Last, we showcase an example of combining two strategies (i.e., introducing evaporation pretreatment and increasing collision surface) to treat 1000 μL AFFF. AFFF (1000 μL) spiked in the BN+SiO2 system should have a Z0 of 13.9 μm. The BM treatment without pre-evaporation should reduce the Z value to 3.5 μm (> CLFT) after 8 h. Therefore, low DeF was observed at this point. In contrast, a tandem process including 6 h pre-evaporation followed by 8 h BM treatment incurred 14 h of heat-induced solvent loss. The Z was estimated to be 1.1 μm (< CLFT), which explains the significant DeF of > 60% (Figure ). It is of note that > 90% destruction of target PFAS was achieved (Figure ). However, SiO2 may immobilize part of the F -, prohibiting the treatment from demonstrating a higher DeF.