Second, Pt loss and migration happen almost simultaneously with the agglomeration of the Pt particle as when Ostwald ripening happens, where platinum particles undergo dissolution due to various factors with the part of the platinum ions (Pt 2+ ) that are not agglomerated being diffused within the fuel cell. These charged ions will be migrated through the electrolyte in the fuel cell, where they will be re-deposited. However, once the platinum ions reach the membrane, they will no longer contribute to the overall catalytic activity of the fuel cell . As the reaction within the membrane does not connect with the electrodes, the platinum ions may be immobilized within the membrane without participating in electrochemical reactions that occur at catalytic sites. Additionally, they will not contribute to proton transfer or reduction of oxygen. This affects the efficiency of electrochemical reactions such as ORR and the fuel cell. Over time, this will lead to a decline in catalytic activity and the durability of the catalyst.