Efforts to overcome infertility have a long history, from the first documented case of artificial insemination in 1790 by John Hunter in England , through the discovery of the hormonal control of ovulation that laid the groundwork for ovarian stimulation in ART , and the introduction of cryopreservation techniques for sperm in the 1950s, further with the development of in vitro techniques to study fertilization in mammals , as well as the research on ovarian stimulation and egg retrieval in the 1960s. The first pregnancy achieved through in vitro human fertilization of a human oocyte was reported in 1973 although it ended in miscarriage. It was not until 1978 that the first successful IVF pregnancy and live birth occurred , with the IVF becoming mainstream in the 1980s. Currently, the traditional methods of ART involve established and widely used techniques that have formed the foundation of infertility treatments (Figure ). These methods primarily focus on the manipulation of eggs, sperm, or embryos to enhance the chances of conception.