Diagonal and off-diagonal elements are expected to be affected by similar degrees of noise and are subject to the same rescaling. We refer to the combined result of Eqs. ( ) and ( ) as a noise-mitigated 1-RDM. Our mitigation approach is not unique in relying on 1-or 2-RDMs to reduce errors, and similar techniques have been implemented by others. Thus, we emphasize that our aim is not to propose a novel mitigation strategy but rather to study its effect on a noisy 1-RDM and the resulting topology of the electron density. As our focus lies in evaluating topological qualities of the electron densities in the presence of noise and errors, we have opted for a conceptually straightforward mitigation strategy. As will be noted in the results and discussion section, some noise effects on the measured number of electrons can already be avoided by using certain fermion-to-qubit encodings and qubit tapering. In particular, the use parity encoding allows us to preserve the parity of the number of particles of each spin species (𝛼 and 𝛽).