In most cases, the voltage-dependent rate of electrochemical reactions is well-described by the Butler-Volmer formalism, where the charge transfer per unit time is proportional to e , where Vreq is the minimum thermodynamic potential for the reaction to occur (i.e. redox potential). As such, we designate the minimum charging time (treq) as the time when the interface potential reaches Vreq (leftmost blue dot in Figure ). By defining treq  τC*α, the required potential and pulse potential are connected by 𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑉 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 (1 -𝑒 -𝛼 ) and thus α=Ln(1/(1-Vreq/Vpulse)) is fully defined by the electrochemical system under consideration and the applied pulse potential.