While the field of nanomotors has made significant advances since its inception 20 years ago, there remains significant gaps in our fundamental understanding of the behavior of these nano and microscale out-of-equilibrium systems both at the single particle level, as well as in the form of swarms. These are especially pressing issues as the size of the nanomotors approaches the scale of macromolecules . New ways to design nanomotors and control their motility and dynamic assembly are critically important. Additionally, there are challenges in characterizing and tracking the motors, especially in vivo, Fig. .