Scheme 2 suggested a few potential approaches for tuning either the carbene precursor or catalyst to achieve better control over the divergent formation of azetidines vs. dehydropiperidines. If INT1 is the initially formed species, then raising the barrier to rotation between INT1 and INT1' should favor formation of the azetidine. While computations in Scheme 2B did not address the role of catalyst in determining the reaction outcome, Rh2(esp)2 did increase preference for formation of the dehydropiperidine 4aa. Other catalysts were briefly explored, including diverse Au, Cu and Fe-based complexes; however, these catalysts required heating to form the metal-supported carbene and led only to the decomposition of 2a.