One limitation of the current theory in Eq. 9 is that all VSC effects will vanish for isotropic disordered dipoles if there are no correlations among these angle distributions as for fully isotropically distributed dipoles, ⟨cos φ⟩ = 0. This is because k VSC explicitly depends on χ 2 = ij cos φ i • cos φ j /N 2 , and if one assume that ⟨cos φ i • cos φ j ⟩ = 0 for i ̸ = j, χ 2 = 3/N . Under these assumptions, χ 2 is negligibly small for a large N , and the VSC effect vanishes in Γ Q (ω) and R(ω) (c.f. Eq. 10 and Eq. 12). Note that Rabi splitting still survives under the isotropic disorder , as it only cares about ⟨cos 2 φ⟩ = 1/3, and is expected to be 1/ √ 3 times smaller than the fully aligned case. Similarly, it is also a great challenge for the previous theories to explain any VSC collective effect when having isotropic disorder for the molecular dipoles. Nevertheless, in real molecular systems, one should expect that cos φ i and cos φ j are correlated, at least for neighboring molecules due to the short-range interactions. Further, recent simulations sug-gest that strong light-matter coupling can modify intermolecular interactions and cause alignment of the molecular dipoles . Further theoretical analysis suggests that cavity-induced quantum fluctuations lead to manybody van der Waals interactions, which align intermolecular vectors . All of these theoretical findings suggest that the χ 2 parameter in our theory is not necessarily zero for realistic systems when coupling molecules inside the cavity, and future theoretical investigation is needed to answer this question. Our numerical evaluation of J eff (ω) (Eq. 34) also suggests that for a {φ j } ∈ [0, 3π/4] isotropic distribution, the dark modes spectral density magnitude is still much smaller than polariton peaks, thus the VSC effects will survive with a moderate angle disorder (see Fig. ).