demonstrates how MAEs for IS2RE and RS2RE tasks are affected by the average similarity of crystal graph representations. As the graph similarity increases, MAE for RS2RE continuously increased, while that for IS2RE showed V-shape behavior. Consequently, the difference in prediction errors between IS2RE and RS2RE tasks, referred to as RvIS2RE henceforth, decreased with increasing graph similarity (Figure ). Note that various θ values of D-CGCNN have also been tested, i.e., D-CGCNN θ (θ = 45, 60, 90), where smaller θ values correspond to more finely divided sections and higher average graph similarity (Figure and Table ).