For example, CEMS can estimate the frequency, size, and duration of emitters, with some spatial specificity, 365 albeit with wide uncertainty bands. To make comparisons to MAES results, simulation time series would be aggregated to the same reporting cadence as the CEMS -typically 15 minute average emissions. Comparisons similar to Figure are then valid: Data are in the same spatial and temporal resolution, with frequency, emission rate, and duration coming from repeated CEMS sampling.