Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and alternating-current voltammetry was performed using a BASi PalmSens 3 potentiostat/galvanostat in a three-electrode cell configuration. Aqueous measurements were taken using 100 mM HCl or KCl as the electrolyte, and non-aqueous measurements were taken using a 100 mM solution of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate in acetonitrile. A platinum wire was used as a counter electrode. In all experiments save for those using pre-made screen printed electrodes, a silver wire, freshly washed in 12M HCl and deionized water, was used as pseudoreference electrode. The ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox couple appeared at 0.286 ± 0.003V (measured repeatedly over continued use for one month) versus this pseudoreference in 100 mM HCl a bare gold working electrode. In the nonaqueous solution, the ferrocene/ferricenium redox couple appeared at 0.465V versus this pseudoreference using a bare gold working electrode. The electrochemical cell was freed of oxygen by purging using a nitrogen bubbler before use. Electrochemical surface coverages were determined by integration of CV peaks; electrode surface areas were estimated by masking of the electrode using electroplating tape (3M, Inc.) and photographing the masked electrode with a 2.83 cm 2 standard, followed by image analysis to determine the ratio of the mask area to the standard area.