The Montreal Protocol regulates the manufacturing and consumption of ODS . This is a group of over 100 substances including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methyl chloroform, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) that release chlorine and bromine into the stratosphere, damaging the ozone layer . This can lead to increased global warming, skin cancer and damage to marine ecosystems . The Montreal Protocol is considered to have drastically decreased relative consumption (total of production and importstotal of exports and destroyed) of ODS in the EU (100% to 0.36%) and globally (100% to 1.35%) between 1986 and 2021 , as shown in Figure . This is an example of a property-based regulatory effort that has been successful . However, the Montreal Protocol has also been criticized for shifting the burden by transitioning from ODS to greenhouse gases and PMT/vPvM precursors, as discussed further below.