Since electrochemistry is inherently a mass-transport and surface area limited process, scaling using a batch reactor is not prac cal. It has been widely established that a variety of flow-chemistry techniques can provide possible avenues for scaling electrochemistry. For example, microchannel designs have been used to minimize Ohmic drop within the cell, leading to a reduc on in the amount of suppor ng electrolyte needed in solu on and provide a laminar flow regime which can effec vely be used to isolate the anodic and cathodic reac ons (Figure ). Other designs have relied on parallel plates where the anode and cathode consist of plates that are sandwiched together with a small gap to reduce the overall resistance. Both of these reactors have relied on a 'numbering-up' approach to achieve any scale and the scale they have achieved s ll is not adequate for broad applica on. Although parallel plate reactors can have rela vely high surface area to volume ra os, they suffer from low throughput per unit me and o en require con nuously recycling the reac on solu on back through the reactor. This is due in part to the very low rate of mass transport afforded by the design of these reactors. For a mass transport-controlled reac on, the frac onal conversion (X) is a func on of the masstransfer coefficient (km), the surface area to volume ra o (A/V) and me (t) (Eq. 1). Equa on 1 mathema cally defines the key challenge for parallel plate reactors, where flowrate (required for efficient mass transport) and residence me are juxtaposed. Furthermore, parallel plate designs are prone to 'gasfouling' where gas forma on at the surface of the electrodes creates insula ng bubbles that reduce available electrode surface area and cannot be easily removed in the laminar flow regime. Although these designs are scalable in theory, they would require rela vely large footprints to achieve serviceable throughputs which in turn would require large capital investments. As a whole, parallel plate reactors present numerous and case-dependent challenges for scale-up which limit the overall applicability to the fast-moving world of pharmaceu cal development.