Apical In Vivo Experiments. All animal experiments were approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Wild-type C57BL/6J male mice (8 to 10 weeks) were purchased from Envigo. Mice were divided into 6 groups (3 -5 mice/group). For the LPS-induced inflammation study, mice were administrated with inhibitors (30µg/gm) or vehicle orally (p.o.) and 1 hour later, with an intraperitoneal dose of LPS (4µg/gm) or PBS. Mice were euthanized 8 hours after the LPS injection. For the acetaminophen (APAP) injury model, mice were fasted for 12 hours and then intraperitoneally injected with a dose of APAP (500 mg/kg). One hour later, inhibitors (30µg/gm) or vehicle were administered intraperitoneally. Mice were euthanized 12 hours after the APAP injection. For all in vivo experiments, serum and liver were collected for further analysis.