All electrochemical measurements were carried out under ambient conditions at the University of Cambridge using a BioLogic BCS-800 Series ultra-precision battery cycler and a Biologic VSP-3e potentiostat. For each cell, one type of electrochemical measurement was carried out, generating the corresponding datasets File 1 -5. A summary of each dataset, along with cell assembly parameters, is provided in Figure below. Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) experiments were conducted on Cells 1 and 2. Variation in current during the GCD experiments was negligible. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments were carried out on Cells 3 and 4. A long-term cycling GCD experiment was carried out on Cell 5. The electrochemical measurements carried out on each cell are also summarised in Figure .