Structural characterization of the synthesized polyaniline (PN) and its composites was carried out using a Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer (IR-Affinity S1, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) over a scanning range of 450-4000 cm -1 , with a resolution of 2 cm -1 . Additional analyses were performed using a UV-Vis spectrometer (UV-Vis Model 1800, Shimadzu, Japan) in the 200-1000 nm range.