The effectiveness of self-healing in concrete is typically assessed through various methods, including visual inspection, optical imaging, and camera images to measure the depth and extent of crack repair. Microscopic analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are crucial for examining the microstructure and confirming the formation of calcium carbonate precipitates in the healed cracks. EDS analysis can validate the presence of calcium, carbon, and oxygen, confirming the composition of the precipitate as calcium carbonate , , .