where 𝜇 , -is the chemical potential of pure solvent 𝑖 , and 𝑥 , denotes the mol fraction of solvent species 𝑖. For dilute solutions of a single solute in a single-component solvent, solvent ideality may be assumed (activity coefficient 𝛾 , ≈ 1), such that Eq. 12 can be simplified to yield the Van't Hoff equation: