Reference products-commercially available herbicide formulations (a mixture of Chwastox Extra 300 SL and Dicash 480 SL)-were used at analogous molar ratios of active ingredients and concentrations as the ILs and DSILs. Compared with the controls, the applied ILs and DSILs reduced the fresh weight of lambsquarters plants by up to 85 % (AB0.2), whereas the commercially available herbicides were characterized by lower efficacy. The differences between the obtained systems and reference herbicides were statistically significant in the case of AB0.2, as well as for systems with high dicamba content (AB0.8 and B). These findings indicate that not only ILs but also DSILs are characterized by greater biological activity than the reference formulations are, mainly due to the surface activity of the cations and the improved wettability of the leaves . In addition, AB0.2 applied at a reduced total dose of the active ingredient (305 g•ha -1 ) had better efficacy than did IL A (400 g•ha -1 ). Thus, the compensation effect of dicamba facilitates the use of DSILs at lower doses of the active ingredient. The obtained results are described in detail in the Supplementary Data (Fig. Since the application of AB0.2 resulted in the greatest efficacy toward the tested dicotyledonous plant, its potential threat to nontarget organisms was analyzed. It is assumed that only 5 % of the active substances of herbicide formulations interact with target organisms, whereas the remaining 95 % affect nontarget organisms or penetrate the environment, either accumulating in the soil or leaching into groundwater . In addition, cationic surfactants exhibit very high toxicity to aquatic organisms. For example, benzalkonium chloride, which is popularly used as an active ingredient in disinfectant formulations, has very high acute toxicity to freshwater crustaceans (Daphnia magna, EC50 = 0.016 mg•dm -3 ) , algae (Chlorella vulgaris, EC50 up to 0.0576 mg•dm -3 ) and fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss, gill cell line-W1, EC50 = 0.31 mg•dm -