Our initial validation focused on comparing our FFT-based approach with the conventional time-domain method using a step current input (Figure (a)) . The new FFT-based DRT deconvolution method was slightly more accurate to recover the exact DRT of the 1×ZARC, 2×ZARC, and PWC models, and both methods achieved comparable performance in impedance regression. This was validated quantitatively in Table ) with the normalized DRT and impedance residuals obtained with 100 synthetic experiments (see ). Moreover, Figure shows the violin plots of the normalized residuals for the 2×ZARC model, while the recovered DRTs and impedances for this impedance model are shown in Figure .