The model was then subjected to the Shapley analysis, as it can capture trends in nonmonotonic data, such as the current scenario. Figures and show the Shapley analysis results for global and local feature importance, respectively. The SHAP value quantifies the contribution of each feature to the model prediction, so its interpretation reveals the impact of individual elements (their amounts) on the BD yield. The features are sorted according to their mean absolute SHAP value, which represents the order of importance of the elements in determining the BD yield. From Figure , Zn, Mo, Hf, Al, and Cr are seen to have the greatest impact among the 14 elements studied. In Figure The explanatory variables represent the loading amounts of individual elements in mmol, while the target variable is the BD yield.