All Sb2Se3 films were deposited onto molybdenum (Mo)-coated glass substrates (Guluo, Luoyang). Before deposition, the Mo-coated glass was cleaned with acetone, soapy water, milli-Q water, and isopropanol in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min each. After cleaning, the Mo-coated glass substrates were dried under N2 flow. The Sb2Se3 films were fabricated via a hydrothermal method, utilizing potassium antimony tartrate trihydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥ 99%) and selenourea (Sigma-Aldrich, 98%) as the Sb and Se sources, respectively. First, 0.334 g (10 mM) of K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2•3H2O and 0.126 g (20 mM) of Na2SO3 (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥98%) were sequentially added to a beaker containing 50 ml of milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ•cm). The solution was stirred at 400 rpm for 5 min after each addition. The addition of Na2SO3 caused an increase in the pH of the solution (from pH of 4.13 to pH of 6.89), leading to the formation of Sb2O3.