Taking back the example presented in Figure , Rh is monoisotopic, thus it only has one isotope at m/z = 103. Its corresponding columns in the A matrix (𝒂 𝑹𝒉 ) will then be 0 everywhere except at the 𝑖 value that correspond to m/z = 103, where its value (𝑎 𝑖,𝑅ℎ ) will be 1. On the other hand, Ru has different isotopes with m/z value of 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, and 104. The respective columns for the Ru (𝒂 𝑹𝒖 ) will then have zero values everywhere expect at 7 𝑖 values corresponding to m/z = 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, and 104. (the respective values correspond to the natural isotopic distribution for Ru, i.e. 0.17, 0.05, 0.4, 0.39, 0.54, 1, and 0.59). The same goes for the (𝒂 𝑷𝒅 ) column but with the respective intensities and m/z value of its 6 isotopes.