Following the generation of a comprehensive set of input parameters through LHS, the GeoDict software was employed to stochastically generate microstructures for the GDL. This process involved iterating through each unique combination of fiber diameter, fiber concentration, binder concentration, GDL thickness, and compression ratio. All remaining input parameters were held constant across all generated data points. Consequently, this approach yielded a collection of stochastically generated GDL microstructures. GDL microstructures domain sizes were set to: 1000 μm × 1000 μm × thickness, and 2000 μm × 200 μm thickness after a careful size convergence analysis performed to obtain a good compromise between computational cost and model accuracy. The snapshots presented in Figure depict the progressive microstructural development of the GDL at each processing step. The initial stage (Figure ) illustrates the stochastic generation of fibers based on the designated fiber diameter and concentration. Subsequently (Figure ), binder material was incorporated according to the specified binder concentration and contact angle.