Due to the affinity of the GO's carboxylate groups to the titania surface the TNRs can easily be compounded with the GO matrix. This combination enables the photocatalytic reduction of GO to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using photogenerated charge carries produced by the TNRs under illumination with deep ultraviolet (DUV) light. Further, SF was integrated into the composite to increase the stability of the film by the formation of hydrogen bonds, polar interactions, and ππ stacking between GO and SF. GO was used as the overall matrix material while the TNRs were incorporated in the top layers of the hybrid films to provide photocatalytic activity close to the top surface region of the membranes. Spatially separated from the TNRs, the SF was incorporated into the lower layers of the hybrid film to prevent its photocatalytic degradation during DUV exposure. The transfer of the films onto substrates with apertures or cavities was based on a stamping procedure (Figure ), which was previously used for the fabrication of freestanding membranes from cross-linked gold nanoparticles and SF/GO composites. In order to facilitate the transfer of the hybrid films from the initial silicon substrate onto the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp, the undermost layer of the film consisted of GO. Further, to enable the fabrication of the freestanding membranes, the hybrid films were sandwiched between two polymer layers: a sacrificial layer of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) underneath and a protective layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) on top of the hybrid films (Figure , Steps 1-3).