changing the surface charge of the latter . In the strong adhesion regime, they observed a multistage vesicle destruction process. Firstly, membrane wraps the NPs, inducing a gradual shrinkage of the GUVs as well as highly curved structures at their surface. Fastshrinking vesicles can surpass a tension threshold that triggers the opening of a large permanent pore, similar to the ones induced by SNPs-18 . Comparing their observations with ours, this can be rationalised by the contact of SNPs-18 with the GUVs driving them to rapidly shrink and consequently transition into the permanent pore configuration, apparently skipping the first stage. For the SNPs-18@BSA, the BSA corona may be expected to decrease the interaction strength and would also increase the NP size, hence slowing down the shrinkage rate and preventing the membrane tension from reaching the lysis threshold. Nevertheless, we do not see any evidence of a multistage interaction process for SNPs-18: membrane wrapping does not appear to be significant for these SNPs. Here, as also observed by Zhang et al. , we only observe the rapid pore opening event and simultaneous wrinkling of the membrane as the membrane transitions from fluid to solid mechanics in a process akin to a first order phase transition. The BSA corona increases the size of these SNPs above the critical diameter for spontaneous wrapping, that for SNPs interacting with DOPC membranes has been estimated to be 25-40 nm , making membrane bending more energetically favourable. Thus, the BSA corona on these SNPs modifies the interaction mechanism so the membrane now wraps the NPs and creates highly curved membrane structures, where gentle shrinkage of the GUVs is facilitated by nanoscale membrane pores.