The human intestine is a dynamic organ where intricate interactions between the host and microbes regulate intestinal balance. While various in vitro models of human intestinal diseases exist, many models struggle to reliably mimic human intestinal responses to biological changes and medical treatments (Figure ). Human colorectal adenocarcinoma lines such as the Caco-2 or HT-29 have been used as a source of human intestinal epithelial cells and they are often cultured in Transwell plates. These cell culture systems involve growing cells on a semi-permeable membrane that separates them into apical and basolateral compartments, providing the ability to measure cell barrier permeability and assess interactions between different cell types 148 . Despite the versatile benefits of cell and tissue cultures, the static cultures of intestinal epithelial cells in the Transwell format are limited in replicating the in vivo-like 3D villous morphology. The absence of a 3D microenvironment is often a symptom of inadequate cytodifferentiation which may result in inaccurate outcomes of these models 149 . Intestinal organoid models show promising cytodifferentiation and regeneration, but their inability to incorporate luminal flow and physical bowel movements hinders the accurate replication of complex host-microbe crosstalk 148 . Gut-on-chips, functioning as minimal tissue units, can replicate certain aspects of human physiology in both health and disease, providing insights into the underlying biology of diseases and tissue regeneration. Utilizing micro-scaled OOC, researchers can follow dynamic changes in cell and tissue functions via real-time monitoring through imaging techniques and sensors. OOCs also enable researchers to isolate and study the effects of single-cell type, cell-cell interactions, and tissue-tissue interactions, contributing to a deeper understanding of native organ function and the impacts of various treatments 150-152 (Figure ). Different membranes' materials, coating, and functions employed in gut-on-chip devices are reported in Table . Its purpose is to give the reader a general idea of the occurrence of each membrane material and the respective choice of coating, as well as to summarise the different components of each Gut-on-Chip and the resulting main findings. Moreover, Table reveals a notable emphasis on replicating physiological conditions in organ-on-chip technologies, particularly in terms of biological components and mechanical stimuli, but highlights slower progress in developing biomimetic porous membranes. Current limitations toward more physiologically relevant membrane models include excessive thickness, smooth surfaces with artificial pores that poorly replicate the native basement membrane structure, and challenges in tuning membrane stiffness.