On the other hand, tissue-engineered grafts that use autologous cells or biomimetic scaffolds (e.g., decellularized natural scaffolds) often show higher patency due to better biocompatibility and improved interaction with host cells. However, their patency may vary based on the source of the scaffold and the efficiency of the cell seeding and maturation process . It should be also pointed out, that the addition of PEG (polyethylene glycol) in the polyester matrix should enhance anti-thrombogenic properties by creating a hydrophilic surface that should contribute to reduction of protein adsorption and platelet adhesion, which are precursors to clot formation. 3D printing allows also fine-tuning of surface roughness and porosity, which can minimize regions where blood flow stagnates, reducing the chances of thrombus formation.