Currently, the cost of graphene membranes is prohibitively high. The literature uses extremely expensive Cu foils (500-10000 $/m 2 ), manufactured by delicate processing, to prepare high-quality graphene for membrane application. This high raw material cost is prohibitive for the carbon capture application. For comparison, polymeric membranes for carbon capture have a membrane element cost of 20-50 $/m 2 . Incidentally, the major cost of CVD graphene is related to the expensive Cu foil. However, Cu foils are also produced cheaply (~10 $/m 2 ). An important challenge here is that low-cost Cu foils have surface imperfections in the form of micrometer-sized particles and large grooves and scratches. These imperfections are detrimental to the fabrication of high-quality graphene membranes for carbon capture because they compromise the integrity of the suspended graphene by generating cracks. The second challenge concerns the lack of demonstration of CO2-selective pore incorporation in graphene over a large area. Pores in graphene are carbon vacancy defects incorporated by removing atoms from the basal plane. Chemical routes involving the gasification of the lattice by oxidation are intrinsically more scalable than carbon knockout routes using energetic beams. For oxidation, oxidative plasma, 31 oxygen (O2), ultraviolet light/ozone (O3), or O3 have been demonstrated. However, they involved sophisticated setups that are challenging to scale up. The uniformity of pore incorporation over a large area is not demonstrated.