As already discussed in the previous section, κ-carbides have been reported to show a stoichiometry of (Fe,Mn)3AlCx type (x ≤1) . It is interesting to note that in the context of off-stoichiometric κ-carbides (x<1), C vacancies were shown to lead to low formation energies of MnAl 𝛾 anti-sites and these anti-sites were shown to result in the offstoichiometry of κ-carbides . This was contradictory to the previous report where C depletion and elastic coherency strains were identified as the primary reasons for Al depletion in Al-alloyed Fe-Mn-C steels . One of the other reports by Seol et al. ) suggests that the off-stoichiometry of κ-carbides may be explained in terms of C deficiency at body-centered positions and partial replacement of Al by Fe or Mn in the corner positions of L12'-structured κ-carbide unit cell.