In the past decade, ML has driven significant progress across domains in modern society, including object detection , autonomous driving , drug delivery , weather forecasting , and design-by-analogy . Three key advancements in AI drive this process: I) the availability of extensive datasets, II) the development of robust computing hardware, and III) the refinement of advanced algorithms. In contrast to traditional physical and chemical theories relying on explicit formulas for problem-solving, ML tackles problems by extracting concealed insights from datasets through the learning process .