To estimate the force applied by the probe, a calibration was performed using a displacement technique. A "spring table", which is an SEM stage containing a well-calibrated spring (Kleindiek), was used to convert vertical motion of the sample into an applied force. A sample of LLZO was mounted to this stage, and the microprobe was contacted to the sample surface until a lateral probe displacement was observed similar to the electrochemical experiments (5-10 µm). During the loading process, the sample was viewed at a 45° angle to observe the vertical displacement of the sample as well. The vertical displacement was converted to a force using the spring constant of the spring table.