The terminated functional groups of carboxyl, hydroxyl and amino have negative, neutral, and positive zeta potentials (z). The different charged functional groups would then be attracted to differently charged amino acid residues in Cyt c, modulating its orientation. The AuNPs with carboxyl terminated ligands were shown to have had a more significant electrostatic interaction with lysine (Lys). In contrast, the hydroxyl and amino groups were shown to have an electrostatic interaction with glutamic acid (Glu). The cysteine (Cys) residues had been previously reported to be located on the opposite side of the heme group of Cyt c to Glu and leucine (Leu), and by using time-of-flight secondary mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), the intensity values can then be used to help understand the orientation of Cyt c . The apoptotic potential of Cyt c when conjugated to AuNPs was found to be correlated with its orientation, with the heme group orientated towards the carboxyl group ligand termination demonstrating the lowest ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells . The present work aims to examine the effect of electrostatic and covalent conjugation on the redox ability of Cyt c. The hypothesis that stronger covalent conjugation may influence the secondary and tertiary structures of Cyt c, potentially affecting its redox ability is the driving force. In addition, we examined how the inclusion of zinc(II) 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20tris-(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (Zn Porph) in the conjugation with AuNPs impacts the redox ability of Cyt c . (schematic representation of the functionalised AuNPs shown in Figure and 3D structural representation of Cyt c in different redox states is shown in Figure ) . Recent studies conducted by the Rawson team highlight the promising potential of this AuNP system, It not only offers prospects for wirelessly activated cancer therapy but also stands as a frontrunner in the realm of quantum-based medical diagnostics and treatments .