A further limitation is that most of the NMR work to date has been carried out under ex-situ rather than in situ conditions. Time consuming ex-situ experiments often lead to a limited number of experimental conditions being sampled, and may result in temperature and pressure dependent phenomena being missed. Further method development will help to make in situ techniques more accessible and practical. Importantly, in situ measurements are well-suited to gas mixtures, and should also enable kinetic studies, which have been rare to date. We also note that low field NMR methods are being developed for the study of adsorption phenomena. The lower cost of these approaches are particularly attractive, and may be well-suited for industrial applications. An important remaining challenge is to differentiate closely related adsorption products. As discussed above, the 13 C isotropic chemical shifts generally provide poor differentiation of ammonium carbamate, carbamic acid and bicarbonate species. Approaches that utilise additional NMR parameters, such as 13 C chemical shift anisotropies, 25 as well as O NMR 14,70 may help to resolve closely related adsorption products in the future. The availability of increasingly high magnetic field strengths may make O measurements particularly attractive. Finally, signal enhancement methods based on dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP) may enable complex NMR measurements to be carried out without the need for isotopic enrichment. The use of exogenous radicals as polarising agents may perturb the CO2 capture modes in some cases, though advances in the use of endogeneous radicals for DNP may be well suited for studies of CO2 capture. DNP methods may also allow for the enhancement of signals from species adsorbed at adsorbent particle surfaces, which may impact surface transport barriers.