The solid-state UV-vis spectra for the photocatalysts were recorded using a Varian Cary 50 UV-vis spectrophotometer equipped with a diffuse reflectance accessory. FT-IR spectra of the samples were collected using a Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50 FTIR spectrometer (ATR mode). The PXRD measurements were conducted using a PANalytical Empyrean Series 2 instrument using Cu Kα irradiation. TEM images were acquired using a Thermo Scientific (FEI) Talos F200X G2 TEM. For the TEM measurements, the samples were dispersed in ethanol (∼4 μg mL -1 ) and drop-casted on carbon-coated Cu grids. The FESEM images were acquired using TESCAN MIRA3 FEG-SEM instrument. The ICP-OES measurements were performed by the Microanalysis Service (Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge) using a Thermo Scientific iCAP 700 spectrometer. XPS measurements of the photocatalysts were performed at the Maxwell Centre, University of Cambridge with near ambient pressure (NAP) XPS system with a SPECS XR 50 MF X-ray source, µ-FOCUS 600 X-ray monochromator and a differentially pumped PHOIBOS 150 1D-DLD NAP analyzer. H NMR spectra were recorded on a 400 MHz Bruker DPX spectrometer and referenced against the residual solvent signal (H2O: δ = 4.79 ppm).