Chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen are known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) . These chemically reactive molecules are by-products of normal oxygen metabolism, such as superoxide (O 2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and hypochlorite (ClO -) and can serve as signaling molecules due to their ability to rapidly respond to different stimuli . However, when the levels exceed the cell's defense mechanisms, ROS can trigger harmful oxidative stress . This oxidative stress damages cellular macromolecules like lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which impairs cell function and causes death . This oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide array of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular conditions .