The dense EPS complicates the study of ABPs and their mechanisms of action. "Peptide 1018" provides an illustrative example. De la Fuente-Núñez et al. studied peptide 1018, noting moderate potency against planktonic P. aeruginosa but high activity against pre-formed biofilm populations . This led the authors to hypothesize that peptide 1018 targets a molecular mechanism unique to the biofilm microenvironment, possibly related to stress response pathways . However, . The initial MBIC/MBEC values were found to be inaccurate, potentially due to the accumulation of the cationic peptide in the biofilm within flow cell chambers, resulting in a local peptide concentration higher than anticipated . Although peptide 1018 was confirmed to bind to its proposed target, ppGpp, the target was not essential for its antimicrobial action . This finding highlights the promiscuity and accumulation tendencies of certain cationic peptides in biofilms, where anionic polymers like alginic acid are abundant . On the other hand, this phenomenon presents an opportunity to explore the factors that drive peptide accumulation within biofilms, potentially revealing strategies to enhance ABP potency against those ecological niches.