ATV Quantification by HPLC ATV quantification was performed by HPLC on a LC-20A Prominence HPLC, Shimadzu (Duisburg, Germany) equipped with a system controller CBM-20A, a solvent delivery unit LC-20 AT (double plunger), an on-line degassing unit DGU-20A, an auto-sampler SIL-20AC, and a SPD-20A UV-Vis detector. As stationary phase, a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus, Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) C18 column (4.6 x 100 mm; 3.5 μm) was used. The mobile phase was a gradient of H 2 O/ACN (60 % -40 % H 2 O; Figure ) at 40 °C and a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Prior to ATV quantification, all formulations were centrifuged to remove any precipitate, diluted with ACN/H 2 O = 60/40 (v/v) and quantified at 245 nm (Figure ). The following equations were used to calculate loading capacity (LC) and loading efficiency (LE):