The electrical performance of the two probe-connected devices was assessed using DC and AC voltage sweeps determining the current and impedance responses of the protein-functionalized micropore devices). For DC measurements, a voltage sweep of ±0.1 V was applied in 1 mV increments, with the bias applied to the central common electrode and the individual bottom electrodes grounded or vice versa that does not influence the current response behavior. For impedance measurements, an AC signal with an amplitude of 10 mV was applied, and the frequency was swept from 1 Hz to 1 MHz, collecting 15-20 data points per decade. The impedance data were analyzed and processed using Z-view software. Detailed procedures for the electrical measurements can be found in ref. Scheme 2: Device configuration and biasing for electrical measurements: (A) Cross-sectional scheme of the sandwiched protein-based MpD and (B) an actual MpD chip with 56 integrated devices, the (Pd/Au) evaporated central common top electrode (yellow square).