During extrusion, the strong shear-thinning behavior of the GelMA/DbPE bioinks promoted cell survival by minimizing the shear stresses exerted on the cells. Cell viability analysis of inks that were extruded and those that were not displayed no differences in cell fate after photocrosslinking (Figure ). A maximum cell loading of 2.5 × 10 6 cells·mL -1 in GelMA/DbPE inks was viable without sacrificing printability significantly (Figure ); further increase in cell density resulted in a steady deterioration of the geometry and integrity of the printed structures. This observation supports our previous work on double-network hydrogels, in which we studied the effects of increasing amounts of non-bPE components on electrostatic self-assembly . We have previously demonstrated that the inclusion of additional polymers leads to partial disturbance of the electrostatic interaction and a decrease in shear moduli and viscosity prior to photochemical crosslinking. We assume that cells -despite their larger size -have a similar effect when occupying the inter-domain space of the mesoscopic polyelectrolyte complex assemblies. When the number of cells exceeded 10 7 cells·mL -1 , the lower mechanical reinforcement of the bioink favored undesirable flows and lower feature resolution. However, for standard cell loads ≤ 10 6 cells·mL -1 , the achievable resolution in 3D bioprinting was found to be very similar for the hybrid ink at 37 °C and for the gold standard GelMA at 22 °C, as exemplified by printing the two logos of the collaborating universities (Figure , Movies SM1 and SM2).