The LFP|Cu electrodes were assembled into CR2032 coin-type cells in a nitrogen-filled glovebox (GS Glovebox Systemtechnik, Germany). To facilitate the reproducibility and producFvity of cell assembly, an in-house developed roboFc cell assembly system AutoBASS was employed for the massive cell manufacturing. Detailed AutoBASS coin cell assembly procedure is described in Zhang et al. . Prior to assembly the coin cell parts (Pi-KEM, UK) were washed in an ultrasonic bath filled with isopropanol and ler to dried in an oven at 80°C overnight. Pick and stack of the cell components were accomplished by a 6-axis roboFc arm (Mecademic, Canada) with a linear motor axis (Jenny Science, Switzerland). Dispersing of electrolyte was completed by a second robot with an automaFc liquid handling dispenser (Sartorius AG, Germany). Automa:c sealing of the cells was done by the digital electric crimper (MTI, USA) modified with a microcontroller. As an electrolyte 35 μl of 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate (30:70 wt%) with 2 wt% vinyl carbonate electrolyte (E-lyte, Germany) was added per coin cell. The cells were stored with anode side facing down for weung for at least 24 h prior to electrochemical experiments.