Despite numerous efforts, industrial deployment of SACs is still limited due to the pursuit of better activity and selectivity at the expense of stability. As mentioned in Section 2.1, the instability of SACs is primarily attributed to the high surface energy of single metal atoms, prompting them to aggregate into more stable nanoparticles (sintering). Other deactivation pathways include the oxidation of carbon support metal leaching, amorphous carbon deposition, and poisoning in operational conditions. A unified framework on catalyst deactivation was established in a comprehensive review by Javier Pérez-Ramíre et al., detailing the types and approaches used to study deactivation phenomena across all catalyst types and driving forces. Herein, we will highlight the influence of dynamic aggregation on the stability of SACmediated processes.