Currently available human biomonitoring (HBM) data and methods, however, clearly fall short of the need for holistic exposome research. Contrary to GWAS, the assessment of chemical exposure has historically primarily relied on self-reported questionnaires concerning food consumption and product usage . Particularly related to quantity, data that is dependent on personal memory (i.e. 24-hour dietary recalls) is unreliable, while duplicate diet studies are time and resource intensive. Furthermore, mere environmental and food monitoring (i.e., the analysis of food products and environmental pollution) does not account for inter-individual variation in exposure, absorption, and xenobiotic metabolism. Moreover, toxicological and health-based guidance values are usually derived from animal or in vitro experiments that rely on the individual toxicity of the assessed agents, rather than considering coexposure and mixture effects .