Wu and co-workers[57] used Fermi's Golden Rule in the time domain (Equation ), and reported rates of ∼10 11 s -1 and ∼10 8 s -1 for 3-(2-cyano-2-phenyl-ethenyl-Z)-NH-indole chromophores in the gas phase and in n=75 QM/MM clusters, respectively. Temperature was found to be largely independent to internal conversion, with rate constant remaining in the same order of magnitude, but slowing by 57% in the case of the gas phase chromophore. Further, aggregation was found to strongly affect the rate of internal conversion by 3 orders of magnitude, while displaying a minimal effect on radiative processes. Jin and co-workers note very large differences in the rate of internal conversion from the monomer phase to the aggregation phase for some systems, in most cases at least 2 orders of magnitude. However others they note the reverse behaviour, where some systems become more photostable due to aggregation by the same factor.