To further confirm these observations at the molecular level, total protein was isolated, and GFP was detected via western blotting. Our western blot results did not detect any GFP signal in the DNA-PEI 30 -SWCNT infiltrated samples (Fig. , Supporting Text 2). Given no detection with western blot, we sought to validate that PEI 30 -SWCNT-based delivery of the viral vector is not an artifact of cell damage, and the detected luminescence is the fluorescent protein signal. To this end, we replaced the GFP in TRBO-G with a blue fluorescent protein (BFP) in the TMV cassette.