Image processing was performed in Avizo (V2020.2, Thermo Fisher Scientific) on the reconstructed nano-CT volume. Each state of charge scan consisted of two separate scans taken consecutively and thus horizontally stitched together using an image registration wizard to form the full volume of the electrode thickness. Each particle was extracted individually and segmented based on a thresholding algorithm derived from Otsu's method and adjusted manually to only include voxels within the particle boundary. Each particle at both pristine and charged state were then labelled using the label analysis Avizo module which assigns specific values to a binary image. For particle analysis all particles were filled. For crack level analysis the NMC phase was separated from the crack structure using the same thresholding method as before. The cracked phase was binarised and analysed using the label analysis module. Skeletonization was performed using the Auto-Skelton module. This module extracts a 1 voxel centreline of filamentous structures from image data by using an edge erosion algorithm until the centre line is extracted. The voxel skeleton is then converted to a spatial graph object, distance map, and provides local analysis on each segment including estimated volume and path radius.