Some food manufacturers manage to segregate the first two levels so that food waste fractions, such as spent grain from breweries (75,000 t/a 64 ), bread waste and okara (soya bean curd residue from tofu production) (11,000 t/a 65 ), can be sold to recyclers, and converted into low-value animal feed. Important feedstocks from okara include cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (explained in the next section); proteins which can lead to amino acid platform chemicals; and isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, glycitein). 66 Spent grain can lead to not only cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and proteins but also triglyceride feedstocks which can yield fatty acids and glycerol platform chemicals; phytosterols; and phenolic acids (ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid). Other potential single-stream sources include used cooking oil from restaurants/fast food chains (20,000 t/a 70 ) which mostly contain triglycerides; fruit waste (20,000 t/a 71 ) such as orange peels from juicing facilities which can yield terpenes such as limonene , shown to lead to pharmaceuticals such as paracetamol 72 ; spent coffee grounds (6,300 t/a 64 ) which contain cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and proteins; and seafood shell waste (30,000 t/a 73 ) from seafood restaurant kitchens which contains chitin feedstocks that can be converted into nitrogen-rich chemicals (N-containing furan derivatives like 3acetamido-5-acetylfuran), pyrroles, amine/amide alcohols, amino acids, and organic acids. If chitin is deacetylated into chitosan, other platform chemicals such as 5hydroxymethylfurfural and lactic acid can be generated. 74 Thus, given the large diversity of derivable feedstocks and potential platform chemicals, food waste also fulfills criteria (5).