Finally, the electrons and holes, acting as strong reducing agents and strong oxidants respectively, either directly react with substrates or indirectly participate in reactions by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) . It is worth mentioning that the oxidation and reduction abilities of photogenerated holes and electrons primarily rely on the edge positions of the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB), respectively. For an overall photocatalytic reaction to take place, it is crucial that the energy levels of the VBM and the CBM align with the redox potential of oxidation and reduction half-reactions. With their remarkable redox potential, the highly reactive ROS have the ability to oxidize a wide range of organic substrates. As an example, ( • OH) hydroxyl radical, (redox potential +2.81 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode, SHE), plays a crucial role in photodegradation reactions. It is generated through the oxidation of surface hydroxyls or absorbed water. Additional reactive oxygen species can be generated during the process described above, such as the superoxide radical ( • O2 -, redox potential: +0.89 V vs. SHE), singlet molecular oxygen (1 O2), and O3 species. Kawai et al. contributed to hydrogen generation method in 1981 using a photocatalyst of Pt/TiO2 with substrates of microalgae, seaweed, rice straw, and grass. The rate of hydrogen production might reach 0.11 mmol g -1 h -1 when seaweed was utilized as a substrate . Water does not dissolve unprocessed lignocellulosic compounds. So, to get more hydrogen out of the process faster, we need to make sure that active species like photo-generated holes and hydroxyl radicals may fully interact with the substratum by increasing the contact area between the catalyst and lignocellulosic materials.