The balance of intrinsic affinity of the toxins for their target glycans and of steric and entropic effects imposed by the supramolecular glycocalyx organisation is likely to be quite intricate. In this regard, it is remarkable that a simple Langmuir isotherm could reproduce the concentration dependent binding of CTB and STxB to our glycocalyx models very well (Figure ). Quite possibly, more complex binding kinetics would emerge for protein concentrations higher than those we could test here. Indeed, previous experimental and theoretical analyses of globular, multivalent proteins binding to brushes of flexible 'sticky' polymers have revealed complex binding kinetics with a sustained logarithmic dependence of protein binding on protein concentration. Such an effect could lead to a higher occupancy of glycan binding sites than predicted by the Langmuir isotherm.