where ĤM describes the matter contribution due to the excitonic DOF, Ĥcav describes the cavity contribution, and ĤLM is the light-matter interaction term. The matter contribution ĤM to the Hamiltonian describes N identical and non-interacting molecules. In this description, each molecule is modeled as an effective two-level system that represents the molecule's ground and excited states. The resulting Hamiltonian is written as