To accommodate varying charging habits, the cells were subjected to two distinct testing protocols, each involving a batch of four current profiles. In the first protocol, cells were rested for one minute, charged to 3.9 V in constant current mode at 1C, and then subjected to a Simulink-derived current profile. This cycle was repeated for the remaining three profiles. In the second protocol, all four current profiles were executed sequentially without any rest or charging. Detailed testing protocols can be found in Supplementary Table . This process yielded 117 output data from battery testing, with 96 profiles for modeling, 12 for testing, and 9 for reference. The testing and reference profiles were generated with random charging habits, mirroring the number of profiles obtained from Simulink.