where λ is the hydration level, λp is the percolation threshold level of hydration, ν is a characteristic exponent and A is a constant. From isolated clusters observed at low λ, the spatial extent of the clusters increases with λ but do not percolate below λp (beyond λp a spanning water network is formed). Moreover, the presence of an acidic group (i.e. sulphate ions) in Graphenion creates an appropriate linkage between H2O molecules for proton transport. This leads to the second learning outcome: if the hydration level in Graphenion is increased, then ionic clusters where dnS(r) is the number of sulphur atoms located at the distance r in a water shell of thickness dr from a fixed sulphur atom and NS is the number of sulphate ions in a volume V of confined space in a Graphenion membrane.