Scaffold-based approaches for engineering small-diameter vascular scaffolds have been widely explored using various techniques. Methods like electrospinning, molding, sheet rolling, decellularization, and 3D printing have produced a range of grafts currently being evaluated in large animal studies and clinical trials . However, no single technique suffices for achieving the necessary structural complexity due to each method's advantages and limitations. Electrospinning can produce nanofibers resembling ECM components but struggles with 3D geometry control, leading to template-assisted electrospinning for better morphology and alignment control , . Despite its potential, poor mechanical performance compared to native arteries, prompted research into strategies like incorporating reinforcing nanoparticles to enhance mechanical properties .