Preparation of the primer. The primer was prepared by the following components (given in terms of weight percent in chloroform): HSQ (3.3 %), bis (triethoxysilyl) ethane (0.2 %), vinyl trimethoxy silane (0.9 %), TBT (0.2 %), and platinum catalyst (0.033 %), which produced a clear colorless liquid. Adding large amounts of solutes in the solvent can result in gelation, which was avoided for the current studies.