Additionally, the sensitivity of nano-FET sensors is fundamentally limited by the shielding effect created by the electrical double layer in physiological fluids. Although semiconducting carbon nanotube network films have shown promise as channel materials for creating ultrasensitive FET biosensors, their large-scale fabrication for ultralow-concentration biomarker detection with rapid response in complex physiological environments has not yet been demonstrated. Finally, the physiological environment, such as pH, temperature, and ionic strength, can influence the affinity of antibody-based receptors.