Because the compe�ng ac�va�on step is slow, it also provides opportuni�es to introduce perturba�ons with ∆tA, allowing for more complex informa�on processing strategies. Fig. depicts three types of outputs wherein we varied the ∆tA (indicated with i-iii); i) In the absence of perturba�ons, we observed the same shape with slow ac�va�on as observed earlier in Fig and Fig 5b . ii) The introduc�on of a series of perturba�ons of ∆tA=1 min, essen�ally, created a complex-valued input. The observa�on that the pulse signal is transformed into a sinusoidal signal indicates that our device can func�on as a digital-to-analog signal processor. iii) Upon a reduc�on of the perturba�ons to ∆tA=0.5 min, we observed that the overall shape of the unperturbed signal is conserved but that local maxima were developed on it. This result demonstrates that the output can be tuned based on the rela�ve �ming of the input 'spikes', providing opportuni�es to explore encoding and decoding schemes used in neuromorphic compu�ng. Hence, the reac�ve surfaces created by PEM-coated microfluidic devices which allows for processing of informa�on, ranging from sta�c to dynamic decoding strategies.