Comparing these methods, it is evident that each has its unique advantages and challenges. Enzymatic extraction and UAE offer eco-friendly and efficient alternatives but may be limited by cost and scalability. MAE and SFE provide rapid and high-purity extraction but require significant initial investment in equipment. The use of eco-friendly solvents like DES and PLE represents a move towards greener extraction technologies, although further research and optimization are needed. Biotechnological approaches, while promising, bring their own set of ethical and regulatory challenges. PEF, SWE, and ILE each offer innovative solutions with their own specific benefits and drawbacks, adding to the diverse toolkit available for natural dye extraction.