To mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, next-generation clean energy and sustainable fuels are urgent to be developed . Over the past few decades, renewable technologies such as hydropower, wind power, solar photovoltaics, and bioenergy have gained increasing significance in the quest for green electricity. According to a report, the power generated in the Net Zero Scenario has increased from 19.8% to 28.7% between 2010 and 2021, with an ambitious goal of 60.9% in 2030 (3). Furthermore, the global electric vehicle stock has experienced significant growth, increasing from 11.3 million in 2010 to 2020, indicating a trend towards electrification for Net Zero Emission transportation (4). Additionally, industry-wide cost estimates for battery packs used in electric vehicles have decreased by approximately 14% annually between 2007 and 2014, from above US$1,000 per kWh to around US$410 per kWh, with the cost of battery packs used by market-leading BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) manufacturers even lower at US$300 per kWh and declining by 8% annually. These trends indicate a major transition towards renewable electricity, and electrochemistry is emerging as a powerful tool for energy and sustainability, with applications ranging from energy storage , carbon capture , green energy generation , and smart buildings . Among these technologies, battery plays an essential role in storing intermittent solar and wind energy for large-scale electrification .