Both ML (Ni) and ML (Cu) coatings were electrodeposited as highly roughened structures, which is in contrast to the smooth coating found on GnP-free ML (Ni) (Figure ). White light profilometry of a 16 mm 2 area identifies R a values of 20.9, 8.5 and 0.35 μm for ML (Ni) , ML (Cu) and GnP-free ML (Ni) coatings, respectively (Figure ).