Similarly, Kattel and Wang, in their theoretical study, observed a lowering of the binding energy of intermediates and activation of elementary steps of ORR on a strained Pt (111) surface compared to the unstrained surface. Similar theoretical studies have paved the way for developing core-shell, heteroatom doped, and nanocluster-based catalysts that have been found to enhance the ORR energetics stemming from possession of strained surfaces. Moreover, considerable efforts from theoretical studies have been succeeded in underpinning the complex mechanism and analyzing the kinetics along different pathways of ORR. Thus, a significant extent of experimental validations and legitimate explanations of catalytic activity suggest the requisite importance of theoretical studies exploring the new dimensions of fuel cell catalysis.