Comparative studies with other countries, such as China, have shown the severity of air pollution's impact on public health. For instance, previous estimates in China indicated that air pollution was responsible for contributing to an annual death toll of 1.2 to 2 million individuals (World Health Organization, 2014). highlighted that in many developing countries, vehicular emission levels are not adequately checked or certified during registration and licensing, contributing to increasing pollution levels. pointed out that vehicular emissions contribute significantly to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations, accounting for 50-80% of these pollutants in developing countries. noted that super emitters in developing countries contribute approximately 50% of harmful emissions, significantly impacting average emission levels and exacerbating air pollution concerns.