For dilatometry studies, selected electrode materials were prepared in form of self-standing electrodes containing 80 wt.% of active material, 10 wt.% of conductive carbon (C65, C-NERGY), and 10 wt.% of binder (polytetrafluoroethylene -PTFE, 60 wt.% dispersion in water, Sigma Aldrich). Constituents were mixed in 20 ml of isopropanol, grounded in a mortar and mixed until isopropanol has evaporated. After a dough-like consistency has been formed, the material was calendared to obtain a sheet of material with uniform thickness. The sheet was cut into 8 mm diameter discs and subsequently dried at 80 °C overnight under vacuum. Before transferring the electrodes inside the glovebox, the thickness of each electrode was measured (ca. 60 µm). Operando electrochemical dilatometry experiments were performed by using ECD-3-nano electrochemical dilatometer (EL-Cell). The working electrode was separated by a stiff glass frit and a porous membrane (GF/A, Whatman) from a 10 mm lithium disc (Honjo).