(b) Bond Stereochemistry: Canonicalization standardizes the representation of stereochemistry by applying consistent rules for assigning E/Z configurations to double bonds and specifying cis/trans relationships for cyclic systems. By resolving ambiguities in bond stereochemistry, canonicalization ensures that equivalent structures yield identical canonical forms. (c) Canonicalization Algorithms: InChI employs sophisticated algorithms, such as canonical labeling and graph isomorphism, to generate a unique canonical representation of the molecular graph. These algorithms ensure that the resulting identifiers are invariant under permutations of atom labels and bond orientations, thereby guaranteeing the uniqueness of the generated InChI identifiers.