The enhanced performance of B1Ce1Ag0.1TiO₂ compared to the other two tri-doped catalysts can be attributed to the optimized concentration of dopants, which likely contributed to better light absorption, charge carrier separation, and reduced recombination rates. The synergy among the dopants-boron, cerium, and silver-played a crucial role in modifying the electronic and structural properties of TiO₂. Boron and cerium are known to introduce intermediate energy levels within the band gap, facilitating the utilization of lower-energy photons, while silver enhances the charge separation efficiency and acts as a co-catalyst. This combination allowed B1Ce1Ag0.1TiO₂ to achieve superior photocatalytic degradation compared to the other formulations.