Let us briefly recall the first three research paradigms. Experimental research, the initial paradigm, dates back to the Stone Age and developed first metallurgical techniques in the Copper and Bronze Ages. The control of fire marked a significant breakthrough. In the late 16th century, analytical equations became the central instrument for describing physical relationships, establishing theoretical physics as the second paradigm. The change was led by Brahe, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton. The next chapter started in the 1950s, when electronic-structure theory for solids , the Monte Carlo method , and molecular dynamics were introduced. These developments enabled computer-based studies and analyses of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics on the one hand and of quantum mechanical properties of solids and liquids on the other hand. They define the beginning of computational materials science, what is nowadays considered the third paradigm of materials research.