The effectiveness of SACs in OER also lies in their ability to promote specific reaction pathways. For instance, SACs can stabilize key intermediates or facilitate lattice oxygen-mediated mechanisms (LOM), bypassing the high-energy *OOH intermediate . Transition metals such as Fe, Co, and Ni anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon or metal oxides are commonly employed, offering a balance of activity and stability. Moreover, SACs exhibit resistance to agglomeration and degradation, common issues in conventional catalysts, ensuring prolonged operation under harsh electrochemical conditions. Despite their promise, challenges remain in scalable synthesis and the design of SACs with multi-functional properties for OER in diverse environments.