The cell was charged using a standard constant-current-constant-voltage (CCCV) protocol on a Biologic BCS-805 cell cycler at room temperature to 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li + ) at a c-rate of C/50 based on a calculated theoretical capacity of 0.5 mAh, constant voltage was applied until the current had fallen to C/100, and then the cell was disassembled as detailed above.