Firstly, there is no longer equivalent stoichiometry between the protons/hydroxide ions released by the acid/base pair and the "strength", the amount of protons released into the solution, by citric acid is pH-dependent. Secondly, if there is an overshoot, a correction will result in a citrate buffer system being formed, which will make the product being titrated resistant to pH change, severely complicating the titration. In manual titrations, the overshot titration samples are frequently abandoned, and the titration is attempted afresh. Hence, for this reason, the initial sampling strategy to randomly select three initial data points to start developing a statistical model, as shown in , is unsuitable.