The ORR, a cornerstone electrochemical process, underpins the functionality of various energy conversion and storage technologies, including proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and metal-air batteries . ORR encompasses a kinetically complex multi-electron transfer process, reducing molecular oxygen to either water or hydroxide ions, depending on the electrolyte medium. Its inherently sluggish kinetics, attributed to the high activation barrier required to cleave the O=O bond and coordinate proton-electron transfers, represents a formidable challenge to achieving optimal energy efficiency and operational performance in these systems .