Electric vehicles have some of the most demanding requirements of battery applications given their counterpart, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles . Electric vehicle batteries have stringent safety , weight (i.e. specific energy) and charge-time in addition to long cycle life , high affordability , and volume requirements. Thus, a truly scalable EV battery requires a host of innovative solutions across many disciplines working together synergistically. Examples of EV applications include electric aircraft, cars, buses, trains, motorcycles, bicycles, and scooters.