Pure cellulose nanoparticles' antibacterial properties could be explained by several mechanisms, including a reduction in bacterial cell mobility encircling and trapping the bacteria through the creation of a network, and a lowered pH due to an increase in aldehydes groups in CNFs. It is vital to take into account the existence of alien species since they may generate antibacterial activity through inflammation, such as lipopolysaccharides or endotoxins . The endotoxin level in CNF generated utilizing a modified TEMPO-mediated oxidation process using sodium hydroxide as a pre-treatment was 45 endotoxin units (EU) per g of cellulose . At low doses, this number might not be harmful. High concentration, however, may need it .