where 𝑉 7,8 = 5 mL is the volume of each permeate batch, and 𝑎 ;)++ = 14.6 cm is the exposed membrane area in the filtration cell. Uncertainties in 𝑉 7,8 and 𝑎 ;)++ were assumed negligible, with no significant impact on the accuracy of 𝐽 ̅ !,8 . 𝑡 ̅ ^ is the recorded permeation time per sampled permeate batch, where the overbar indicates the mean of multiple experiments.