Nonetheless, PWM exposure to non-exhaust primary PM2.5 emissions (i.e., brake-and tire-wear) increased somewhat from 2000-2019 (Fig. ), while relative disparities from non-exhaust primary PM2.5 remained effectively constant. Non-exhaust emissions would not be fully eliminated through electrification and could conceivably be exacerbated by increases in vehicle mass . Thus, future low levels of exposure from non-exhaust emissions (e.g., brake-and tirewear) might still disparately affect people of color and residents of overburdened communities.