To begin with the optimization of our new protocol, the same 'standard' indentation procedure of step 1 was repeated in step 2 using a conospherical tip with a 10.26 µm radius (Figure , Figure ). Using this approach, the obtained reduced moduli were 4.83 ± 0.03 MPa and 2.42 ± 0.06 MPa for structures printed with ink 1 and ink 3, respectively. Next, to account for adhesive forces, an adapted trapezoidal displacement profile was introduced in step 3. This nanoindentation profile incorporates an initial lift-off segment of 4000 nm, followed by a loading segment, a hold period at a peak displacement of approximately 2000 nm and an unloading segment that includes an additional 4000 nm lift-off from the sample (Figure , Figure ).