Among the largest and most diDicult-to-abate sources of CO2 emissions are those related to structural materials such as cement (2.3 Gt/y CO2, or 6.5% of anthropogenic CO2) and steel (2.6 Gt/y CO2, or 7% of anthropogenic CO2). As a result, options for decarbonizing the production of these materials are a perennial and growing topic of research. However, much less attention has been paid to how changing electricity prices and production patterns might aDect the quantities of diDerent materials that will be used in the future.