In particular, multi-scale electrochemical-thermal models which integrate a porous-electrode model (i.e., P2D) at the stack level with thermal modeling at the cell and pack levels allows for the "virtual design" of LIBs, which can greatly reduce the experimental work required for battery development . The measurement of electrochemical kinetics is also important for understanding and predicting the performance degradation of LIBs during cycling and calendar aging. For example, parasitic reactions between the electrolyte and AMs can cause severe interfacial impedance growth, especially at high temperatures, which poses a significant challenge for commercially relevant LIB AMs like layered oxide cathodes and silicon anodes .