The DFT treatment of SCEs with a low charge carrier concentration is particularly difficult as the extent of the SCR prevents a fully DFT description of an entire SCE. To overcome this difficulty, DFT-based multiscale models have been developed. The quantum-continuum approaches combine a surface DFT model with a continuum dielectric description of the SCR and SCE bulk. The spatial charge carrier and electrostatic potential distributions are described through different Poisson-Boltzmann models which treat the charge within the SCR either as a planar charge plane , homogeneous background, or Poisson-Boltzmann -like counter charge distribution. Alternatively, the SCR can be modelled through an electrostatic embedding approach where a DFT cluster model of the surface is hierarchically embedded in various electrostatic descriptions of the bulk SCE. Both the quantum-continuum and embedding approaches can be nat-urally combined with either an implicit or explicit electrolyte model and can describe the electrostatic potential both within the SCR and in the bulk; this allows the description of the electrode potential by using the solvent reference (Eq. ( )) as has been explicitly demonstrated in continuously quantumcontinuum approaches. However, both the quantum-continuum and embedding approach require substantial implementation work and custom modifications to the underlying DFT code.