The second experiment used the furnace designed for the XAS beamline shown in Fig. that more reliably maintained a higher temperature and was filled with Ar gas to created an inert atmosphere around the sample. This furnace reached temperatures of 650 °C sustained for 5.5 hours. Three electrodes were placed through the top of the BN cell for open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements. The sample was heated at a rate of approximately 10 °C/min until the sample reached 650 °C. The temperature was maintained for 5.5 hours and the Ni concentra-tion was monitored throughout the experiment. Ar gas was flowed into the furnace before performing the measurements.