TMC was composited with cellulose nanofibrils to form the actuation material system. The cellulose nanofibrils used were derived from paper pulp (from trees) using a mechanical refining process, i.e., pulp fibers were passed through disk refiners until the elementary fibrils of the tree's structure were separated. There are several ways to produce cellulose nanomaterials, but mechanical refinement appears to be the most cost-effective. The elementary structural fibrils of trees are typically 10 nm in diameter (varies depending on species type) and consist of high aspect ratio crystalline regions connected by amorphous regions to form long continuous fibers. Cellulose nanomaterials from trees are widely studied because paper pulp (which is isolated cellulose) is a well-established industrial commodity that serves as a good source for further processing down to the nanoscale. The TMC-CNF mixture was prepared by combining TMC nanosheets with cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and subjecting the mixture to bath sonication for one hour. The TMC-to-cellulose weight ratio in the solution was maintained at 10:1, and the concentration of the TMC-CNF mixture was set at 0.5 wt%. The resulting solution was then stored at 4°C.