In the context of fitting OpenFF force fields, the torsion profile energy loss function defined above in equation 6 may further mitigate the differences between the methods since we applied a hard cutoff of 5 kcal/mol to exclude the higher energy regions from torsion fits for the OpenFF Parsley and Sage line of force fields. The RMSE on thermally relevant low-energy region (TRLR), only considering the energies less than 5 kcal/mol with respect to the minima on the torsion profile, were tabulated in the last column of Table . We can see that ωB97M-D3(BJ)/DZVP still holds its place as the most accurate functional with torsion target score as well, and the differences between various methods drop drastically in the low energy regions. In a sense, the modeling of low-energy, thermally relevant regions was quite accurate, while it was in the high-energy regions where the influence of stereoelectronic and steric effects became prominent, leading to discernible differences between various methods.