Human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured in the presence of capsaicin before LPS showed an increase in nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and a decrease in LPS-induced cytokine and chemokine production. This led the authors to conclude that TRPV1 reduces inflammation in endothelial cells through the activation of the Ca 2+ /eNOS/NO pathway .