To examine the direct effects of the unphysical polarization at the outer boundaries, we assess the induced dipoles in the whole simulation box without and with MIC (i.e., models C and D, respectively). Mean absolute errors (MAEs) and mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) of the induced dipoles obtained through model C relative to model D for a randomly chosen configuration of PNP1, NR-in-BLG, and NR-in-POPC are given in Table . Relative absolute errors are visualized in Figures . Similar errors are expected for model A and to a lesser degree for model B where permanent multipoles surround the inner polarizable sphere. However, since the outer boundary for short cutoff distances is closer to the quantum subsystem in models A and B, adverse effects on the properties of the quantum subsystem would be worse.