Ciprofloxacin, a widely used antibiotic, is frequently detected in pharmaceutical effluents and has been identified as a significant contributor to AMR when not adequately removed during treatment. The photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals, which break down the antibiotic into less harmful by-products. Simultaneously, the bactericidal activity of the photocatalysts effectively targets and inactivates antibiotic-resistant bacteria present in the wastewater, further mitigating the spread of AMR.