Numerous age-related attributes have been identified and potential mechanisms of the aging process are extensively examined. At the molecular level, aging features include DNA damage, epigenetic modifications, telomere shortening, protein aggregation, and accumulation of aberrant mitochondria and lysosomes. At the cellular and organismic level, aging features comprise cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, impaired nutrient sensing and chronic low-level inflammation. 4, 103, 383 A variety of anti-aging strategies targeting these hallmarks have been explored largely including blood factors, metabolic manipulations, senescent cell elimination and cellular reprogramming. Most of them are targeted to multiple aging hallmarks (Figure ).