This correlation suggests that the more time analytes spend bound to the ssDNA-SWCNT conjugate, the higher the ΔF/F, which aligns with the idea that more analyte-biosensor interactions lead to enduring perturbations to the local environment of the SWCNT. Although this correlation was not statistically significant, a stronger and statistically significant positive correlation (R 2 ~ 0.42, Pearson correlation coefficients, ρP = 0.65, p = 0.01) was observed between the percentage of time analytes remained bound to the SWCNT surface and ΔF/F values. This finding is consistent with the expectation that longer analyte-SWCNT interaction times are associated with stronger "perturbation cross sections" for analytes, more so than binding to the ssDNA-SWCNT corona alone (Fig. ). The positively charged analytes in our study (F + , DA + , YY + , RR + , 5 + , O + ) spent significantly higher percentage of the simulation time bound to SWCNT than the neutral molecules (F, C, Y, T, 1, RR, O) and the single negatively charged analyte examined (C -, Fig. ) (p = 0.002 on unpaired t-test). We attribute the longer binding times to favorable interactions between the positively charged -NH3 + groups and the ssDNA phosphate backbone.