In summary, we have developed a new GNP fluorescence quenching assay format which has successfully addressed the potential interference arising from GNP's strong inner filter effect, making it suitable for measuring the MLGI affinities and thermodynamics for both small and large GNPglycans. Using this assay, we have revealed that both DC-SIGN/R MLGI affinities are strongly Synthesis of 13 nm Gold Nanoparticles (G13s). Freshly prepared aqueous solution of gold (III) chloride trihydrate (1 mM, 400 mL) was placed in a 500 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask, and the solution was then heated to reflux in an oil bath (130 °C) under stirring. When the solution began to reflux, trisodium citrate solution (38 mM, 40 mL) was quickly added. The solution colour quickly turned from yellow to wine red in ∼1 min, indicating the formation of GNPs. The reaction was further refluxed under magnetic stirring for another 1 hr to ensure the reaction was complete. The GNP solution was then removed from the oil bath and was allowed to cool down to room temperature (RT) naturally under stirring. This produced citrate-stabilized GNPs with a core diameter of ∼13 nm as confirmed by TEM imaging (SI, Fig. ). The resulting G13 stock was transferred to a clean glass container and stored at RT till use.