The sluggish reaction rate of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) presents a fundamental challenge in electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies, such as water splitting, metal-air batteries, and electrolyzers . The intrinsic slow kinetics of OER arise from its complex, multi-electron and multi-proton transfer process, which involves the sequential adsorption and transformation of intermediates on the catalyst surface. Specifically, the reaction requires the cleavage of strong O-H bonds in water or hydroxide ions and the subsequent formation of an O-O bond, steps that are associated with high thermodynamic and kinetic barriers. These energy-demanding transitions are reflected in the large overpotential (η) .