2. Even with the fast classical FF, it is still difficult for MD to directly simulate the freezing process. The freezing of pure water has been systematically studied using MD for more than two decades, while still being an extremely challenging problem. Highthroughput simulation of the freezing processes of complex aqueous electrolytes would be nearly impractical. So far, a theoretical tool for predicting electrolyte freezing still does not exist, whereas such a tool is indispensable to improve the low-temperature performance of AZIB.