The PCE of perovskite solar cells is significantly influenced by the material composition and the fabrication process of each layer . For instance, literature has shown that utilizing spin-coating with an anti-solvent to form the perovskite layer leads to an enhanced PCE compared to the absence of an anti-solvent, even with identical material composition . The effect is attributed to crystallization speed, improving the quality of the perovskite crystal. Furthermore, it is also reported that the PCE increases when ETL materials are deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering compared to the conventional sol-gel method . The different fabrication conditions of perovskite solar cells have substantial influences on the microscopic structure and physicochemical properties of the cells and, ultimately, the PCE of the device.