We designed 4 different types of discharge duty cycles to simulate different operating conditions, illustrated in Figure . These consist of (1) baseline constant current cycling profiles (with or without rest periods), (2) periodic duty cycles (including regenerative braking portions), (3) synthetic discharge profiles generated from field data, and (4) real discharge profiles from field data. To create the synthetic profiles, we utilized field driving data encompassing both highway and urban driving . We tested multiple average discharge C-rates for the same protocols to simulate the effect of battery pack sizing.