To create chemically fueled assemblies, we and others used a strategy in which a chemical reaction cycle transiently negates the charges on a molecule (Scheme 1D). Upon activation, an anionic, well-soluble precursor becomes charge-neutral, which induces product assembly. The deactivation occurs while the building block is assembled; it reinstates the negative charges and thus leads to its disassembly. We described a reaction cycle driven by the hydration of the condensing agent EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide, Scheme 1D). In the activation, EDC reacts with an anionic dicarboxylate precursor to form its corresponding uncharged anhydride (product). In the deactivation, the product hydrolyzes to yield the dicarboxylate precursor. The anhydride precursor has a half-life of tens of seconds before deactivation. The removal of the charges of the anionic dicarboxylate can induce self-assembly. Vice versa, the deactivation converts the non-charged anhydride to its corresponding dicarboxylate via hydrolysis and yields the charged precursors, which induces disassembly. Using the charge abolishment approach has resulted in assemblies with dynamic behavior like vesicles , coacervates , and oil droplets 42 . However, not all fueled assemblies formed through charge negation are dynamic. In some cases, chemically fueled self-assembly into fibers results in slow disassembly or even kinetically trapped assemblies. In other words, the dynamics of the reaction cycle are fast, but the dynamics of assembly and disassembly are not. Furthermore, because the mechanisms of kinetic trapping are not understood, it is challenging to predict or design molecules that form dynamic assemblies.