Vinyl ester (VE), a distinct thermosetting polymer derived from polyester and epoxy resins, has mixing properties that set it apart from the competition. Styrene is commonly used as a reactive diluent and crosslinking agent in vinyl ester resins (VER), which are mostly made of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-derived methacrylate/acrylate oligomer. They are a type of unsaturated polyester resin that has been widely used in the construction, transportation, and aerospace industries for coatings, composites, and laminates due to their advantages in curing efficiency, wettability, corrosion resistance, and low cost .