Validated by experiments, the tool simulated how MPL structure and composition affect transport properties. They found out that optimizing MPL structure can improve transport within the fuel cell, and the validated modelling approach can be a valuable design tool for both MPLs and GDLs, reducing design cycle time and cost. Moreover, Hannach et al. employed a numerical model to compute the effective transport properties of stochastically generated MPL and presented thermal and electrical conductivities of 0.25 Wm -1 K -1 and 1400 Sm -1 , respectively at 58% porosity.