Comprehensive characterization of the photocatalysts was performed using advanced techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for morphological analysis, Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) for optical properties, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis for porosity and surface area evaluation. The findings of this study contribute to the development of sustainable solutions for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment, addressing the dual challenges of antibiotic residue degradation and antimicrobial resistance mitigation.