Despite the negative impact of biomass usage on the environment, adopting bio-based plastics can help decrease our dependence on fossil fuels, bringing down the factor of fossil resource scarcity (Figure ). At the level of $105 per tonne of CO 2 eq for carbon price, the fossil feedstock consumption would be reduced by 55.2 million tonne of oil-equivalent, which is around 9% of the consumption without carbon price imposed. We note that the petroleum feedstock usage accounts for the main fraction (>60%) for fossil resource scarcity compared to the fossil fuels used in the process for utilities. In addition, we note that fossil fuel usage in the process section does not change much (increase by 3.3% from carbon price of $0 to $920 per tonne of CO 2 eq) as the production shifts from petroleum to biomass feedstock, since most steps in the production pathways are the same between these competing pathways.