4. The maximal available work from THI is estimated as ∼8 kJ mol -1 , which corresponds to an average torque of ∼18 pN nm. Simulated under half load, the motor still has a high THI rate constant 1 × 10 5 s -1 and the maximal power output is about 4 × 10 5 kcal mol -1 s -1 . These magnitudes are similar to and sometimes higher than biological motors, such as the F1-ATPase.