In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most well-known ART procedure. It involves is a process of fertilization, in which an egg is combined with sperm in vitro. IVF includes the steps of ovarian stimulation using fertility drugs to produce multiple eggs, retrieval of mature eggs through a minor surgical procedure, fertilization of eggs with sperm in a laboratory dish, and transfer of resulting embryos into the uterus. Currently fully integrated into clinical practice, it is successfully applied in tubal factor infertility, endometriosis, male factor infertility, and unexplained infertility. IVF is now a cornerstone of human fertility treatment, enabling millions of births worldwide. Success rates vary by age, with the highest success rates (30-40% per cycle) for women under 35. Rates decline significantly after age 40. Artificial insemination is a medical procedure in which sperm is introduced into a woman's reproductive tract to facilitate fertilization and pregnancy. A sperm sample is collected, washed and concentrated to isolate healthy sperm, then placed directly into the uterus (intrauterine insemination, IUI) or cervix (intracervical insemination, ICI) during ovulation. It is mainly applied in cases of mild male infertility, unexplained infertility, or cervical mucus issues. It is simpler and less invasive than IVF. Success rates are typically 10-20% per cycle, depending on factors like age and sperm quality. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) is a procedure that helps women conceive by placing eggs and sperm directly into the fallopian tubes. Eggs and sperm are collected and mixed before being placed into the fallopian tube via laparoscopy, allowing fertilization to occur naturally in the body. Used when one fallopian tube is functioning and there are no significant sperm issues. Requires a surgical procedure and general anesthesia. In contrast to IVF, which places fertilized eggs directly into the uterus, the GIFT technique allowed the eggs to fertilize and develop in the fallopian tube, and then find their way to the uterus for implantation. It is less commonly used today due to advances in IVF. Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) is similar to IVF, but the fertilized egg (zygote) is transferred into the fallopian tube instead of the uterus. It is applied for patients with infertility but healthy fallopian tubes. Allows the zygote to develop in the natural environment of the fallopian tube. Combines the benefits of IVF and GIFT, but is less common now. Cryopreservation (fertility preservation) involves freezing and storing reproductive cells, such as eggs, sperm, or embryos, for future use. Cryopreservation is now a routine procedure for embryos and sperm, and is becoming more common for oocytes. It is applied for fertility preservation, e.g., for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation, with excess embryos from IVF, or delaying childbearing for personal or professional reasons. Vitrification (rapid freezing) has significantly improved outcomes compared to slow freezing. Success rates depend on the age at which eggs or sperm are frozen. Long-term storage costs can be significant. Egg donation and sperm donation can help people have children when they are not able to produce healthy eggs or sperm on their own. Eggs or sperm are donated by a third party and used in ART procedures like IVF or intrauterine insemination to achieve pregnancy. Applied for individuals unable to produce viable gametes, such as women with premature ovarian failure or poor egg quality or men with no viable sperm. Widely used by older women, same-sex couples, or single parents. Donors are screened for medical and genetic conditions. Legal and ethical issues around donor anonymity and parental rights vary by country. Surrogacy involves a woman carrying and giving birth to a child for another person or couple using their embryos (gestational surrogacy) or her own egg (traditional surrogacy). While in traditional surrogacy the surrogate's egg is fertilized with sperm (via IUI or IVF), making her the biological mother, in gestational surrogacy the surrogate carries an embryo created through IVF using the intended parents' or donors' eggs and sperm, so she has no genetic link to the child. Applied for individuals with uterine issues or medical conditions preventing pregnancy, also for same-sex male couples or single men. Surrogacy laws vary widely by country and region. Advantages of the traditional ART methods described above include: (i) proven track record including decades of successful use and refinement; (ii) customizationcan be tailored to specific infertility causes; (iii) wide availability, offered by most fertility clinics worldwide. Traditional ART methods remain the backbone of modern infertility treatment, with ongoing advancements improving success rates and patient experiences. Still, traditional ART methods, while groundbreaking and beneficial for many, do have some shortcomings such as high costs, emotional and physical stress, lower success rates with age, risk of multiple births, health risks including ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, as well as certain ethical and legal Issues.