In addition, we note here that the NanoSIMS-HR includes navigation upgrades related to the fact that the sample cannot be observed with an optical system while in the SIMS position because the coaxial lens is too close. As a result, to navigate the sample with optical imaging, the sample holder is moved approximately 40 mm to position the sample in front of an optical objective. In the NanoSIMS-HR, the optical system has been improved to allow approximately ≤1-micron lateral resolution light imaging and mosaic image collection co-registered with the ion beam for SIMS-mode navigation.