As for association, the dissociation rates for DC-SIGN and DC-SIGN-C are similar, with 𝑘 𝑜𝑓𝑓 ′ values of 3.23 ± 0.03 and 2.95 ± 0.02 s -1 and half-lives of 0.213 ± 0.002 and 0.235 ± 0.002 s, respectively (where, 𝑡 ½ = ln(2) /𝑘 𝑜𝑓𝑓 ′ ). This result again demonstrates the slightly stronger affinity of DC-SIGN-C over DC-SIGN, making it kinetically more difficult to displace. DC-SIGNR was observed to have the slowest rate of dissociation, with 𝑘 𝑜𝑓𝑓 ′ and 𝑡 ½ of 0.45 ± 0.08 s -1 and 1.5 ± 0.3 s, respectively. This is likely due to the difficulty in dissociating the multiple inter-and intra-DC-SIGNR-QD-DiMan interactions within the extensively inter-crosslinked QD-lectin assemblies.