Salmonella spp (isolated from urine), Streptococcus spp (sourced from sputum) and Staphylococcus aureus (sourced from a high vaginal swab) were characterized and identified. These bacterial strains were cultured using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) . To identify drug resistance in the bacterial isolates, high-profile positive/negative 10-tipped multiple susceptibility antibiotic discs containing various antibiotics were employed as depicted in figure . The bacterial cultures that exhibited resistance to Amoxicillin, Septrin, Streptomycin, Ampiclox, and Chloramphenicol were selected for test with 1000 µg/mL P. longifolia extract, 50, 75, 100 and 150 µg/mL of Pl-Al/KNPs. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured in millimetres according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) , providing a quantitative measure of the antimicrobial efficacy of Pl-AlKNPs against these drug-resistant bacterial strains.