The negative progress in the IR signal intensity at ~1650 and ~1540 cm⁻¹ in BSA-Mn oxide associations, corresponding to the amide I and II bands, indicates protein loss during glyphosate adsorption and desorption (Figure and). Additionally, the reduction at ~1650 cm⁻¹ in all experiments is linked to the formation of inner-sphere (IS) complexes (i.e., P-O-Mn bonds;