SAXS experiments were conducted at beamline 16-ID of the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY) which is for Life Science X-ray Scattering (LiX). Copolymers and copolymer conjugates were lyophilized and prepared at different concentration ranges (1-10 mg/mL and 1-5 mg/mL, respectively). All samples were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min. Copolymers and copolymer conjugates were transferred from PCR plates to PCR tubes manually on-site using multichannel pipettes. In this format, samples and buffer blanks were loaded into custom sample holders where a robotic arm can handle a sequence of sample holders (1 buffer for every 3 samples). This beamline contains three Pilatus 1M detectors which have a q range of 0.005-3.13 Å -1 (q = 0.005-0.25 Å -1 was taken as the small-angle region). All background subtracted data were analyzed using BioXTAS RAW 2.1 with ATSAS 2.8.4 to perform Guinier analysis and indirect Fourier transform (IFT) in the same manner as previously done. Porod analysis was also utilized to quantify the flexibility of each copolymer chain in BIOSIS ScÅtter 4.0. 105, 106 Once the hyperbolic Porod region was identified, the linear region of the q 4 I(q) vs q 4 Porod-Debye plot was selected to determine the Porod exponent. 107-110