Mathematical models are commonly employed to estimate the water profile within a fuel cell, typically incorporating various assumptions, as experiments are costly and limited. A typical one-dimensional model presented by Hu et al. describes the water profile in all fuel cell components along the through-plane direction. The measured Ohmic resistance is compared to the membrane water content estimated by the model, revealing a consistent trend. To reduce the computational effort due to the complexity of the model, Liso et al. introduced a zero-dimensional model that is less computationally intensive to predict the water distribution, and can support operational decisions related to external humidification. Although the model matched the experimental data, its capability was subjected to the strong assumption that liquid water is indistinguishable from vapor, and, therefore, the model can only be applied in the case of small amounts of excess water. To date, modelling challenges still exist as the coupled reactions and non-uniform transportation in fuel cells are difficult to model. Some assumptions and simplifications are adopted during simulation and, consequently, deviations between experimental and modeling results are hard to avoid .