In addition to being a dopant, graphene's other unique properties present a compelling case for its use with PEDOT. Other dopants, such as sulfuric acid and organic acids, have been investigated. However, unlike small-molecule dopants, graphene is non-volatile, does not leach, and is electrically conductive. Yet the production of high-quality graphene remains challenging. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and micromechanical exfoliation can produce relatively defect-free graphene but are limited to only one graphene sheet at a time. Other, more scalable methods tend to produce materials with defects that lower electrical conductivity and degrade desirable properties. The most common example of such a method is the reduction of graphene oxide (GO). This technique allows for the scalable production of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). However, this method creates holes and defects in the graphene hexagonal carbon matrix. These defects interrupt the percolating network of the graphene and lower its conductivity. Liquid exfoliation is an alternative, scalable method. This approach utilizes high-boiling organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). NMP stabilizes graphene suspensions, slowing restacking and sedimentation. Exfoliation is accomplished by tip sonication, and the resulting suspension of graphene is centrifuged to remove the unexfoliated material. Although the approach provides relatively large-scale production, removing these high-boiling solvents requires high energy and time. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the ultrasonication of solvents can produce graphene-like quantum dots and damage the hexagonal structure of graphene, introducing doubt about the integrity of the produced graphene.