TBPBB was utilized as an marker to monitor oxidative stress via in vivo fluorescence imaging with Fig. as a typical example, which was caused by elevated sodium chloride (NaCl) levels (0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 mM) for different duration , 120 or 168 hours) during Jade seed germination. TBP fluorescence signal in pea sprouts increased with NaCl concentration and prolonged germination time (Fig. ), underscoring the significant impact of NaCl stress on ROS production (Fig. ). High ROS level corresponded to low germination rate and long embryonic root length (Fig. ). Moreover, co-cultivation with 25 mM NaCl and 1.0×10 8 CFU/mL B. subtilis upon 36 h resulted in a ROS level of 0.299 M (lower than 0.307 M without B. subtilis), which further decreased with higher B. subtilis usages (0.206  M for 5.0×10 8 CFU/mL), suggesting its mitigating effect on NaCl-induced stress. Notably, higher B. subtilis dosages were associated with increased ROS level (Fig. ) and decreased root length (Fig. ) . Combining ROS level, root length and taking 168 h cultivation time, Jade pea can resist oxidative stress at 0.496 M ROS that caused by NaCl, which rose to 0.529 M in the presence of B. subtilis. Moreover, a suitable growth condition in an alkaline environment for Jade pea should not exceed 0.542 M ROS even with the migration of B. subtilis. The Jade pea can tolerate 0.641 M ROS caused by PEG and 2.804 M ROS caused by Pb 2+ pollution. Further, the relationship between oxidative stress level and the embryonic root length of the sprouted seeds for the six pea varieties under four stressful conditions was accessed through the fluorescence imaging (Fig. ). Notably, Vicia faba L consistently exhibited a lower fluorescence signal compared to the other five pea varieties across the four tested stressors (Fig. ). This suggested that Vicia faba L had higher resilience to the applied stressors, indicating its potential suitability for cultivation in suboptimal conditions. In contrast, ZW6 seeds exhibited an increased fluorescence signal in response to all stressors, especially under drought and heavy metal conditions, indicating a lower tolerance to these specific stressors.