This review has explored the types of polymeric textile waste, the methods for repurposing it into biodegradable composites, and the challenges associated with recycling and material performance. Despite the technical and economic barriers, innovative approaches such as mechanical and chemical recycling, bio-based reinforcements, and enzymatic degradation have demonstrated promising results. The environmental and economic benefits of upcycling textile waste into biodegradable composites include reducing landfill waste, lowering carbon footprints, and fostering a circular economy.