Targeting peptides have a standard synthetic protocol, can be artificially designed and modified with satisfactory biocompatibility . They have become potent inhibitors of ICB. Through rational design, peptide-based PD-L1 inhibitors can form supramolecular assemblies, which enhance their stability in blood circulation and resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis . Moreover, their activities can be further improved by self-assembly due to the increased local density of the peptide . In addition, based on the 'customizable assembly' of peptides, researchers have also combined self-assembling peptides with nanomaterials to develop multifunctional antitumor systems. Most of these systems connect peptides and nanomaterials through covalent bonds . However, the covalent synthesis reaction steps are cumbersome, and may involve a large number of separation and purification processes. Moreover, coupling peptides to liposome or polymer micelles , etc., have been explored as co-delivery carriers to physically package nanomaterials. In terms of structures and functions of these additional introduced carrier are relatively fixed, they are not dynamic enough to respond flexibly to various stimuli. Due to flexible control and easy operation of non-covalent interactions, peptide also can bind to nanomaterials through non-covalent interactions to construct multifunctional structures. And those strategies are mainly including hydrogen bonding , electrostatic interaction , hydrophobic interaction and π-π interaction . Based on the above, we assume that peptide-based PD-L1 inhibitors interact with therapeutic nanomaterials through non-covalent interactions, an intelligent carrier-free antitumor system may be engineered to enhance tumor therapy effect and reduce the potential toxicity of nanomaterials.