The in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis of the TzG@Li x Si/ S@PAN full cell is documented in Figure . The pristine full cell displayed a modest semicircle in the high-frequency range, which is indicative of the resistance (R SEI ) associated with the SEI layer from Li x Si (Figure ). As lithiation progressed (Figure ), a new semicircle at mid-frequency appeared, representing the charge-transfer resistance (R ct ). This resistance decreased with further lithiation, indicating improved conductivity within the electrode. In contrast, during delithiation (charging), the R ct semicircle expanded, reflecting a reduction in conductivity of the electrode materials as they underwent reversible conversion. Importantly, the SEI layer's semicircle remained largely unchanged throughout the cycling process, suggesting the establishment of a stable SEI layer with low resistance that aids in the diffusion of lithium ions.