Table summarizes the differences among the two datasets compared in this study. Australian (N=155) samples were collected as described elsewhere . Briefly, urine samples from male patients diagnosed with diabetes were collected during 24-hours. Urine control samples from male healthy volunteers with no history of diabetes, pre-diabetes, kidney disease, kidney stones or hypertension and who were not currently taking any medications or drugs were collected as a spot urine. This study was approved by the Austin Health Human Research Ethics Committee (Ethics ID: H2013/04937) and the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (Ethics ID:21405). All individuals provided written consent before analysis commenced. Additionally, the albumin content of each sample was obtained from the corresponding clinical laboratory, which served as reference values. Specifically, ELISA was used for the Australian samples while immunoturbidimetry was used for the Spanish samples.