where c p,k denotes the specific heat capacity of component k ∈ {s, , i}, i.e., solute, liquid water, or ice, while the latent heat of fusion for water is given by λ w . Assuming knowledge on Q, we note that mass and enthalpy balance constitute a system of two equations in three unknowns, namely temperature T , mass of ice m i and mass of liquid water m . As long as no ice is present, the equation simplifies to