Additionally, the In2O3 coating may contribute to increased electrochemical activity by providing additional active sites and facilitating more efficient Li + diffusion. A more pronounced effect on electrochemical properties is observed when InCl3 is present on the particle surface (Figure , 3e and 3f), as seen in layered structures (e.g., LCO, NMC, and NCA). The CV comparison of LCO (Figure ) reveals a significant reduction in redox currents, broadening of redox peaks, and progressive peak shifts with cycling, indicating deteriorating electrode kinetics and progressive surface degradation over continuous cycling. These effects suggest a higher energy barrier for redox reactions, as reflected by higher redox potentials, indicating hindered charge transfer kinetics and reduced overall charge-transfer efficiency.