Materials are things that contain a variety of substances . The term 'material' was coined mainly for solid-state substances that can be used to satisfy the requirement and needs of society. Liquid state substances e.g., petroleum oil/gases should not be considered as materials; because most of these substances are precursors for materials. There are several classes of materials based on strategies including; 1) physical (e.g., solid-state matter or liquid) and chemical properties (organic and inorganic); 2) sources (e.g., natural or synthetic); and 3) biological activity (e.g., biocompatible or toxic; living or non-living). , environmental, analytical techniques, and biomedical applications. Natural materials may be created from raw materials utilizing a variety of techniques, such as extraction, shape, and purification . On the other hand, there are several ways to produce synthetic materials. Based on the sorts of materials used, humans divided their antiquity into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The 19 th century, the middle of the 20 th century, and the second half of the 20 th century are all referred to as the "steel age," "plastic age," and "silicon age," respectively. Materials improved many applications, including energy , environmental and analytical , and biological .