The calculated LOD for mpGNS-3 reached an impressive 2.24 pg/mL. These findings demonstrate that the mpLFIA platform achieves nearly a 1000-fold increase in sensitivity compared to traditional colorimetric detection with GNP, underscoring the superior performance of mpLFIA with mpGNS-3. As expected, mpGNS-3 exhibited greater temperature changes, attributed to its enhanced LSPR effect, which significantly improves its optical properties and detection efficiency. Table . Literature review of magneto-plasmonics nanoparticle systems for colorimetric LFIA.