Mostly single chemicals or chemical classes have been examined in large HBM cohort studies, while in toxicological research the "cocktail effects" caused by xenobiotics from different sources are still largely neglected . As it is more straightforward to address the adverse consequences of our modern industrialized lifestyle rather than assessing exposure to environmental chemicals over millennia, little attention has been given to naturally-occurring chemicals compared to artificial compounds. Nonetheless, they also contribute to the overall toxic burden of an individual and can be responsible for adverse combinatorial effects. This highlights the need for holistic and simultaneous assessment of both naturally-occurring and synthetic chemicals. One of the few exposome-wide association studies (ExWAS) that has been undertaken, depended on questionnaires and multiple methods to assess different classes of chemical contamination ). As there is no analytical method to date that can cover several classes with sufficient sensitivity, a cost-, time-, and sample-intensive approach had to be applied to obtain coverage of a broad range of chemicals.