In the tests of BM destruction of pure PFAS chemicals, the milled samples were ultrasonically extracted with 50 mL of solvent (Milli-Q water for PFOA and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate; methanol for PFOS) for 15 min. In the treatment of AFFF, the milled sample containing co-milling reagent and AFFF was extracted using 50 mL of 50% MeOH. The mixture of solvents and solids was subjected to 15-min sonication and 6-min centrifugal separation at 5000 rpm. The resulting supernatant (i.e., extract) was then diluted to 75% methanol by 10-100 times for instrumental analysis.