We now estimate emission rates by comparing the amplitude of the CMS observations to the amplitude of the simulation predictions, assuming the localization estimate from Section 2.2.3. We only perform this comparison using time steps in which both the observations and predictions are in a spike, which we identify using the spike detection algorithm described in Section 2.1. This drastically reduces the impact of transport model inadequacies on the emission rate estimate and in part justifies the use of a relatively simple model. If there are at least four time steps during which both the observations and predictions are in a spike, then a rate estimate is computed for that emission event. Otherwise, we deem the event unsuitable for quantification. We require at least four instances of spike alignment because it prevents individual time steps with large model errors from dominating any one emission rate estimate. Note that the framework is not highly sensitive to this threshold, meaning that slightly different values do not result in drastically different rate estimates. See Section S1 in the SI file for more details and the full sensitivity study.