where the dielectric permittivity and conductivity are denoted by 𝜀𝜀 and 𝜎𝜎 and the subscripts 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑝𝑝 refer to the medium and the particle respectively. The polarized particles also interact with each other, favoring the formation of chains when their dipolar interaction is sufficiently strong to withstand disruptive forces. The attractive force between adjacent particles, 𝐹𝐹 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 , can be described as