All reactions were performed in oven-dried glassware under an atmosphere of dry N2 unless otherwise stated. All reagents and solvents used were purchased from commercial sources and were used without further purification. No unexpected safety hazards were encountered during chemical synthesis. Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on pre-coated silica gel plates, 200 μm with an F254 indicator. TLC plates were visualized by fluorescence quenching under UV light or by staining with iodine and KMnO4. Column chromatography was performed using Teledyne ISCO's RediSep Rf ® pre-loaded silica gel cartridges on a Biotage automated purification system. NMR spectra were collected in DMSO-d6 on Bruker 400 MHz and 500 MHz spectrometers. All chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm, δ units) and are referenced to the residual protons in the deuterated solvent. Coupling constant units are in Hertz (Hz). Splitting patterns are indicated as follows: s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), m (multiplet), dd (doublet of doublets), dt (doublet of triplets), td (triplet of doublets), ddd (doublet of doublets of doublets). Water suppressed 1 H NMR spectra were recorded at 298 K on a Bruker Avance Neo 600 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a QCI-F cryoprobe using a solvent suppression pulse sequence with pre-saturation and spoil gradients (1D spectra, noesygppr1d, Bruker) and chemical shifts (δ units) referenced to the residual water signal at 4.7 ppm. HRMS samples were analyzed with a Q Exactive HF-X (ThermoFisher, Bremen, Germany) mass spectrometer. Samples were introduced via a heated electrospray source (HESI) at a flow rate of 10 µL/min. HESI source conditions were set as: nebulizer temperature 400 °C, sheath gas (nitrogen) 20 arb, auxillary gas (nitrogen) 0 arb, sweep gas (nitrogen) 0 arb, capillary temperature 320 °C, RF voltage 45V. The mass range was set to 100-1000 m/z. All measurements were recorded at a resolution setting of 120,000. Solutions were analyzed at 0.1 mg/mL or less based on responsiveness to the ESI mechanism. Xcalibur (ThermoFisher, Breman, Germany) was used to analyze the data. Molecular formula assignments were determined with Molecular Formula Calculator (v 1.3.0). All observed species were singly charged, as verified by unit m/z separation between mass spectral peaks corresponding to the 12 C and 13 C 12 Cc-1 isotope for each elemental composition. Analytical LCMS data was obtained using a Waters Acquity UPLC system equipped with a photodiode array detector using the following method: solvent A = Water + 0.2% FA, solvent B = ACN + 0.1% FA, flow rate = 1 mL/min. The gradient started at 95% A for 0.05 min.