The introduction of ICIs has provided new hope for these patients. In liver cancer, ICIs work by blocking the interaction between PD-1 on T cells and PD-L1 on tumor cells, effectively removing the "brake" on the immune system and allowing T cells to attack and destroy cancer cells. The most common ICIs target PD-1, PD-L1 (Programmed Death-Ligand 1), and CTLA-4. PD-1 inhibitors include nivolumab and pembrolizumab; PD-L1 inhibitors: atezolizumab, durvalumab; CTLA-4 inhibitors: ipilimumab. These therapies have revolutionized the treatment of various cancers, including melanoma, lung cancer, and, more recently, liver cancer. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab have shown promise in treating advanced HCC, especially in patients who have progressed on or are intolerant to sorafenib (a standard therapy for HCC). The combination of a PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab and a VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab has demonstrated significant improvement in survival rates compared to sorafenib and has become a new standard of care for unresectable HCC. • TILs | Lung cancer Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a subset of immune cells that have migrated from the bloodstream into the tumor microenvironment. These cells, primarily T cells, recognize and attack tumor cells, playing a critical role in the body's natural immune response to cancer. The presence, density, and activity of TILs within tumors have significant prognostic and therapeutic implications in various cancers, including lung cancer. The presence and characteristics of TILs in lung cancer have been found to correlate with patient outcomes -a high density of TILs, particularly CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, is generally associated with a better prognosis in NSCLC. However, TILs are not just passive indicators of the immune response; they can be actively harnessed for cancer treatment, particularly through immunotherapy. The success of ICIs in lung cancer, such as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (e.g., Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Atezolizumab), is partly due to their ability to reinvigorate exhausted TILs, enabling them to mount a more effective anti-tumor response. The density and activation status of TILs can predict the response to these therapies. Patients with higher levels of TILs, particularly PD-1-expressing T cells, are more likely to respond to ICIs. Although less developed in lung cancer compared to melanoma, adoptive TIL therapy involves extracting TILs from a patient's tumor, expanding them in the lab, and reinfusing them into the patient. This strategy has shown promise in other cancers and is being explored in lung cancer as well. The analysis of TILs can serve as a biomarker for predicting response to immunotherapy in lung cancer. Patients with "hot" tumors, characterized by high TIL infiltration and PD-L1 expression, tend to respond better to ICIs than those with "cold" tumors, which lack significant immune cell infiltration. Combining TIL-based approaches with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation, or other forms of immunotherapy, is an area of active research. These combinations may enhance the infiltration, activation, and persistence of TILs in the tumor microenvironment. Advances in single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and other high-resolution techniques are providing deeper insights into the composition and function of TILs within lung tumors. These technologies may lead to the development of more personalized immunotherapies based on the specific TIL profile of a patient's tumor. • CAR-T | multiple myeloma (MM)