After 1 min of illumination at 55 W/cm 2 , the samples still had the vitreous ice layer intact (Fig. ). There was no devitrification and structural damage visible in cryo-TEM. Also, no difference was found in the cryo-bright field images after the illumination. At 330 W/cm 2 laser illumination, devitrification of the ice layer was observed in cryo-TEM, indicated by the appearance of granular structures most likely being crystals of cubic ice (Fig. ).