1 Structure of Graphene Graphene's atomic structure plays a crucial role in its exceptional properties. The material consists of carbon atoms arranged in a planar hexagonal lattice, where each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three neighboring carbon atoms via sp 2 -hybridized bonds. This bonding structure forms strong sigma (σ) bonds, which contribute to graphene's impressive mechanical strength . The carbon atoms are positioned at an approximate bond length of 1.42 Å, creating a highly stable honeycomb pattern.