HpaA protein surface properties: GrASP, P2Rank, and ScanNet use graph-based algorithms to analyze the estimated binding sites on the protein . I have used three techniques because they gave us different results. The ScanNet showed the apical region as the binding site, while the P2Rank and GrASP webserver showed the central part as the binding site (the images and explanation are discussed in the result section). Based on our analysis, we have selected the antibodies that binds to the apical region of the protein. This has already also been confirmed by These techniques helped ensure the accuracy of the predicted binding sites on HpaA and narrowed down the antibody choices. ChimeraX allows us to explore the three-dimensional aspects of protein structures and was also used to make the images for the research paper . I also confirmed the binding site predictions and evaluated the electrostatic surface potential (ESP) using the ChimeraX software.