The non-monotonic changes in Bragg reflections we measured appeared to arise from beaminduced crystal reorientations. We set out to measure the magnitude of change in consensus orientation for a given stationary crystal during a dose series by indexing individual frames in a dose series using the nXDS program . Since nXDS can operate on individual diffraction frames from randomly oriented crystals such as those regularly generated in serial crystallography experiments, we supplied series of frames from dose series to nXDS without prior knowledge of crystal orientation, but enforcing known space group and unit cell constants (Supplementary Tables ). Given the flatness of the Ewald sphere and extremely limited sampling of the reciprocal lattice in these still diffraction images, nXDS was not consistently able to yield indexing results for all frames in a dose series. However, we proceeded to analyze a subset of dose series, where the software could accurately index at least 50% of the frames acquired prior to the delivery of 1.5 e -/Å 2 fluence. We selected this cutoff upon noting that the likelihood of nXDS to successfully index sparse diffraction patterns was reduced as crystals accumulated radiation damage.