The plot of R ct as a function of SOC is shown in Figure (a). Initially, R ct decreases and then remains at a low level in the middle SOC region. At the high SOC region, R ct increases again. This parabolic-like behavior and the fitting values closely resemble those found in our previous work , where GFLW was used for EECM analysis on the same EIS dataset. Similarly, the plots of the fitted CPE parameters, as shown in Supplementary Materials (Figure ), closely resemble those from our previous work. For the same dataset, using PDW can yield kinetic parameters that closely match those obtained through the conventional use of GFLW. An in-depth discussion of the fitted R ct and CPE values is beyond the scope of this work, however, this information has already been published in our previous work . tained at approximately one order of magnitude. The variation of diffusion coefficients can be attributed to the phase changes of materials at different SOCs. However, further discussion requires a systematic experimental examination, which is planned for future work. Moreover, it is important to note that the diffusion coefficients here are evaluated semi-quantitatively due to the ambiguity of the effective diffusion length for the porous electrodes. Here, we define that L = 300 nm for the fitting purpose. However, if L increases (or decreases), the derived diffusion coefficients will increase (or decrease) accordingly. The coverage θ and 1 -θ plots are also shown in Figure (b). Notably, 1 -θ, associated with D 2 , plays a more dominating role than θ, associated with D 1 . This implies that the bulk lattice diffusion plays a major role in the Li + diffusion of the NCA electrode, which is opposite to the observation in the thin-film LNMO electrode (Figure ). We attributed this observation to the presence of moderate density of GBs in the commercial NCA electrodes, as shown in the SEM image Figure (a), compared to the thin-film LNMO electrode, which exhibits excessive density of GBs, as shown in Figure (a). Figure (c) shows the plot of the lumped parameter Λ versus SOC, where Λ decreases with increasing SOC. This behavior can be directly associated with changes in C eq in different SOCs. Additionally, changes in the active surface area A and the Thermodynamic Factor Γ might also play a role, but it is difficult to assess based on current results. Furthermore, Λ of the NCA electrode is more than one order of magnitude higher than that of the thinfilm LNMO electrode. This observation can be attributed to a significant larger active surface area in porous NCA electrodes compared to thin-film LNMO electrodes.