The final distance-matrix approach, developed by Choi, predicted the interatomic distances of a TS structure using the reactant and product structures combined with a linear interpolation between the two. Through different methodologies, all three of the discussed approaches have predicted or generated a guess of the TS geometry using a distance or Coulomb matrix, before converting this matrix back to Cartesian coordinates through some form of optimisation. However, all methods required costly QM optimisations to achieve high accuracy TS geometries, and some even had poor convergence in TS optimisations despite using the guess TS as the starting structure. Additionally, a limitation across all methods was the molecular representation itself. The use of distance and Coulomb matrices occasionally generated TS geometries which did not geometrically resemble the target TS, due to the inability of these representations to encode the spatial orientation of atoms (see Figure ). This highlights the need for molecular representations which utilise Cartesian coordinates directly for more reliable TS predictions.