For the two baseline scenarios, different excreta collection methods were included (i.e., pit latrines and container-based sanitation). A wide breadth of emptying periods for the pit latrines were assumed (between 0.3 and 2.4 yr), and a power law regression was used to estimate the emptying fee associated with a given sludge volume. Further analysis was completed to assess the impact of emptying period as well as emptying costs. The collected excreta from the latrines were assumed to be transported to the OP via truck. For the other baseline scenario where container-based sanitation facilities were used, source-separated urine and feces were stored in removable containers that were collected frequently (e.g., twice per week) by dedicated employees. Since these are more complex and require more maintenance, the capital and maintenance costs were higher than those from latrines. Containers were assumed to be collected by pushcarts from individual toilets and then transported to the central treatment facility by truck. Urine from containers is processed by ion exchange and struvite precipitation to recover nutrients for fertilizer, following previously published assumptions for efficiencies, costs, and consumables. The potential costs and emission offsets from resource recovery are assessed for both scenarios. The biochar products were assumed to be pathogenfree due to the high treatment temperature. Nutrients from ion exchange and struvite precipitation were assumed to offset emissions from fertilizer production and were given a discounted economic value (baseline of 25%) from current fertilizers. 2.4.2 Technological parameters. For the Biogenic Refinery, pretreatment by dewatering is necessary when feedstock has a moisture content greater than 85% (e.g., latrine sludge). For dewatering by screw press, information was compiled from Biomass Controls' pilot studies and the manufacturer FAN (a company of the Bauer Group). To increase solids removal, a cationic polymer is added prior to feedstock entering the screw press, and this treatment process is It is assumed to reduce the moisture content to 65%. Information on costing, energy, and materials for the screw press was collected from literature and various suppliers. According to the manufacturer, the Biogenic Refinery can process feedstock at a rate of 18 kg•hr -1 (moisture content of 35%). We used empirical models for the Biogenic Refinery based on information from the design team, their pilot systems, and a laboratory study of the system. These included assumptions that the pyrolysis process liberates embedded energy from fecal sludge for drying and generation of electrical energy. The dryer is assumed to provide the necessary heat to reduce the moisture content from feedstock from 85% to 35%. The oil heat exchanger with combined heat and power is assumed to produce an average of 1.65 kW when the OP is running. The estimates for N2O emissions in pyrolysis were updated based on precursors to atmospheric formation of N2O (i.e., NH3 up to 4% of total N and HNCO [fulminic acid formed during pyrolysis] up to 10% of total N; Table ).