Although hydroxyl radicals typically exist on the nanosecond scale, they can persist for up to 600 seconds in aqueous environments, enabling diverse redox reactions. These include dimerization to form H₂O₂, oxidation of Ti=O bonds to peroxo-titanium species (Ti-O-O), oxidation of PI ligands to N-O functionalities, conversion of CO₂ to HCOOH, and condensation or radical coupling involving formaldehyde-derived intermediates.