Major contributors to costs have been identified in different scenarios. The significant expenses were associated with the electrolyzer, the PV field, and H2 storage . The research by further underscored the capital implications of processes like aqueous phase reforming (APR), which led to a 6.6% increase in fixed capital investment. Operational expenses are equally impactful. Direct manufacturing costs, for instance, saw a decrease of 22% when APR was employed in Italy.