Emissions were higher for the Reclaimer compared to the NEWgenerator due to its higher electricity demands (i.e., 0.408 kWh•capita -1 •day -1 to operate the Reclaimer vs. 0.131 kWh•capita - 1 •day -1 to operate the NEWgenerator, a difference largely due to the ultrafiltration unit found in the The general results can be useful for preliminary assessments and decision-making; however, identifying contexts appropriate for implementation of NSS systems requires a more contextualized evaluation of costs and emissions. When applying country-specific values for contextual parameters, the cost of the Biogenic Refinery ranges from 0.01 to 0.15 USD•capita - 1 •day -1 and 0.02 to 0.25 USD•capita -1 •day -1 for the baseline and alternative scenarios, respectively. Key contributors to cost are capital expenses for frontend facilities (i.e., toilets) and operation and maintenance (O&M) labor for excreta collection, conveyance, and processing .