where rS = 1.00 nm is the mean radius of the structurally disordered region and rA = 3.00 nm is the mean radius of the activated region, where the graphitic structure is mostly conserved. However, its symmetry-breaking structure enhances the D band. CA = 4.2 and CS = 0.87 are parameters that describe the strength of the influences of the structurally disordered and activated regions on the intensity of the D band, respectively. Based on this equation, the mean density of vacancy defects per hexagon of the graphene framework was 10 -2 for nanoporous carbons (NPCs) obtained by CH4-CVD and subsequent acid etching, whereas annealing of NPCs reduces the defect density to 10 -3 to afford the corresponding NPGs without any loss of porosity. The small peaks at ~1150 cm -1 in the Raman spectra originate from heptagons and pentagons in the grain boundaries 117 and surface defects 118,119 within continuous graphene-based materials rather than edge sites. The domain boundary often contains 5-and 7-membered rings, which result in the curved structure shown in Fig. .