Surface plasmon resonance experiments were performed on a BIACORE X100 instrument (GE Healthcare) at 25 °C. For LecA immobilization, the system was pre-equilibrated with PBS buffer (10 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4, 2.7 mM KCl, 137 mM NaCl, 100 μM CaCl2, 0.05% Tween 20), followed by an activation of the CM5 chip surface by 3 injections of 1:1 N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)/1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) mixture on channel 1 and 2 (contact time of 540 s, flow rate 10 μL/min) until the binding response was above 800 RU. LecA was dissolved in 10 mM sodium acetate pH 4.5 (100 µg/mL) and injected over the activated chip surface on channel 2 (contact time of 540 s, flow rate 10 μL/min) until the response of 1625 RU was reached. Excess free NHS-ester groups were capped with an injection of 1 M ethanolamine (contact time 540 s, flow rate 10 μL/min). 2.5 µM ligand stocks (i.e. 1Gal and 5) were diluted to required concentrations in a running buffer (10 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4, 2.7 mM KCl, 137 mM NaCl, 100 μM CaCl2, 0.05% Tween 20) then subjected to single-cycle kinetics analyses (contact time of 120s and dissociation time of 120s, flow rate 30 μL/min) consisting of injections of the analytes at 0, 3.7, 11.1, 33.3, and 100 μM over the immobilized-LecA. The chip surface was regenerated by 5 x injections of 5 mM galactose followed by 5 x injections of the running buffer (contact time of 120 s, flow rate 30 μL/min). Kd determination was performed using BIACORE X100 evaluation software (version 2.0) by applying the 1:1 binding model to fit the experimental data.