Eq. 1: Definition of the loss factor tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿 = 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝐺′′ 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝐺′ Due to the well-known ability of κ-and ι-carrageenan to form gels when specific ions such as calcium ions are present, a simplified gel definition is used in this study. When the storage modulus G' is clearly greater than the loss modulus G'' over the respective frequency range, a gel is considered to be present.