[Note: The term fermentation is used here in a way that is consistent with chemical engineering literature, which represents microbial processes -including aerobic processes-for substrate conversion to a specific product in a bioreactor.] Both the DC and ICF configurations closely follow the ethanol/biodiesel-based DC and ICF configurations from our previous work, including the mass balances related to vegetative oil recovery. However, instead of neglecting the cost of managing the vinasse or using a conventional, resource-intensive wastewater treatment process, the new DC and ICF cane-to-biodiesel configurations implement a high-rate wastewater treatment design calibrated using sugarcane and oilcane wastewaters. Both the DC and ICF configurations employ a drum drier and a screw press to mechanically recover the microbial oil, a conventional strategy for oil recovery from algae with an efficiency of 70% (Figure and S1B, respectively, in the Supporting Information, SI). The ICFR configuration sends the cell mass to be pretreated together with the bagasse and then recovers the oil by centrifugation (Figure ). The microbial oil recovery from hydrothermal pretreatment at a solids loading of 50 w/v % was experimentally determined to be 50 wt %. This value was used as the baseline microbial oil recovery for the ICFR configuration. The impact of oil recovery efficiencies and microbial oil production yields on the final yield of biodiesel were calculated and depicted as Sankey diagrams (Figure ). Details on the experimental procedure and results are available in Section S8 of the SI. All configurations were modeled in BioSTEAM ─the Biorefinery Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis Modules─ which automates the design, simulation, and techno-economic analysis of thousands of potential scenarios. Figure 1. Simplified flowsheets of the (A) direct cogeneration (DC), (B) integrated cofermentation (ICF), and (C) integrated co-fermentation and recovery (ICFR) configurations with microbial oil production. In all configurations, either sugarcane or oilcane is crushed to release the juice, the oil in the fermentation effluent is recovered through a 3-phase decanter centrifuge, and a heat exchange network (HXN) integrates heating and cooling of process streams to decrease utility demand. In the DC configuration, the bagasse is sent directly to the boiler to produce heat and power. In the ICF and ICFR configurations, the bagasse is pretreated with liquid hot water, hydrolyzed with cellulases, and co-fermented with the juice. In the DC and ICF configurations, the oil in the cell mass is recovered mechanically with a screw press after drying.