Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are quickly gaining traction in analytical chemistry as the data modelling technique of choice . At their most fundamental, artificial neural networks are a series of transformative mathematical operations performed on input data, for example, equations 3.1 and 3.2 below, where 𝑶 𝑘 is the output of a layer for an input 𝑰 𝑘 , using an activation function 𝑎, a vector of weights 𝑾 and biases 𝑩 .