However, this practice poses serious health risks as processed hides may contain toxic organic compounds such as heavy metals, furans, dioxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and benzene, which can contaminate the hides . Heavy metals are particularly concerning, as they are released during the burning of hides with materials like plastics, polystyrene polymers, and tires, often fuelled with engine oil . This contamination not only threatens consumer health but also imposes a financial burden due to increased healthcare costs and lost productivity, especially in a country like Nigeria where many individuals cannot afford healthcare expenses out of pocket . The scarcity of firewood and the high demand for goat meat in Nigeria's Kaduna metropolis have led to the continued use of scrap car tires in some abattoirs, despite environmental regulations banning their use . The composition of scrap tires reveals varying amounts of heavy metals, posing additional risks to consumer health and the environment (Grosse- .