given that the soft elastomeric pillars are printed onto a glass microscope slide-the adapted displacement profile of step 3 was performed for peak displacements exceeding 5000 nm, corresponding to more than 25 % of the total pillar height (Figure , Figure ). Under these conditions, the reduced modulus of the structures printed with ink 1 was 2.70 ± 0.02 MPa, representing a 30.7% increase compared to measurements performed peak displacements of approximately 2000 nm. Similarly, for ink 3, the modulus increased by 44.2%, reaching 1.30 ± 0.03 MPa. Although the substrate effect is less pronounced than the influence of the indenter tip geometry and nanoindentation protocol, it still contributes to modulus overestimation, particularly for materials with lower stiffness. The data indicate that the softer the material, the greater is the impact of substrate effects on deep nanoindentation measurements. To minimize these artifacts, the optimal peak displacement should remain below 10-15% of the total pillar height, which in this study corresponds to a maximum of 3000 nm.