Because the future availability and economic viability of CCS and alternative feedstocks (bio-based and DAC-CCU) in Japan are both uncertain, relying solely on one of them to achieve net zero, as in LC-ME or LC-NFAX2, would be a risky strategy. In conclusion, the chemical industry in Japan should instead diversify its risks by concurrently pursuing both CCS and alternative feedstocks, aiming for the shaded area in Figure , where net zero is achieved through a combination of CCS and alternative feedstocks.