The expression in Eq. 188 has been used in the development of the stochastic Schrödinger equation which converges to Lindblad dynamics in the limit of large trajectory number. Alternatively, some recent works in cavity QED have made the approximation to completely ignore the refiling term Γâρ S â † and approximate the Lindblad dynamics as the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) with the complex Hamiltonian Ĥeff . In situations where the refilling term is negligible, this approximation scheme matches the dynamics of the Lindblad master equation. However, when the refiling term is significant, the Lindblad dynamics must be included in full, either by propagating the density matrix or by using a stochastic wavefunction method. The consequences of this cavity loss have been demonstrated in a number of works on polariton photochemistry. The most pronounced effect of cavity loss, the reduction of excited state population with photonic character, is demonstrated in Fig. , adapted from Ref. 338. Shown in Fig. , a model isomerization reaction in a perfect cavity (Fig. (ii)) undergoes its excited state dynamics while maintaining a total excited state population of 1.0. In contrast, when there is a non-zero cavity loss rate (Fig. (iii)), both the upper and lower polariton states lose population to the ground state. This loss of excited state population generally reduces the ability of a system to undergo reactions on excited surfaces. Consequentially, a significant cavity loss rate often, but not always, reduces the ability to enhance excited state reaction rates through light-matter coupling.