The loading force against displacement data was recorded during the test until the maximum force of 50N was reached. For the parafilm penetration tests, HMN patches were placed on the top of the eight-layer parafilm (127 µm thickness per sheet) with the tip facing down, and the vertical force was applied to the HMNs at a load rate of 1 mm/min. When the loading force reached at 40 N, the ramp speed was reduced to 0 mm/min and the force was maintained for 30 seconds .