was used as the reference electrode. An electrochemical workstation (CHI660E) was used to provide the designated bias on the TNA anode, and a UV-LED array with 60 mW/cm 2 irradiation was used as the light source. In the case of the PC method, the reactor was operated at open-cell conditions without circuit connection between the TNA anode and the Ti electrode under illumination. In the case of the EC method, the system was operated in dark at designated in the literature . The extracted mass of the U was calculated by comparing the difference between the remaining and the initial U concentration in the reaction solution.