Evidence linking gut health and inflammation has led researchers to explore opportunities for dietary prebiotic and probiotic treatment of estrogen-deficient bone loss . Dietary manipulation of the gut microbiota using probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria) protected against bone loss in a small clinical trial and in animal models of periodontal disease , diabetes , and estrogen deficiency . induced sex hormone deficiency in germ-free and conventional mice. They found that conventional mice had degraded intestinal walls, increased immune inflammation, and increased bone loss compared to germ-free mice. Their treatment of conventional mice with probiotics prevented inflammation and bone loss. Mechanistically, another study demonstrated that probiotic treatment of mice with drug-induced osteoporosis increased Wnt-10b levels . Consumption of SCFAs and prebiotics, which can be fermented to form SCFAs, also increased intestinal calcium absorption in adolescents and post-menopausal osteoporosis patients . Other murine studies indicated that prebiotic and probiotic treatments prevented OVX-induced increases in Th17 and the inflammatory cytokines IL-17, TNF-α, IL-6, and RANKL . These changes were accompanied by reduced intestinal permeability and increases in IL-10, IGF-1, and BMPs that promote osteoblastogenesis and improve bone strength . Additional studies linked prebiotics, such as oligosaccharides, to altered SCFAs, enhanced intestinal barrier function, and programmed tolerogenic immune cell responses . Numerous studies including several of our own showed how foods with prebiotic activity affect SCFAs, the immune system, and the bone even without alterations in gut barrier function or where there is no compromise in gut barrier function .