We performed a TEA of the full NSS system to determine per capita costs using a discounted cash flow analysis. For the general case, the capital costs for all components, units, and materials were estimated using the bill of materials (BOM) from the construction of the NEWgenerator in Tampa, Florida (USA). For the contextual analysis, we estimated capital costs across locations using country-specific price level ratios for BOM components which can potentially be manufactured or purchased locally (Table ). Capital costs of NEWgenerator components were scaled using a learning curve and a production volume of 100,000 units (Table , Section S3 of the SI). We assumed shipping costs associated with transportation of raw materials were embedded in the material price, and shipping costs for prefabricated components (for largescale deployment) could be minimized (to be a small fraction of capital costs) with large-scale deployment (~100,000 units) of the technology. O&M costs consisted of component replacements, consumables, energy (i.e., electricity and LPG), and labor expenses incurred over the lifetime of the system. We excluded the cost of land from the TEA due to its high variability and sensitivity to contextual factors, including the potential for the site to be publicly owned. Component replacement costs were annualized according to their respective lifetime if it was less than the system's 25-year lifetime. The replaced component annual cost for useful life beyond the system lifetime were not considered in the analysis. Electricity requirements for the grid-tied configuration were based on the reported energy consumption from the Tampa, Florida (USA) integration testing (tested by the design team in 2018 using a variable power supply set at 24 Volts). Labor expenses were based on the detailed maintenance and replacement labor time requirements provided by the design team as well as labor wage prices. Finally, we applied a discount rate of 5% to determine the final cost per capita per day in United States Dollars (USD•cap -1 •d -1 ).