One area of active research involves the use of surfactants and nanoparticles to modify shale wettability . Surfactants can alter the interfacial tension between fluids and the shale surface, thereby influencing wettability. Nanoparticles, such as silica and graphene oxide, have shown promise in altering the wettability of shale surfaces through their adsorption behavior and interfacial interactions. Another area of investigation involves the role of water saturation on shale wettability . Water saturation affects the capillary pressure within the shale matrix, influencing the wettability characteristics. Researchers are studying the impact of water saturation on oil recovery efficiency and developing strategies to enhance water displacement in water-wet shales.