2-Benzothiazolesulfonic acid (BThSO3) was found at statistically significantly lower levels in the PD-/LRRK2+ group compared to the PD+/LRRK2+ (Figure ). This trend was also consistent with its transformation product, 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (OBTh), as shown in Figure . Benzothiazole (BTh), a parent compound of OBTh, 2-(4-morpholinyl)benzothiazole (24MoBTh), and 2aminobenzothiazole (ABhT) were also detected in the dust samples, without being statistically significantly different (Figure ). Benzothiazoles (BThs) have multiple applications, including as vulcanization accelerators in rubber manufacture, fungicides, antialgal agents, slimicides, chemotherapeutics and corrosion inhibitors . BThs undergo chemical, biological and photodegradation in the environment, leading to the formation of several transformation products , as shown in Figure and discussed later (Section 3.3). Previous studies have associated BThs with different toxic effects, including carcinogenicity , , and impaired child neurodevelopment due to prenatal exposure . However, the environmental exposure to these compounds and the long-term consequences are presently unresolved.