In contrast, the surface of p-ZNCC-Li exhibits a smooth and hole-free surface. The Li dendrites are merged with a thickness of only 33 μm (Figure ), thus could reduce surface area and electrolyte consumption for SEI formation. Moreover, smoother surfaces can mitigate the risk of membrane piercing. These findings underscore the importance of the p-ZNCC in promoting uniform lithium deposition and restraining volume changes during cycling. The presence of lithiophilic spots embedded in a hollow carbon web, comprising N and ZnO, appears crucial in achieving these desirable outcomes. Full cell tests. As shown in Figure , full cell tests were conducted to evaluate the cycle performance of the Li anode paired with an LNMO cathode. Figure shows p-ZNCC-Li demonstrates a superior capacity retention after 250 cycles at 1 C rate. The charge-discharge profiles in Figure indicate that the discharge specific capacity of Li, CC-Li, ZNCC-Li, and p-ZNCC-Li anodes at the second cycle are 109.2, 123.8, 110.7, and 102.9 mAh g -1 , respectively. By the 200 th cycle, the discharge specific capacity of the four electrodes is 86.5, 37.1, 104.4, and 110.8 mAh g -1 , respectively. Figure illustrates the rate performance, revealing p-ZNCC-Li shows a higher discharge capacity. In Figure , the EIS before cycling shows the impedance of p-ZNCC-Li is 73.7 Ω, which decreases to about 9.2 Ω after the rate cycle (Figure ). Based on the equivalent circuit (Inset figure of Figure ), the intersection of the EIS spectrum's semi-cycle with the Z' axis represents the solution resistance (Rs). The semi-cycle denotes the combined resistance of ion diffusion through the surface layer (Rf) and charge transfer (Rct). The slash indicates the Warburg impedance (W) of Li-ion diffusion. The constant phaseangle elements (CPE) characterize the non-ideal capacitance of the surface layer. The following formula (1) calculates the apparent chemical diffusion coefficient (D):