Multi-step circular refinement pathways include mechanical processing (Me, grey), reductive calcination (RC, red), and hydrometallurgy (Hy, blue). RC is an additional processing step for The environmental impacts of two circular refinement pathways are presented in each graph in Fig. for mixed-stream LIB feedstocks processed at Redwood Materials: non-energized production scrap from LIB production facilities (recycled scrap) and energized, end-of-life LIBs collected from consumers (recycled battery). Using a limiting-reagent approach of output products to produce one kg NCA-eq material, energy requirements for processing recycled scrap and recycled battery streams are 22.0 MJ/kg and 44.4 MJ/kg NCA-eq materials, significantly lower than conventional refinement by 88.7% and 77.1%, respectively (Fig. ). Relatedly, 2.9 and 6.9 kg CO2-eq/kg NCA-eq materials are generated from scrap and battery streams, respectively, a substantial reduction in CO2-eq emissions by 80.0% and 59.1% (Fig. ). Water consumption is also lower by 88.4% for scrap and 74.1% for battery streams relative to the conventional scenario, resulting from the consumption of 9.0 and 20.0 L H2O/kg NCA-eq materials, respectively (Fig. ). Note that while the elemental stoichiometry is identical, the output battery-grade materials vary slightly between conventional (Li2CO3, NiSO4, CoSO4) and circular (Li2SO4, (Ni, Co)SO4) supply chains (detailed in Methods). Converting the final lithium product to Li2CO3 does not substantially change the environmental impacts of the circular supply chains (Supplementary Note 3, Fig. ), and impacts of producing discrete or mixed products are examined in the following section.