It should be noted that the computational time required in PyBaMM can be reduced by removing parameter granularity, improving the solver methods, or using a model type with lower complexity. For example, the thermal single particle model with electrolyte (TSPMe) demonstrates similar quality results and is an order of magnitude faster. 25 The parameters in both cases have been tuned to the data for the 1C discharge and then these same parameters are used for the C/2 simulation to demonstrate that the discharge behaviour and relaxation is captured better for C-rates that deviate from the tuned values. C/2 RMSE (root mean square error) for 0.10 for Chen2020 and 0.14 for this work.