Bacterial-blockage activity: hydrogels of concentrations 17.5% and 8% with the presence and absence of vancomycin were formed in parafilm wrapped Transwell™ (pore size 3 µm) and hardened overnight. Parafilm was carefully removed from Transwell™ in clean bench hood and Transwell™ were placed in 24-well plate that contained 100 µL of L B media (The Transwell™ was partially bathing in the 100µL of the LB). 100 µL of LB media was then added to the top of each Transwell™ followed by 5 µL of E. coli culture (prepared in the same way as described above). Plates were covered and incubated overnight at 37 °C in static conditions. The following day, Transwells™ were carefully removed and culture from 100 µL of LB was transferred to a 96-well plate and CFUs were performed as described above.