Operating cost comprises of electricity, labor, maintenance and repair, permits and licenses, and insurance. Table summarizes the normalized per-mile (and per-km) costs associated with each term as reported by Williams and Murray 85 and Burnham et al. . We use these values for our study, however, it should be noted that each of them has an associated uncertainty. For example, uncertainties in future labor costs are associated both with unknown future real wage gains by drivers, and with the possibility of some drivers being replaced by self-driving trucks on highway routes. There is also considerable uncertainty about the costs of maintenance and repair for future battery electric trucks. In the case of unit electricity costs, a wide range of prices (0.07 -2 USD/kWh) for charging using high-power (50-400 kW) DC chargers have been reported in the literature by Muratori et al. . This hinders an accurate costing analysis as it is one of the major contributors to the TCO (more than one-third). A few studies have reported higher fidelity electricity prices, but they are tailored to the light-duty segment, which differs significantly from longhaul trucks. Therefore, we adapt the analysis framework described by Muratori et al. to evaluate different charging infrastructure options and calculate the electricity price which is described next.