As shown in Figure , the model domain spans between the reaction plane and the solution bulk, with the diffusion layer thickness determined according to experimental conditions. To solve the Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations, boundary conditions are needed. The right boundary is situated in the solution bulk, where concentrations match bulk concentrations, and the electric potential is taken as the reference potential, namely, 𝜙 = 0. The left boundary is located at the RP, and the fluxes at this side correlate with the current densities obtained from the microkinetic model,