CCK-8 assay. The B16 -F10 cancer cells were inoculated into 96-wach well. After 1 h of culture, the optical density of the solution was measured at 450 nm. The B16 -F10 cancer cells were seeded in 96-well cell culture plates at a density of 8000 cells/well and incubated for 24 h at 37 ℃ in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. Subsequently, different concentrations of PTX-NB NPs, PTX NPs, TPE-Pyα-CD NPs, and TPE-Pyα-CD+PTX-NB NPs were added to each well and incubated for 4 h under normoxic conditions, followed by irradiation with white or non-white light for 30 min. After 24 h incubation, the medium was then aspirated and replaced with fresh medium containing the CCK-8 reagent. After the cells were recultured for 1 h, the optical density of the solution was measured at the wavelength of 450 nm and the relative cell viability was calculated by the Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The B16-F10 cells were inoculated onto a confocal dish at a concentration of approximately 1×10 5 cells/ml and cultured in a humidified atmosphere with 5% carbon dioxide at 37 ℃ for 24 h. Subsequently, fresh medium containing varying concentrations of TPE-Pyα-CD+PTX-NB NPs was added, and the cells were further incubated under the same conditions for an additional 4 h before being irradiated with white light for 15 minutes. Following this treatment, all cells were collected into centrifuge tubes, washed with pre-cooled PBS, and then stained using FITC/PI probes. After incubation in a metal bath at 80 degrees Celsius, the samples were analyzed using flow cytometry. were added into a 100 mL round-bottomed flask. After connecting the reaction device, vacuumize and fill nitrogen for three times. Under the protection of nitrogen, a mixture of (THF/H2O= 5:1 v/v) was dropped into a two-necked flask with a syringe. The reaction temperature was set at 80 ℃ and the reaction was stirred overnight in a nitrogen atmosphere.