These findings suggest a potential relationship between the amount of dopants incorporated into the titanium dioxide matrix and the resulting particle size. Specifically, as the concentration of dopants (boron and cerium) increases, the average particle size of the catalyst also increases. This trend could be attributed to the agglomeration of particles during the synthesis process, a phenomenon where smaller particles cluster together to form larger aggregates. Agglomeration is often influenced by factors such as the concentration of dopants, synthesis conditions, and the stability of the colloidal system.