To evaluate the effectiveness of mpLFIA using mpGNSs, the assay was first evaluated with varying concentrations of RVFV nucleoprotein spiked into buffer (1X PBS). For each assay, 20 mL of the RVFV nucleoprotein in buffer was mixed with 100 µL of mpGNS@ab probes, followed by a 5minute incubation and magnetic concentration of the nanoparticles for an additional 5 minutes.