The samples, cut into 30×5 mm rectangular strips, were wrapped with laboratory tape at each end to aid handling and minimize clamping effects, giving them final dimensions of 20×5 mm. Template-assisted electrospinning involves utilizing a collector as a template to shape the electrospun structure . During the electrospinning process, a template is strategically positioned, guiding the deposition of polymer fibers to create a structure that mirrors the template's shape, resulting in precise and controlled fabrication of complex architectures. For this purpose, a custom-made tubular collector with a 5 mm diameter made of copper was designed to position the fabricated 3D printed porous structure, serving as a template for the electrospinning process. In the next step, the 3D printed tubular structure fabricated in the previous section was introduced into the custom-made electrospinning device as a template for fabricating fibers in a tubular shape (figure ). During the electrospinning process, 5 mL of the copolymer nanocomposite solution was precisely electrospun onto the rotating tubular 3D printed structure at 100 rpm. SEM images were captured to investigate the integration of the electrospun fibers and tubular 3D printed template structures.