Techno-economic aspects of methanol synthesis has been dealt with by numerous researchers. To name a few, Atsbha et al. noted an almost 1:1 effect of the cost of hydrogen on the unit production cost of methanol via direct hydrogenation and Campos et al. investigated a three-step direct hydrogenation synthesis process and compared it to a conventional one-step process and found a slight improvement in the techno-economic key performance indicators and also concluded that for green methanol to be competitive with grey methanol the cost of renewable hydrogen should drop below 1.5 USD/kg. Cameli et al. conducted a techno-economic analysis of an e-methanol plant using CO 2 from direct air capture and H 2 produced by electrolysis. Optimisation of methanol synthesis from syngas have been investigated by Luyben 10 by a one-factor at a time methodology, by Alarifi et al. using a multi-objective optimisation approach for a multi-bed intermediate quenching process.