surface coloured according to the relative Gibbs energies and traffic volumes of the LMs, respectively. In the attribute circle layout of the RPNRs, the reaction bottlenecks are found as the areas with low density of edges (reaction paths), especially when the reaction is exergonic and irreversible. This is because, in a resting state, just before the corresponding bottleneck, paths bifurcate into high-and low-energy directions, such that the number of paths that traverse the area without passing the resting state or its neighbours is small. In Surface models were created by starting with the Pd face-centred cubic crystal, optimising its lattice vector length using the PFP, and cutting the crystal into the (111) and (100) planes.