Furthermore, MXF-P exhibited admirable antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo by inhibition of bacterial division and destruction of the envelope structure (Fig. ). Similarly, Xie et al. developed a series of AIE active ciprofloxacin derivatives for bacterial theranostics based on pure nanodrugs (PNDs) strategy (Fig. ) . The nanoaggregates of ciprofloxacin derivatives showed excellent fluorescent properties with up to 11% quantum yield. Then, the antibacterial activities of the nanoaggregates were compared with molecular drugs. As shown in Fig. , the nanoaggregate generally showed much better antibacterial activity than the soluble form with much lower minimal inhibit concentrations (MICs), demonstrating that nanodrug could enhance antibacterial activity of the molecular drug. These works provide an innovative strategy for new multifunctional drug discovery based on new use of old drug principle.