where we see a tendency to underestimate. This suggests that the framework is 386 better able to quantify larger emissions, which is expected as these emissions have easier to quantify. Note that true emission rate is the primary driver of quantification accuracy. There is a slight relationship between quantification error and emission duration and wind speed, with longer emissions and higher wind speeds resulting in slightly smaller errors, but this relationship is much less influential than the relationship between quantification error and true emission rate. See Section S9 in the SI file for details.