Cutting force represents the mechanical interaction between the cutting tool and the CFRP workpiece, reflecting the loads exerted during machining . It is closely linked to key aspects of the machining process, including material machinability, heat generation, surface quality and tool wear, making it a crucial factor in process optimization. In CFRP machining operations (such as drilling , milling , turning , orthogonal cutting and grinding ), cutting force can be influenced by many factors such as machining parameters, fibre orientation, tool geometry and machining methods etc. For instance, Shu et al. found that drilling thrust force decreased with spindle speed but increased with feed rate, demonstrating a complex and non-linear relationship. Similarly, in milling, the cutting force increased non-linearly with depth of cut and feed rate .