Finally, the proposed method was applied to the detection of CRP in whole human blood obtained from three anonymous donors. Original blood samples contained CRP amounts in the range between 0.55 to 4.20 μg mL -1 and were further spiked with different concentrations (from 0 to 25 μg mL -1 ) of CRP. The results of this analysis are summarized in Table . The percentages of recovery and error were found to be within the range of 82.4% to 119.5%. The errors, which were measured as percentage relative error and relative standard error (RSD), were all less than 20% for all the tested samples. Additionally, the feasibility of this biosensor was also evaluated with an additional ten blood samples using only the PalmSens4 potentiostat, and the detailed results can be found in Table . Altogether, the experimental results showed that the NFC-based system integrated with the flow-through microfluidic device can correctly quantify CRP in clinically-relevant biological samples without the need for pretreatment procedures and could therefore be used for the assessment of inflammation, infections caused by bacteria or viruses, and the risk of heart disease.