Li et al This . Previous detected piperine metabolites from tandem electrochemical-LCMS detection , hepatocyte incubation, and this work. Codes in columns 2 and 3 e.g. C# and M# are directly taken from the original literature assignments codes. Furthermore, other unassigned oxidative metabolites were produced in this reaction (see supplementary information). We next considered whether the confirmed or tentatively assigned oxidation metabolites would be possible from a predictive model. To enable this, we employed cytochrome (CYP3A4), a pivotal protein involved in the metabolism of numerous drugs, while piperine acts as an inhibitor of this protein. CYP3A4 inhibition may lead to drug-drug interactions, toxicity, and other adverse effects, but in can also be beneficial and enhance the therapeutic efficiency of co-administered pharmaceuticals that are metabolized by CYP3A4.