Nanopores in scaffolds that are <1 μm can be applied to regulate cell-surface interaction due to the interactions between nano-topography and integrins that governed cell binding (2, 17). Cell-cell communication requires slightly larger pore size (around 1-3 μm), while pores above 3 μm in sizes enable cell interactions and migrations (17). Pore sizes of 100 μm and above are favorable to promote cell proliferation and achieve the regeneration of tissues, as this size range enables the passage of more functional units necessary for tissue regeneration, although the optimal pore sizes for cell growth also depend on cell types and sizes (17). For example, the regeneration of neurons requires long and narrow pore spaces that are hundreds of microns or even millimeters in length, but only 20-70 μm in width, while microvascular epithelial and smooth muscle cells can be accommodated by the small pores of 38 μm (17). Besides pore sizes, pore interconnectivity is also an important parameter because the exchange of nutrition, oxygen, and metabolic wastes must be sufficient to improve further cell functioning . In drug delivery, the porosity level and pore size of the drug-hosting scaffolds are especially important when the system is based on cellulosic materials. Drug molecules are typically loaded onto cellulosic scaffolds through physical entrapment and binding interactions through functional groups such as -OH, accomplished by soaking . Increased porosity, which led to a higher surface area and more abundant surface binding sites, thus have determining effects on the loading and release of the drugs . The fibrillar structure of CNC also created a physical barrier to drug diffusion and therefore slows down the drug release process .