Key economic costs of landfills and WTE systems avoided by upcycling are their tipping fees, assessed on a per-mass basis for waste disposed at their facilities. For landfills, a national average tipping fee reaches 61.01 USD / tonne of material , and tipping fees for WTE run higher . In comparison, the cost of processing plastic through upcycling far exceeds these tipping fees at 232.63 USD / tonne (excluding the operating costs of MRFs, which are also required for waste sorting in landfill and WTE scenarios). However, even if chemical upcycling is more expensive (as it involves more complicated processing), the value of LDPE/PP polymer products formed through this chain more than compensates such costs. This means that none of the processing costs have to be passed on to residential waste producers for the system to be economically viable, unlike landfill and WTE disposal systems which rely on tipping fees (residents lose money in such systems). Assuming that PET/HDPE in an upcycling implementation continue to be mechanically recycled due to existing market support, there is a significant economic savings in not disposing of the mixed plastic fraction of recyclables (totaling nearly 38 million tonnes annually) at landfills or WTE plants, which exceeds 2.3 billion USD / year. Diverting plastic from landfills also has environmental impacts with regard to land consumption. We analyze the extent of US landfill infrastructure using data from the EPA's Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) . From the subset of US landfills which are currently open and operational, we estimate the average waste capacity and land area of a US landfill at 22 million tonnes and 180 acres, respectively. Extending this estimate to the quantity of mixed plastic waste generated annually in the US, the implementation of upcycling could save over 300 acres of land per year from landfill consumption. Over a ten year period, the diversion of plastic waste into upcycling could avoid the construction of 18 new landfills-over 20 years, this becomes 35 landfills, and over 50 years, 86 landfills. Using this estimate of land consumption, we can also apply a range of capital costs for new landfill construction, taken to be between 300,000 -800,000 USD / acre . Thus, upcycling also avoids between 90 -240 million USD in landfill capital expenses annually. Over the estimated lifespan of the upcycling network (50 years), avoided landfill construction costs reach 4.5 -12 billion USD. This does not include separate costs of landfill closure and capping, estimated at 227,000 -326,000 USD / acre . Therefore, upcycling avoids an additional 68.1 -97.8 million USD / year in landfill closing costs, or 3.4 -4.9 billion USD over 50 years.