The series resistance (RS) of a solar cell significantly impacts its output performance, particularly affecting the short-circuit current density (JSC), fill factor (FF), and overall power conversion efficiency (PCE). An increase in series resistance leads to resistive losses, which cause a reduction in the output parameters of the solar cell, ultimately lowering its efficiency. In this section, the performance of the proposed solar cell is analyzed by varying the series resistance from 0.5 Ω to 5 Ω, with the summary of the analysis presented in Fig. .