The interview protocol and prompts were approved by the IRB (IRB #2022-0366). Nine participants were recruited from Organic Chemistry I, a separate course from the ones surveyed, in the spring of 2022. There were two sections of Organic Chemistry I taught by different instructors, but the content and textbook 41 were shared across both classes. All 145 participants were first-year students, and as first years, they had not officially declared majors. Of the nine participants, seven identified as female, and two identified as male. The interviews were conducted in the 12 th and 13 th weeks of the semester. Addition, substitution, and elimination reactions were taught and assessed in both sections before the interviews.