Considering the shown strategies to improve capacity and self-discharge, the similarities with other conversion-type batteries, such as Lithium-sulfur, are remarkable. Carbon electrodes with a high degree of iodine pore filling are thus alternative, sustainable, and environmentally friendly conversion-type battery electrodes that may be used in combination with a supercapacitor counter-electrode (hybrid supercapacitor) or a battery anode material (e.g., zinc-iodine battery).