To further expand our coverage and understanding of the chemical space experimentally requires harmonization of both complementary and orthogonal techniques -for example, through application of both GC-and LC-HRMS and HILIC and RPLC separation to the same samples. We also need to better understand the boundaries of each technique and the porosity within. For example, polar analytes typically have lower ionization efficiency hence further development is required for both separation and ionization techniques. Integration of ion chromatography (IC) and CE coupled to both HRMS and ICP-MS techniques needs to be considered. These instruments provide unique selectivity for very polar, inorganic and ionised compounds (e.g. metals/metalloids, low molecular weight PFAS and disinfection byproducts) hence for NTA of drinking water, this is a particular knowledge gap where these platforms represent excellent solutions. IC and CE separation techniques are orthogonal and inherently complement each other. Mass spectrometry is not the only option available for identification and other techniques such as Nucelar Magnetic Resonance (NMR) can be coupled with LC separation. Proton NMR in particular should be considered for determining the structure of organic molecules as it allows the ability to elucidate the connectivity of the atoms within molecules and for identifying functional groups. However, this draws out a larger issue and that arguably requires much more focus in the NTA community moving forward. Identification frameworks for chemical residues in environmental samples usually fundamentally consider the value offered by HRMS data first, followed by evaluation of any increased confidence provided by supplementary chromatographic data. In other fields such as forensic science, the combination of data generated by a much wider set of orthogonal/uncorrelated techniques is considered in far more depth.