For the charge step using CC, a defined current ICC was applied until a upper voltage limit Vlimit of 4.2 V was reached. Within the charge process using pulses, a current Ipulse was applied for a defined time ton followed by a rest step lasting toff summing up to the pulse length tpulse. This pulse sequence was repeated until reaching the upper Vlimit. All cells were discharged at 1C to 2.9 V followed by a CV step at 2.9 V until the current reached a threshold value of C/20. Although the CC and pulsed C/5.7 cells used a different set of cut-off values of 3.5 days, a C/20 cutoff value was used in the calculations to maintain comparability of the results. All CC C-rates CCC are calculated as applied current ICC in ampere relative to the nominal capacity cnom in Ampere hours.