Here, the graphite particles are considered explicitly, while the additives are considered implicitly in the CBD phase, whose particles intend to represent additive agglomerates. The experimental graphite particle size distribution is shown in Figure in the supplementary information (SI). The graphite particles are approximated as spheres, which is different from the standard flat ellipsoidal graphite, but is nonetheless consistent the experimental shape of the GHDR graphite that we used (Figure ). Water was used as a solvent and the slurry solid content (SC) was 38%. Differently from our previous model, in which CBD particles accounted for carbon+binder+solvent at the slurry phase and carbon+binder only at the electrode phase , here the CBD particles account for carbon+binder only for both slurry and electrode phases, while the solvent is modelled by using devoted particles, whose total volume is calculated to match the experimental SC. On the one hand, the main idea behind the use of particles to model the solvent is to use highly overlapping particles, thus mimicking a continuum medium. On the other hand, the rationale behind using explicit CBD particles in the slurry is the consideration that carbon black particles and binder form aggregates in the slurry, which further densify upon drying, leading to CBD agglomerates at the electrode phase . In principle, this would imply using smaller CBD particles (mimicking carbon+binder aggregates) at the slurry phase and mimicking their agglomeration along drying. In this work, for simplicity, and given that the objective of this work is not assessing the dynamics of CBD agglomerate formation, but studying the microstructure effects of Si expansion in graphite/Si composite electrodes, the CBD particles are kept constant with a diameter of 1.5 μm and a density of 0.866 g/cm 3 . This corresponds to CBD agglomerates with a nanoporosity of ~50%, as measured by previous FIB-SEM measurements . In this type of CGMD simulations, all constituent particles in the model interact with each other with the Lennard-Jones (LJ) and Granular-Hertzian (GH) force fields (FFs), as introduced by earlier works .