Of great importance are the hopping advantage results (Figure ), which predict that biological electron transfer can occur in microseconds over long distances (>30 Å). There has been much discussion of long-range electron transfer from redox-active metal ions through aromatic residues tryptophan and tyrosine, and this work supports current views , . Future work could involve kinetic simulations of specific proteins (e.g., found in ) and abstract comparisons to various electrical networks (e.g., transient RC). Another application could include modeling a solid conducting wire, predicting material properties, and the effect of doping. One would need the crystal structure to generate the graph of nearest-neighbor connections and need to decide how to assign potentials to the atoms (i.e., nodes). Computational complexity could be a factor as many unit cells might be needed to approximate a macroscopic wire.