1.1 Liquid subculture preparation E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) Broth. L. rhamnosus was grown in MRS media. Briefly, the appropriate growth media was inoculated with bacterial glycerol stock and incubated overnight at 37 °C with 300 rpm shaking (Eppendorf, ThermoMixer C). The following day, these overnight cultures were diluted in fresh media (1:35), incubated at 37 °C with 300 rpm shaking, and used during exponential phase of growth. Bacterial growth was monitored by measuring optical density (OD) at 600 nm and regarded as exponential phase growth after reaching an OD of 1 (Eppendorf, BioSpectrometer fluorescence).