An implication of these new studies is that, when comparing internal energies or effective temperatures determined using benzylpyridinium ions over the years, it is important to scrutinize which E0 values were used. Values obtained at a lower level of theory are usually lower, meaning that internal energies were underestimated in older publications. Upon reviewing articles that have used the survival yield method with benzylpyridiniums to study internal energy in sources, we found that most were using E0 values calculated at the AM1 level in 2004, and only few recalculated E0 values at high level (typically, CCSD(T)). Also, very few studies included the kinetic shift effect, further underestimating the internal energies. Table summarizes the most accurate, recommended E0 values (calculated at the CCSD(T) level) for a large set of benzylpyridinium ions. d For Eapp values at  = 2 × 10 -4 s and 5 × 10 -4 , see Tables and of (Rahrt 2019).