where 𝑢 is the uncertainty mass, 𝑏 𝑘 is the belief mass for the 𝑘-th class, and 𝐾 is the total number of classes. In evidential learning, the neural network forms opinions as Dirichlet distributions that can model the probability distribution of each class. The parameters of the Dirichlet distribution are calculated from the neural network outputs. The loss function is the marginal likelihood calculated using the Dirichlet distribution.