Device fabrication with MLA•MA•QD4 (1). Pre-patterned indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates were cleaned using sonication in water, soapy water and isopropanol for 10 min, respectively. The substrates were dried with a nitrogen blowgun, followed by ultraviolet ozone treatment (Sen Lights, PL16-110). PEDOT:PSS (Clevios PVP AI 4083) was filtrated through 0.45 µm PVDF and spin-coated onto the ITO-coated glass substrates at 4,000 rpm for 30 s and was annealed at 120 °C for 10 min. Poly-TPD was spin-coated from chlorobenzene (CB) solution (8 mg mL -1 ) at 4,000 rpm for 30 s after filtration through 0.45 µm PTFE and was annealed at 120 °C for 10 min. The substrates were transferred in a nitrogen filled glovebox. The QDs were spin-coated from heptane (filtrated through 0.25 µm PTFE, 3 mg mL -1 ) at 2,000 rpm for 30 s and were annealed at 70 °C for 3 min. TPBi in ethyl acetate (3.5 mg mL -1 ) was sequentially spun at 2,000 rpm for 20 s and 4,000 rpm for 20 s and annealed at 70 °C for 3 min. Finally, Ag (100 nm) was evaporated through a shadow mask under high vacuum (<10 -4 Pa).