Modifying regulatory elements, such as transcription factors, promoters, or regulatory RNAs, allows for fine-tuning of metabolic pathways by altering the expression patterns or responsiveness of metabolic genes . Enzyme engineering, which involves modifying the catalytic properties or substrate specificity of key enzymes, has proven effective in improving pathway efficiency or introducing new functionalities . Additionally, metabolic channeling through the creation of synthetic enzyme complexes or scaffolds has been explored to improve the efficiency of multi-step reactions . Recent advances in synthetic biology and genome editing have significantly expanded the toolkit for metabolic engineering, allowing for more precise and complex pathway modifications . These diverse strategies, often used in combination, provide researchers with a powerful set of tools to manipulate plant metabolism for desired outcomes.