The xand y-dimensions of the system are periodically replicated, while the aperiodic zdimension of the system runs perpendicular to the planar electrode surfaces. The positions of the electrode atoms remain fixed in an FCC lattice throughout the simulation, and the charges of the electrode atoms are assigned using a fluctuating charge constant potential method, 106,107,116 which maintains the atoms in the left electrode at a constant potential of V ext and the atoms in the right electrode at a constant potential of -V ext . By construction, the reference potential for the electrodes, V ext = 0, corresponds to the potential of zero charge (PZC). The constant potential method is implemented using the ELECTRODE package 18 in LAMMPS. Water molecules are represented using the SPC/E water model, and Na + and Cl -ions are also modeled with a classical force field. The system was evolved in the canonical ensemble at a temperature of 298 K for 15 ns, and the last 10 ns of the 15 ns trajectory was used for the data analysis presented in this manuscript.