Pristine commercial graphite reference is used to prepare a calibration curve by establishing a relation between the amount (mg) of graphite used in TGA and CO2 gas detected by MS (integral of CO2 MS spectrum), as shown in Fig. and Fig. . Fig. shows the TG mass loss curves (left y-axis) and corresponding CO2 MS spectra (right y-axis) for graphite reference at three different initial masses (4 mg, 8 mg, and 20 mg), where 100 % mass loss is reached by ~850 °C and the only MS signal detected is for CO2 gas. Fig. shows that the initial mass of graphite reference is directly proportional to the integral of the CO2 MS curve, whereby performing a linear fitting yields a correlation coefficient (R²) of 99.8 %. To quantify the carbon content (which is mainly graphite) in the BM samples using results obtained from Fig. , equations ( ) -( ) have been established. Fig. shows the TGA mass loss curves for the three BM samples, while Fig. , Fig. , and Fig. show the MS spectra for species (H2O, CO2, and CO) evolved from BM1, BM2, and BM3, respectively. The mass change in BM1, BM2, and BM3 within a temperature range of 50 °C -300 °C under an inert atmosphere has already been discussed in the previous section, and the oxidative atmosphere in this case does not result in significant changes <300 °C. As the temperature reaches ~380 °C, PVDF binder starts to decompose in all three BM samples and complete removal of PVDF occurs at ~550 °C, as confirmed by TGA/MS analysis of pure PVDF in Fig. . A significant