#$ * %& ' ' ; the temperature was recorded to be 22°C, room temperature. The equation was then rearranged to derive, the diffusion coefficient. bound to AuNPs of different sizes, with ligands of varying lengths, and various methods of conjugation . This analysis was crucial in determining whether any of these factors influenced the k 0 value. Moreover, comparing the k 0 value with biological data assisted in ascertaining whether the k 0 value affects the apoptotic ability of Cyt c.