At present, WWs are usually stored in evaporation ponds , and this approach incurs the risk of environmental contamination owing to unexpected accidents such as pond leakage in response to raininduced overflow (e.g., Florida, 2004 ), structural failures (e.g., Israel, 2017 ), or percolation to vital groundwater reserves. The acidity may be neutralized with lime or calcite , but the resulting high salinity still poses a risk. Substantial reduction of the volume of PA industry wastewater (PAIWW) would reduce the environmental risk, but reduction of the volumes involved is technologically challenging. The high WW mineral content confers a high chemical-scaling potential that prevents the use of single concentration methods such as reverse osmosis (RO), thermal distillation, or electrodialysis (ED). Furthermore, supersaturation with fluorite (CaF2) and near-saturation with gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) means that these minerals precipitate with further concentration. Novel processes beyond current practice are thus needed for the challenge of concentrating PAIWW . In addition to volume reduction, the transition to circular and cleaner production in the chemical industry demands the recovery of resources from waste streams .