As discussed in Section 1, regression using the 1 distance is generally more robust against outliers than the Euclidean norm . To illustrate this in the context of EIS, we used the distant 2×ZARC impedance to which we added white noise and three outliers (Section 2 and Figure (a)). The exact impedance was also more accurately recovered with the 1-1 pair than RR (Figure (a) and Figure ). The average mean squared error, 𝜀̅ 𝑍 , on the impedance was 3.68 × 10 0 Ω for RR and 9.84 × 10 -1 Ω for the 1-1 pair.