Despite their identical appearance, subtle differences in particle size or distribution, which may not be immediately apparent from SEM images, could influence the performance of the three catalysts. For example, the doping levels of boron, cerium, and silver may slightly alter the surface properties, such as the number and type of active sites or the extent of light absorption. While these differences are not visually discernible in the SEM images, their impact is evident from the photocatalytic activity results presented in this study.