HMNs (5 × 5 array) and elastic pump were fabricated using Anycubic bio resin on a resin 3D printer (Anycubic Photon Mono M5s Pro, Anycubic Technology Co., Shenzhen, China) and Elastic 50A Resin V2 (Form 3) on Form 3+ printer (Formlab, Somerville, MA, USA), respectively. The microneedle arrays and pump were designed in AutoCAD software (Fusion 360, Autodesk, USA) and exported to .STL format files. The HMN model files were subsequently rotated by 45 degrees along both the X and Y axes for optimized supports and sliced using Anycubic Photon Workshop software, while the pump was auto-oriented and sliced by PreForm software. After the 3D printing process completed, the prints were removed from the build platform and cleaned with an isopropyl alcohol solution to wash off residual resin. These prints were post-cured in a UV cure machine (λ = 405 nm) for solidification, followed by removal of model supports.