Finally, we combined the contributions from both electrical and ionic conductance and directly measured the electrochromic device's electrochemical behaviors. Four ASPIRE devices were prepared, each with the same bottom-layer CNT thickness and quantity of PEDOT:PSS. As the thickness of the bottom-layer CNTs does not affect ionic conductance, the only controlled variable is the top-layer CNT's mass loading (thickness) on the PAM/LiCl hydrogel (see Methods for details). The quantity of the top-layer CNT sprayed is marked as , respectively. Fig.