Other major barriers are related to the development of electrocatalyst materials and reactor designs that are as selective to desired products as their thermocatalytic counterparts. For example, very few electrochemical demonstrations of high selectivity and/or yield for industrially-relevant organic reactions are currently carried out at volumes relevant to chemical commodities. These multi-step reactions are often carried out over complex multi-component catalysts in porous scaffolds that allow large surface-to-volume ratios for high volume production of chemicals. However, many of the major products made through thermal catalytic processes have yet to find electrochemical analogs. It is imperative to discover new catalysts for selective electrochemical transformations and develop novel reactor configurations that allow higher throughput of reactants and products without compromising selectivity or yield. For complex reaction networks involving multiple competing reaction pathways characterized by small differences in energy barriers, scaling up electrochemical reactors to sizes necessary for industrial chemical plants becomes especially daunting due to the effects of concentration, temperature, and/or pressure gradients that naturally develop as scale increases.