First, we confirm that the solvent only model accurately predicts electron densities across the test set structures. The density errors are ϵ ρ M L = 0.35 ± 0.03%, 0.34 ± 0.03%, and 0.39 ± 0.03% for the Mg 2+ , Cl -, and water only clusters, respectively, which are slightly more accurate than those from the DNA only model. For each of the test systems, Figs show the average dipole moments for the water molecules within each water shell. Notably, the classical force field produces dipole moments that are essentially the same for each water shell, resulting in a flat trend. This is not surprising since the classical force field calculates dipoles from statically parameterized partial atomic charges, so only the geometry of the water molecule will affect its dipole.