Let us now shift our attention to a class of predominantly faradaic technique that can be employed to measure antimicrobial susceptibility. This technique involves monitoring the respiration of microorganisms and can be achieved using redox mediators. The basic principle of this approach is to measure the changes in electrical current that result from the respiration of microorganisms. In the presence of redox mediators, such as ferricyanide, the electrons released during respiration can be transferred to the mediator, resulting in a change in the mediator's redox state. This change in redox state can be detected using a variety of electrochemical techniques, such as amperometry or cyclic voltammetry . Gretchen Tibbits and their colleagues introduced an innovative technique that utilized phenazine methosulfate as a mediator for a diverse array of pathogens and antibiotic classes. Their findings demonstrated that they were able to consistently classify strains as antibiotic-resistant orsusceptible in a remarkably short timeframe of less than 90 minutes for methodology development and under 150 minutes for blinded tests. It is worth noting that this technique offers an efficient and reliable approach to determine antimicrobial susceptibility and has potential applications in clinical settings .Resazurin, a frequently utilized redox indicator in cell viability assays, has emerged as a reliable technique for detecting viable cells by way of sequential reduction to resorufin and dihydroresorufin. The reduction reaction is dependent upon the cell's growth phase and concentration and can be measured via a reduction in the current peak. This methodology has been demonstrated to be effective for the identification of resistant and susceptible bacteria in a lab-on-a-chip format, with a reporting time of one hour . Justin D. Besant et al. have reported on this approach, highlighting its potential for rapid and efficient antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Yang Gao and colleagues have devised an alternative technique which, in essence, quantifies the extracellular electron transfer (EET) from bacteria to an electrode in a microbial fuel cell, thereby furnishing results in five hours . Rongshuai Duan et. al presents a study showcasing the detection of resistant Escherichia coli bacteria by employing Methylene Blue as an electron acceptor to observe bacterial respiration. Additionally, they utilized graphene ink to augment the electrochemical response for enhanced detection. In another study Xuyang Shi et.al. demonstrated AST via dual platform application: simultaneous detection-ID of bacteria and Rapid AST (RAST) (Figure ). The detection of E. coli in a whole blood The term 'gating voltage' is used to refer to the potential difference that is applied to an electrochemical cell in order to control the rate at which ions move between the two electrodes. Gating voltage is an important parameter in electrochemical processes, as it controls the rate at which electrons flow from one electrode to the other, and thus affects the rate of reaction. When an electric potential is applied to a cell, ions move from one electrode to the other to make both electrodes have the same electric potential. If a potential difference between the two electrodes is large enough, ions will move rapidly between the two electrodes, leading to a rapid increase in the rate of reaction. By controlling the gating voltage, the rate of reaction can be controlled. Gating voltage can also be used to control the extent of a reaction. By increasing the gating voltage, the rate of reaction can be increased, which can lead to a higher yield of the desired product. On the other hand, decreasing the gating voltage can lead to a decrease in the rate of reaction, which can result in a lower yield of the desired product.