Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of half cells before and after fixed cycles were conducted within the frequency range of 0.1 Hz-1 MHz with 0.01 V of amplitude. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) under different scan rates (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1 and 2 mV/s) were recorded. EIS and CV were collected using Ivium CompactStat.