It is also noteworthy that when two electrodes are placed in a parallel arrangement, the response time is significantly shorter than for sequential designs, which results in undesirable redox cycling (Figs. and). In summary, we have taken advantage of the rapid-prototyping capability offered by the laserpyrolyzed electrodes to investigate and optimize electrode design in our devices. Our findings reveal that the electrode areas and orientation directly affect the response in two-electrode detection. In FIA, the two-electrode detectors not only enable high-throughput sampling but also showcase improved sensing performance and high detection efficiencies.