NPGs are promising scaffolds for novel LIBs because they have a high electron conductivity of up to 18 S cm -1 and excellent electrochemical stability owing to fewer reactive edge sites. NPGs also exhibit flexibility with an extremely low bulk Fig. Schematic of electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) application of high-quality 3D continuous graphene materials. Edge sites are electrochemically reactive, and therefore, NPGs with suppressed edges will be highly promising for EDLC applications. Fig. (a) Schematic of battery application of nanoporous graphene materials and (b) proposed degradation pathway which could be avoided by the nano-confinement effect of NPGs. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 92. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society). 3D-ordered continuous graphene provides a precise structureactivity relationship, which is conducive to better understanding and control of applications. modulus of < 1 GPa. NPGs with large pore volumes and flexible nanopores have been applied as conductive additives in all-solidstate Li-S batteries, with better electrochemical performance than that of MSC30-based cells. The 3D continuous graphene structure in the NPGs annealed at 1800 ºC under an inert atmosphere results in higher electrochemical stability and cycling. In addition, the nano-confinement effect of insulating sulfur in conductive NPGs realizes durable three-phase contact (Fig. ). This strategy can also be applied to other batteries with different active materials. Tailor-made 3D ordered nanopores with an arbitrary pore size and structure provide improved nano-confinement and clear-cut structure-activity relationships for better battery systems, including Li-O2 systems, when coupled with catalytic centers 102,147,148 with better morphology for controlling cathode-electrolyte interaction 149 and electrochemical cycling.