Sorting methods tailored for rechargeable batteries intended for second-life applications have been developed in recent years. For example, Schneider et al. introduced a visual inspection method complemented by DC electrical measurements to discern batteries suitable for reuse across various applications . Additionally, alternative non-destructive testing methods have been proposed. . EIS, ultrasonic testing , and X-ray computed tomography have also been extensively employed for the same purpose. Nevertheless, there are still gaps in achieving intelligent testing and sorting for high-throughput processes.