According to the recommendations of the Israeli Authority for desalinated water, published by , the Ca and Mg concentration (as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) in posttreated DSW should be 32-48 mg L -1 and 12-18 mg L -1 , respectively, and pH <8.5 . The median values for these two essential macro-elements' concentration in DSW from Ashkelon, Hadera, and Palmachim plants, found in 2021, were: Ca -28.5, 33.3, and 27.4 mg L -1 ; and Mg -0.43, 0.21, and 0.88 mg L -1 , respectively (Fig. ).