The cumulative capital expenditures until 2050 are shown in Figure As presented thus far, there are multiple pathways that could bring the chemical industry in Japan near or beyond scope 1, 2, and 3 net zero. The first set of net zero pathways is LC-ME and BAU-ME, which mainly combine the use of fossil feedstock with CCS, where the carbon vector is from the ground (fossil) to the ground (CCS).