where 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ is the height of the simulation domain. Bulk diffusivity values of the pore and the CBD domains for the purposes of this calculation were taken from the work conducted by our group (Chouchane et al.) on NMC morphology and its performance. From the effective diffusivity value, and directly extracting the porosity of the system from the geometry, the tortuosity factor can be calculated according to the McMullin number (𝜏 =