In Section 4, the lack of real plant data as inputs for TEAs, the use of different assumptions and system boundaries across studies, the exclusion of auxiliary and balance of plant equipment, et cetera, have highlighted the challenges associated with current DAC TEA studies (#15). Comprehensive LCA studies are further challenged, as the system boundaries are broader (e.g., material synthesis, material reuse or disposal, heat and electricity storage systems, and integration of CO 2 transportation and storage infrastructure) and, therefore, more data is required. Few studies exist assessing the overall environmental impact of low-carbon energy sources using a wide set of environmental impact categories. Further, there are currently limited studies on the evaluation of different electricity (e.g., grid, photovoltaic power and nuclear) and heat sources (e.g., electricity, waste and solar heat) for DAC technologies in TEA and LCA studies. For these systems, the integration of high-temperature heat pumps, a Fresnel solar heat plant, thermal energy and electricity storage systems may be needed and are rarely present (except from 126 ) to allow for a holistic analysis of the DACCS system. DAC(CS) LCAs have shown that energy consumption of DAC is a crucial element in terms of environmental impact. Therefore, the consideration of different energy sources is important for identifying the optimal set of DACCS solutions per location. For instance, the availability and use of waste heat is considered an optimal heat source as it is available at low cost and it comes almost burden-free in terms of environmental impacts.