To evaluate the antiviral efficacy against VSV, compounds were initially dissolved in DMSO to a concentration of 5 mM and further diluted 5×, 50×, or 100× with DMSO. All experiments were conducted under red light conditions (>600nm). Working solutions of DMSO/PBS were prepared with a 7% concentration of the DMSO stock solution in PBS, starting from a concentration of 50 μM. The control solution was composed of 7% DMSO in PBS. For the virus incubation step, 60 μL of VSV stock was combined with 10 μL of each working solution, adjusting the final DMSO concentration to 1%, and incubated under fluorescent light for one hour. Subsequent to this incubation, the the TCID50 for each virus sample was measured.