Specifically, as shown in Figure , the maximum temperature of the TMC-CNF-Plasma composite increased to 114°C, indicating a notable improvement in photothermal conversion efficiency compared to the original material. As a control, cellulose nanofibrils deposited on a PC membrane were also exposed to NIR light for 5 seconds, and no bending was observed (see Figure ), confirming that the actuation only results from TMC photothermal activity.