In summary, these studies collectively demonstrate that corrosion mechanisms are highly complex and influenced by microstructural composition and environmental conditions. Critical gaps remain in understanding the roles of alloying elements like carbon, aggressive agents such as sulfate ions, and microstructural features under varying conditions. Recent advancements in constant potential simulation techniques, machine learning, and AI present promising solutions to these challenges by addressing overlooked electrochemical environmental conditions, improving interatomic potentials, reducing computational demands for accurate simulations, and enhancing ou understanding of long-term corrosion behaviour.