Moreover, our analysis identifies medium-and heavy-duty vehicles (MDV and HDV) as substantial contributors to traffic-related air pollution, despite their relatively small share of total traffic volume. Notably, emissions from brake and tire wear, particularly from LDV traffic, emerge as significant sources of PM2.5 exposure. These findings underscore the need for targeted strategies to mitigate emissions from MDV and HDV traffic, potentially through electrification of vehicle fleets, though this poses challenges that require careful consideration. While electrification offers promise for improving near-roadway air quality, our results emphasize the urgency of broader efforts to reduce emissions and address the underlying reasons why communities of color and lower-income populations are disproportionately exposed to high levels of vehicle traffic emissions. These efforts should encompass comprehensive approaches beyond vehicle electrification, including demand reduction strategies and addressing systemic factors contributing to disparate exposure patterns.