As for the publicly funded projects in the EU, adjacent to battery recycling, the topics deal with the repurposing and second life applications, and also the recovery and reuse of materials used for battery manufacturing. For the projects directly targeting recycling, the focus is on studying innovative processes, developing circular economy solutions, improving automation and robotics. Lastly, we end this section by highlighting the importance of pilot plants as mediums for testing, developing, validating and optimizing different recycling techniques, generating useful data for digitalization efforts, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration.