Arthropods possess haemolymph, a circulatory fluid functionally analogous to vertebrate blood. Haemolymph contains haemocytes, which play a crucial role in immune defense. It consists of diverse organic and inorganic components, including haemocyanin (an oxygenbinding protein), amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, lipids, glycerol, hormones, and minerals such as sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, and calcium .