It should also be noted that QEq-based frameworks are likely not equally well suited for different kinds of materials. In principle, one would expect the best performance for metallic systems, where charges are strongly delocalized and mobile. In contrast, polar insulators or interfaces may be less well described due to the intrinsic delocalization error of charge equilibration models. More general site-energy expressions could be developed to overcome these tendencies. Ideally, such developments will ultimately converge with recent developments in ML-based DFT, yielding a new generation of orbital-free density functionals. Work in this direction is ongoing in our groups.