The methods described above have shown promise in utilizing copper composite coatings on contact pairs, but there has been no effort to coalesce these into a robust composite coating that can both minimize friction and wear to acceptable levels. The tribological effects of graphene-reinforced copper matrix composites and copper-metal multilayer structures have mostly been studied as structural-or mechanical-modulated phenomena; there is little evidence on how the chemistry or the physical properties of the coatings (or their components) are affected during lubrication. More so, characterization of the wear track is oft performed after extended lengths of tribological testing, therefore the evolution of the sliding track is often not observed nor considered.