As it is bio-originated and non-toxic, it minimises the toxic effects of conventional solvents . Other green solvents, such as methyl lactate , propylene carbonate , Rhodiasolv® Polarclean and TamiSolve® NxG can be used to replace DMF and NMP in membrane manufacturing. Nevertheless, a coupled process modelling-LCA suggested that solvent substitution in the fabrication stage had an insignificant impact on the entire life cycle of the membranes because the majority of environmental hotspots lie in the operation stage .