3D printing can also be applicable in other instances in the biomedical field. Microfluidic chips provide a cheaper, more resource-effective potential for drug discovery and tissue engineering. Lab-on-a-chip is a microfluidic device that can be used to detect analytes and biomarkers. Organ-on-a-chip is a similar concept, utilizing these chips to mimic a specific functionality of an organ to test in lab. Microfluidic chips can be created by different 3D printing techniques, including stereolithography, multi-jet modeling, and fused deposition modeling. Polymers such as hydrogels and other inorganic materials are used for the chip design. Resins can be used to create microfluidic chips by stereolithography to detect Salmonella bacteria. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is commonly used in microfluidic devices, especially with organ-on-a-chip. PDMS is transparent, flexible, permeable to oxygen, biocompatible, and relatively low cost. However, PDMS is hydrophobic and fluorescent to a degree, so surface modifications have been developed to improve PDMS chips. Other common materials for chips include glass and thermoplastics. The variety of techniques and materials in 3D printing provide a broad spectrum of options. Anatomical modeling provides important tools for teaching and learning in medicine. Patient-specific models, or biomodels, can be 3D printed from the patient's MRI/CT scan data. This application shows the potential pathologies, accurate sizing and placement for future implants, accounts for unexpected anatomy, models surgical resection and reconstruction, and decreases overall surgery time with better planning. There are three primary 3D printing methods for anatomical models: fused deposition modeling (FDM), powder bed fusion (PBF), and stereolithography laser curing (SLC). FDM is the most common due to its low cost and compatibility with thermoplastics. FDM-produced models' mechanical properties are useful for manipulation during surgical rehearsal. PBF works with high precision parts in materials like Nylon, a material ideal for sterilization. SLC also creates precise resin-based models. 3D printed biomodels help not only medical personnel but also the patient by augmenting the patient's understanding and capacity for consent with better preoperative understanding. Although there is not as much literature on the matter, 3D printing can also apply to surgical instrumentation. Designs for surgical sets include: hemostats, needle driver, scalpel handle, retractors and forceps are available in design packages such as SolidWorks. These designs can be printed using plastics during SLS or FDM printing. The application for these instrumentations are feasible and can lower the cost and provide future options for surgeon specific modifications .