The dimensions of this heat source were determined based on the parameters of the near-infrared (NIR) laser, as measured in the experiments described later. The diameter of the cylindrical heat source, dpillar = 2.1 μm, corresponds to the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the intensity profile of the NIR laser focusing spot. For a Gaussian beam, the FWHM in the z-direction is estimated to be approximately 10 μm, about five times larger than the FWHM in the x-y plane, which is 2.1 μm. Since this value exceeds the 8 μm thickness of the water layer, the entire 8 μm thick water layer is expected to be covered by the Gaussian beam's z-direction FWHM, leading to the installation of a cylindrical heat source in the water. Equation (1) was applied to this water cylinder, with the volumetric heat source QV assigned to Q in Equation ( ). The experimental method for calculating QV, taking into account the optical absorption coefficient of water, will be detailed in the experimental section. Consequently, in the subsequent simulation sections, QV will be simply assigned a certain value to compute the temperature field as the output. Equation (2) was applied to the water region without a heat source and the entire glass region with the thermal conductivity of the glass. To account for the temperature dependence of water's thermal conductivity, the thermal conductivity k of water was expressed as 𝑘 = 0.61 + 0.0012(𝑇 -𝑇 0 )