Exposure of TFA from agricultural and other ecosystems has not been assessed as it has for other, longer-chain PFAAs ; however, it is inevitable that with increasing emissions on the global scale, the mean TFA concentrations in humans (serum), animals and plants will increase. The only potential environmentally relevant pathways of TFA degradation are overtone photodissociation in the troposphere and biologically catalyzed conversion processes that convert TFA to fluoroform (CF3H). This is likely negligible in terms of TFA mass loss, as TFA is readily scavenged from the atmosphere by wet (and to a lower extent, dry) deposition, before it spreads rapidly in the terrestrial hydrosphere. Nevertheless, considering the high TFA concentrations, even a low conversion of TFA to fluoroform may have an observable impact on atmospheric fluoroform concentrations . Methods to remove TFA from water are expensive and often inefficient due to TFA's persistence and mobility . In some cases, water purification methods as common as ozonation and chlorination are also a source of TFA, depending on the presence of TFA-precursors . The most effective solution would be reverse osmosis (RO) to up-concentrate TFA, followed by some intensive destruction techniques. However, RO treatment of water, particularly wastewater, compared to other forms of water treatment is expensive, requires a substantial amount of energy and typically results in 50% water loss . The necessity of RO for water treatment is also in contradiction to Article 7(3) of the EU's Water Framework Directive, which states "Member States shall ensure the necessary protection for the bodies of water identified with the aim of avoiding deterioration in their quality in order to reduce the level of purification treatment required in the production of drinking water" 72 . Destructive techniques for concentrated TFA, such as incinerating RO concentrates or even biomass containing TFA, may lead to harmful byproducts, including fluoroform (which is a potent greenhouse gas with a GWP of 14,800 times that of CO2 over 100 years). We have mentioned above that one source of increasing TFA concentrations is the increased use of F-gases used as refrigerant chemicals; it is worth looking into this in more detail.