lieved to have been abundant on the early Earth . Our results revealed that decanoic acid vesicles can divide even at low carbodiimide concentrations. This extension of our investigation demonstrates the robustness of the mechanism of self-division in different amphiphilic systems, suggesting that such processes could have played a crucial role in the self-replicative behaviors of early protocells. This aspect of our study not only tests the versatility of our proposed mechanism in diverse lipid-like environments but also enhances our understanding of the types of molecular assemblies that could have facilitated the emergence of life . Our work also lays the conceptual foundation for developing synthetic cells capable of autonomous self-replication, reflecting the most basic properties of life .