We use 2020 Census block-level population data concerning race and ethnicity (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021), along with 2016-2020 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year income data at the block-group-level and poverty status data at the tract-level (U.S. Census Bureau, 2022). In our analysis, individuals identifying as "White" indicate those who reported their race as White alone in the 2020 Census, while "non-White" encompasses all other racial identities. The "other race" category includes individuals who self-identify as American Indian and Alaska Native alone, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, or some other race category that does not fall under Black or Asian alone categories. This classification is used to encompass diverse racial identities that do not fit within the broader Black or Asian racial groups. "Hispanic or Latino" includes individuals of Hispanic or Latino origin, regardless of race. Median household income data for individual census blocks are derived from the encompassing block group, and poverty status (i.e., population living below the federal poverty level) is sourced from the encompassing census tract.