All chronoamperometry (CA) was performed at 400 mV versus the gold RE. In other words, the conditions were unchanged compared to long-term growth conditions. The potential was adjusted between the WE and RE while the current was measured between the WE and CE using a potentiostat (PARSTAT MC Multichannel Potentiostat, Ametek Scientific Instruments, USA) operated by software (VersaStudio, Ametek Scientific Instruments, USA). We used CA to monitor changes in the EAB metabolic rate, which occurred during initial growth and during temperature perturbations. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to analyze the on-chip electrical resistances. The experiments were conducted using a the same potentiostat and software used for CA.