where, Â ∈ N Nv×Nv is the adjacency matrix of the graph with added self-loops, which can be computed as the sum of the adjacency matrix A plus the identity matrix I. Symbol D ∈ N Nv×Nv denotes the degree matrix of Â, and it is used for scaling the node feature aggregation in the GNN. W (l) is a learnable matrix at layer l and σ is an activation function. For this study, the sigmoid activation fucntion was used.