For pristine LTO, the Ti 2p3/2 peak at 459.4 eV corresponds to the Ti 4+ (see Figure ), with additional lower binding energy peaks at 457.7 and 455.6 eV assigned to Ti 3+ and Ti 2+ , respectively. These reductions likely result from Ar ion-induced damage during sputter cleaning before the analysis, as previously reported . In the recycled LTO sample, the Ti 2p3/2 peak position remains unchanged, indicating the preservation of Ti 4+ . However, the increased intensity of the Ti 3+ and Ti 2+ peaks suggests a higher degree of titanium reduction. Despite this observation, the intrinsic stability of Ti 4+ renders its reduction during recycling unlikely. Furthermore, no significant shifts are observed in the O 1s (Figure and S9b) and Li 1s spectra (Figure ), indicating minimal changes in the lithium and oxygen chemical states.