The base location for the policy analysis was chosen to be the United States utilising nuclear electricity and a heat pump for low-grade heat where required. This was chosen as an example, and it is likely that the results would vary by location, especially for the policies where the government takes on risk from the project developer, as the risk tolerance, and hence bond yields, of governments across the world vary significantly. The analysis of investment grants was based on a scenario where a Email: jpy1@hw.ac.uk RCCS, Heriot-Watt University government wanted to grant $3.5 billion of cash to scale up DACS, equal to the grant size that the United States government is committing to developing "DAC hubs". In our scenario, the money was then used to pay for the capital expenditure directly with no interest until the $3.5 billion runs out. The same learning rates are assumed as in a scenario without grants. Then, the reduction of investment risk was found to be the main impact reducing the DACS cost directly in the case of CfDs, RABs and stateowned facilities/state-backed loans. By drawing analogies with other markets and technologies, we assessed the potential decrease in the discount rate on account of each of these three policy options. These reductions are found in the ESI Table . Finally, the impact of the reductions on the cost learning curves was analysed.