Second Law of Thermodynamic: The second law of thermodynamics (equation 8) states that the entropy (S) of an isolated system always tends to increase in a spontaneous process, reflecting the system's natural progression toward a state of greater disorder or randomness. This principle governs the direction of thermodynamic processes and provides a framework for understanding the interplay between energy, entropy, and spontaneity. In non-isolated systems, changes in entropy must also account for exchanges of energy and matter with the surroundings, leading to the concept of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) as a key determinant of spontaneity under constant temperature and pressure.