Batteries that power much of our lives have become indispensable for humanity's sustainable future. A variety of batteries commonly used include both non-chargeable primary batteries e.g. zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries, and rechargeable secondary batteries, e.g. lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries. The global market of the latter is projected to grow rapidly due to expected increase in demands in green technologies.