MnFe2O4/rGO (MrGO) was created by Adel M et al. to remove a variety of cationic dyes efficiently. MG and MB dye have strong adsorption capacities for removal in the produced NCs, reaching 156 and 105 mg/g at 30°C, respectively. Electrostatic contact, ππ interaction, and the produced adsorbent's high surface area of 95 m 2 /g made removing dyes from MnFe2O4/rGO easier. After being reused for five consecutive cycles, the as-synthesized adsorbent exhibited good stability. The self-combustion method was used by Andrei et al. to create the magnesium ferrite adsorbents, which were then tested for MB adsorption. The effects of dye, adsorbent concentrations, and pH were established on the kinetic adsorption and magnesium ferrite performance. As a result, during the MB adsorptiondesorption process, the produced adsorbents showed structure stability and reusability. The characteristics of the magnesium ferrite. It is suited for practical application due to its high adsorption capacity, regeneration abilities, and structural stability. Wang et al. researched to examine how well various hydrothermally synthesized MFe2O4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) ferrite nanocrystals can adsorb CR from wastewater. The MFe2O4 NPs exhibited significant ferromagnetic characteristics when subjected to a magnetic field, allowing them to be efficiently separated using magnetic methods. Acetone was discovered to be a proficient desorption agent for MFe2O4 NPs that were loaded with CR. Among the spinel ferrite nanocrystals, the CoFe2O4 nanocrystals showed exceptional CR adsorption ability and a greater saturation magnetisation of 86.1 emu g -1 . A study by Jadhav et al. evaluated the physical, chemical, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties of Ni-Zn nanoferrites using the auto-combustion solgel method. The photocatalytic activity of RhB was assessed under sunlight irradiation, showing an increase in degradation efficiency up to 98% with an increase in Ni 2+ concentration. Imran Hasan, along with colleagues, looked into the environmentally friendly production of NiFe2O4 (NIFE) spinel MNPs using chemical coprecipitation of a Ni 2+ /Fe 3+ solution in the presence of a biopolymer combination of chitosan (CT) and ascorbic acid (AS). In the presence of visible light and ultrasonic vibrations, the material was also studied as a potential photocatalyst for MG photocatalytic degradation. Unlike adsorption, photodegradation using sonochemistry produces 99% MG mineralisation without changing the material's structure. Semi-conductive photocatalysts for water treatment are popular due to their effectiveness and affordability. Muhammad Rashid and his team developed nanostructured Mndoped cobalt ferrite. The material is a photocatalyst with excellent electrical conductivity, magnetic recyclability, and visible light activity. The photocatalyst efficiently eliminated CV dye, which is driven by visible light, from water and retained 97.2% of its original photocatalytic activity even after four consecutive cycles. This study demonstrates the potential of combining the surface characteristics of a semi-conductive catalyst with its magnetically charged, mechanical, and optical features to efficiently and economically clean wastewater. Zulhumar Musajan et al. created nano-CoFe2O4@MC, a catalyst to degrade CR in wastewater treatment. It addresses issues of low activation performance, secondary pollution, and challenging recovery of nanometal catalysts. The catalyst's efficient degradation of CR was through both radical and nonradical routes. The catalyst exhibits exceptional catalytic efficiency, stability, reusability, and very little release of ions, making it highly suitable for the remediation of antimicrobial wastewater. Researchers explored using spherical (28 nm) nickel ferrite crystals to remove crystal violet dye from water. Detailed analysis suggests the crystals physically attract the dye, forming multiple layers on their surface, rather than creating a chemical bond. This method achieved a high capacity (19.6 mg/g of dye removed per gram of crystals) but with a moderate rate of adsorption. Further investigation revealed the process aligns with a scientific model describing physical adsorption on surfaces. Ramadevi et al. synthesised NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 doped with aluminium using hydrothermal synthesis. The NPs were characterised by different techniques. The material demonstrated strong photocatalytic performance in degrading MB and MO dyes when irradiated with visible light. Table . Dyes removal from industrial wastewater using spinel metal ferrites as a photocatalyst and adsorbents. Naik, M. et al. used Tamarindus indica seeds to create magnetic NiFe2O4 NPs (NFNPs) through a microwave-assisted technique with a green reducing agent. The NFNPs were identified through various techniques. The NFNPs exhibited a spinel structure that was proven to be single-phase using XRD analysis. The average size of the crystallites was determined to be 21 nm. The FTIR analysis determined the specific positions of the NFNPs, both in tetrahedral and octahedral arrangements. The NFNPs possess a noticeable band gap of 1.92 eV. Under visible light irradiation, NFNPs exhibit strong photocatalytic activity for the adsorption of cationic MB and anionic Alizarin Red S dyes. VSM investigations demonstrate that NFNPs exhibit good magnetic properties. NFNPs can be used for wastewater treatment. Microwave combustion was used to synthesize Copper-doped NiFe2O4 spinel NPs. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the introduction of Cu resulted in the emergence of the secondary -Fe2O3 phase, alongside the preexisting cubic structure. The Cu-doped NiFe2O4 spinel NPs, in their original state, demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic destruction of RhB when exposed to visible light. The photocatalytic performance of bulk NiFe2O4 was greatly improved by Cu-doping. The highest photocatalytic activity was achieved when the ratio of Cu-doping reached x = 0.4, up to an ideal value. 6.2. Pharma waste removal using spinel ferrites: