A total of five runs were carried out at three different storage temperatures of -20°C, -25°C and -40°C, and different duration, as outlined in table 2. After process completion, manual visual inspection of the vials in the pallet was carried out for engineering run 5 at different points in time, and found no vials remaining in the liquid state at the final time. Because the effect of supercooling was initially not considered, freezing completion was not verified for runs 1 to 3. For the study at -20°C, three repetitions were carried out, with varying freezing time and configuration. For the run at -25°C, no verification was performed. For the run at -40°C, complete freezing was verified. In all runs, the thermal evolution of the pallet was monitored for the entire duration of the process via thermocouples. These thermocouples were inserted at different positions in the pallet, with some of the sensors placed next to the center of the pallet, and some further away from it.