The compression tests and parafilm penetration tests were performed on an Instron universal testing machine (Instron, model 600DX-C4A-G7G, Canton, MA, USA). The compression tests were used to examine the mechanical strength and the parafilm penetration tests were used to evaluate the penetration efficiency of the 3D-printed HMNs . HMN patches were placed on the test platform with the tips upward, and a vertical force was applied at a moving speed of 1 mm/min.