In addition, we shall also like to minimize the scatter of the points among a given class (i.e., 𝒚 ! or 𝒚 " ). Let us first consider the class 𝒚 ! . Therefore, we would need to minimize the following quantity (with j= 1,2,…..Nd, where Nd is the total number of datapoints in the cluster represented by class 𝒚 ! and the dimension of each of these Nd datapoints is 1):