The toxicity of compounds was tested in vivo using the G. mellonella model using our previously described methods , Briefly, G. mellonella larvae were reared in controlled environmental room at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia at 30 °C and 65% humidity with a 12-hour light/dark cycle. Larvae (200-250 mg) were individually injected with 10 µL of chemical into the last right proleg using a 100 μL syringe (Hamilton Ltd). Each compound was dissolved in DMSO at the maximum concentration given in Table and also diluted in water to final concentrations of 100 µM, 10 µM and 1 µM. We injected 5 larvae in triplicate for each of the four dilutions for each compound. Larvae injected with different dilutions of DMSO (10 -1 , 10 -2 and 10 -3 ) were included as negative controls. Following injection, the larvae were incubated at 30 °C and monitored every 24 h for 6 days. Larval performance was assessed according to the G. mellonella Health Index Scoring System. The experiments were repeated over three separate days for biological triplicates.