-Exposure to certain environmental toxins and chemicals has been linked to an increased risk of developing PD. The most well-known environmental risk factor for PD is exposure to pesticides and herbicides , particularly those containing compounds like rotenone and paraquat. Other potential environmental risk factors include industrial chemicals, heavy metals (e.g., lead, manganese), and certain solvents (e.g., trichloroethylene). Some studies have also suggested a possible association between PD risk and factors such as rural living, well-water consumption, and exposure to certain metals in drinking water. -Certain medical conditions and lifestyle factors have also been implicated as potential risk factors for PD, although their roles are less well-established. These include head injuries, prior exposure to viral infections, smoking, and caffeine consumption. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are thought to play roles in the pathogenesis of PD, and factors that contribute to these processes may influence disease risk.