The impact of the surface state-flipping frequency on the time-averaged turnover frequency is depicted in Figure for fixed square waveform amplitude (ΔU = 0.6 eV). At low frequencies (10 -4 < f < 10 -2 Hz), the average TOF B is an average of the static conditions of the two states (i.e., a slow catalyst). At the corner frequency (f C1 ) of ~0.02 Hz, the average turnover frequency begins to increase until the dynamic system eventually matches the optimal turnover frequency of the static system at the volcano apex (depicted in red). Further increasing the surface waveform frequency increases the average turnover frequency until maximizing over a range of dynamic resonance (~10 3 < f < ~10 7 ), identified in Figure in purple. Above the resonance frequency band, the average turnover frequency decreases before stabilizing at 2.6•10 -1 s -1 at a waveform frequency of ~10 Hz, the TOF B associated with optimal conditions of the static system at the volcano curve optimum.