In this work, we will focus on the kinetics of temporally decoupling surface reaction steps via oscillation of the catalytic surface binding energy. As depicted in Figure , the volcano curve can be depicted with its independent slopes extended above the apex (dashed black lines); these represent the potential rates of surface reaction and desorption absent other limitations. In a dynamic system, the surface energy could oscillate between two or more binding energy states, with the oscillation amplitude identified as the total distance in traversed binding energy (ΔU [=] eV) at the frequency of oscillation (f [=] s -1 ); in Figure , the volcano plot has a BEP of moderate slope, α ~ 0.8, and amplitude (-0.10 to +0.50 eV, ΔU = 0.60 eV). The optimal turnover frequencies are depicted for each state at the given amplitude as purple points, while the minimum turnover frequencies below the static optimum are identified as green points.