It is assumed that the porosity is 55 % for all electrodes just after drying to streamline the calculation. In reality, the porosity of the dried electrode depends on the coated slurry thickness, the electrode formulation, the slurry solid content and the drying rate . Generally, physics-based simulations provide an accurate estimate of the effects of these factors. However, the calculation of porosity through physics-based models is timeconsuming to perform for all the different parameters , so it is not used in this context. With the assumption of porosity and the mass loading, the dried electrode thickness is calculated as below,