To measure QE more accurately, a plot of (QE × C) vs. C (C = lectin concentration) over a lectin concentration range below Gx-DiMan surface saturation was employed to determine the average QE from linear fitting, where the slope obtained from the fit represents the average QE (see SI, Figs. &). The fitting parameters and calculated Kds using Eq. 5 for DC-SIGN/R binding with Gx-DiMan at various glycan densities were summarised in Table . ), four notable conclusions can be drawn: (1) DC-SIGN bound more strongly to all Gx-DiMans than DC-SIGNR did, irrespective of the GNP size and glycan density.