Diabetes is a widely spread chronic metabolic disorder . Glucose is the most important risk indicator of diabetes, and rigid glycemic control and continuous glucose monitoring have been proven remarkable to reduce the deterioration of diabetes and prevent secondary complications . Continuous glucose monitoring can provide accurate and reliable glucose measurements in real time . Traditional fingerstick glucose sensing is invasive and painful, inevitably causing damage to the skin if tested 6 to 8 times a day . To address these challenges, various wearable noninvasive or minimally invasive sensors have emerged as promising alternatives for continuous glucose monitoring . These devices leverage advanced technologies such as optical , thermal , transdermal electrochemical techniques , offering high versatility. Despite their potential, they still face limitations, including sensitivity, selectively, biocompatibility and user convenience .