Gut microbial populations contribute to gut-mediated immunomodulation of bone health through metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs stimulate mucus production and tight junction protein expression . Additionally, SC-FAs can enter the bloodstream, where they not only inhibit NF-κB pathways and downregulate TNF-α but also upregulate macrophage and dendritic cell expression of . In a study of healthy male mice, dietary supplementation with the SCFA butyrate showed increases in Clostridia populations, circulating Tregs, Wnt-10b, increasing osteoblastogenesis and bone mass . Chen et al. ( ) also showed increased SCFAs and Tregs due to prebiotic lactulose administration in OVX mice, preventing subsequent bone loss. Furthermore, SCFAs have been shown