Other phosphorus precipitates and phosphoric acid could be recovered from different wastewater sources using different techniques and conditions. Phosphorus, nitrogen and even potassium sources can also be recovered from more refined waste streams, especially if source-separated urine can be scaled up. Processes by which potentially wasted resources could be used to directly recover fertilizer nutrients, be transformed to composts, soil amendments, and biochar, or be utilized in alternative more sustainable formulations of fertilizers that could be used in the market to extend the life and efficiency of use of fertilizer nutrients were discovered. While many promising technologies for recovery of phosphorus and other nutrients have not been practiced on large scale and few economic analyses of best technologies have been tested at scale, newer regulations governing wastes and wastewaters may encourage the use of recovered phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and trace elements in fertilizers. Growth in journal publications on recovering and recycling nutrients from wastes and wastewaters certainly reflects interest in this growing field. Small and large businesses have begun incorporating recovered nutrients into their fertilizer products 370 and this trend is expected to continue to rise along with patenting for products and improved technologies. No single technology or set of integrated technologies will work in all settings but having many options will allow methods for waste treatment and supplementation of fertilizer nutrients to be adapted to local needs and economic conditions. Biorefineries and other interdependent processes have been studied to reduce the energy and carbon emission intensity of human industrial activity. Using the byproducts from growing crops and raising livestock as fertilizer locally can reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers and the transportation and energy costs of the products. Documents studying biorefineries indexed biomass combustion and biomass refining and refineries most often; biomass refining is indexed more often in patents, while biomass refineries and combustion are indexed more often in journals. The emphasis on patenting for biomass refining is consistent with the development of processes to minimize CO2 emissions (because of the lower emphasis for biomass combustion) but perhaps not with their development for specific products.