Ultrasound (US) energy has seen a dramatic uptick in its utilisation for the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable products in the past several years . By causing physical changes on the surface of the biomass, such as de-texturization, fragmentation, and pore creation, the ultrasonication or sonochemical effect provides a physicochemical pretreatment approach. The cavitation bubble bursts, and the free radicals that were generated chemically help dissolve the bonds between the lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose . This solution overcomes the problems with the old ways that were mentioned before. Another environmentally friendly method that accomplishes reactions by employing created hydroxyl radicals is photocatalysis, which is likewise regarded as a greener approach since it does not require extra chemicals to manufacture free radicals, and enables the cleavage of chemical bonds in the specified compounds after the light absorption and triggering a chemical reaction on the catalyst .