Prior research also exists focusing on calculating the TP thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance. Nitta et al. investigated the influence of compression pressure on the mechanical behaviour and thermal properties of GDLs. The stressstrain response of the GDL exhibited a unique characteristic: a nonlinear region followed by two distinct linear sections within the 0-5.5 MPa compression range. Interestingly, the thermal conductivity of the compressed GDL remained independent of the compression, exhibiting a value of 1.18 ± 0.11 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ at room temperature. Moreover, Khandelwal et al. addressed the challenge of inconsistent thermal conductivity data for fuel cell materials by employing a precise steady-state technique. The researchers determined the through-plane thermal conductivity and contact resistance of various fuel cell components, including the electrolyte, catalyst layer, and multiple diffusion media. This data will aid in resolving discrepancies in literature and improve the accuracy of temperature distribution modelling in operational PEMFCs. In summary, the aforementioned studies demonstrate a concerted effort to improve the PEMFC technology by addressing current limitations through various innovative approaches.