Figure shows the profiles of ionic conductivity and relative permittivity at the interface, as simulated , under varying potentials. At higher potentials, permittivity saturation is observed due to the strong electric field. The ionic conductivity is zero in the Helmholtz and compact layers, attributed to the absence of ions and lack of mobility, respectively. At lower potentials, the ionic concentration does not reach levels that significantly impact mobility, and the permittivity does not saturate, which is consistent with the underlying physico-chemical processes at interface.