To evaluate the performance of our design under various light intensities, devices were examined under 0.2-1.5 sun irradiation using seawater. The H2 evolution rate and STH efficiency increased from 1.71±0.1 mmol m -2 h -1 and 0.06±0.004%, respectively, at 0.2 sun to 32.6±2.49 mmol m -2 h -1 and 0.14±0.01%, respectively, at 1.5 sun (Fig. , Supplementary Table ). The disproportionate increase in water splitting rate with increasing light intensity contradicts conventional PC suspension systems, where the rate of water splitting of the photocatalyst commonly increases linearly with a light intensity below 1 sun. It has been reported that the performance of gas-phase water splitting is proportional to the partial pressure of water, which affects the coverage of water molecules on the surface of the photocatalyst. Hence, the disproportionate increase in water splitting rate could be attributed to the fact that the SVG performs more efficiently at a higher light intensity and therefore yields a higher water partial pressure in the reactor for the PC layer. The result suggests that this system could benefit from higher light intensity. The universality of the floating photocatalyst sheets and their long-term stability Next, we evaluated our SVG-PC design using other real-word feedstocks consisting of river water (River Cam) as well as turbid industrial waste from the paper industry (Sustainable Fiber Technologies). For river water, the H2 evolution rate and STH efficiency were 19.8±1.5 mmol m -2 h -1 and 0.13±0.01%, respectively (Fig. ). These results show that organic materials and other contaminants present in river water do not affect the performance of our device. On the other hand, for turbid waste, the H2 evolution rate and STH efficiency were 18.9±0.5 mmol m -2 h -1 and 0.12±0.003%, respectively. The use of turbid industrial waste showcases another advantage of this design where light absorption and scattering by the liquid feedstock can be avoided entirely because light does not need to travel through the liquid-phase to reach the photocatalyst. O2 analysis showed that the H2 and O2 evolution ratio of SVG-PC in river water and turbid waste were 2.51 and 2.31, respectively (Supplementary Table ). The ICP-OES analysis of the condensed water from each feedstock showed that clean water (meeting WHO and EPA salinity standards for drinking water) was produced in all cases (Supplementary Table ). Hence, SVG-PC performs similarly well regardless of the type of water used. These results further validate the versatility of this approach.