In addition, researchers have developed a flexible and dual-functional electrochemical biosensor based on 3D-porous laser-scribed graphene (LSG) electrodes for glucose and pH detection during human perspiration. The biosensor is fabricated using a one-step laser synthesis method and incorporates platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) to enhance sensitivity and electrocatalytic activity. The resulting Pt-HEC/LSG electrode exhibits high conductivity, biocompatibility, and flexibility. The glucose sensor demonstrated a high sensitivity of 69.64 μA mM -1 cm -2 with a low LOD of 0.23 μM and a linear dynamic range up to 3000 μM. The pH sensor exhibited a high sensitivity (72.4 mV/pH) in the linear range of pH 4-8. The feasibility of the biosensor was confirmed by analyzing human perspiration during physical exercise. The developed biosensor displays great potential for applications in glucose and pH detection in human sweat and can be optimized further with a flexible printed circuit board to create a highly miniaturized smart sweat-monitoring system.