While the model reagents and methods used in this study are not designed to be easily scalable for wide application, at low-cost, new methods and reagents are appearing to solve this issue. For example, the application of gas-phase chemistry can minimise costs. The application of higher homologue reagents may reduce the need for extensive surface modification. All these issues will be investigated in the future, but it is hoped that this study will give support for revision of the current SUP directive -as this is currently dictating innovation within companies but has the potential of preventing the application of key phenomena. Fortunately, the EU is leading the way in targeted calls that look at these issues, including in the necessary development of novel analytical methods to assess the impact of novel materials on the environment.