Despite these advances, there remains a significant gap between technological advances in CSHNs and their clinical applications. Although CSHNs are economical, the current laboratory-scale production methods used to manufacture CSHNs systems are not suitable for scale-up. This presents a serious obstacle. To overcome these limitations, adapting the production technologies for CSHNs to commercial production and reducing the cost of commercial production should be the priority. For this, a multidisciplinary approach and serious collaboration are needed to move from scientific research to commercial applications in the future.