A 500 mL three-neck flask was equipped with a pH electrode to monitor the pH changes throughout the experiment. The flask was filled with 500 mL of degassed, ultra-pure water. A gentle dry nitrogen gas flow was continuously bubbled through the solution to prevent carbonation. The stirring speed (500 rpm) was chosen according to the data reported by Nicoleau et al. . The additives were dissolved in water to achieve a total concentration of 5 mmol L -1 . This concentration corresponds to an additive dosage of approximately 0.03 %bwoc to 0.05 %bwoc (bwoc: by weight of cement, citric acid 0.048%, tartaric acid 0.0375%, succinic acid 0.0295%) at a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5. Samples of approximately 10 mL each were collected at specified time intervals (see below) following the addition of solid C 3 S. A blank sample was taken before adding C 3 S. The first dissolution sample was obtained 30 s after the solid was introduced, and subsequently, the sampling interval was extended to once per minute during the initial 10 min. Additional samples were collected at after the initial contact between the solid and the solution. After removal of the sample from the dissolution flask, the sample was immediately filtered through a syringe filter with a poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membrane (pore size 0.2 µm). For ICP-OES measurements, 9 g of each sample solution was mixed with 1 g of 6 mol L -1 nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and analyzed using a 5800 Series ICP-OES instrument (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California, USA). Before sample measurement, the instrument was calibrated using a multipoint calibration procedure: The calibration standards with concentrations of 50, 10, 1, and 0.1 mg L -1 were produced by dilution of 1000 mg L -1 multielement standard (ARISTAR Multi-element calibration standard IV for ICP, VWR Chemicals) and single-element standards for calcium (Calcium, plasma standard solution, Specpure, thermo fisher scientific) and silicon (Silicon Standard for ICP, Sigma-Aldrich) in ultrapure water and HNO 3 . We chose 317.933 nm as the wavelength for ICP-OES measurements of calcium and 288.158 nm for silicon, according to the optimum conditions for cement pore solution, reported by Caruso et al. .