Two illustrative examples of these differences are shown for 1-(2-Methylcyclopropyl)ethanone and 2-Fluoropyrazine in Fig. (both of which are not part of the kQEq training set). At first glance, the partitionings are qualitatively similar, meaning that the signs of most charges match. However, kQEq and ChelpG predict significantly larger absolute charges than Mulliken. In the case of 1-(2-Methylcyclopropyl)-ethanone, this is particularly evident for the carbonyl group, which is much more strongly polarized. Importantly, these differences have strong consequences for the overall description of the molecular electrostatics. Indeed, the dipole moment calculated from the Mulliken charges points in the opposite direction of the actual dipole. In contrast, the ChelpG dipole is well aligned with the reference, but too small in magnitude. Finally, the kQEq charges provide an accurate prediction of both the absolute dipole moment and its direction. The case of 2-Fluoropyrazine is particularly interesting because it illustrates the observed discrepancy between the charges assigned to C-F groups. Here, kQEq predicts the largest absolute charges on the corresponding C and F atoms. Interestingly, the Mulliken and ChelpG charges nonetheless overestimate the molecular dipole moment, while the kQEq prediction provides an excellent fit. This is because the large positive charge on the carbon atom stems not only from charge transfer to Fluorine, but also to the adjacent Carbon and Nitrogen atoms, which partially counter-balance the polarity of the C-F group.