The TMC-CNF/PC bilayer-structured actuator was fabricated by vacuum filtering the TMC-CNF solution onto a polycarbonate (PC) filter membrane (Millipore GTTP04700). A mask was employed during the filtering process to pattern the actuator. Similarly, TMC/PC bilayer-structured actuators were prepared on the same PC filter membrane for comparison. The actuators were then left to dry in air for two hours.