The relatively lower degradation efficiency of tri-doped catalysts under UV-A light points to the need for further optimization. Potential strategies include.Testing the catalysts under visible or solar light, where their dopants are expected to have a more pronounced effect. Fine-tuning the doping concentrations to balance light absorption, charge separation, and reactive species generation. Improving the dispersion and surface area of the catalysts to enhance pollutant adsorption and interaction with active sites.