The figure demonstrates the molecular diversity in exosome contents based on their stem cell origin, with a focus on proteins critical for neuroregeneration and miRNAs known for regulating inflammation and neuroprotection. These findings highlight the potential functional differences in exosomes from varying cellular sources for therapeutic applications in neuroregenerative medicine. Notably, exosomes are cell-free and pose minimal risks of immune rejection and tumorigenicity, which are significant concerns in cell-based therapies. Furthermore, exosomes have the unique ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), delivering bioactive molecules directly to affected neural tissues. This delivery mechanism sets exosomes apart from many pharmacological treatments, which are limited in their ability to target the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, exosomes provide a multi-modal approach to therapy, addressing inflammation, promoting synaptic plasticity, and enhancing axonal regrowth, offering a comprehensive strategy for neuroregeneration.