Most chemicals were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification unless otherwise stated. Ru-MACHO-BH, 85 w/w% H3PO4 are commercially available and used without further purification. Beechwood sawdust was obtained from a local wood processing company. Peels of potato and banana were sourced from local supermarkets in Copenhagen. Grass and wheat straw were among the feedstock that was collected directly from the surrounding land. Toilet paper, coffee grounds, pistachio shells, potato flour, bamboo, and rice grains were purchased from local supermarkets in the Copenhagen municipality. Used coffee grounds were used as for the reaction. Chitin was commercially obtained from Merck. All the lignocellulosic biomass materials were grinded into powders using ball milling process and dried in vacuum oven before use. H2 gas (H2O ≤ 3 ppm; O2 ≤ 2 ppm) was purchased from Air Liquide. All reactions dealing with air or moisture-sensitive compounds were performed using standard Schlenk techniques or in an argon-filled glovebox. GC-FID were recorded on an Agilent 19091J-413 HP-5 5% Phenyl methyl siloxane capillary column using 1,4-dioxane as the internal standard. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Advance III 400 MHz spectrometer. The batches for gas analysis, the gas phase was carefully collected in a gas bag and analyzed by MicroGC. TGA was fulfilled under N2 atmosphere (30 mL min -1 ) using a METTLER TOLEDO thermal analyzer in the temperature interval 25-300 °C with a constant heating rate of 10 °C min -1 .