DFT calculations are performed to investigate the pathways toward the electrochemical synthesis of urea and formamide on Ag (100), beginning with the two reacting species (CO2 and NO3 -), and Figure denotes the schematic of the proposed pathway. The free energy of adsorption of each species is calculated at potentials between 0 V and -1.5 V vs. RHE, as shown in Figure . As in previous works , adsorption of NO3 -anions are considered via the reaction given in Eq. 1: