Numerous methods have been proposed to date for estimating SOCs and are broadly categorized into model-based (equivalent circuit, open circuit, impedancebased models), physics-based and data-driven methods. Equivalent circuit models are traditional and computationally efficient method that represent battery behavior using combinations of circuit components. Since these models are linear approximations and do not account for internal electrochemical mechanics, the accuracy is limited. In contrast, physics-based models (PBMs) such as pseudo-2D models offer more accuracy by leverage partial differential equations to capture the internal dynamics of battery. These models also enable estimating impedance growth, SOC and state-of-health (SOH), but real-time implementation is challenging due to the complexity of solving these equations and parameter estimation.