Controlling motion: From single particles to swarms. Current nanomotor technology is largely limited by issues of accuracy, controllability, selfadaptiveness, and the ability to generate sufficient forces and torques. In particular, generating the desired forces and torques for operation in complex environments using untethered small robots is challenging, especially when these forces should be higher than what individual nanorobots can typically offer. Currently, most nanomotors exert forces in the range of nanoNewtons (nN) to picoNewtons (pN) , with enzymatic nanomotors operating at the pN level , similar to biological protein motors. This greatly restricts their ability to traverse biological barriers and perform effective mechanical operations. Addressing this challenge demands innovative concepts and actuation mechanisms, new materials, as well as improved structural design. If external fields are employed, auxiliary instrumentation must be developed to ensure it is compatible with existing medical technologies, and both safe and user-friendly for clinical applications.