In recent years, several studies have developed machine-learning (ML) tools to predict the taste of specific compounds starting from their chemical structure . In literature, there is a net prevalence of ML tools for predicting sweet and bitter tastes e.g., BitterX , BitterPredict , e-Bitter , iBitter-SCM , BERT4Bitter , iBitter-Fuse , a QSTR-based approach , e-Sweet 21 , Predisweet , BoostSweet , BitterSweetForest , BitterSweet , bitter-sweet classifier by Bo et al. , VirtuousSweetBitter .