[Urine], S. aureus B [High vaginal swab], and Streptococcus spp). The inhibitory effects were so pronounced that the inhibition zone could not be determined (CND) due to the acidic pH and the concentration of P.g-CuNPs. It has been documented that an increase in the concentration of CuNPs corresponds to an escalation in antibacterial activity, establishing a clear direct proportionality between concentration and antibacterial effectiveness . Similarly, Aleksandra et al. proposed that the toxicity of CuNPs is influenced by various factors, including temperature, aeration, pH, and bacteria concentration. oxygen species (ROS), which interact with bacterial cell membranes, leading to penetration into the cell. This intrusion disrupts the cell membrane, inhibiting bacterial cell growth and potentially causing cell death .