The full accessed capacity of the cell was first determined by performing a full charge/discharge cycling, which was accomplished by applying a 20 mA cm -2 constant current followed by potential holds at 2 V (charge) and 0.7 V (discharge) until the current decreased to the cutoff value. The cell was then charged with intervals to various states of charge (calculated from the percentage of the total accessed capacity). To determine the high-frequency area-specific resistance (ASR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were conducted at each SOC with a perturbation of 10 mV and frequencies ranging from 1 to 100,000 Hz. The battery's open-circuit voltage (OCV) was also measured. Additionally, the potential was swept at each SOC at a scan rate of 150 mV s -1 , and the current response as a result was measured to create polarization curves. The polarization ASR was computed using the linear region of the polarization curves near OCV.