La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3- 320 (700 °C) 8 x 10 -3 (800 °C) 15.3 (100 -600°C) La2NiO4+ 85 (700 °C) 4 x 10 -2 (800°C) 13.8 (75 -900 °C) La4NiO10± 87 (800 °C) 37 -11.5 (250 -800°C) Pr4NiO10± 90 (600 °C) -12 (25 -1000 °C) The major challenge, however, with LSM as a cathode has been its poor oxide-ion conductivity, of the order of 10 -7 -10 -8 S cm -1 at 800 °C40 . The formation of a composite of LSM with a material of high ionic conductivity has been explored in the hope that this limitation of low ionic conductivity could be resolved . Ostergard et al. by using the composites of LSM+YSZ reduced area specific resistance (ASR) from 2.7 Ωcm 2 obtained by using pure LSM to 0.5 Ωcm 2 for an LSM+YSZ composite operating at 1000 °C41 . However, because of long-term thermal and mechanical degradation problems with LSM cathode materials and their low inherent oxide ion conductivity, a search for better materials for IT-SOFCs continues. The problem arises from the fact that at high operating temperatures polarisation losses are negligible but once the temperature is lowered to the intermediate range, polarisation losses become significant and thus negatively impact the cell efficiency by decreasing the kinetics associated with ORR and charge transport at the cell cathode. The cathode materials based on LSM further suffer from a severe deleterious problem of strontium segregation, which will be discussed later.