The economic viability of e-fuel production processes varied. For example, the hydrogenation of CO2 from DAC in Abu Dhabi and Benevento indicated the electrolyzer as the most expensive component, with the least cost of methane production being between 3.1-3.9 USD$ kgCH4^-1 when using point source capture ; the integrated catalytic deoxygenation & hydrothermal gasification in the US showcased that scenario 2 (USD$ 0.39/L) was more costeffective than scenario 1 (USD$ 0.62/L) ; a study in Italy using hydrogenation, electrolysis, and aqueous phase reforming showed that the advanced scenario could produce fuels at a minimum selling price of 1.84 $/kg . However, it's essential to consider that while some methods might currently seem less economically viable, such as the e-methanol production in Italy at 960 USD$/t, they have the potential to become competitive in the future due to evolving market conditions and policy frameworks .