In addition, studies have shown a connection between increased levels of nitrate ion (NO - 3 ) and an increased risk of mortality from diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, stomach cancer, and Parkinson's . This is attributed to the DNA-damaging effects of nitrosamines, which are formed as a byproduct. Consequently, it becomes essential to remove nitrates from aqueous solutions and wastewater using environmentally friendly techniques to mitigate these risks and reintegrate them into the factory production line .