Sodium benzoate (SB) is recognized for its effectiveness as a preservative in pharmaceuticals, helping to prevent microbial growth and extend product shelf life. This characteristic is crucial for maintaining the stability and safety of liquid formulations like syrups and creams. Despite its benefits, SB has been linked to potential adverse health effects, including allergic reactions and possible contributions to ADHD in children. It may also disrupt the balance of gut microbiota, raising concerns about its long-term safety for consumers. The review highlights that while SB is generally biodegradable, its degradation can be influenced by environmental conditions. If wastewater containing SB is not properly treated, it can lead to pollution and disrupt aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the need for effective management strategies. The study proposes the development of eco-friendly technology to lessen the impact of SB and seeks for additional thorough research to determine its long-term effects on individuals and the environment.