To model the assembly of charged colloids, we performed Langevin dynamics simulations of binary mixtures of colloidal particles using the HOOMD-Blue software, 37 as previously implemented. † A total 6750 number of charged particles were placed in the simulation boxes in a simple cubic arrangement in a 1:1 ratio at varying ϕ p . Unless otherwise indicated, the radii of the positive-and negatively charged particles were taken to be 85 nm and 105 nm, respectively. The temperature was maintained by a Langevin thermostat at 1 k B T. The drag coefficient, γ was set to 0.001. The screened Coulombic interaction between two particles is computed by the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, expressed as