Furthermore, we can conclude on a polaron based charge storage mechanism in LTO materials. It shows the surface with its defects and polarons does have a great influence on the electrochemical properties of the material. It can help to explain the observed high charging rates of very high surface LTO materials, with different capacitance contributions. In such systems it is possible that lithium diffusion into the material has happened before any electrons are transferred to the LTO. Then lithium diffusion into the material is not rate determining anymore, but the electron transfer is the rate determining step during the charging process. So when an electron is transferred to LTO, it compensates only a charge from the anion attached to the surface, making it a very fast process, like in a capacitor, enabling C/N >300. When on the other side the lithium diffusion process is limiting, due to a lower surface area and fewer polarons, the charging process is less effected by the "preequilibrium", resulting in a more faradaic storage mechanism.