The Hofmeister series originated in biochemistry and classifies ions according to their lyotropic properties. This means that ions on the left, called kosmotropes, tend to precipitate proteins from the solution and prevent protein unfolding. In contrast, ions on the right, called chaotropes, increase solubility and promote the denaturation of proteins . Specific ion effects, such as those embodied in the Hofmeister series, were already found in dissolution experiments of cementitious solids, for example C 3 S . For the calcium aluminate phase C 3 A, only cation-specific effects were reported .