Universal Indicator pH Strips: I found these to be easy to use; however, at first it took me longer to get used to interpreting the colour code/pattern which corresponded to each pH on the legend. Once I became accustomed to the colour code comparison, I was able to identify all of the unknowns without retesting and without any potential "close call" resolution issues. These had an advantage of being non-bleed so that they could be used without contaminating solution and without significant amounts of solution fractioning (which is required for Universal indicator solution and pH papers). I could quickly see the benefit of these pH strips for a variety of types of colour vision. The stacked blocks of different colours created not only a colour based identification mode but also a pattern-based identification. This is very similar to design recommendations for communicating information (print and online) with colour, where either the colours chosen should appear unique to as many folks as possible, and where this cannot be guaranteed the colour should be paired with patterns to ensure the information can be communicated/interpreted equitably. These pH strips have these qualities. Universal Indicator Solution: A qualitative description of colours (as provided in the lab manual) is essentially meaningless if your colour vision isn't normal. A colour that's supposedly "red" can look brown or black, depending on the shade, pink can be gray or light blue, and purple can't be distinguished from dark blue. To sum up my findings: the strong and weak bases (solutions one and five) are essentially impossible to distinguish, both looked dark blue. However, seeing that a pink can look blue or even grey to me and that one and five were the most intensely colour solutions, I thought they were the strong acid and base. Solution two looked like a weak acid and was a dark yellow/light orange. Solution three looked blue-green, so I figured it was neutral. Solution four was light blue, so a weak base seemed correct. There is a chance that I might have performed better on this test if there were colour photographs of solutions at each pH included in the lab manual. That being said, sometimes colours can look different in a photograph than they do in reality. The exact appearance of colour in a photograph depends on the camera used to take the picture, the lighting used when the photograph was taken, and the colour gamut of the monitor used to display the picture. personally use in lab. These should be used for all undergraduate labs where determining pH is required. These strips are great, not just because the colours are easily distinguishable, but because it is possible to compare the pattern seen on the pH paper with that given on the box, which further reduces the opportunities for confusion. Universal Indicator pH Strips: Out of all three, the strips were incredibly useful. I don't think I've ever been able to assess pH as quickly as I was able to with the strips. There is less emphasis on colour with them, and more so on recognizing a pattern, so that even if I cannot see one colour I can still make a proper assessment of the pH of my solution. The other two rely heavily on normal colour vision and I found them quite temperamental.