We performed a separate multi-objective optimization (equation (11)) to evaluate quality deviations resulting from utilizing nutritional values from occasional off-line measurements. To compensate for the fact that these values were not available in our study, we considered average compositions of feed ingredients from available measurements. Nutritional compositions for each of the 863 samples measured with NIRS were available from chemical wet analyses: we estimated average nutritional values for each ingredient to replicate the situation where measurements are not performed for each of the incoming ingredient batches. Since this optimization does not consider nutritional variability within feed ingredient groups, only one Pareto front is obtained; we selected the optimal trade-off mixture ratio on this Pareto front with TOPSIS. We used the selected mixture ratio to calculate the deviation in quality considering off-line measurements for each of the 1000 simulations, as detailed in the Supplemental Information (equation ( ), Supplemental Information).