1. **Genome Decoding and Synthetic Biology:** -The **complete sequencing of the Taxus genome** has been a major milestone, enabling the identification of genes involved in paclitaxel biosynthesis. This provides a foundation for synthetic biology efforts aimed at producing paclitaxel through engineered cells. -Synthetic biology approaches, particularly the construction of **recombinant chassis cells** (e.g., yeast, Escherichia coli), offer a sustainable method for paclitaxel production. These cells are genetically modified to produce paclitaxel and its intermediates, addressing the limitations imposed by the scarcity of natural resources. These advancements collectively represent significant strides toward more efficient and sustainable production of paclitaxel, crucial for both medical applications and the protection of endangered Taxus species.