It is well documented that the dehydrated head groups of PS and PIP2, induced by Ca 2+ adsorption, could lead to separation of lipid components, aggregation of certain types of lipids, phase transitions of membranes, and even collapse of the membrane bilayer structure in experiments. Notably, there were two contradictory experimental results with respect to the Ca 2+ induced membrane curvature, one showing that the presence of Ca 2+ on one side of a membrane can induce a negative curvature such that the membrane bends away from Ca , and the other showing the opposite. To fully understand the experimental observations and the underlying mechanisms, the atomistic interactions between Ca 2+ and membranes, particularly the impact of asymmetrically distributed Ca 2+ on asymmetric membranes, need to be further investigated.