Assessing and ensuring water quality in engineered water systems and related settings are complex . Multiple ever-changing variables affect drinking water quality such as the quality of water sources, treatment processes and technologies, water pipe materials, distribution system configuration and length, natural disasters, and water stagnation in the pipes . For instance, drinking water effluent at water utilities many be high but could deteriorate in engineered water systems because of microbial (re)growth and instruction, the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), pipe failures (e.g., breaks and leaks), and the detachment of heavy metals from pipes . Meanwhile, drinking water in engineered water systems and other settings have various hazardous agents such as harmful microbes (especially opportunistic pathogens or OPs) , DBPs , heavy metals area of research and practice .