At the mesoscopic scale of our simulation framework, on-lattice kMC simulations are used to simulate larger length-and time-scale ion transport in the multiparticle system, adopting a simplified representation which only explicitly considers the nanoparticles and the cations (Figure ). Toward this objective, nanoparticle configurations at different particle volume fractions (φ) are generated using the effective pair potentials between functionalized nanoparticles (calculated at the microscopic level), and are mapped to an on-lattice representation (SI, Section S5.1). As described in the SI, Section S4.4, information pertaining to the cation spatial distribution and local mobility from the higher-resolution MD simulations are input into the kMC simulations to simulate transport of cations (represented as tracers) on the lattice sites not occupied by the nanoparticles. Since the time scale for diffusion of nanoparticles is long compared to that for cations, we considered the nanoparticles to be immobile.