Different populations of T cells affect osteoclasts and osteoblasts in different ways. Naïve CD4 + T cells can differentiate into osteoclastogenic subtypes, e.g., T helper (Th)17 and Th9 cells, or antiosteoclastic subtypes, e.g., Th1, Th2, and T regulatory (Tregs) cells, characterized by their cytokine expression profiles . For example, Th17 cells express high levels of IL-17, which upregulates RANK in preosteoclasts and RANKL in osteoblasts, increasing bone resorption . Th17 cells also secrete IL-6, RANKL, and TNF-α to promote osteoclastogenesis and suppress osteoblast activity . Cytokine profiles of Th1, Th2, and Treg cells contrast the profiles from Th17 cells. These cells secrete anti-osteoclastic cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-4, TGF-β1, and IL-10 . However, following the pattern of Wnt, TGF-β, and other