Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is another innovative technique that has been investigated for its effectiveness in natural dye extraction. A study by showed that MAE could extract anthocyanins from black rice with higher efficiency and shorter extraction times compared to traditional methods. The microwave energy rapidly heats the plant material, causing cell rupture and enhancing dye release . MAE offers the benefits of reduced extraction time and energy consumption, but the high cost of microwave equipment and potential for uneven heating are challenges that need to be addressed. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has emerged as a cutting-edge method for extracting natural dyes using supercritical CO2 as a solvent. Research by demonstrated that SFE could efficiently extract carotenoids from marigold flowers, achieving high purity and yield . SFE is praised for its non-toxic and non-flammable nature, making it an environmentally friendly option. However, the high operational pressures and costs associated with supercritical CO2 equipment can be limiting factors.