For both models, the oxygen density maxima (Figures and) profile exhibits minimal variation versus surface charge density. This observation is consistent with the findings reported by Hinsch et al. who noted that the distance between water molecules and the Pt(111) surface remained relatively constant across different applied potentials. In contrast, they found that the orientation of the water molecules, as indicated by the dipole orientation, varied significantly with the applied potential, with hydrogen atoms pointing away from the surface at positive potentials and towards the surface at negative potentials.