Fuel economies used in many studies are sourced directly from the literature, which are often available for specific vehicle parameters, payloads, and driving scenarios. Other studies adapt these values to different conditions using simplified models and assumptions. For example, Sen et al. used the available fuel economy data from empty-load trucks and assumed it would decrease by 1% for every 1,000 lbs of increasing payload. This assumption may not always be applicable, as regions with varying road grades can lead to higher or lower energy consumption. To better account for such variables, other studies calculate BET fuel economies using vehicle models and driving cycles in software like Autonomie. However, they often rely on unrepresentative driving data due to a lack of real-world secondby-second drive cycles for class 8 trucks in the U.S.. Recently, new driving cycles have been introduced based on real-world data to better reflect Class 8 truck operations in the U.S. While these cycles could provide more realistic fuel economy estimates for BETs under actual driving conditions, they have not yet been used to address the aforementioned discrepancies in the BETs literature.