A detailed description of the economic model is provided in section S3 of the Supplementary Information. The model framework aligns with our previous work focused on BECCS. The economic analysis methodology for chemical processes from Turton et al. was used. We also followed guidelines on CCS economic analysis methodology from Rubin et al., Danaci et al The cost of direct air capture is comprised of capital costs, operation and maintenance costs (O&M), and sorbent costs, and the total cost is expressed as the levelized cost of CO2 capture (LCOC), defined in Eq. 1,