After μCP, the printed substrates were fluorosilanized using CVD followed by superstructure assembly and the introduction of perfuoroperhydrophenanthrene (PFPP) lubricant (Figure ). The lubricant-infused surface (LIS) was leveraged as a blocking strategy for the microarray as it showed enhanced SNRs and reduced background noise when biotinylated monoclonal antibodies or bovine serum albumin-fluorescein isothiocyanate (BSA-FITC), were covalently microcontact printed (Figure ). To assess the functionality of the lubricant-infused microarray as a blocking agent for SNR enhancement, biotinylated monoclonal detector antibodies (DAb) for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF R1) were printed separately, with one set of wells containing PFPP lubricant layer and one set of wells without lubricant. These were compared to a control of only PFPP, and streptavidin cyanine-5 (Cy5) was used for fluorescence detection. As shown in Figure , the SNRs of both lubricant-infused antibody microarrays significantly increased compared to standard microarrays without lubricant, at P<0.1 and P<0.0001 in the cases of IL-6 DAb and TNF R1 DAb, respectively. The repeatability of the μCP protocol was for achieving industry standards in device manufacturing. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was conducted for each of the μCP steps, assessing the possibility of failure modes that could occur within our protocol. The steps within our protocol deemed to have highest risk priority number (RPN) based on the product of severity (SEV), frequency of occurrence (OCC), and detectability of failure (DET), were as follows: 1) plasma treatment procedure (risk priority number (RPN) = 70); 2) the formulation of the bioink (RPN = 140); 3) the droplet removal process (RPN = 280); 4) the conditions during airdrying (RPN = 392); and 5) force application (RPN = 128) (Table ). These five steps were then addressed and optimized in the bioprinting of BSA-FITC, for enhancing repeatability and reproducibility of microarrays using μCP.