For the electrochemical performance under increasing discharging rates, the current density increase from initial 0.0.024286 mA/cm 2 to the highest 0.72858 mA/cm 2 . Simulation results under these increasing discharging currents are shown in Figure . Accompanying these enhanced currents, the extracted capacity obtained is reduced from the largest ~ 3200 mA to ~ 450 mA. This phenomenon is commonly seen for Lithium ion batteries under higher charging/discharging rates: as a higher charging/discharging current is applied, due to limited transport properties of Li ions, greater polarization occurs within the cathode, anode, and liquid electrolyte. These large polarizations make it much earlier to reach the cutoff voltage, thus shortening the constant current (CC) charging period, and the cell enters the constant voltage (CV) period. Given the relatively smaller efficiency of the CV stage over the CC stage, the efficiency of charging/discharging is greatly reduced. Thus, a much smaller capacity is obtained under higher charging/discharging current.