Microbiota plays an essential role in human physiology and pathology. Recent reports on the involvement of microbiota in regulating health status and lifespan 451 have triggered significant growth in the field of life sciences research and industry. Dysbiosis is a state characterized by distinct alterations in the microbiome resulting in an imbalance in the microbiota, modifications in their functional composition and metabolic performance, or a change in their allocation. The effect of the microbiota on human physiology and pathology is so widespread that it has been considered as an essential organ of the human body. Numerous studies have reported proof that microbiota-targeted interventions can have a therapeutic power not only for age-related diseases, but also for delaying aging and promoting longevity. Thus, longevity has been correlated to the Firmicutes bacteria rearrangement and Proteobacteria enrichment, substantial decrease in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and elevation of Eubacterium limosum level. Noteworthy, microbiota composition can be strongly modulated by certain factors including diet, probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics, physical activity, drugs, and psychological stress. Thus, microbiota-aimed interventions comprise probiotics mostly containing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Fecal microbiota transplantation is a procedure used to restore the intestinal ecosystem through transferring of feces filtrate from a healthy donor into the gastrointestinal tract of the recipient. Recently, Its potential benefit and safety in pathologies commonly associated with aging, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and neuro-degenerative diseases have been recently demonstrated. 3.9. Caloric restriction / intermittent fasting One of the first antiaging approaches has followed from the observation that caloric intake control can increase lifespan -first demonstrated in mice and rats. Indeed, the reduction of caloric intake by some 10-30% as compared to ad libitum food intake has been demonstrated to extend the longevity of various species. Furthermore, among all anti-aging interventions, dietary interventions have demonstrated the greatest promise. Recently, two related dietary interventions, caloric restriction and intermittent fasting, have been reported to effectively prolong the healthy lifetime of the nervous system by affecting basic metabolic and cellular signaling pathways that regulate longevity. Multiple interactive pathways and molecular mechanisms exist by which caloric restriction and intermittent fasting benefit neurons. Indications exist that the advantages of caloric restriction are associated with modification of the metabolic rate. Thus, the key physiological routes that have been inferred as potential mechanisms by which caloric restriction stimulates longevity include: (i) activation of AMP protein kinase 463 ; (ii) sirtuins activation ; (iii) insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling inhibition 466 ; and (iv) mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition. These pathways promote the protein chaperones, neurotrophic factors and antioxidant enzymes production, which facilitate cells managing stress and fight disease.