Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the exocrine glands, causing keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. As the disease progresses, there is a decrease in salivary flow rate and changes in salivary constituents, including significant changes in the proteome and transcriptome. Research has identified several genes and biomarkers that are closely related to the pathological process of SS and can aid in early diagnosis, such as profilin, IL-4, IL-5, anhydrase-I , IL-4, IL-5, MxA, CXCL1, cytokine clusters, myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen, guanylate binding protein 2, low-affinity IIIb receptor for the Fc fragment of IgG, cathepsin D, α-enolase, and β2-microglobulin. Sialochemistry is also useful in diagnosing SS, with an increase in immunoglobulins, inflammatory mediators, albumin, sodium, and chloride, and a decrease in phosphate being indicative of SS. Salivary protein analysis can also identify increased levels of lactoferrin, beta 2 microglobulin, lysozyme C, and cystatin C, while levels of salivary amylase and carbonic anhydrase are decreased.