Briefly, for a given number of states (N S ), we consider all possible couplings between them, namely N C = 0.5•N S •(N S -1). Each coupling property Q ij can have either a positive or negative sign, depending on the sign of the wave function of the two electronic states, i and j, that are coupled by this property. To capture the full range of sign combinations, we generate in the xxx loss function phase vector permutations. As a reference, we assign a fixed positive sign, i.e., a value of +1 to a selected coupling. Consequently, the total number of permutations