An area of topical interest is the frontier of Raman spectroscopy, chemometrics and artificial intelligence (AI), with its promise of more autonomous, flexible and data-driven RS analytics . There has been a recent surge in the adoption of AI methods in Raman-based research , with applications to RS now spanning domains as broad as the identification of pathogens and other microbes ; the characterisation of chemicals, including minerals , pesticides and other analytes ; the development of novel diagnostic platforms ; as well as the application of techniques from computer vision for denoising and super-resolution in Raman imaging .