The batch system was used to calibrate ammonium, orthophosphate, VSS, carbohydrate, and lipid concentrations, and the average of the NRMSE for each of them was set as an objective function. A total of 5,000 sensitive parameter combinations were tested. For the EcoRecover system calibration, the average NRMSE of ammonium, orthophosphate, and VSS served as the objective function, with a number of trials of 500. Particularly, trials with elapsed time exceeding 12 minutes were pruned for optimization efficiency.