To provide as direct a comparison as possible, we transform the raw concentration data from each CMS solution such that the transformed data have one concentration observation per minute. For solution A, no transformation is required, as the raw concentration data are already provided at the minute-frequency. For solution B, we repeat each concentration measurement at the minute-frequency until a new observation is recorded. This is because solution B only records a new concentration observation when a notable change in the methane concentration time series is observed. Section S1 in the Supporting Information (SI) file discusses of the potential implications of this upsampling procedure. For solution C, which reports concentration observations every 20 seconds, we average the three concentration observations that fall within a given minute, resulting in one concentration value per minute. Additionally, the DLQ algorithm takes concentration observations at the minutefrequency as input, so this transformation allows us to run the DLQ on the concentration data from each CMS solution.