From a resource use perspective, we determined that the baseline process requires 24,172 m 3 /yr of water and 2,549 MWh/yr of energy. This is roughly equivalent to the amount of water consumed by 389 dairy cows and the energy needed to care for 2,549 dairy cows. Given that the case study considers a herd size of 1000 cows, this would represent a significant increase in resource use per head. Additionally, the b-PBRs would require a land area of 23.4 acres; for comparison, a 6-foot lagoon that can hold six monthsworth of the manure fed to the process (recommended storage size) requires only 1.5 acres of land. The large footprint of the baseline process combined with the high resource use would make adoption by farmers unlikely, again highlighting the need for process optimization.