The efficiency is the absolute value of the free energy deviation from equilibrium to account for both the forward and reverse reaction promotion at oscillatory steady state relative to the applied oscillation amplitude. For consistency with the mechanism of dynamic catalysis of Figure , the amplitude in the denominator of the efficiency (ΔU A or ΔU B ) was selected based on the directionality of the promoted reaction; ΔU B was selected for the forward reaction, and ΔU A was selected for the reverse reaction. Representative high and low gamma systems were analyzed to assess the efficiency as a function of oscillation amplitude, waveform, and endpoint selection. As demonstrated in a previous publication for a continuous flow reactor under dynamic catalysis operation , oscillation waveform shape has a significant effect on dynamic catalysis rate promotion. In the CSTR for a high gamma system (γ B-A ~ 2.0), the square waveform exhibited the highest TOF B followed by sinusoidal (2-3x slower) and then triangle and sawtooth waveforms (4-6x slower). As shown in Figure , these waveform types were applied to the batch reactor system, and the resulting steady state composition was compared with the thermodynamic equilibrium composition (50% A and B in all cases). The ΔΔG was computed as the difference in the apparent free energy of the reaction at oscillatory steady state from the actual equilibrium (i.e., 50% A and 50% B).