Within battery systems, the solid-state matrices (or active materials) play a crucial role in facilitating the transport of electrons, and the electrolyte is responsible for enabling the flow of ions between the positive and negative electrodes. However, the tortuous path of the porous electrode, due to the randomly packed particles, can hinder the ionic transport, resulting in elevated resistance and a reduction in battery performance. (Figure ) Thus, the degree of turning of the ionic path in a porous electrode is defined as its tortuosity (τ). This parameter is crucial as it directly impacts capacity under high current density. The tortuosity can be mathematically represented as: