The kQEq model proposed herein does not neatly fit into these categories. Firstly, it is not a charge partitioning scheme but an ML model. Mulliken and ChelpG charges can only be obtained by running a full DFT calculation, whereas the kQEq prediction is much cheaper. Secondly, while kQEq models are trained to reproduce molecular dipole moments, the charges themselves are obtained by minimizing the electrostatic energy expression in Eq. 5. Consequently, the Coulomb interactions between partial charges provide an important physical constraint on how the charge distribution is approximated.