Option A is appealing for earlier deployment in existing manufacturing facilities but lacks improvements in process energy and/or material efficiency and associated benefits to the power sector. For example, these processes operate at steady-state, and replacing fossil fuel heat with electricity (Option A) could create a large inflexible electricity demand in the power grid, rendering techno-economic barriers to the integration of variable renewable energy. Partial electro-decarbonization enabled by electrochemically generated hydrogen (Option B) as a fuel for heating or as a reactant in synthesizing chemical energy carriers will allow for greater flexibility due to the ability to store hydrogen or hydrogen-derived carriers. However, energy losses in the electrolysis imply that option B will have a much larger electricity consumption than direct electrification 7,15 (Section 5). Unlike Options A and B, Options C and D have lower technology readiness levels (TRL) but are potent to facilitate chemical transformations at mild temperatures and pressures, unlike their thermochemical counterparts, thus enabling previously limited reaction paths . Operation at lower pressure and temperature can be beneficial for enabling flexible, grid-responsive chemical plants that adjust their electricity consumption similarly to the demand response provided by some current electrochemical industrial processes (e.g., aluminum ). Also, electrochemical production pathways offer the prospect of modular intensified processes with simultaneous reaction and separation. This factor, along with the distributed nature of renewable energy and feedstocks, makes distributed manufacturing a feasible alternative. Supply chains based on decentralized manufacturing could also be more resilient to various disruptions, provided a reliable and cost-effective power supply is available. This latter condition highlights the importance of coordination of the electrification strategies for the chemical industry with electric power sector to achieve synergistic outcomes.