Next, we asked if isothermal assembly can be extended to compartments that have a membrane, using Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) as closer mimics of synthetic cellular micro-environments. GUVs were prepared by adapting emulsion transfer protocols (Figure , Supplementary Information for details). Contrary to previous works, we did not encapsulate preformed tiles or nanotubes, but directly the five strands (1-5, 500 nM each in TANa) in the GUVs, and let the system evolve over time. Encapsulation of the DNA strands within the lipid membrane was successful as indicated by the observation of fluorescence (Cy3-labeled strand 3) in the vesicle interior (Figure ) and its membrane (Figure ). We subsequently monitored the isothermal growth and reorganization of nanotubes inside the liposomes. After 2 days, individual nanotubes could be observed inside the vesicles, showing that isothermal growth was also occurring in these cell-like microenvironments. From day 4, nanotubes self-organized into dynamic higher-order structures, such as networks and ring-like morphologies ( , Movie S3), recapitulating the behavior observed in microdroplets. Interestingly, similar reorganization of DNA nanotubes into cytoskeleton-like assemblies inside GUVs has been recently reported, but it always involves the addition of condensing agents, such as crowding agents or high concentration of Mg 2+ . Here we find that the combination of isothermal self-assembly from molecular bricks (DNA strands) with confinement is enough to generate such highly-dynamic self-organization, in a way probably close to how living systems actually work. Overall, the isothermal growth of DNA nanotubes inside W/O droplets and vesicles suggest that they are a viable approach to build dynamic, responsive scaffolds in synthetic cells and living materials. Isothermally assembling DNA nanotubes can form adaptive architectures that may be engineered to achieve spatiotemporal control over compartment functions and mimic the dynamic and highly reconfigurable nature of cytoskeleton components.