In 2014, Alexander et al. has reported a feasibility study using MB NIR fluorescence imaging to guide breast cancer surgery . Fluorescent signals were collected both during surgery and on post-resected specimens, and during surgery, images were obtained from the operational fields, resected specimen, and wound bed after resection. 20 out of 24 of breast tumours (83%) were identified with the bright fluorescent spots. 2 patients with positive resection margins, in which tumour tissue was identified both in the resected specimen and in the wound bed, have to undergo the re-resection with the surgical plans altered.