where logP(m) is the octanol-water partition coefficient for molecule (m) as predicted by RDKit, SA(m) is a synthetic accessibility score, and RingPenalty(m) penalizes unrealistically large rings by reducing the score by RingSize -6 where RingSize is the number of atoms in a ring. Following previous studies, each property is normalized to have zero mean and unit standard deviation across the ZINC dataset.