1. Generation of Reactive oxygen Species (ROS): AgNPs are believed to induce the ROS production, ROS are unstable molecules that are derived from oxygen metabolism . In cellular processes, normally ROS levels are regulated by antioxidant defenses. However, excessive ROS production overwhelms these defenses, leading to oxidative stress. This oxidative stress may result in damaging vital cellular components, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, which disrupts cellular homeostasis .