These findings highlight the importance of optimizing the doping process to achieve the desired particle size and distribution, which are critical for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the materials. Future work should focus on refining the synthesis parameters to ensure effective doping and minimize agglomeration, thereby improving the structural and functional properties of the photocatalysts. By addressing these issues, it may be possible to achieve a more uniform particle size that aligns with the optimal characteristics for photocatalytic applications.