Other applications of CNT make up significant fractions of the publication record. Biomedical uses of CNT make up 12% of journal publications, though only 4% of patent publications. CNTs have been used as a reinforcing material for drug-delivering stents made with biocompatible polymers (WO2014186532A1 84 ), as a conductive material with poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) used as a coating for nerve catheters (CN2023116983475A ), as an antibacterial and structural material for bone implants. CNT have also been used as delivery vehicles for drug and gene moieties. While CNTs are readily functionalized, allowing their surface chemistry and charge to be altered appropriately for bioavailability, they can also exhibit toxicity depending on their purities, sizes, shapes, and whether they are integrated into macroscale forms, and may require dispersion or solubility in water; the properties necessary for the desired activities may lead to side effects, making them less commercializable. The safety of CNTs generally is an active area of research and policy debate. Besides sensors, CNTs have also been incorporated into other electronic materials accounting for 8% and 9% of journal and patent publications, respectively. As noted earlier, the ability to functionalize CNTs (with the purpose of modifying their electronic and chemical properties) is important. The orientation and morphologies of CNT can also be manipulated to achieve the desired device properties, but the manipulation of these properties is often manual and may require significant optimization to be produced on larger scale. The relative amounts of patent and journal publications indicate that the benefits of CNT design likely outweigh impediments to their commercial uses. Some of their potential uses include as components in FETs (WO2022040565 ) for instrument amplifiers, with bamboo-derived fibers, phenolic resins, and cobalt in a layered electrode material, and in a conductive fabric. Environmental remediation is a significant application for CNT, with roughly 6% of journal publications and 4% of patent publications discussing it (Figure ). The high surface area and conductivity of CNT are important properties, as they make CNT available for absorption and for mediating interactions with pollutants. The ability to modify CNT allows them to be tailored for other co-catalysts or for reaction with pollutants. For example, lanthanum-and iron-modified CNT have been disclosed for environmental use (CN2021113842883A 96 ), while a lanthanumgadolinium-iron oxide-perovskite reinforced with CNT showed improved photocatalysis of the degradation of phenol red over the CNT-free perovskite. A CNT membrane was used to activate MnO2 for oxidative degradation of water pollutants. Journal articles describing the use of CNT in environmental remediation are significantly more numerous than patent publications (Figure ); the disparity may be due to the lack of economic incentive in environmental remediation which makes incremental improvements or improvements with more expensive materials difficult to implement. Even though SWCNT can conduct electrons well and have high surface area, enabling improved reactivity and utility, their expense may make their use in environmental remediation difficult because the increased costs cannot be recovered by increased prices.