The crystal structure of perovskite is generally represented as AMX₃, where 'A' is an organic cation, 'M' is a metal cation (such as Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cr²⁺, Fe²⁺, Ge²⁺, Cd²⁺, Mn²⁺, Sn²⁺, or Pb²⁺), and 'X' represents halide anions (such as Br⁻, Cl⁻, or I⁻) . Recently, organic cations like formamidinium (FA), cesium (Cs⁺), or methylammonium (MA) have been widely used as 'A', while Sn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ have been commonly adopted as 'M' . Perovskite solar cells have become increasingly popular due to their low exciton binding energy and relatively higher absorption coefficient . and tunable bandgap, which can be adjusted by modifying the A, M, or X components in the crystal structure . Additionally, perovskites exhibit excellent charge carrier mobility and long electron and hole diffusion lengths, surpassing many conventional solar cell materials . These favorable properties, combined with their high absorption in the visible spectrum and minimal optical losses . have enabled researchers to achieve remarkable improvements in efficiency, with the highest reported fabricated efficiency reaching 25.8%, as demonstrated by H. Min et al. .