The Leriche electrochemical cell was used during the experiment. Glassy carbon window (0.5 mm thick) was chosen for homogeneous conductivity. The battery stack consisted of a 0.3 mm thick Li foil and a 1 mm thick glass fiber separator. 1.0 M LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (3/7 g/g, LP-57) was used as electrolyte. The charge and discharge curves obtained during the operando experiment are presented in Figure . The difference between charge and discharge capacities are related to non-ideal electrochemical performance of the operando battery cell during the discharge.