where F represents the Faraday constant (96485 C/mol), n is the concentration of formate (mol), and Q is the total charge during the reaction time. The gaseous products were quantified using a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu 2014) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and a flame ionization detector (FID) with a methanizer. The TCD was used to detect hydrogen (H2), while the FID was used to detect carbon monoxide (CO) and other carbonbased gaseous products. Argon gas was used as the carrier gas. Prior to the CO2 reduction studies, the GC was calibrated with known concentrations of both CO, CH4, C2H4, C2H6 and H2. After quantification of the gaseous products, the faradaic efficiency was calculated using the following equation: 32