For pristine C-LFP, the Fe 2p3/2 peaks appear at approximately 710.9 eV and 724.7 eV, corresponding to Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ oxidation states (see Figure ). After recycling, peak broadening, suggests possible surface modifications, such as hydroxylation, which are further supported by changes in the O1 s spectrum (Figure and). Additionally, a new peak emerges at 704.2 eV, corresponding to In 3p1/2. The P 2p spectrum, centered at 133.2 eV, remains consistent with P-O bonding in both pristine and recycled samples (Figure ), while the Li 1s core-level spectrum shows no detectable changes after recycling (Figure ).