(see Figure ). After recycling, broadening of the Ni 2p3/2 is observed, supported by the broadening in O 1s spectra (Figure and). No significant binding energy shifts are observed in Co 2p (Figure ) and Al 2p (Figure ) spectra for recycled NCA. However, noticeable peak broadening suggests surface-level modifications. Furthermore, the Li signal in Li 1s (Figure ) is significantly reduced after recycling, which may be attributed to the dissolution of Li ions.