Recent advances in the RPS sensors have utilised pores of different aspect ratios/shapes or specific electrode configurations to allow utilise larger pores and sensing zones. When integrated into microfluidic systems this technology is further advanced, allowing users to combine sample handling within the analytical system. A variety of innovations in this area, summarised in reviews elsewhere, have focused on different forms of fabrication, convection and applications. For example, electrophoresis can be used to drive the analyte through the pore. One example uses an applied electric field of 60 V to drive the sample flow for the detection of bacteria. Similar designs have coupled syringe pumps with lower voltages for the detection of yeast cells, polystyrene particles , DNA , red blood cells and algae. Another advantage of controlling convection and the design of the sensing zone is the ability to force the analyte through a series of RPS sensing regions. Zhang et al. presented such a device where five identical sensing regions were arranged in series. As the analyte travelled through the device it generated five pulses, allowing each analyte to be measured multiple times, whilst providing a regular signal pattern to be identified against random background fluctuations. The authors suggest that such a device could improve the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of n 1/2 , where n is the number of sensing regions.