The collected filter samples were analyzed separately in a sequential manner using three different XRF spectrometers. The analysis included the assessment of twenty-five different heavy metals using XRF instruments across three distinct global research institutions. The high data correlation highlights the compatibility and reproducibility of XRF for the analysis of PM2.5 samples. It is recently found that handheld XRF may also provide elemental concentrations of environmental PM in good agreement with those determined by benchtop XRF spectrometer . The progress in EDXRF instruments, enhanced by secondary targets and three-dimensional polarization optics, has proven to be a successful approach for the analysis of various inorganic elements present in aerosols collected on quartz fibre filters, as demonstrated in the study by . The main obstacle to the application of XRF is the comparability with the other standardized analytical technologies used for PM elemental analysis, though it is found that EDXRF analysis of multiple elements is in agreement with those of ICP-MS for PM collected on quartz fibre filters , and PTFE which is found to be preferable due to the absence of contamination . Indeed, the presence of nickel (Ni) in the quartz fibre blank filters could not be ignored . The comparison highlights that the primary drawback of ICP-MS is the requirement for sample solubilization, whose effectiveness also depends on the composition of the PM, thereby reducing the representativeness of the sample to be analysed, especially for critical elements to dissolve such as Ti, Cr, and Al . Efforts have been made to utilize handheld XRF instruments for the elemental analysis of PM, as demonstrated in the study by . The findings of this study revealed a notable concurrence between portable and benchtop XRF spectrometers, particularly for certain elements, along with comparable limits of detection.