Further insights were gained from the Fourier transformextended X-ray absorption fine structure (FT-EXAFS) spectra at the Cu K-edge. The spectra revealed a similar geometric arrangement in both the pristine and loaded catalysts, with an identical peak observed at ~1.8 Å, which is attributed to Cu-P or Cu-S bonding (Figure ). Further TEM images confirm the discrete nature of the Cu23 NCs and its consistent size even after loading on the CB surface (Figures ). This consistent structural feature underscores the preservation of the Cu23 NC's structural integrity during the electrode fabrication process, crucial for its performance as a CO2RR catalyst.