Because heavy metals are toxic and persistent in the environment, they pose serious risks to agricultural yield and soil health. For example, lead (Pb) has a low mobility but a high bioavailability, meaning it stays on the soil surface for long periods of time . In the same way, cadmium (Cd) and its compounds may move through soil, but only to the extent determined by several variables, including the pH and amount of organic matter in the soil, which are impacted by the local environmental circumstances . It is noteworthy because Cd binds securely to organic material, making it stationary in soil yet easily absorbed by plants and moving up the food chain .