Aluminum production requires two processes in sequence: bauxite is converted to alumina (Al2O3) by the Bayer process, and alumina is reduced electrolytically to aluminum by the Hall-Héroult Process. We consider two possibilities: conventional aluminum production as performed today, and fully electrified aluminum production with an electrified Bayer process and inert anodes for Hall-Héroult. As performed today, the Bayer process consists of several steps. Bauxite is heated in sodium hydroxide at temperatures of 180 °C, dissolving aluminum as sodium aluminate and allowing separation from bauxite residue. The aluminum then recrystallizes as aluminum hydroxide, and can be calcined in a rotary kiln to produce anhydrous alumina (Al2O3) for electrolysis. In the Hall-Héroult process, alumina is electrolyzed at high temperature (940 -980 °C) in molten cryolite, producing liquid aluminum at the cathode and oxidizing the carbon anode to CO or CO2. The energy demands and emissions profiles for the two steps are very diDerent: Bayer requires low-grade heat, which is frequently provided by burning coal and natural gas, while the Hall-Héroult process dominates overall energy demands and requires large amounts of electricity. The overall emissions profile is dictated by the carbon intensity of electricity, but a low-carbon Bayer process could become particularly important for deep decarbonization in an electrified world. The low-carbon process we consider for aluminum production is just this: a fully electrified Bayer process, followed by a Hall-Héroult process with green electricity and inert, non-carbon anodes to avoid CO2 evolution.