Few examples of chemical valorisation of BSG are reported in the literature with a full fractionation of BSG to obtain various building blocks of interest, as developed by Mussatto et al. and described below. [99] As displayed in Figure , a DAE was used as an efficient mild pre-treatment using citric acid to extract 91.8 % of hemicellulose under monosaccharide form, yielding a xylose-rich hydrolysate. This fraction was in turn converted to xylitol with a 97.8 % yield, while the rest of the LCB was treated in alkaline solution for delignification, yielding phenolic acids and activated carbon after phosphoric acid activation and carbonisation. The cellulose-containing solid fraction was fermented using Lactobacillus delbrueckii to transform 99 wt% of the glucose into lactic acid (LA) after adjusting the pH for optimal yield. The economic feasibility of this strategy was validated by the biorefinery modelisation giving an economical margin of 62.25 % with a PEI (Potential Environmental Impact) of the process of 0.012 PEI/kg and a carbon footprint of 0.96 kg CO2-e/kg of BSG. This shows the potential of BSG as LCB to be chemically valorised, especially for polymer chemistry where these building blocks could be of high interest. The extraction and degradation of hemicellulose offers the possibility to obtain various compounds of interest. Swart described an optimised pretreatment between the LHW and SE, namely hydrothermal treatment (HTT), allowing the use of lower operating temperature and dilution to obtain either xylose oligosaccharides (XOS) with a yield of 76.4 % or xylose from BSG's hemicellulose. Xylose could in turn be transformed into xylitol through catalytic hydrogenation or microbial conversion, to be used for anti-inflammatory, anticaries or sweetening applications. Otherwise, xylose can directly be degraded into furfural and ultimately into formic acid. The cellulose fraction can be degraded through glucose into a myriad of molecules such as sorbitol and mannitol, obtained by heterogeneous catalysis with Ni or Ru or through hydrogenation of cellulose. These could be used as sweetener, for vitamin C synthesis, or converted to isosorbide, sorbitan, glycols, glycerol, lactic acid or sorbose. Alternatively, the glucose obtained from cellulose could be converted into HMF or CMF and then into formic and levulinic acid. Another reported obtention of building blocks from BSG's cellulose was given by Akermann et al. with an optimised fermentation using Cellulomonas uda to produce a mixture of succinate, lactate and formiate in small quantities (< 5 g/L) alongside larger quantities of ethanol and acetate (> 25 g/L) with a global liquid product yield of 0.41 gprod/gBSG. The ethanol to acetate ratio could be increased significantly by adapting the pH. The overview of all building blocks obtainable from BSG's lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) according to the literature so far are displayed in Promising examples of BSG biomass fractionation have been described, showing the potential of such an application for high valorisation strategies. However, challenges are still to be overcome for an optimal valorisation such as efficient scale-up and biorefinery designing, to assess the feasibility of complete valorisation of this bioresource, its economic viability and environmental impact. Ideally, these chemical routes would use the wet biomass to limit this specific impact. These challenges will have to be addressed in the future to improve the use of BSG and should be compared to other similar biomasses using comprehensive tools such as LCA (life cycle analysis).