Targeted identification and monitoring approaches will not be sufficient to detect all PMT/vPvM substances, hence it is crucial to ensure wider availability of analytical methods and reference standards to properly identify, quantify and assess potential PMT/vPvM substances. Targeted analysis could be complemented with non-targeted analytical approaches. Non-target analysis can be a first step in identifying unknown and emerging PMT/vPvM substances and their TPs in environmental and biological matrices. It can also be used for the monitoring of known PMT/vPvM substances, yet regulatory acceptance of non-targeted monitoring is still lacking . Moreover, the lack of data on persistence, mobility, toxicity, TPs, complex mixtures and appropriate suspect lists for broader suspect screening poses identification and monitoring challenges .