The modern desalination techniques include: (i) reverse osmosis (RO) process that leverages external pressure to counteract osmotic forces facilitating the selective passage of water molecules while eliminating salt ions and other contaminants ; (ii) the use of charged polymers, which facilitate selective ion capture through salt dissociation and association reactions ; and (iii) capacitive deionization process that applies an electric potential to a porous electrode structure, where ions are adsorbed, allowing for water desalination without requiring continuous high-pressure application . Integrating RO with capacitive deionization in a hybrid process enhances desalination efficiency , extending the operational life of RO systems .