Zhou and co-workers used the same implementation for a series of triphenyl amine derivatives, with rate constants ranging between 10 5 -10 10 S -1 depending on the substitution, providing a suite of control for internal conversion in the monoradical species. However, no clear pattern was observed between the eight studied sub-species. Inai and co-workers calculated the rate constants for bisphosphoryl-bridged stilbenes and their thiophene-fused counterparts; and calculated a rate of 6.1×10 3 s -1 when using density functional theory. However, the rate constant dropped to 9.0×10 2 s -1 when the energies were calculated at the coupled cluster (singlets-doublets) level of theory. For the other stilbene derivatives they studied, rate constants between 10 5 -10 8 s -1 were reported. Hayashi and co-workers examine the case of ethylene, and found rates ultrafast rates on the order of 10 10 s -1 for the higher excited states, and slower rates on the order of 10 6 s -1 for the lower excited states. Veys and co-workers highlighted a strong dependence on the full-width half-maximum of the broadening function, in some cases resulting in 2 orders of magnitude difference in the final rate across 7 different chromophores.