Surfactants exert a notable influence on the stability of foam through diverse mechanisms. By reducing the surface tension of liquids, these surfactants facilitate the formation of bubbles and promote the stabilization of small bubbles . Surfactant molecules tend to adsorb at the air-water interface, creating a protective film that prevents the coalescence of adjacent bubbles and helps maintain the foam structure . Additionally, surfactants can enhance stability by facilitating the creation of a viscoelastic layer at the interface between the liquid and gas, providing mechanical strength to resist deformation and cracking . They also play a key role in improving drainage resistance in liquid films, slowing down the rate of liquid flow, and thereby contributing to increased foam stability .