Another way of including the non-locality needed to describe long-range dispersion interactions within DFT is in terms of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem . A corresponding subsystem DFT framework was established by Pavanello and co-workers based on subsystem response functions. The resulting method has been denoted as FDE-vdW, as it aims at an improved description of van-der-Waals bonding situations. In fact, the binding energies of such complexes are dramatically improved compared to sDFT employing semi-local exchange-correlation approximations. A further improvement, especially of potential-energy surfaces for such vdW systems, is possible by replacing the NAKE functionals in sDFT by the exact (Kohn-Sham) kinetic energy .