During deployment of the CF-GS device, we wish to leverage the mathematical model in eqn. 4 (assume parameters k a,i , K a,i , N, w a,i identified) to solve the inverse problem : given the observed response m of the gas sensor , predict the partial pressure p 0 a of the raw gas input to the CF. This is an "applied" inverse problem because the measured output is corrupted by measurement noise.