Fig. ) to determine end curcumin concentrations. % Loading efficiencies were then calculated using the below expression: