For consecutive photoreforming trials, the reactors were opened immediately following gas sampling, the aqueous solution was aspirated from the bottom of the reactor using a needle (19G) and syringe, leaving behind the floating composite, then fresh substrate solution (5 mL 1 mol L -1 KOH, 25 mg mL -1 EG or PET; or 50 mmol L -1 sodium acetate, 25 mg mL -1 cellulose) was added to the reactor which was subsequently sealed, purged with N2/CH4, and irradiated with solar light as described above. Each recyclability experiment consisted of 10 consecutive runs performed in triplicate.