Overall, the findings indicate that resonance was activated to a lesser extent than other resources. For the students who used resonance as a resource, the barrier to the productive application was successfully drawing the resonance structure. Two of the OC2 students were successful in productively applying resonance, compared to one OC1 student. OC2 uses resonance to a greater extent to explain carbonyl structure and reactivity, and we hypothesized 330 that it would be a more prevalent resource. In OC2, resonance structures involving oxygen atoms are more prevalent than those involving nitrogen atoms, which may account for the reduced association of resonance as a resource by the OC2 students. Carle et al. reported findings supporting greater success in identifying resonance and the corresponding hybridization of oxygen-containing molecules versus nitrogen.