Meanwhile, strain measurements were collected from a strain gauge (CEA-06-250UN-350/P2, Micro-Measurements, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA) fixed adjacent to the cell. Strain data (𝜀𝜀 𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑎 ) was collected in real time using a D4 Data acquisition system (Micro-Measurements, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA). The distance from the end of the bar for both the sample (𝐿𝐿 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑎 ) and the strain gauge (𝐿𝐿 𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑎𝑎 ) are measured using a ruler. Because the gauge and the sample are positioned at different distances from the end of the bar, they possess slightly different strains. Thus, the strain in the electrolyte can be estimated by correcting the strain in the gauge using beam bending theory. From Euler-Bernoulli beam bending theory, the axial strain at a point on the surface of the cantilever can be written as