Raw files were downloaded from published datasets on GlycoPost . Datasets were chosen to cover negative and positive MS polarities, glycan types (NG, OG and GSL), resolutions (2D and 3D ion traps, and Orbitrap), and vendors (Bruker and Thermo Fisher Scientific). All benchmarks were performed on a consumer-grade Lenovo laptop equipped with an AMD Ryzen 6 Pro 5850U CPU, 16 GB of RAM and a 500 GB SSD. Search times for GlycoMod were based on the loading timeline in Firefox network developer tools.