PM is a diverse and heterogeneous mixture, whose composition continuously varies spatially and temporally. The chemical constituents of PM are extensive and encompass a range of substances. Some of the common components found in PM include nitrates; sulphates; elemental and organic carbon; organic compounds (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons); biological compounds (e.g., endotoxin, cell fragments); and metals (e.g., iron, copper, nickel, zinc, and vanadium). It's crucial to recognize that the sources and concentrations of these elements in PM can exhibit significant variations upon several factors, including geographical location, degree of urbanization, industrial operations, and other contributing elements. Among these elements, Fe, Ni, and Zn are naturally abundant in the Earth's crust and are commonly found in both soil and dust. While, Cu and V are primarily present in soil and rocks, and their mobilization into the atmosphere typically occurs through processes like dust resuspension and soil erosion. The anthropogenic origins of these elements encompass a spectrum of industrial activities. These activities include metal production, iron and steel manufacturing, copper smelting, nickel mining, and processes like galvanization, which entail the application of zinc coatings to iron or steel surfaces. Furthermore, significant contributions arise from the combustion of fossil fuels, with particular emphasis on heavy fuel oils commonly utilized in shipping and power generation. Additionally, vehicle-related emissions, notably those generated through brake and tire wear, constitute substantial sources of these elements, especially in densely populated urban areas . This highlights the complexity of its characterization needing multiple complementary analytical techniques to determine elemental, and phase composition.