Embracing a circular approach by targeting the utilization of EoL batteries is expected to contribute to a reduced strategic dependency on primary raw materials and resources that, with very few exceptions, come from geographic regions outside Europe. This dependence of Europe on raw material reserves outside its geographical boundary often leads to conflicts with European goals in protecting basic human rights, environmental protection and other ethical dilemmas . Moreover, with some of those materials coming from politically volatile regions, the ingredients for fabricating the current and future batteries (generations 4 and 5), have highly fluctuating prices.