In 2020, the total contributions to annual emissions are: 36% (0.8 GtCO2eq yr -1 ) from the production phase; 21% (0.5 GtCO2eq yr -1 ) from the feedstock phase; 42% (1.0 GtCO2eq yr -1 ) from the use-and end-of-life phases. Fugitive methane emissions are potentially underestimated , with some recent studies estimating fugitive emissions to be 25-40% larger, presenting a significant climate risk if unmitigated. End-of-life emissions across the industry would increase by up to 70% (2.3 GtCO2eq in 2020) if all plastic waste was incinerated, either with or without energy recovery. In this study, it is assumed that by 2050 existing and new waste incineration is abated with CCU or CCS technology.