Despite their promise, platinum-based photocatalysts , widely considered the most efficient for HER, face several significant challenges. One of the main issues is the high cost of platinum, which limits the scalability and commercial viability of platinum-based photocatalysts . Additionally, platinum suffers from charge recombination , where the photogenerated electrons and holes recombine before they can participate in the desired chemical reaction, reducing the overall efficiency of the photocatalyst. Other challenges include selectivity, as platinum-based catalysts may not always favor the desired reactions, and reactivity, as their performance may degrade over time due to material instability or surface poisoning . To overcome these limitations, researchers are exploring alternatives such as non-precious metal catalysts, hybrid materials, and the modification of existing platinum-based systems through doping, alloying, or the design of protective layers to improve stability and efficiency.