Several studies have focused on different water sources using various techniques for PFAS treatment. A comprehensive LCA was performed to evaluate three end-of-life options for aqueous film-forming foam containing spent fire-extinguishing waters: functional precipitation agents (PerfluorAd process), GAC, and direct incineration. All three scenarios ultimately result in the incineration of PFAS. The LCA results showed that the PerfluorAd process performed best across all environmental impact categories for PFAS treatment. Another study evaluated the sorption capacity of optimized sludge-based GAC media for removing nine commonly detected PFAS from simulated wastewater. Notably, it was found that reducing the ZnCl2 impregnation ratio from 2.5 M to 1.5 M significantly decreased freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, and human non-carcinogenic toxicity of the treated water by 49%. The ZnCl₂ impregnation ratio refers to the ratio of ZnCl₂ used to the precursor material. Specifically, it indicates the amount of ZnCl₂ used in the chemical activation process of the sludge to produce activated carbon. Further techniques such as multistage membrane technology and subcritical water decomposition have also been investigated to find the environmental sustainability of these technologies. Multistage membrane technology for PFAS removal from landfill leachate found that offsite treatment was generally more sustainable than onsite treatment at high PFAS concentrations, highlighting the need for improved membrane, electricity, and chemical usage efficiencies for onsite treatment. Exploring subcritical water decomposition of PFOS, researchers found that maintaining high temperature and pressure accounted for 99.8% of the environmental impact, suggesting that enhancing energy efficiency and catalytic effectiveness is crucial for reducing the environmental impact of subcritical water decomposition processes. These findings collectively highlight the environmental trade-offs between various PFAS treatment technologies. While GAC and IX are commonly used, each technology presents unique environmental impacts. The choice of treatment should consider the specific PFAS contamination scenario and focus on optimizing the efficiency and sustainability of the selected method.