(5-10 µL) is added (with a Hamilton syringe or pipette for organic solutions) into the liposome suspension (just above the stir bar) while stirring. After the addition of the anionophore, the lid of the fluorometer is closed and the sample inside should be equilibrated for approx. 3 minutes before the run to ensure that it has a constant temperature of 25°C and that the added transporter is incorporated into the liposomal membranes. At 30 s after start of measurement (use of a stopwatch is recommended), the pulse of 25 mM NaCl is added to the liposomes (75 µL of 1 M NaCl in 225 mM NaNO3) using a pipette.