Since the electrochemical data necessarily contain contributions from each component of the cell, it must be ensured that the measured voltage or impedance can be fully attributed to the working electrode (WE) . Several different cell designs can be used for kinetic impedance . Unfortunately, this cell design requires a very thick separator which may make it unsuitable for direct-current measurements at high current density; however, this may not be problematic for LA-GEIS or O-GEIS measurements. The main disadvantage of 3-electrode measurements is that they generally require expensive custom-made cells that are delicate and tedious to assemble, which both limits experimental throughput and makes these measurements inaccessible for many researchers.