Biorefineries utilize different types of renewable biomass as a feedstock to produce a variety of products. Processing algae biomass as feedstock for biofuels production, fertilizer nutrients, or other valuable byproducts has recently been patented. Animal-derived wastewaters and anaerobically digested manures have also been used to supply nutrients to such systems, such as one using lipid-rich pig wastes to grow a lipid-accumulating algal biomass which can be used for biodiesel production. Anaerobic digestion of microalgal biomass can yield methane byproduct (biogas), while N and P absorbed into algal biomass digestate can subsequently be processed into N and P containing biochar for use as fertilizer. Processing algae biomass as feedstock for biofuels production, fertilizer nutrients, or other valuable byproducts has recently been patented. Macroalgal biorefinery with offshore seaweed cultivation produces bioethanol, liquid fertilizers and protein-rich ingredients for fish feed. Struvite and other fertilizers can be produced from agricultural crop biorefinery under anaerobic digestion. Ammonium sulfate fertilizer can also be produced in an agro-biorefinery. It was shown that several valuable products can be recovered from biorefinery-processed cellulosic primary sludge: methane (anaerobic digestion), short-chain fatty acids (acidogenic fermentation) and phosphorus as struvite (precipitation/crystallization). While biofuels may compete with food crops for fertilizer needs, integrating processes for biofuel production and nutrient recovery may make them more sustainable. For example, during industrial algae production as a "biofuels crop" nutrients are required for microalgal growth in the cultivation media to produce biomass for use in the biorefinery system for biofuels production. Biorefineries can use biobased wastes as feedstock for generating biogas, making biochar or other products by combining processes, thus enhancing a circular approach to waste management. Considering an increased demand for renewable fertilizers, nutrients recovery from waste should be a key point of a biorefinery operation. Moreover, nutrient recovery not only provides a valuable marketable biorefinery product, but also prevents eutrophication through recovery of nutrients that otherwise might be released to the environment. Figure shows CAS concepts occurring in patents and journals associated with biorefineries from the broad sustainable fertilizer search 2001-2021. "Biomass combustion" is found mainly in journals and associated with the academic study of NOx emissions from N-fertilized soils. "Biomass refinery" also prevails in journals and connects to studies on fertilizer nutrient extraction from anaerobic digestates. At the same time, "biomass refining" occurs more frequently in patents (71%) and describes biocharfertilizer production 351 and other nutrients recovery from waste. The "Biomass gasification" contribution in patents is almost 40%. The study includes chemical fertilizer production via manure gasification 353 , carbon-based organic fertilizers through a combined gasification and carbonization of organic solid waste. 354 "Biomass pyrolysis" is found mainly in journals but it is not exactly rare in patents (27%). Liquid fertilizers produced by biomass pyrolysis 355 and N-fertilizers produced via ureaformaldehyde resin and biomass co-pyrolysis have also been patented. 356