Among the three characteristic quantities, solidification times exhibited the most complex behavior, as shown in Figure . The median solidification time increased by about 75% at all positions when increasing T ext from -40°C to -8°C. This is in contrast to the solidification behavior of the single vial, where the solidification time scales with the difference between storage temperature and equilibrium freezing temperature, as discussed in section 5.3 in the supplementary information. For the pallet, we attribute the reduced dependency of solidification times on storage temperature in comparison to nucleation times to the thermal interaction with the neighboring vials, which governs the local heat transfer. Independent of storage temperature, vials solidify slower with increasing distance from the exterior. For example, the median solidification times of the innermost layer 9 were about 40% longer than those of layer 1. In addition to variability due to a vial's position, we observe variability among vials in the same position. Within layer 9, vials at the 10% quantile of the distribution exhibit significantly shorter solidification times than those at the 90% quantile, i.e. about 60% shorter for T ext = -40°C and 38% shorter for T ext = -8°C. Furthermore, the variability within layer 9 is more pronounced than those within layer 1. A more detailed characterization of the positiondependent freezing behavior is provided in the supplementary information in section 5.6.3, which revealed that the variability in layer 9 stems from the more pronounced variability in nucleation times and the connected change in thermal environment over time. Vials that nucleated later in time, were found to exhibit shorter solidification times, since most of their neighbors were already