To explore trade-offs among POU technologies, we leverage the QSD methodology and software QSDsan , where integrated TEA and LCA were performed with parameters covering design, materials, energy and capital requirements, and operation and maintenance requirements (Figure ). All essential decision variables and technological parameters were derived from a comprehensive range of sources (published research, manufacturers' specifications, and guideline reports). All the Python scripts are publicly available on GitHub with a README file for instructions, and an online (i.e., without local installation of Python) Python environment capable of running the scripts in Jupyter Notebook can be accessed in web browsers through the binder link on QSDsan GitHub repository. All input assumptions are included in the Supplemental Information (SI). A 5-year technology adoption period and an average household size of 4 people were used as the baseline for all the POU technologies. The number of people per household is aligned with the average number of households in most of the countries with lower access to basic drinking water. Two types of raw waters-surface water and groundwater-were modeled with their characteristic water quality parameters (described in detail below). To standardize the disinfection efficacy of the technologies minimum of 3 log reduction was evaluated for all systems.