The arsenal of tools and techniques for plant genetic modification has grown significantly, enabling more efficient and precise manipulations. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation remains a cornerstone technique, widely used for stable integration of transgenes. Recent improvements have expanded its host range and transformation efficiency . For species recalcitrant to Agrobacterium transformation, particle bombardment continues to be a valuable alternative, with advances in particle coating and delivery systems improving transformation success rates . The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system has revolutionized plant biotechnology, enabling precise modifications to endogenous genes. Various Cas9 orthologs and engineered variants have been developed to expand editing capabilities . Building on this, base editing and prime editing technologies allow for precise nucleotide changes without double-strand breaks, reducing the risk of unintended mutations .