Briefly, 9 µL of a lipid/polymer solution was deposited as a thin layer over the conductive side of each of the two indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass slides with resistivity of 8-12 Ωm -2 and dried. The ITO slides were then assembled into an electroformation chamber each in contact with copper tape and separated by a Teflon spacer. The chamber was filled with a 300 mM sucrose solution (300 mOsmkg -1 measured using a 3320 single-sample micro-osmometer (Advanced Instruments, Norwood, U.S.A.)) and connected to an arbitrary function generator 1022 (Tektronix, Bracknell, U.K.) to apply an alternating current electric field.