A wound that was infected with the bacteria P. aeruginosa was prevented from growing by a gel of TOCNF (0.2-0.8 wt.% in water) . Carboxylate CNF can undergo processing in an autoclave to change its physical, chemical, and antibacterial properties . High antibacterial activity and low toxicity were demonstrated by autoclaved carboxylate CNF towards reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) and L929 murine fibroblasts . P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were the targets of tests to determine the antibacterial activity of carboxylate CNF with various degrees of oxidation. Compared to non-oxygenated CNF dispersion, oxygenated CNF dispersion displayed greater antibacterial activity.