[138] using a sol-gel approach and a subsequent calcination procedure at 450 • C, starting with tetra butyl titanate and graphite oxide as precursors. The XRD results demonstrated that, regardless of the graphene content, all samples containing TiO2 (anatase) exhibited an average crystal size of approximately 11 nm. Notably, the specific surface areas of pure TiO2 and modified with 5 wt% graphene rose with increasing graphene content, measuring 15.9 and 24.1 m 2 g -1 , respectively.