Unsupervised ML can unveil hidden features, trends, or patterns in bacterial communities in engineered water systems. For instance, alpha and beta diversity analyses can display the spatial dynamics and temporal trends of bacterial communities in DWDSs . UniFrac as an unsupervised ML tool uses principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) coupled beta diversity measure to analyze the differences among microbial communities . UniFrac can effectively analyze the microbiome in drinking water .