In the case of surface water, the net cost followed the same order groundwater, but the specific cost estimates were higher for each technology. The net cost for surface water, from lowest to highest, were as follows: POU chlorination (0.11 [0.07 -3.65] USD•cap -1 •yr -1 ), AgNP CWF (0.52 [0.36 -0.90] USD•cap -1 •yr -1 ), POU UV mercury lamp (5.96 [3.57 -13.40] USD•cap - 1 •yr -1 ), and UV LED (23.97 [12.19 -49.97] USD•cap -1 •yr -1 ). The higher operation and maintenance cost associated with surface water is primarily due to the need of replaceable parts or consumables. This cost increase is more significant for chlorination and only slightly higher for AgNP CWFs. Specifically, due to the higher turbidity level, the surface water required a higher dose (doubling the dose) of NaClO for POU chlorination. Similarly, the increased in turbidity required more frequent recoating for the AgNP CWFs. It is worth noting that the increase in cost for the AgNP CWF is marginal. The turbidity in surface water also leads to an increased electricity run time for UV mercury lamps and UV LEDs, resulting in higher electricity costs and more frequent lamp replacements. However, these additional costs have minimal impact on the overall costs of the UV mercury lamps and UV LEDs. Overall, the higher operation and maintenance costs associated with surface water result in higher net costs for deploying POU technologies when treating raw water with similar water characteristics to groundwater.