The development of the efficient and cost-effective catalysts is paramount in advancing sustainable energy technologies. Fuel cells are pivotal in this context, offering a promising solution for converting chemical energy into electrical energy with high efficiency and low environmental impact. TMOs have garnered significant attention due to their high stability and their promising performance in key electrochemical reactions within fuel cells, such as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) . Historically, the industrial catalysts for OER and ORR relied heavily on rare and expensive 5d transition metals , which incur significant economic and supply chain challenges. This has spurred ongoing efforts to discover more earthabundant and cost-effective alternatives , with particular interest in the 3d and few 4d transition metal oxides.