The importance of gut microbiome in many aspects of human health is currently well recognized. Recent progress in next generation sequencing tools have made possible the identification of prominent changes in the gut microbiome upon aging, indicating specifically certain shifts in microbial populations and loss of species diversity. 256 Such imbalance in the gut microbial community is referred to as dysbiosis. Along with age-related deficiency of structural integrity of the gut and other physiological barriers, such shift in microbial populations can trigger inflammation and other disorders.