The lactones with sugar backbones have boiling points (Tboil) that are below the diesel range (~260 to ~340 °C). However, compounds with longer side-chains can have diesel range volatilities; for example, 4-10-L, shown at the bottom of Fig. , has been successfully used as a single-component diesel fuel . These compounds can be produced by adding carbon with C-C coupling reactions or directly via biological conversion .