To assess the performance of the DECIMER Image Transformer model in comparison with other openly available tools (OSRA , MolVec 14 , Imago 13 , Img2Mol 15 , MolScribe , SwinOCSR , see Supplementary Table ), a row of benchmark datasets from a variety of sources was applied (a complete list with additional information about the benchmark datasets and individual tool performance is provided in the Methods section and the supplementary information). Following the remark of Clévert et al. , that the parameters of the rule-based systems OSRA, MolVec and Imago are overfitted to the available benchmark datasets, mild image distortions (i.e., rotations in the range between -5°and + 5°and mild shearing) were applied to all datasets (see Figure /3D in contrast to Figure /3C for datasets without these distortions).