To address these issues, capillary blood sampling has been proposed as a minimally invasive alternative to venepuncture for POC diagnostics. It can be extracted by individuals themselves, which can increase accessibility to testing and eliminate the need for healthcare professionals . However, capillary blood samples have been associated with varying biomarker concentrations, which may limit the accuracy and reliability of POC diagnostic tests. Furthermore, numerous issues arise when minimal volumes of bodily fluids are extracted for diagnostic testing, namely, uncontrollable detrimental effects that can occur during extraction and post-extraction manipulation steps, such as clotting and hemolysis 15-17 . These effects can negatively impact the quality and accuracy of the sample, particularly before it reaches the final sensing phase. As a result, it is often not possible to perform multiplexed biomarker analyses on these small-volume samples, which can impede diagnosis and lead to significant analytical artifacts.