The (photo)electrochemical performance of the catalysts were evaluated at room temperature using a conventional three-electrode system. The working electrode consisted of a catalystcoated nickel foam (NF) substrate with dimensions of (2 × 2 cm 2 ). A platinum wire and an Ag/AgCl (3M KCl) electrode were employed as the counter and reference electrodes, respectively. OER and HER tests were conducted in a 1 M KOH electrolyte using the Metrohm potentiostat/galvanostat (Type 1.757.0010) electrochemical workstation. An LED lamp with an optical power of 9 W was used as the illumination source in the photoelectrochemical experiments.