), technology yield parameters (γ), and capacity limits for demand and supply (d, s). We note that the total production cost captures technology and supply costs (including direct production cost and indirect cost related with carbon). The constraint (2.1b) defines the supply amount of input products as the sum of all input flows. The constraint (2.1c) indicates no mass accumulation in intermediate nodes. The constraint (2.1d) defines the demand amount of products as the sum of all output flows. The balance constraint (2.1e) indicates the mass balance for products with consideration of generation/consumption in technology. The constraints (2.1f)-(2.1g) impose upper and lower bounds for demand and supply amount.