Our results demonstrate that thermal evaporation can contribute significantly towards solvent-free, scalable and reproducible manufacturing of perovskite-based artificial leaves. Accordingly, 10 cm 2 perovskite-BiVO4 tandem PEC devices could demonstrate syngas production coupled to O2 evolution over 36 h, whereas water splitting tandems surpassed both efficiency and stability of previously reported solution-processed devices. Moreover, vacuum deposition enabled us to test the modularity of artificial leaves towards a 1 m 2 scale under harsh outdoor environments. While further progress is required on the reactor engineering side, such deposition techniques are suitable for the adoption of perovskite light absorbers in production chains and multijunction device applications, which are less compatible with solution methods.