One intrinsic advantage of standalone PEC artificial leaves is their modularity. Since each unit can operate independently from each other, multiple smaller leaves can outperform a larger device of the same area, without suffering from resistive losses or mass transport effects. Moreover, the degradation of one smaller device (e.g., from moisture infiltration, or light-induced interfacial degradation) does not affect the performance of the entire device array, as in the case of a single larger-area device. This gives PEC artificial leaves another advantage over PV modules, where the shorting of one PV cell can affect the performance of the entire assembly, necessitating expensive solutions such as by-pass diodes.