In addition to EDCs, focus was directed towards the genotoxic and carcinogenic aristolochic acids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and neurotoxic tropane alkaloids. These secondary plant metabolites have been known to contaminate agricultural crops, herbal tea remedies, and plant food supplements. Notable concern has been raised with such plant metabolites because herbal teas are often specifically marketed towards pregnant-and lactating women . The implication is that potential exposure of infants in utero and via breast milk is thus increased. Nephropathy due to chronic poisoning with aristolochic acids has long been demonstrated and studied . Despite a highly-toxic potential, pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids are contaminants that have received little attention in the past ; and long-term exposure effects on humans have not yet been investigated. In addition, food-processing-and disinfection byproducts that are formed during heating of foods rich in carbohydrates or protein, and during chlorination of wastewater, respectively, were included. The former are known to have mutagenic activity, while the latter are increasingly associated with carcinogenicity and other non-carcinogenic toxic effects . Finally, markers of smoke exposure were also included, e.g., metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nicotine.