Except as noted below for IR baseline and export, software freely available to the general public was used as follows. General graphing was performed in SciDAVis 1.18 . AFM image analysis was performed using the Gwyddion softare package. XPS data was initially viewed and fits performed in XPSPEAK 4.1 . Analysis of substrate surface area was performed by analysis of masked images in the FIJI distribution of ImageJ. Instrumental methods Scheme 1. Spontaneous grafting of PPBD from an unreactive solvent such as acetonitrile.