In this context, XRF-based analysis of PM filters without the need for complex extraction or digestion procedures offers a valuable alternative with numerous advantages compared to standardized analytical techniques. The integration of multiple techniques can provide a comprehensive understanding of the elemental composition of PM, thereby contributing to air quality monitoring, health risk assessment, and regulatory compliance efforts. Ensuring data interoperability is crucial when analysing data from various techniques to achieve consistency, comparability, and seamless integration of results. Interoperability enables the combination of information from different sources and facilitates comprehensive data analysis.