Both NMP and DMF are toxic to the reproductive system and cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation . Consequently, the use of these solvents is under increasing regulatory pressure. For NMP, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) has stipulated a derived noeffect level (DNEL) of 14.4 mg/m 3 for inhalation exposure and 4.8 mg/kg/day for dermal exposure . For DMF, the DNEL is 6 mg/m 3 for inhalation exposure and 1.1 mg/kg/day for dermal exposure [37], both of which are lower than the corresponding values for NMP. This indicates that DMF is more toxic than NMP. Fig. shows the midpoint (TETP) and endpoint results for M1 and M2 preparation using DMF and NMP. In contrast to regulatory toxicological assessments, DMF is slightly greener than NMP in almost all environmental impact categories including human health. This could be because the LCA considers the release of toxic substances over the entire life cycle, regardless of where and when they were released .