When a liposome translocates through the orifice of the nanopipette, a portion of the electrical current is blocked due to volume exclusion corresponding to the physical size of the liposome. This blockage current is called a resistive pulse. The resistive pulses indicate when the liposome has entered and left the nanopipette during potential-driven multipassing. Activation of the applied potential to drive liposome motion is triggered by a field programmable gate array (FPGA) that monitors the i-t trace for a resistive pulse and commands the potential to be switched after a set delay time (210 ms) following particle translocation. The distance the liposome travels into and out of the nanopipette tip is related to the internal and external delay times, respectively (Figure ). Shorter, ≤ 5 ms, external delay times are preferred during multipassing to decrease the likelihood of the liposome diffusing too far away into the external electrolyte solution for recapture.