shows a slight improvement with increasing series resistance. This marginal increase can be attributed to the reduced recombination of charge carriers at higher resistances, which slightly enhances the built-in potential of the cell. Nevertheless, the change in Vₜₛ is minimal compared to the pronounced deterioration in other critical performance parameters, underscoring the necessity of maintaining a lower series resistance for optimal device performance. The detrimental effects of increased series resistance on solar cell performance have been welldocumented in the literature. According to , higher series resistance leads to increased power dissipation within the cell, reducing the fill factor and efficiency, while the open-circuit voltage remains relatively unaffected due to its logarithmic dependence on carrier concentration. Another study highlights that optimal series resistance values are crucial for minimizing resistive losses and ensuring efficient carrier collection.