Where ji is the partial current density of the corresponding gas product, Z is the number of transferred electrons formed by the product (2 for CO), F is the Faraday constant (96485 C mol -1 ), mi is the mass of the loaded catalyst, ω is the relative mass fraction of Au in the catalyst, and M is the relative atomic mass of Au. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was conducted in a 1M KOH solution saturated with either N2 or CO2, using a scan rate of 50 mV s -1 .