from the equality of total anode and cathode reaction. In this equation, f represents the dimensionless factor L(1 -ε)P L ⟨ electrode-scale current densities for each electrode, where L is the length of the electrode, P L is the volume loading of the solid material at the electrode, ε is the porosity of the electrode material, A p is the particle area, V p is the particle volume, and ⟨⟩ indicates the averaged parameter over the entire electrode. For the current density descriptions, i a and i c are the average particle level intercalation currents densities at the cathode and anode, while i cell is the total cell level intercalation current density.