To test the possibility of the chemical decomposition of the dimer, i.e., the reaction (2) in Scheme 2, DHA is oxidized to the dimer, but the electrochemical oxidation of the dimer is delayed for a certain amount of time, referred to as 'OCV duration', during which the cell is kept under OCV, to evaluate the extent of dimer decomposition under OCV conditions. Figure shows a sample plot of voltage and charge transferred of a test with only one hour of OCV duration. Tests were performed with various OCV duration. The electrochemical oxidation of the remaining dimer is then initiated with a deep discharge.