Therefore, new preclinical models that align more closely to human in vivo responses are being actively studied. Hitherto, two technologies have mainly been investigated: 3D-cell culture-based physiological models and organs-on-a-chip models . By incorporating ECM materials such as hydrogels and/or fibrous scaffolds in human cell culture, 3D-cell culture-based physiological models enhance intercellular and cell-ECM interactions, making cell functions and activities more closely match in vivo behaviors . For instance, 3D spheroid tumor models exhibit more complex, in vivo-like responses to therapeutics vs. flat, 2D cultures . Organs-on-a-chip can connect different cell types in physiologically relevant architectures with finely tuned flows to nourish cells, remove waste, and provide physical stimuli (e.g., shear stress ) to replicate relevant microenvironments. Such systems can be used to study interactions between organs, such as between the gut and liver, which are known to impact drug toxicity .