Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHT), the Bioresource for Adult Infectious Diseases (BioAID, South Central -Oxford C REC no. 14/SC/0008 and 19/SC/0116), and the Microbial Products in Infection study (West London REC no. 06/Q0406/20), were collected from 161 patients at the point of admission and from 13 healthy controls (ICHT Tissue Bank, approved by Wales REC3, 17/WA/0161, to release human material for research from subcollection MED_SS_12_023) .