The last step for optimization of the μCP protocol was determining the maximal force application for the highest bioink physical transfer and BSA-FITC immobilization. The assessment was done by application of 0 kPa and 49 kPa pressure on the stamps. The SNR values (Figure ) demonstrate that without force application (0 kPa), the SNR value was minimum. The SNR values significantly increased to values higher than 15 after the application of force. This determines that the force application ensures more effective physical bioink transfer from the stamp to the substrate. Inconsistencies of the %CVs also exist when no pressure is applied during the stamping process, at intra-assay %CVs of 31.04% and 14.01%, and inter-assay %CV of 23.75% (Table ). The fluorescence images for 0kPa further depict the low bioink transfer (Figure ).