In patent publications among commercial or non-commercial entities, the Unites States (USA) and China (CHN) dominate together accounting for nearly 60% and 54% of commercial and non-commercial patent publications, respectively (Fig. ). Other key players include: Germany (DEU), Japan (JPN), Switzerland (CHE), France (FRA), Republic of Korea (KOR), United Kingdom (GBR) -though the exact order of prominence varies for commercial vs noncommercial enterprises (Fig. ). Among commercial patent assignee entities, Bayer Healthcare and Genentech are leaders in terms of the number of patent publications, followed by Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, and Merck (Fig. ). Patents held by these commercial organizations appear to be related to monoclonal antibodies, T cells, vaccines, ADCs, CARs, and ICIs among others.