The design of suitable bioinks that balance three-dimensional (3D) printability and biocompatibility (the biofabrication window ) remains critical for the expansion of additive manufacturing (AM) in biomedicine . AM techniques have found application in a growing number of disciplines, including mechanical engineering , aviation and aerospace engineering , architecture , electronics , arts , food industry , and medicine . In the life sciences, AM technologies have enabled customized macro-and micro-scale fabrication, ranging from prosthetics to highly defined and complex microarchitectures for 3D cell culture to the precise deposition of cells and biomolecules . Among various biofabrication techniques (inkjet, stereolithography, laserassisted), extrusion-based bioprinting is the most commonly used method due to its rapid print speed and possibility to encapsulate high cell densities (10 8 -10 9 cells·mL -1 ) within extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking hydrogel inks . Consequently, cell-laden tissue and organ constructs have been fabricated through extrusion-based bioprinting, including skin , liver , kidney , heart , blood vessels , cartilage , and bone constructs.