Conversely, BPMs in higher concentrations of (bi)carbonates do not become mass-transport limited for CO2 recovery up to 100 mA cm -2 , and can achieve energy intensities competitive with thermal desorption of approximately 100 kJ mol -1 at current densities far exceeding those demonstrated for other EMCC processes. Lastly, analysis of the losses in the system revealed that the greatest opportunities for optimization of these systems are through the management of CO2 bubbles and the improvement of the water-dissociation catalyst. Simulating a BPM with bubblemitigation strategies and a substantially enhanced water dissociation catalyst (consistent with the state-of-the-art BPM in literature) shows that these improvements enable performance for BPM-ED EMCC at 100 mA cm -2 at energy intensities well below 100 kJ mol CO2 -1 . Ultimately, this work provides substantial insight into the mechanistic behavior of reactive carbon species in BPM systems, relevant to many electrochemical systems across the gamut of carbon-capture andconversion technologies, and elucidates the promise of BPMs in performing BPM-ED for carbon capture at current densities exceeding 100 mA cm -2 .