The kinetic equations are solved using the semi-implicit Fourier spectral method with periodic boundary conditions. The FFTW package is utilized for discrete Fourier transformations . Details of the parameters utilized in the simulations can be found in Table . Our study focuses on the combined effect of five microstructural parameters, which are presented under the "Microstructural Parameters" sub-header in Table along with their corresponding ranges of values. The surface-to-grain boundary energy ratio γ r is varied by changing the κ η as shown in Table under the "Model Parameters" sub-header. We have selected two specific values (1 and 1.5) for the surface-to-grain boundary energy ratio in order to model hypothetical systems representing ceramic oxides and metallic materials, respectively. The rationale behind these choices is based on the relationship (γ gb /γ surf = 2cos φ 2 ) between the grain boundary energy-to-surface energy ratio (γ gb /γ surf ) and the dihedral angle (φ). In ceramic oxide systems, the dihedral angle is typically around 120 • , resulting in a ratio close to 1. On the other hand, in many metallic systems, the ratio is often 2 or higher . Therefore, by considering these factors, we have opted for the values of 1 or 1.5 to accurately represent the respective systems in our study. Also, we have not accounted for misorientation effects on grain boundary energy, by assuming isotropy i.e. the energy is independent of grain misorientation. To calculate the area of both matrix grains and second-phase particles, the Hoshen-Kopelman algorithm is employed.