As illustrated in Figure , we systematically increase EG concentration in the 1.5 M ZnSO 4 + 0.1 M MnSO 4 solution. A high concentration of organic additive is typically beneficial in preventing freezing at low temperature, but it lowers the electrical conductivity at room temperature (298 K). The effect can be caused by many reasons, including: dilution of ionic concentration due to the non-ionic nature of organic additives, the formation of ion pairs or clusters with the organic compounds that reduce the number of free ions, increased viscosity that hinders ion mobility, and structural changes in the aqueous solution that impedes ion movement. Multiple factors contribute to the decrease in conductivity, a trend that both experiments and theoretical simulations have discovered. This effect is clearly observed in Figure , as the predicted conductivity drops from 60 mS / cm to 15 ms / cm by adding 30 wt. % of EG.