Instability can lead to aggregation, degradation, or loss of functionality over time, affecting the reliability and reproducibility of experimental results . This aggregation process can occur due to electrostatic interactions. When functionalized with charged ligands or molecules, AuNPs may experience electrostatic repulsion or attraction depending on the charge of the functional groups . Another problem is non-specific binding to unintended targets or surfaces, leading to background signals and reduced assay specificity. Minimizing non-specific binding is crucial for improving assay sensitivity and accuracy, particularly in complex biological samples .