Figure compares the technological potential of renewable aviation fuels. SAF, derived from renewable sources such as biomass, waste oils, and synthetic processes, offers a practical and scalable approach to decarbonizing aviation. It leverages existing supply chains and technologies while providing a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, thus serving as a critical bridge towards more sustainable aviation in the near future. E-fuels are all fuels in gas or liquid form that are produced from renewable (solar or wind power, for example) or decarbonised electricity. These fuels are sometimes referred to as electrofuels because they involve the use of electricity (electro) to generate the necessary chemical transformations. E-fuels are synthetic fuels produced by using renewable energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO 2) and hydrogen (often derived from water electrolysis) into liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons, which is also called powerto-liquids (PtL) pathway. The synthesized hydrocarbon e-fuels can be created by combining hydrogen (often produced using renewable energy sources) with carbon dioxide directly captured from the atmosphere or biomass/biogas. The proposition of e-fuels is truly transformative: they have the potential to deliver the high-energy demands of modern societies while ensuring a significantly lower carbon footprint . In addition, their capacity to serve as a direct substitute for conventional fuels in existing infrastructures, without the need for extensive modifications, makes them especially attractive . E-fuels aren't merely another alternative energy source. They represent a potential cornerstone in the next phase of our global energy transition as illustrated in Figure . By harnessing the power of e-fuels, humanity could pave the way towards a more sustainable energy landscape for carbon neutral or even carbon negative, which drastically reduces our carbon emissions and mitigating the worst effects of climate change . Historically, the concept of e-fuels has rooted from the Fischer-Tropsch process, a method developed in the 1920s to convert coal into liquid hydrocarbons . While the principle of synthesizing liquid fuels from non-petroleum sources is not new, the integration of modern renewable energy sources to power such processes is a relatively recent development . Over the past two decades, a burgeoning body of research has investigated the potential of e-fuels . Initial studies were primarily focused on the technical feasibility of producing e-fuels . Advances in Direct Air Capture (DAC) technologies, as investigated by , have opened up the possibility of sourcing carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere, providing a truly sustainable carbon source . The economic viability of e-fuels has also been a topic of significant interest . Cost analyses associated with technologies employed, such as those conducted by , have aimed to benchmark the production costs of e-fuels against conventional fossil fuels and other renewable alternatives .