Several case studies have demonstrated the successful application of metabolomics in investigating plant-symbiont interactions. For example, a study by used GC-MS and LC-MS to compare the metabolic profiles of pea (Pisum sativum) roots colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and non-colonized roots . The authors identified several metabolites, such as amino acids and carbohydrates, that were more abundant in the colonized roots and could potentially contribute to the improved growth and nutrient uptake of mycorrhizal plants. Similarly, a study by used GC-MS to investigate the metabolic changes in the roots of the legume Astragalus sinicus during its symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Mesorhizobium huakuii . The authors identified several metabolites, including organic acids and amino acids, that were differentially accumulated in the roots during the symbiotic interaction and played important roles in the nodulation and nitrogen fixation processes. By integrating metabolomics data with other omics approaches, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, researchers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these beneficial plantmicrobe associations. This multi-omics approach has unveiled the complex regulatory networks and metabolic pathways involved in nutrient acquisition, stress tolerance, and defense responses induced by PGPR and AMF . These case studies highlight the power of metabolomics in unraveling the complex metabolic interactions between plants and their symbiotic partners and provide valuable insights for harnessing these associations for sustainable agriculture.