Another perhaps more widely used approach to SDLs is the use of stationary robotic arms serving different stationary stations. These MAPs are often specifically built for a certain purpose, such as the production and testing of photovoltaic devices or the assembly and testing of lithium-ion batteries . Yet another design paradigm for MAPs is the use of liquid reagent transfer backbones or flow setups based on pumps and valves . While these "flow-based" MAPs have demonstrated their ability to cover a wide chemical space for synthesis and discovery of materials, most current examples are focused on organic syntheses. There are also examples of flow-based MAPs employing microfluidics for the synthesis of nanoparticles such as quantum dots and gold nanoparticles . However, such microfluidic-based systems are usually more explorative in nature.