The present picture for Pt(111) is, however, consistent with the non-vanishing, AIMD-averaged local density of states at the Fermi level within interfacial water , as well as with the finite excess charge densities observed in a recent AIMD study (Fig. in Ref. ) and in static interfacial water setups biased in an implicit model (cf. Fig. in Ref. ). Furthermore, finite excess charges within interfacial water at Pt(111) directly connect with the observation of partially charged ions in interfacial water . Indeed, the reported partial charge (valency) of 0.63 -0.75 for interfacial protons at Pt(111) is readily explained by ρ corrected electrode in Fig. a, where we find 30 -40% of the excess charge localizing in the spatial region z = 2.5-5.5 Å. The interfacial excess charge distributions as well as the relative ratios on metal and water remain by and large constant in a sizable, applied bias window such that the interface can nonetheless be considered as "perfectly polarizable" (see Figs. S8 and S9 in the SI). The extended analyses in section S2 in the SI suggest that the dynamic water response which involves e.g. chemisorption, is instrumental to keeping the interface "polarizable" at high biases.