The design of the current model (Figure ) aims to address these challenges by incorporating structural modifications, such as nitrogen and oxygen doping to enhance the optical and electronic properties of the photocatalyst. By improving light absorption, charge carrier separation, and stability, this model seeks to optimize the photocatalytic efficiency for HER. Furthermore, by leveraging the synergistic effects of nitrogen and ether functionalities, the model is designed to enhance reactivity and selectivity, making it a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional platinum-based photocatalysts. This approach represents a step forward in the development of high-performance, scalable photocatalysts that can contribute to both clean energy production and environmental remediation.