Supercritical CO2 dyeing represents another significant innovation, using carbon dioxide in its supercritical state as a solvent for dyeing textiles. In this state, CO2 effectively dissolves dyes and penetrates textile fibers, eliminating the need for water and significantly reducing chemical usage. Studies have shown that supercritical CO2 dyeing can eliminate water consumption entirely and reduce energy and auxiliary chemical use, with dye exhaustion rates comparable to conventional methods . Despite these advantages, the high initial investment costs for equipment and the need for precise control of temperature and pressure present challenges. Research into more costeffective equipment and improved scalability is necessary for broader industrial adoption . . Foam dyeing employs foam as a medium to apply dyes to textiles, significantly reducing water consumption. The foam is generated by mixing air with a liquid dye solution, which is then spread over the fabric. This method reduces the amount of dye and water required and minimizes energy use, as less heat is needed to dry the fabric. Foam dyeing has been successfully used for various types of textiles, including denim, demonstrating substantial reductions in water and dye usage . However, the initial setup cost for foam dyeing equipment can be high, and further research is needed to improve the uniformity and consistency of dye application.