1.0 Introduction. The efficient catalytic transformation of feedstocks to chemicals and materials for society remains at the forefront of technological needs in the 21 st century. Grand challenges in catalysis aim for the sustainable manufacture of monomers , the elimination of carbon dioxide , the fixing of nitrogen , and the environmental remediation of pollutants . New catalysts should be synthesized from low-cost, earth-abundant materials that operate with longterm stability and negligible environmental impact within a process designed to optimally benefit from catalytic rate enhancement. Catalyst development also aims for maximum catalytic rate within the limitations of the Sabatier principle for multistep chemistry which includes adsorption, surface catalytic reactions, and desorption (Figure ).