The journal and patent publication trends for each technology are revealed in Figure . For each technique, journal publication volumes are higher than patent publications. This phenomenon matches the annual publication trend (Figure ). Only 7.4% of publications in jetting are patents; most jettingrelated publications are devoted to journal articles (92.6%). For other techniques, the patent publication counts are lower than the journal publications (as patents, extrusion: 18.5%; powder: 35.0%; photopolymerization: 30.4%), but the proportions of patents are higher than that of jetting. We can expect the growth of patent publication in the future upon the commercialization of new inventions in 3D printing technologies for biomedical applications.