Various cellular functions occur through the dynamic actions of biomacromolecules and supramolecular assemblies located at bio-interfaces (Fig. ). Typical dynamic functions of the bio-interfaces in cellular activities include adhesion, signal transduction, and substance transportation. Extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network of proteins and other biomolecules, is one such bio-interface. ECM adheres to membrane protein receptors such as cadherin via ligands of the ECM and regulates dynamic cellular functions such as migration. ECM also shows release of signaling factors to trigger cell differentiation. For example, secreted proteins belonging to the hedgehog family interact with and dissociate from heparan sulfate proteoglycans generating the morphogen gradient essential for development. Another important architectural component of the bio-interface is phospholipid bilayers. The phospholipid bilayers are the major component of cellular and organelle membranes and contribute to fundamental cellular activities, such as substance transportation and intracellular signal transduction.