where 𝑉 𝐴𝑀 , 𝑉 𝐵𝐶 , and 𝑉 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 are the volume of the AM particles, BC particles, and the total microstructure, respectively. The constant factor 𝑞 is an estimated value to represent the micro porosity inside the BC particle. In our microstructure analysis, we took 𝑞 = 10 % resulting from parameter adjustment. Different rotation speeds significantly influence the porosity of the microstructure, as illustrated in Fig. .