where x is the first rate if reaction, A is the pre-exponential factor, 𝛽 is the heating rate (20°C/min), R is the general gas constant (8.3143 Jmol -1 K -1 ), E a is activation energy, and T is temperature (K). Plotting graphs between ln[-ln(1 -x)] vs. 1000/T for each phase gave the value of activation energy, and further parameters were determined using basic thermodynamic equations :