Recombinant wild-type PLY was incubated with liposomes, with and without inhibitor PB-2, and examined by cryo-TEM and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). In the case of PLY added to liposomes, observations were in accordance with earlier reports , integration of protein into the liposomal membranes was noticed as back-to-back pore-formation which led to the clustering of liposomes through protein-protein interactions as highlighted in Figure and Supplementary Video 1 (stereogram in Supplementary Figure ). Moreover, protein pores formed by oligomerization of PLY were isolated by treating the PLY-liposome mixture with the surfactant Amphipol-35 and protein pores were also inspected by cryo-ET (Figure , Supplementary Video 2). In contrast, in the presence of inhibitor PB-2, naked liposomes were recognized without any membrane-integrated proteins, and due to the lacking protein-protein interactions, these liposomes were more homogenously distributed in comparison to samples without inhibitor (Figure , Supplementary Video 3). Additionally, PLY blocked by PB-2, was identified and highlighted as free suspended particles in the same sample volume (Figure ).