A recurrent theme observed across the studies. For example, the integration of catalytic deoxygenation, hydrothermal gasification, Direct Air Capture (DAC), and methanation . These methods, combined with other processes such as Fischer-Tropsch and Electrolysis, are central to producing synthetic fuels, including sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), methane, and e-diesel. The overall efficiency of these methods, however, varies. the UK, for instance, the system efficiency for Power-to-liquids stood at 25.6%, while in the US, a carbon conversion rate of 99% was achieved in a modelled FT process . Such variations emphasize the need for continuous optimization and the incorporation of experimental and kinetics data into model improvements.