3. Resistance: An increase in thickness elevates the series resistance of the cell, which negatively impacts the fill factor and efficiency . Optimizing the thickness of each layer is critical for achieving high-efficiency solar cells. The results of this study highlight the importance of maintaining a balance between light absorption, carrier transport, and recombination. The optimized thickness values for the HTM, ETM, and absorber layers are 0.025 μm, 0.02 μm, and 0.315 μm, respectively. These parameters provide the best combination of Voc, Jsc, FF, and PCE, ensuring improved cell performance and stability.