Selected statistical analyses were performed for area under the curve (AUC) values over 24 h and for this purpose the AUC was determined using the trapezoidal method. Other analyses were performed separately for each time point. To test the effect of the overall change in metabolite levels, a non-parametric permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was performed with the R package 'vegan' (Version 2.6-4) using the adonis2 method with 9999 permutations. The Bray-Curtis distance was used to calculate a dissimilarity matrix.