Sustained hemocompatibility of implants is critical for their long-term success. Since implants are recognized as foreign objects by the body, adverse interactions between the implant and human blood need to be analyzed to ensure that there is little or no activation of the blood coagulation and inflammatory systems. Inadequate control of these adverse interactions can trigger interconnected pathological processes that results in thrombosis, hemodynamic instability, bleeding complications, and organ damage (Figure ). Such responses primarily depend on the surface properties of the artificial vascular materials such as pore size (Figure ), implantation site, and those of interacting proteins, cells, and neighboring blood flow.