Finally, Figure shows the traditional rate determining step on Cu (100) for the CO2 reduction reaction mechanism, which is the hydrogenation of CO to CHO. The energy barrier is 0.3 eV, which is comparable to 0.18 eV of the coupling step and the 0.29 eV of the NH2 formation, meaning C-N formation and CO2 reduction product formation should be competing, which is what the experimental results suggest. As a final endeavor, we moved to expand the scope of our measurements to show the broad applicability of pulsed electrosynthesis within the context of small molecule coupling. First, we modulated the Eca and Ean durations under a typical set of reactions conditions. The formation rate of C-N bond products more than doubled when increasing Eca to 2s while the FE was maintained (Fig. ). Next, we used a series of additional reactants in place of CO2 or NH3 and compared the FE and formation rate (FR), given in mMol*sec -1 cm -2 under static and pulsed conditions (Fig. ). Using formaldehyde (0.5 M), formate (0.2 M), or acetate (0.2 M) and coupling to NH3 (1 M) in 1 M KOH led to C-N bond products with significantly enhanced FR under pulsed conditions as compared with constant potential synthesis (Fig. ). An advantage here is that the oxidative pulse may also activated partially reduced C-species and not just NH3. If NO2 -was used in place of NH3, significantly increased FR were also noted for formamide and acetamide. As NO3 -can also be oxidized to NO3 -, the anodic pulse may likewise help concentrate it next to partially reduced CO2R intermediates to promote C-N coupling. A similar route may be taking place in N2 activation. Finally, SO3 2-, 0.2 M a simple oxidizable sulfur species, was shown to couple with CO2 to form methane sulfonate, a useful molecule in organic synthesis, with increased performance under coupling conditions (Fig. ). The coupling step here may similarly involve a nucleophilic attack by the S-species on an activated CO2R intermediate. While the initial set of results here are promising, we note that the precise operating conditions were not optimized for the each experiment and there is therefore much room to grow in terms of performance. Finally, we cannot unambiguously rule out other effects that may be the dominant factor behind the enhanced reactivity such as changes to the catalyst structure induced by pulsing as the detailed examination of each reaction is beyond the scope of this work