Electrochemical measurements 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DEC (1/1 v/v%) with 10 wt% FEC additive and 1 M LiOTf in DME were used as electrolytes, with 45 µL total used per cell. All cells were assembled under an argon atmosphere using 2032 coin cells with Li metal foil (MTI) counter electrodes and single layer polypropylene-polyethylene-polypropylene separators with a porosity of 39% (Celgard™ 2325). Cycle life testing was performed on an Arbin BT2000 battery testing system at 25 °C using two different lithiation protocols; constant-current (CC) and constant-current-constant-voltage (CCCV). In CC measurements, electrodes were lithiated to a low cut-off voltage using only a constant current. For the CCCV protocol, lithiation was held at the low cut-off voltage until a prescribed end-point. Delithiation was performed only using constant-current using the same specific current as for lithiation. Planar and porous films were cycled between 0.005 and 2 V vs. Li at a current density of 4 μA/cm 2 for the first cycle and 10 μA/cm 2 for subsequent cycles, corresponding to ~200 and 500 mA/g, respectively. Constant voltage steps were held for 10 hours in porous and planar films. For nanoparticle-based electrodes, cells were cycled between 1.5 V and various low cut-offs using 200 mA/g for the initial 3 cycles with 600 mA/g for all subsequent cycles. Constant voltage steps were held until reaching a current of 20 mA/g.