Vehicle exhaust systems are equipped with catalyst converters, which lessen the harmful effects of engine emissions on the environment. These converters, which are made of metals like rhodium, palladium, and platinum, function as catalysts by promoting chemical reactions that change toxic pollutants from combustion into less toxic ones. The main pollutants that are being targeted are nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons, which are transformed into water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.