The structures of catalytic intermediates formed through the cascade transformations of the original (PI)₂TiCl₄ complex were primarily elucidated via MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry), which has proven highly effective in characterizing transition metal catalysts . MALDI-TOF is particularly advantageous for identifying intact metal complexes. Besides MALDI-TOF, the detailed process of deciphering this dynamic chemical system's cascade sequence and verifying individual complexes and other products was supported by other key observations as well: