Finally, to substantiate the microcontact printing of fNAPs against conventional approaches, its performance was compared to that of inkjet-printed fNAP arrays. Baseline inkjet arrays offered a SNR of 1.6, while the buffer and NaOH conditions yielded SNRs of 1.8 and 3.8, respectively (Figure ). CV values were found to be well below the established 20% threshold as well. Here, the performance of the contact and non-contact printing strategies was similar. When overlaid with food, pre-cleavage inkjet arrays offered SNRs of 1.0, 0.8, and 0.8 with lettuce, beef, and chicken, respectively (Figure ). Comparatively, post-cleavage SNR with the three respective overlaid food products were 2.1, 1.7, and 1.8. This was considerably lower than what was observed with microcontact-printed fNAP arrays overlaid with food, suggesting that inkjet-printed fNAP arrays suffered more signal interference from food backgrounds. This can be attributed to the comparatively low deposition homogeneity exhibited within singular inkjet-printed dots, which was likely induced by oligonucleotide aggregation within deposited droplets as a result of unintended evaporation. Nonetheless, the CV values were below the set threshold.