Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are believed to play significant roles in the progression of PD. Inflammatory processes in the brain, characterized by microglial activation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, can lead to neuronal damage and contribute to the degenerative cascade, exacerbating disease progression. Inflammatory mechanisms may be triggered by α-synuclein pathology, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and other factors. Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses, can damage cellular components and exacerbate neuronal dysfunction and death. Motor symptoms are a hallmark clinical manifestation of Parkinson's disease and include bradykinesia (slowness of movement), resting tremor, rigidity (stiffness of muscles), and postural instability. These motor symptoms result from the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and the subsequent imbalance of neurotransmitters within the basal ganglia circuitry.