The two main outputs of our analysis framework are emission savings and the TCO presented in section 3.3 and 3.5, respectively. In order to compute a realistic TCO for long-haul trucking, we need accurate values for key input parameters including the fuel economy, payload penalty, and electricity price for high-power direct charging applications whose results are presented in sections 3.1, 3.2, and 3.4, respectively. Finally, in section 3.6, we bring all these calculations together and present results on the cost per tonne CO 2 avoided, which is a metric that combines both additional cost and emissions savings associated with adopting BETs. In section 3.6 we also compare the BET options against the option of continuing to use diesel but removing the CO 2 using direct air capture (DAC).