Synthetic impedance data was generated by adding white Gaussian noise to exact impedance spectra. Specifically, 100 artificial EIS spectra were created for each impedance model by adding random noise ϵ ∼ σ exp n N (0, 1), where σ exp n was set to 0.5 Ω or 1.0 Ω. This noise was added to the exact impedance functions Z exact (f ) . The chosen reference impedance models were the single ZARC, double ZARC, Gerischer, and fractal configurations .