Cell viability of embedded HepG2 cells was monitored by live/dead staining 1, 7, and 14 days post-encapsulation. The supernatant media was removed, and cells were stained with calcein-AM (4 µg•mL -1 ) and propidium iodide (20 µg•mL -1 ). After incubation for 30 min, the staining solution was removed. Hydrogels were washed twice with DPBS and covered with cell culture medium.