This work utilized the kinetic multi-layer model of aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB) to simulate the ozone oxidation kinetics of S 3 (denoted as T), adapted from ref. 47-50. See Table and Supporting Information for the definition of each symbol. S 2 O 2- 3 : gas-phase and bulk-phase diffusions, surface adsorption and desorption, surface-bulk exchange, and chemical reactions at the air-water interface and in the aerosol bulk. The rate equations considering all these dynamical processes for O 3 and S 2 O 2- 3 shown in Figure are summarized as eqs S1-S8 in the Supporting Information, which are all included in the KM-SUB model simulations performed in this work. The oxidation reaction of S 2 O 2- 3 with O 3 is assumed as a bimolecular reaction, and the reaction products are assumed to have the same physical properties as S 2 O 2- 3 . For simplicity, secondary reactions of reaction products and the evaporation of volatile products are not included in the kinetic model, and their potential influences will be discussed in the later section.