We implement differential voltage fitting (DVF) to estimate properties of the battery at the electrode level. Similar methodologies have been implemented by other groups . This method extracts electrode capacities and lithium inventory: Q PE , Q NE , and Q Li . Additional information, such as the SOC of either electrode at a full cell specified voltage is further calculated: SOC PE,2.7V , SOC NE,2.7V , SOC PE,4.0V and SOC NE,4.0V . The DVF routine employed non-invasively probes degradation by fitting