This understanding underscores the significance of strategies such as surface modification, aimed at enhancing hemocompatibility and long-term patency . The use of perfusion in this context is particularly advantageous, as it replicates the dynamic conditions found in physiological environments, such as cell culture systems. Perfusion is a widely used technique in tissue engineering, where it involves the continuous flow of a fluid through a porous scaffold or structures The perfusion process ensures that all available surfaces within the tubular multilayered structure, which will come into contact with endothelial cells