Dynamic catalysis was implemented by varying the binding energies of A and B using square, sinusoidal, triangle, and sawtooth shaped waveforms. Waveforms were defined by their oscillation amplitude ΔU in electron volts (eV), oscillation frequency f in hertz (Hz), and oscillation endpoints in eV. Oscillation amplitude is noted relative to either surface intermediate as ΔU A or ΔU B . The binding energies of A and B were varied using a defined proportionality constant, γ, according to Equation , 𝛥𝐵𝐸 𝐵 = 𝛾𝛥𝐵𝐸 𝐴 (7) where the change in the binding energy of B was specified using one of the four different waveform equations (e.g. sinusoidal). A second parameter, δ, was defined for the relationship between binding energies. At any binding energy of B, the binding energy of A was calculated using Equation :