While ITO and glass surfaces are coated more slowly in nonaqueous solvents than in water, these surfaces still react with the PPBD salt in non-aqueous solution. ITO surfaces reach limiting coverage values in 5-8 hours. The films resulting from this process are thinner based on AFM scratch testing than those produced using an aqueous solution of PPBD salt, (Figure ) and have a maximum surface coverage based on immobilized ferrocene groups of ca. 1.5x10 -11 mol/cm 2 , approximately a tenth of values seen in close-packed monolayers on ITO.