Developing transport infrastructure and storage sites is capitally intensive, and significant economic advantages can occur at larger scales. Sovacool et al. recommends co-developing DACS with conventional capture, transportation, and storage and harnessing storage hubs. Once the infrastructure and policy are in place for a DACS plant to generate negative emission certificates, a large market is required to sell these certificates to promote further deployment and resulting cost reductions. So, we need to consider how to create a large market. Ways of doing this could be integrating carbon removal into a subsidy, tax or trading scheme, or regulating companies to reduce or mitigate a proportion of their emissions or, in the long-term, have net negative emissions. Beyond this, advanced market commitments (AMCs) and CfDs are potential mechanisms for a DACS plant developer to receive a specific price for generating negative emissions for a particular time, providing a guaranteed market for a plant. In addition to market creation, accelerating scale-up is essential to encourage technological learning and decrease costs. As discussed earlier and observed in the ESI Figure , capital costs dominate FOAK plant economics. Hence, supporting these initial investments is key to lowering early-scale deployment costs. Investment grants or grants via public competitions to pay for the capital expenditure Email: jpy1@hw.ac.uk RCCS, Heriot-Watt University can be used as policy instruments to help reduce the removal cost for a FOAK plant. These may pay for all of the capital costs, or there may be a cost-sharing structure. There may be mechanisms to further encourage the cost reductions of such technologies, such as decreasing the sizes of grants or specific cost-reduction targets that technologies must meet for the funder to fund further projects. This is analogous to the reduction in price cap enforced, for example, by the Dutch government as part of their annual request for offshore wind tenders. , An alternative (and equivalent) to grants could be investment tax credits, which returns a percentage of money spent on capital when a tax equity partner is available. Another option that reduces the capital burden of early-scale deployment would be to reduce the interest rates paid on the investment. For example, Tesla, Inc. (formerly Tesla Motors, Inc.) was heavily supported by a sizeable low-interest government loan during its early years. A similar loan could be provided to DACS companies. Other ways of reducing risk, and hence discount rate, could be the implementation of feed-in tariffs, carbon subsidies, or production tax credits, CfDs, or a RAB model.