In the recent years, metabolites and exosomes emerge as promising new classes of markers and exhibit fast and consistent yearly growth rate in the number of published documents (Figure ). RNAs 115 , specifically mRNA and ncRNA , are also among the attractive biomarker candidates, according to the yearly growth in their number of documents (Figure ). Immunoassays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), proteomics/protein microarrays, and gene expression profiling are the most widely used techniques for biomarker detection (Figure ). PCR exhibits the highest co-occurrence with the various nucleic acid markers, particularly with mRNA and miRNA biomarkers (Figure ). Indeed, using PCR, RNA sequence traces can be amplified and thus RNA can be detected with high specificity and sensitivity. Protein biomarkers are mainly examined by immunoassays -proteins from tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is regularly used for body fluid protein biomarkers. In addition to PCR and gene expression profiling, methylation assays are commonly used for DNA markers analysis (Figure ). Cancer-specific DNA methylation in the cell free DNA from the tumor derived blood samples is certainly a convenient strategy for minimally invasive detection and monitoring of cancer. Imaging, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), fluorescence assays, ultrasound imaging (ultrasonography), and others, has a strategic role in the management of cancer. Imaging biomarkers, which objectively inform on tumor biology, environment, as well as tumor changes in response to an intervention, notably complement genomic and molecular diagnostics. Next generation sequencing is the rising new DNA sequencing technology, offering ultra-high throughput, scalability, and speed, and variant/mutation detection capability, revolutionizing genomic research. Mass spectrometry, which allow for the detection of many different metabolites, is between the most commonly used techniques for detection of metabolite biomarkers (Figure ). Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes are rich sources of circulating biomarkers detected in a variety of body fluids. Quantitative proteomics is the preferred technique for assessing exosome biomarkers (Figure ).