Comparison on external validation dataset. Following analysis of internal validation results, we extended method evaluation to include GGAP-CPI's performance on unknown proteins and rare samples. We compiled an external validation dataset (CPI2Mfew) consisting of proteins with fewer than 200 available assay data points. This dataset is designed to simulate the challenges of practical zero-shot virtual screening scenarios, where target-specific methods are inapplicable due to the absence of reference data for model training.