Figure demonstrates that as the CTC-65 electrode potential becomes more negative, the FE for C2H4 and C2H6, increases, while the efficiencies for CH4, formic acid (HCOOH), and CO decline or remain relatively constant. Figures and further explains the decreasing selectivity for CO and HCOOH, respectively, with more negative potentials, emphasizing that lower SnCl4 loading on Cu2O GDE led to a more pronounced decrease in selectivity. Figure shows the declining trend of the CH4 FE selectivity as the potential becomes more negative, specifically at higher loadings of SnCl4 Lewis acid. In contrast, Figure demonstrates that C2H4 selectivity increases with more negative potentials, particularly at the SnCl4 loading volume of 65 μL. Finally, Figure illustrates a decline in ethane selectivity with more negative potentials for both reagent volumes, although selectivity is higher at the lower volume (65 μL). Overall, the optimal loading of SnCl4 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 is 65 μL; which serves as the basis for the exploration of the CTC-65 GDE. In contrast, the bare Cu2O GDE primarily produces C1 products such as CO and CH4, and the Cu3Sn (Sn deposited Cu2O) GDE shows improved selectivity for HCOOH and CO due to the presence of Sn, which favours formate formation. The FEs of bare Cu2O and Cu3Sn GDEs are given in Figure . The XPS spectra presented in Figure reveal detailed insights into the chemical state changes of Cu, Sn, Cl, and other elements on the CTC-65 catalysts before and after CO2 electrolysis.