Biomarkers for PD are objective measures that can be used to detect, diagnose, monitor disease progression, assess treatment response, and predict outcomes in affected individuals. Identifying reliable biomarkers is crucial for improving early diagnosis, developing diseasemodifying therapies, and advancing personalized medicine approaches in PD. Overall, while several promising biomarkers for Parkinson's disease have been identified, further validation and standardization are needed to establish their clinical utility in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic development. Integration of multiple biomarkers from different modalities may enhance diagnostic accuracy, improve patient stratification, and facilitate personalized treatment approaches in PD.