The final short-term EC50 was 4.7 mg/kg soil dry weight and a long-term NOEC was 0.83 mg/kg soil dry weight. It was mostly the plant shoot growth that was affected . Further testing of TFA plant toxicity is needed, due to the scarcity of plant toxicity studies with sufficiently high internal plant concentrations and including other vascular plants than crops. However, the long-term NOEC determined in crops is already similar to soil TFA background concentrations and is several orders of magnitude lower than TFA soil concentrations in contamination hotspots (Figure , Figure ) .