Furthermore, multiphase fluid models have been used to simulate the effects of solid particles present in the aqueous solution on its effect on gas-liquid flow as well as heat transfer within the reactor vessel . It could be fruitful to perform parameter studies for materials used in hydrometallurgical recycling of batteries to optimize battery recycling. Using a fluid dynamics simulation or a coupled CFD and DEM simulation, one may simulate the flow of the leaching solution through the recycled metal, thereby predicting the concentration of the metals within the solvent. To enhance safety of hydrometallurgical recycling, CFD simulations may also be performed to understand acid and dust pollution occurring during the recycling process and to design emission control systems.