Processes based on non-Faradaic mechanisms (i.e., without charge transfer), such as electrosorption and electromigration, include techniques such as electrodialysis (ED), electrodeionization (EDI), and capacitive deionization (CDI). These processes leverage electric fields to separate substances of concern and find widespread application in desalination and producing high-quality water . Non-Faradaic water treatment technologies typically operate at lower system voltages (< 1.2 V) , resulting in competitive energy consumption (as low as 0.1 kWh m -3 water) .