Cytochrome c (Cyt c), a 12.3 kDa protein, is a focus of research interest due to its unique redox properties . Located at the inner mitochondrial membrane, Cyt c's redox capabilities originate from the iron contained within the central heme moiety, which is capable of existing in Fe 2+ or Fe 3+ states, underpinning its primary roles in electron transport and apoptosis . The functionality of such redox proteins extends to diverse sectors, including but not limited to their deployment as biocatalysts, their contribution to biofuel development, their integration into biosensor technologies, their potential in therapeutic interventions, and their application in genetic engineering endeavours. As such, their unique characteristics provoke an intense interest in their exploration and utilisation within the scientific community .