The ∆E of DMAC-PA is 1.99 eV, which is much smaller than that of tBuCz-PA (2.46 eV). These trends match well with the HOMO-LUMO gaps predicted by DFT. .04 1.99 a Obtained from the DPV peaks and referenced with respect to SCE (Fc/Fc + = 0.46 V for DCM) . b EHOMO/LUMO = -(E ox/red (vs Fc/Fc + ) + 4.8) eV. c ∆EHL = |EHOMO-ELUMO| . and Fc/Fc + as the internal reference (0.46 V for DCM vs. SCE) and a scan rate of 100 mV s -1 .