in terms of the elastic strain F e , dislocation-induced plastic strain F p , and compositional eigenstrain F c . The compositional eigenstrain F c is Li-ion concentration dependent and links the relation between the local state-of-charge and lattice mismatch in the a, b and c directions, respectively. The plastic deformation gradient F p is incorporated to depict the accumulation of plastic shear arising from a -b plane dislocations within cathodes.