However, despite offering a high discharge capacity (360 mAh g -1 ) within the first cycle, the consecutive cycles showed severe capacity fading. This is related to large volume changes (~300%) upon cycling owing to the change in crystal structure due to breaking and recombination of the chemical bonds, and these volume changes can lead to loss of contact between the active material, conductive carbon and the ion conductive electrode , hence contributing to the loss of capacity over the cycling.