Moreover, in chemical research, reliable catalysts are essential, and the characteristics of PGM catalysts have established them as the most dependable choice. Subsequently, PGM catalysts have been more extensively engineered into nano-sized particles. Researchers aim to optimize these catalysts to their most efficient state to maximize reaction yields in their research. This characteristic helps them have a higher surface area, providing more active sites for catalytic reactions and, therefore, increasing the overall efficiency of the catalyst. For example, typical platinum nanoparticles can be made with sizes as small as 3nm ("Platinum Nanoparticle," 2023). However, a typical iron particle at the nanoscale is approximately 20 nm; this suggests that platinum catalysts are usually engineered into smaller-sized particles, which provides it with a more catalytic surface for reactions. It is likely that because PGM catalyst materials such as platinum are very scarce , scientists would spend more time engineering them into smaller particle sizes so that the effect of such high-activity catalysts could be maximized. On the other hand, non-PGM catalysts like iron, because they could be more easily found in nature, scientists do not spend as much effort and time to maximize their use; instead, they are simply engineered into relatively smaller sizes, resulting in larger sizes for typical iron nanoparticles.