In the first step, MCM-Z-loaded samples were thoroughly mixed in PBS at pH 7.4 to achieve a uniform mixture. Next, the particles were coated with dextran by adding dextran solution (4 mL, 25 mg/mL) and stirring the mixture for 3 hours to facilitate dextran-MCM-Z surface interaction. Subsequently, the coated particles were isolated and rinsed with PBS buffer to eliminate unbound dextran molecules. Finally, the CV+-loaded MCM-Z particles were re-suspended in an aqueous solution, preparing them for subsequent analysis.