Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of HTO and HTO-PA at a sweep rate of 0.1 mV s -1 are shown in Fig. . Several distinct sodiation peaks around 1 V and 0.25 V are observed for HTO, indicating a multi-step sodiation process. Contrarily, in HTO-PA, no distinct redox peaks are visible and a CV reminiscent of pseudocapacitive intercalation processes emerges. This indicates a change in intercalation mechanism with reduced ion-host interaction induced by nanoconfinement modification in HTO-PA. Rate handling tests using galvanostatic cycling at increasing specific currents are shown in Fig. . The maximum capacity of HTO-PA is 107 mAh g -1 , which is an increase compared to 98 mAh g -1 in pristine HTO, despite the added mass of (electrochemically) inactive n-propylamine pillars in HTO-PA. A superior capacity is maintained in HTO-PA up to a specific current of ca. 1 A g -1 . Beyond this rate, the performance of both materials rapidly fades.