Chemical species within the cardiovascular system are subject to transport and transformation, impacting cellular and tissue functions. The endothelial cells lining the blood vessels interact dynamically with signaling molecules like nitric oxide, which diffuse rapidly and undergo various biochemical transformations . The regulation and imbalance of these species can lead to endothelial dysfunction, a precursor to many cardiovascular diseases. Bulk flow of blood distributes chemical species throughout the cardiovascular system. Bulk flow refers to the macroscopic transport of fluid, primarily driven by pressure gradients. In the cardiovascular system, convection due to blood flow transports cells and dissolved substances, including oxygen, hormones, and metabolic wastes . Deficiencies or abnormalities in bulk flow can exacerbate conditions such as arterial blockages, leading to impaired tissue perfusion and ischemic diseases . Blood flow is not merely a passive carrier but actively affects the concentration gradients and distribution of biological molecules. For instance, turbulent flow patterns observed in arterial bifurcations can enhance the local deposition of atherogenic lipoproteins, contributing to plaque formation. Therefore, alterations in blood flow and shear stress are critical drivers of local biological responses and pathologies .