Additionally, their short charge transfer pathways minimize charge carrier recombination, leading to enhanced photocatalytic performance. Metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), and tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ), are widely explored nanomaterials for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. These metal oxides possess favorable band positions and catalytic properties, enabling the generation of electron-hole pairs upon light illumination. However, their photocatalytic activity is often limited by the recombination of charge carriers and their low surface area. To address these limitations, surface modifications, such as doping with metals or non -metals, and the introduction of co-catalysts have been employed to enhance their photocatalytic efficiency.