To graphically present our results in Eqs. 21 and 23, we plot the distributions of cost over continuous 𝑛 and 𝑑. As a reference cost per edge, we use data from HPC benchmarking studies, which found that each RBFE simulation cost about $24/edge (Methods and Materials). For 𝛾 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (Eq. 21) over varied 𝑛 and 𝑑, we find a steep reduction in cost compared to unclustered designs even with minimal clustering (Fig. , top). On the other hand, for the most poorly balanced clusters (Eq.