Another cell design issue with using alkaline electrolytes is the need for anion exchange membranes, which have comparatively slower ion transport than proton exchange membranes and overall limited mobility for both bicarbonate and carbonate anions. 11,81 For these reasons a large amount of research is being undertaken to improve OH -, HCO3 -and CO3 2-transport through anion exchange membranes, with a fair amount of work done by Dioxide Materials'