Initially, a maximum flow rate of 150 μL/min for the detection buffer (PBS, pH 7.4, 1% DMSO) was used to reach the signal baseline. Afterward, 200 μL of isopropanol was run for 10 s to remove bubbles. After reaching the baseline, the flow rate of the detection buffer was adjusted to 20 μL/min. Following surface activation by EDC/NHS within a contact time of 420 s at a flow rate of 10 μL/min, the capture mAb prepared at 2 mg/mL in 10 mM sodium acetate coupling buffer (pH 5.0) was immobilized at 25°C for 240 s.