The results of this study add to a body of literature (e.g., ) suggesting that the RFS technology mandate does not properly incentivize the production of low carbon fuels, while expanding the analysis to additional policies and a proposed pathway from a perennial grass to SAF. Fieldspecific LCA could better incentivize actions to meaningfully lower crop and biofuel carbon intensity and, in doing so, provide the capital necessary to implement in-field monitoring. The CFR is a more recently enacted performance-based program that appears better structured to characterize and value cellulosic biofuels (Figure ). In anticipation of the continued establishment of RFS annual volume requirements, program administrators could consider restructuring the program to a performance-based standard to promote climate and financial benefits.