where ω MA (t) and ω FA (t) are the rotational velocities of the MA and FA precursor pumps, respectively, as a function of time t. These time-dependent rotational velocities are acquired directly from the pump microcontrollers and are visualized in the middle panel in Figure . The time-dependent coordinates of the fluid deposition system's raster path are acquired directly from the system G-code and are visualized as the black pathway beneath the deposits in the left panel of Figure . Hence, the pump velocity timestamps and the raster coordinate timestamps are bi-directionally mappable to each other: t(X, Y ) ↔ t(ω MA , ω FA ). Therefore, both the pump velocities, ω MA, FA (Φ), and the integration time, t b (Φ) -t a (Φ), for each material deposit are obtainable from the visionsegmented data, Φ, and x(Φ) is computed using Equation 2 to solve FA 1-x MA x PbI 3 .