. Effects of the durations of the anodic (t an ) and cathodic (t ca ) pulses. From left to right, the graph corresponds to the in situ Raman Spectra, the in situ IR spectra and the formation rates. Doubling the anodic potential would promote the formation of oxygenated copper species, as indicated by the Raman spectra. Formation rates of formamide doubled when increasing the cathodic pulses time, and the formation rate decreases when doubling the anodic pulse duration.