The incompleteness of metadata prevents the interpretation of inconsistent data arising from different studies. An example of such variability is demonstrated in a large global benchmark study , in which the variability of a dissociation constant for a protein-protein interaction determined by 150 participants using a general protocol exceeded its average value. When investigators were given detailed fixed protocols, the dissociation constants still varied up to 20% . This kind of irreproducibility is commonplace in enzymology and has an essential impact on subsequent research.