Wide-angle powder XRD patterns of the obtained samples were recorded using an X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, MiniFlex 300/600) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) generated at 40 kV and 15 mA. Nitrogen physisorption measurements were conducted at 77 K using a volumetric sorption analyzer (BEL Japan, Belsorp). The specific surface area (SBET in m 2 g -1 ) was calculated according to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method in a pressure range of P/P0 = 0.05-0.30 for the mesoporous materials, while P/P0 = 0.01-0.05 was used for the microporous materials. Raman spectra were obtained at room temperature by excitation at 532.2 nm with an Ar laser (100 mW) using a spectrometer (Jasco NRS-3300FL). The exposure time for the measurements was 120 s, and 10 scans were accumulated. The Raman shift was calibrated by the G band (1582 cm -1 ) of the external standard, HOPG or high quality graphite sheet (Toyo Tanso, PF-UHP). Nanoscale analysis of obtained carbon materials was conducted using a transmission electron microscope (Topcon EM-002B) at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The lattice resolution for the TEM measurements was 0.14 nm. The exposure time for the high-magnification TEM measurements was 1-10 s.