As the largest organ of the body exposed to the external environment, the skin endures both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors, with extrinsic aging prompted by environmental impacts and overlaying the effects of temporal aging. Intrinsic aging is a physiological process that results in several phenotypes such as, but not limited to, wrinkling, pigmentation, telangiectasis, and gradual dermal atrophy , while extrinsic aging is provoked by exterior environment and behavioral factors such as air pollution, tobacco smoking, inadequate nutrition, and sun exposure, causing wrinkles, elasticity loss, as well as rough-textured appearance. Particularly, long-term exposure to solar UV radiation is the prime factor of extrinsic skin aging referred to as photoaging. Skin aging is accompanied by phenotypic changes in cutaneous cells along with structural and functional alterations in extracellular matrix components such collagen, elastin and proteoglycans, which are required to afford tensile strength, elasticity, and moisture to the skin. This can result in the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, sagging skin, and loss of facial volume. In addition, skin aging is characterized by a decrease in the production of hyaluronic acid, a substance that helps to maintain skin hydration and suppleness. Other intrinsic factors that contribute to skin aging include genetic inheritance, slower cell turnover, hormonal changes, including estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone decrease, which can affect the skin structure. which can lead to a loss of skin elasticity, and changes in skin cell metabolism. Additionally, changes in skin microbiota, the collection of microorganisms that live on our skin, can contribute to skin aging and the development of agingassociated skin diseases. Extrinsic factors that can contribute to skin aging include exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, cigarette smoke, pollution, and poor diet. UV radiation from the sun is a major contributor to skin aging, causing damage to the skin cells and breaking down collagen and elastin fibers. This can result in the development of age spots, rough texture, and uneven skin tone. Additionally, exposure to cigarette smoke and pollution can cause oxidative stress, leading to inflammation and damage to the skin cells. A diet that is high in sugar, processed foods, and unhealthy fats can lead to inflammation, which can also accelerate the aging process. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cell type in the skin and are vital for skin homeostasis and host defense. 368 However, they have also been associated with chronic inflammation upon aging. It has been suggested that age-modified skin macrophages may promote adaptive immunity exacerbation and exhaustion, facilitating the development of proinflammatory pathologies, including skin cancer. While the intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors are both related to phenotypic changes in dermal cells, the most significant structural changes take place in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of dermis, in which collagens, elastin, and proteoglycans impart tensile strength and hydration. The utmost longevity of these biomolecules, relative to the intracellular proteins exposes them to accumulated damage, which in turn affects their capability to provide mechanical properties and to manage tissue homeostasis. Thus, at variance with the intracellular proteins, the half-lives of which are measured in hours or at most days 371 , many ECM proteins exhibit half-lives measured in years. For instance, human skin and cartilage collagens types I and II have half-lives of about 15 and 95 years 374 , while the half-lives of elastin fibers is equal to 369 or many times longer than average human life. Therefore, in humans, ECM proteins are required to function for long years, during which time they are at risk of accumulating damage via glycation 377 , calcium and lipid accumulation , and alterations of aspartic acid residues. 370, 380 In turn these events have a profound effect on the mechanical properties of ECM proteins. Various molecular models are proposed to rationalize the molecular basis of skin aging, mostly including the overall recognized aging mechanisms such as cellular senescence, telomere shortening, decrease in cellular DNA repair capacity and point mutations of extranuclear mitochondrial DNA, oxidative stress, chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, and chronic inflammation (inflammaging). While skin aging is a natural process that cannot be completely prevented, there are steps that can be taken to slow down the process and maintain healthy skin. These include protecting the skin from UV radiation by wearing protective clothing and using sunscreen, avoiding smoking and exposure to pollution, and maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle. Additionally, skincare products that contain ingredients such as retinoids, antioxidants, and hyaluronic acid can help decreasing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improve skin texture and tone, and enhance hydration. Generally, the strategies for treating skin aging include the common anti-aging approaches: stem cell therapy, hormone replacement therapy, telomere modification, diet restriction, antioxidant and retinoid treatment, antiinflammaging. In addition to the social and health-related implications, skin aging is also an area of interest for the cosmetics and skincare industries. There is a large market for anti-aging skincare products, and research into the underlying mechanisms of skin aging can help to develop new and more effective products.