Metal-based catalysts are among the most widely used in CO₂ polymerization due to their ability to activate CO₂ and facilitate its incorporation into polymer backbones. Common metals used for this purpose include zinc, copper, and nickel. Zinc-based catalysts, such as zinc acetate and zinc phenoxide, have been extensively employed in the copolymerization of CO₂ with epoxides, enabling the synthesis of polycarbonates. These catalysts offer high efficiency and selectivity under mild reaction conditions. Copper-based catalysts, often utilized in combination with amines or ligands, can also activate CO₂ for copolymerization, yielding products with high molecular weight and good thermal stability. Nickel catalysts, such as Nicatalysed polymerization systems, offer enhanced performance and are considered costeffective alternatives. However, despite these advantages, metal-based catalysts often suffer from issues such as low activity, poor selectivity, or the requirement for harsh reaction conditions .