The challenges and opportunities for advancing Green Chemistry and Green Engineering are many. Focus and investment must be placed on transformative advances that ensure sustainability and hazard minimisation for the full life of chemicals or materials. This aim means that raw materials must be sourced from renewable resources and converted into products using design principles that account for the full product lifecycle. Such designs could include establishing recycling, repurposing, or programmed (bio)degradation for each product. Chemical manufacture should integrate principles of "preventative toxicology" 35 so that hazards to health and the environment are avoided at the outset of a product's life. Without these considerations, there is a risk of suffering unintended consequences of long-lasting chemical products that are discarded or released into the environment with impunity. The current global challenges of curtailing plastic pollution and contamination from per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are cases that illustrate this point.