Size and shape of nanomaterials have a profound effect of interaction with live cells and further cellular uptake. It concerns in particular 1D nanomaterials, particularly nanorods, which present unique behavior in biological systems due to high aspect ratio. Nevertheless, literature reports provide contrasting picture on the effect of nanorod shape on the cell internalization. Thus, seminal works on gold nanorods modified with transferrin showed their slower internalization compared to spherical nanoparticles (NPs). This conclusion was supported by a more recent study on gold nanorods. Slow internalization of high aspect ratio nanomaterials inside the cells was also observed from nanofilaments made of block-copolymers and cerium oxide nanorods. Other studies of nanorods made the opposite conclusion. Thus, organic nanorods build of AIE dyes, coated with PEG-lipids showed increased uptake in certain cell lines. Nanorod-shaped drug crystals showed a some increase in the cell uptake compared to spherical one, which improved drug action. Mesoporous silica nanorods showed increased uptake but only for certain aspect ratio (2.1-2.5), while longer nanorods were less efficient. Iron oxide nanorods also showed stronger internalization, but the effect was limited with only 1.2-1.4-fold enhancement. Another interesting aspect is that nanorods may internalize differently into different cell lines. In addition to already mentioned reports on nanorods of AIE-based dyes, mesoporous silica nanorods showed some specific uptake into cancer cells. Another study suggested that rod-shape of nanostructures functionalized with antibodies, can improve specificity of uptake to specific cell lines. As a general tendency, synthesis of nanorods is easier for inorganic materials than for organic ones. Synthesis of soft polymeric nanomaterials of high aspect ratio is particularly challenging and, hence, the studies of their biological behavior are rather limited. The motivation to work on polymeric nanomaterials for nanomedicine is particularly high because they can be finely tuned in terms of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, capacity to encapsulate high amount of cargo and rich surface chemistry. The existing methods for fabrication polymeric nanorods include photolithography combined with microfluidics, stretching of spherical polymeric nanoparticles, and template molding, these approaches generally suffer from tedious fabrication procedures and thus high cost. Simpler approaches include self-assembly of block co-polymers and dyes/drugs in combination with surfactants. We considered an alternative strategy based on preparation of electrospinning, which enables production of nanofibers from a large variety of polymers and with a varied diameter. Moreover, electrospinning enabled encapsulation of large variety of bioactive molecules and contrast agents, which is of key importance for biomedical applications, such as controlled release, wound dressing and tissue engineering. However, only a few reports showed electrospun nanofibers could be converted into short nanofibers (nanorods), notably using ultrasonication of polymeric nanofibers. Importantly, this approach could lead to polymeric nanorods with diameters >100 nm and micrometer lengths, which is similar to the size of bacteria. However, the interaction of nanofibers of these dimensions with cells have not been sufficiently explored as majority of works focused on nanorods with diameter and lengths below micrometer.