Gel . While all data shown in Fig. occur at the same Q T = 1.2µL/min, Fig. and its inset indicate the behavior of f as a function of Q T . While f does not depend strongly on Q T , f normalized by the baseline shear rate, f / γ, decreases with Q T . This decrease is described by f / γ ∼ Q -0.6 . Combining all of these observation results in an empirical relationship between f and system control parameters. We speculate that: