,# % = 10 / 0 1 are the surface and bulk proton concentration respectively and VT is the thermal voltage. Ψo is calculated by equating the σo with the double-layer charge density ( ) from GCS model and the charge density in the semiconducting channel while considering a constant Stern capacitance (Cstern) of 0.8 Fm -2 . Where Ψξ represents the zeta potential (at the shear plane).