Analyzing cosine similarity also proves insightful in the case of amide hydrolysis. This can be seen at the second step of the reaction when the ammonia leaves the reaction center and forms the carboxylic acid. This step has similar characteristics to the oxidation of alcohols, because as the ammonia leaves, a double bond is formed at the reaction center making a carbonyl product. Cosine similarity between these two processes, Table Table The high-dimensional cosine similarity between the various average reaction vectors studied. Most reaction embedding vectors represent distinct reaction trajectories, and are thus close to orthogonal, however where orthogonality is breached it signifies similarity between reaction trajectories in the embedding space.