Device fabrication with MLA•Cs•QD4 (2). Pre-patterned indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates were cleaned using sonication in water, soapy water and isopropanol for 10 min, respectively. The substrates were dried with a nitrogen blowgun, followed by ultraviolet ozone treatment. PEDOT:PSS was filtrated through 0.45 µm PVDF and spincoated onto the ITO-coated glass substrates at 4,000 rpm for 30 s and was annealed at 120 °C for 10 min. Poly-TPD was spin-coated from CB solution (8 mg mL -1 ) at 4,000 rpm for 30 s and was annealed at 120 °C for 10 min. The substrates were transferred in a nitrogen filled glovebox. The QDs were spincoated from heptane (filtrated through 0.25 µm PTFE, 3 mg mL -1 ) at 2,000 rpm for 30 s. Finally, TPBi (30 nm) and Ag (100 nm) were evaporated through a shadow mask under high vacuum (<10 -4 Pa).