Unlike the results predicted by the 1D model, the heterogeneity of the electrode microstructure has strong localised effects on the discharge behaviour and multiple localised discharge behaviours must be present in the entire electrode. Consequently, an uneven DoD is observed across the entire electrode (discussed later, Figure ), resulting in localised areas of high and low current distribution (Figure ) and of non-equalised S and Li2S distribution at both ends of the charge-discharge curve (Figure ). These factors may give rise to accelerated cell degradation due to increasing isolation of sulfur particles and pulverisation of the carbon structures in the cathode. Furthermore, regions of high localised current may have implications for the Li metal anode; if the Li + ion distribution across the cathode has significant spatial heterogeneity which is not equalised upon charging, Li plating will not proceed in a homogeneous fashion, potentially increasing the likelihood of dendritic growth and cell shorting. All these spatially dependant outcomes of the image-based modelling are not possible to arrive at with a 1D model using effective parameters, even when these parameters are obtained using the real microstructure from the CT data. With efficiencies in computation of the model, or approaches such as porenetwork modelling , applying the 3D approach to the whole electrode volume could allow for more direct comparison of modelling and experimental data by incorporating the effects of the inhomogeneous microstructure at a more representative scale. 2.32, 10.92 and 0.79 mol mm -3 at 80% DoD, respectively. The concentration of dissolved sulfur is unchanged from 60% to 95% DoD, highlighting the presence of unutilised sulfur. However, it is important to note that, in this study, isolated pockets of dissolved sulfur present in the subvolumes could be artefacts generated due to the artificial boundaries imposed by the subvolume approach and could, in reality, be connected to the neighbouring pockets, albeit with extremely long and tortuous paths resulting in higher resistance to diffusion of Li + ions. Quantitatively, Subvolume 3