• Long-term cycling. Each batch of 32 cells is split into 4 sub-batches of 8 cells each, with different upper cutoff voltages. Each cell is cycled for up to 700 chargedischarge cycles, with an upper cut-off voltage of 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, or 4.8 V during charge at 1C, and a lower cutoff voltage of 2.5 V during discharge at 1D.