PbS photoluminescence quenching measurement: The photoluminescence setup was used with an 850 nm long pass filter (Thorlabs) to perform measurements of PbS PL (integrated from 900-1100 nm). The devices were excited using an 808 nm laser at 0.56 W/cm 2 intensity. Each device stack was prepared in triplicates and 4 measurements were performed on each substrate randomly. The resulting averages and standard deviations were propagated using the python uncertainties package. Quenching efficiencies were calculated using Equation . PbS-only films were used to calculate PLPbS, while PbSrubrene/DBP and PbS-TCA-rubrene/DBP films were used to calculate PLUC.