In contrast to CDEV, academic drug development (ADEV) is more difficult to define. This is in part because of many different operational models that may include a commercial partner and other types of mixed funding. These cannot be easily differentiated from the general academic drug discovery-oriented activities nested within the biochemistry, pharmacology or chemistry departments of universities and institutes. Indeed, because of reputational kudos, many of these organisations declare such activity. The situation is further complicated by the practice of handing-off promising leads to another unit as well as Principle Investigators (PIs) that lead the projects forming a minimal start-up (i.e. becoming a de-facto SME) as a route to seed funding.