cell culture and cell's viability of encapsulated cells. Prior to the electrospraying, the cells were digested and suspended in emulsion phase containing 10% (w/v) dextran and 0.3% (w/v) alginate at a cell density of 2.5 × 10 5 cells mL -1 . Cell-laden microcapsules were then generated using the aforementioned method. For the fabrication of cell-laden microparticles, the emulsion phase contained 10% (w/v) dextran and 0.5% (w/v) alginate at a cell density of 2.5 × 10 5 cells mL -1 , and the continuous phase contained 8% PEG, 1.5% CaCl2, and 0.1% pluronic@-127 (w/v). Then the continuous phase was washed 3 times using the normal saline, followed by the culture medium. The cell-laden microcapsules or microparticles were cultured in the H-DMEM containing 10% FBS and 5% penicillin/streptomycin in the incubator. Cell culture medium was changed every 10 days. During 24 days of 3D culture, the cell-laden microcapsules or microparticles were observed and imaged at days 1, 3, 8, 13, 21 and 24 using a microscope to record the morphology change. Cell viability of encapsulated cells was evaluated by using live/dead assay. The cell-laden microcapsules or microparticles were incubated in cell culture medium with calcein AM (green, live, 1:1000) and propidium iodide (red, dead, 1:1000) (LIVE/DEAD viability/cytotoxicity assay kit, Gibco) at 37 °C for 30 min. Then, the samples were imaged under a fluorescence microscope (DMi8, Leica Microsystems GmbH, Germany).