The traditional approach to tackling infectious diseases has been the discovery of molecules that can kill pathogenic bacteria or fungi, by leveraging the chemical weapons evolved for the natural warfare between microbial organisms, and using them (and derivatives) in treatment of infections on living tissues be it human, animal or plant. However, many pathogens developed resistance to clinically-approved antibiotics (AMR), creating critical risks to healthcare, and new antimicrobials are not being developed at an adequate rate. The WHO has identified Critical Priority pathogens, for which new treatments are urgently required. These pathogens of high concern include bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the yeast Candida albicans. AMR can be considered a glacial pandemic: slow moving, but vast, destructive and inexorable in its path, since multidrug-resistant strains have emerged in clinical settings, as pathogens continually evolve strategies to survive therapies. Progress in microbiology has made non-fatal strategies that instead target virulence factors, such as antiadhesion, very attractive for development, to prevent or reverse infection without killing the pathogen. Targeting virulence factors, rather than pathogens as a whole, is only possible with a deeper understanding of a pathogen's biology and mechanism of infection. Targeting carbohydrate-binding proteins such as adhesins and lectins may disrupt pathogen binding to cell glycans or inhibit biofilm formation. This novel anti-virulence strategy has been reported for uropathogens Escherichia coli, for yeast C. albicans (CA) and also for P. aeruginosa (PA), and the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, which are implicated in lung infections. The core concept of antiadhesion strategies is that competition by soluble glycomimetics blocks pathogen adhesion to the tissue and therefore prevents the process of infection. Since the goal is to "unstick" a pathogen rather than eliminate it, as well as being non-toxic to the host, antiadhesives should also be non-toxic to the pathogen and should not create selective pressure which would lead to the evolution of resistance; instead, mechanical expulsion is favoured through natural responses (coughing, urination etc). Another advantage of this strategy is that it is effective against already resistant strains. Mathematical models predict anti-adhesion combined with antibiotic treatment is effective at removing resistant bacterial infections in synergy with each other; this has been shown in vitro with dendrimers targeting bacterial lectin LecB. Practical trials exist in hospital settings where combined administration of carbohydrate inhalations and antibiotics to people with Cystic Fibrosis accelerated the clearance of chronic PA infections in the airways when compared to antibiotic-only treatment. Often, the antiadhesive glycoconjugates can also prevent the formation of bacterial biofilms which are key to pathogenic behaviour and are known to decrease the susceptibility of bacteria to treatments. Progress has been made over the last two decades to develop glycoconjugates as high-affinity inhibitors for bacterium PA's two soluble lectins LecA and LecB, which are selective for galactosides and fucosides/mannosides, respectively. Nanomolar affinities are achieved by multivalent presentation of carbohydrates on scaffolds as diverse as peptide dendrimers, calixarenes and nanoparticles, as well as simpler carefully-designed lower valency druglike molecules. Affinity is not directly predictive for antiadhesive activity, but a range of successful antiadhesive compounds were recently reviewed by Titz and co-workers , while Vidal and co-workers reported glycoconjugate treatment providing protection against PA lung infection in an in vivo mouse model. While only 27 treatments are in the clinical pipeline for WHO priority bacterial pathogens, in the case of antimycotic agents the situation is also limited: three new antifungals are currently in the pipeline, two of them first-in-class. Much innovation in the field is centred on novel formulations of Amphotericin-B such as its incorporation into nanoparticles or on monoclonal antibody therapies. Fungi represent a smaller proportion of infections however they continue to accumulate resistance to current treatments; an anti-adhesive strategy presents an attractive opportunity for development as anti-mycotics if suitable targets are identified. Velasco-Torrijos and co-workers reported a library of molecules, including 3 and 4 (Figure ), showing that suitably presented divalent galactosides have antiadhesive effects against CA. Bis-triazole 3 was the first glycoconjugate known to inhibit CA's adhesion to human Buccal Epithelial Cells (BECs) (45% vs controls). Structure-activity relationships indicate a mechanism that is driven by the identity of the carbohydrate motif, and while the precise molecular target is not yet identified, it is likely a cell wall adhesin. A follow-up study varied the central scaffold to lock a "closed" conformation of the sugars, and norbornene-based derivative 4 had comparable activity albeit requiring much higher concentrations. A multivalent peptide-based dendrimer presenting four copies of motif 3 was constructed, leveraging the glycoside cluster effect, and resulted in an increase in activity at a much lower concentration than its predecessors. Metallodrugs such as Salvarsan and Pepto-Bismol were among the very first antimicrobial agents used to consciously treat infections in modern medicine. After the discovery of penicillin and the advent of small-molecule antibiotics, metallodrugs were relegated to a secondary league, and only viewed as viable candidates for development after the success of Cisplatin in the treatment of cancer since the 1970s. Metallodrugs continue to be an underexplored and underdeveloped class of molecules with immense potential; a recent assessment of the proportion of inorganic complexes submitted to the CO-ADD initiative showed 27% of complexes had antimicrobial activity, while only 2% of the purely organic molecules submitted demonstrated any antimicrobial effects. However, no metallodrugs are currently in clinical trials as antimicrobials, despite approval of silver sulfadiazine and bismuth tribromophenate. Schiff base transition metal complexes are reported to kill CA, with a Ni(II) complex particularly effective. Ruthenium complexes are best represented in the antibacterial metallodrug research, generally being more active against Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. MRSA) than Gram-negative species like PA. Machine learning is also being used to predict antimicrobial metal complexes, as a potential method of metallodrug discovery. Glycoconjugate metallodrugs have been considered as targeted anti-cancer agents , however targeted antiadhesive strategies with metal complexes based on glycoconjugates has not be widely explored. Au(I)-based drug Auranofin has shown activity against S. aureus, and glucose-containing Ir(III) complexes have been reported to inhibit PA biofilm at 16 μg/mL with a MIC of 4 μg/mL, however it is unclear in either case if the mechanism of action of these involves carbohydrate recognition by lectins/adhesins. Previous work published by the Byrne Group reported the first example of a metal ion used to template glycoconjugate ligands, proving activity to inhibit biofilm formation by targeting the galactophilic lectin LecA expressed by PA, where it was found that templating the glycoconjugate ligands into a multivalent topology was required for activity not seen for ligands alone, while the Ru(II) played only a structural role. The work presented here investigates activity of related glycoconjugate derivatives 1 (Figure ), based on the dpa (dipicolinic acid) motif, a class of ligand widely used to coordinate metals with diverse properties and geometries including lanthanide and transition metals. The combination of glycoconjugate ligands with targeting epitopes curated to interfere with lectins or adhesins, and the presentation topologies metal complexes presents a family of new potential antiadhesive agents.