In most cases, labs undergoing automation and digitalisation will have "legacy" data, or will continue to generate data from external sources, i.e. out-of-band of the automation process ¶ See the "Provenance Implementation" entry in the Topics section of AiiDA documentation, available at: † See the "How to monitor (and prematurely stop) a calculation" entry in the How-To Guides section of AiiDA documentation, available at: codes.html#how-to-monitor-and-prematurely-stop-a-calculation that is being implemented. Such out-of-band data was also generated as part of the current work. However, by incorporating appropriate data parsing routines into our FAIR data parser yadg, we are able to ingest such out-of-band data into AiiDA and collate it under the appropriate digital twins. As shown in Fig. , the provenance graph of fully in-band experiments can be mimicked in this way. As will be shown below, the ingested out-of-band data can be post-processed using the same tooling as the in-band data. Currently, the provenance graph for such out-of-band experiments may be incomplete. Solutions for automating and/or facilitating the reconstruction of the relevant metadata, which may be currently missing, will be explored in a future work, provided the required data is available.