Yet, the road ahead for chemicals is divided. The industry's preferred pathways to net-zero is to retrofit current chemical facilities with supply-based emissions mitigation solutions, while leaving demand for chemicals unconstrained. Supply-side technology options include carbon capture and storage (CCS) and utilisation (CCU), bio-based/green hydrogen-based feedstocks, direct air capture (DAC), and electrification. Given these technologies are yet to be deployed at meaningful scale , there is a significant risk of missing targets and locking in polluting systems by relying exclusively on this pathway. Opposing pathways, for instance, calls for bans on plastics or a move to 100% material circularity . This pathway is equally risky, as there is often no better alternative to plastics, making bans impractical (1), and full material recovery is limited by thermodynamics laws, and thus unattainable (28) (e.g., for fertilizer dissipation in the environment).