for PSC fabrication, such as blade coating, spray deposition, roll-to-roll printing, ink-jet printing and vacuum deposition techniques. While these methods provide a pathway towards commercialization, several challenges still remain. In particular, small variations in wettability, thickness, roughness and morphology causes non-uniformities over large areas, with these variations causing shunts, or even pinholes, which can short-circuit the device. where key parameters can be controlled, allowing for highly reproducible results. cHTR