The cycle steps detailed in Figure are described as follows. In the adsorption step, a flue gas stream consisting of 4.1% CO 2 and 95.9% N 2 enters the sorbent bed while cooling water flows through the outer jacket of the adsorption bed. We assumed dry flue gas as feed to simplify the process model and interpretation, with an implicit (not shown) moisture removal step before CO 2 capture. In this step, (mainly) CO 2 is adsorbed while the CO 2 -depleted stream of N 2 flows out. In the subsequent purge step, the bed is heated as previously described, leading to N 2 desorption and purge from inter-particle bed volume. The N 2 -rich purged gas is discarded. In the following desorption step, due to continued heating up to 105 °C, stronger bound CO 2 is desorbed and collected from the outlet as product alongside the steam used for heating the bed. This product stream is cooled to remove the steam/water before compressing CO 2 to required pressure for sequestrations. Both of these steps are not shown or accounted for in the process based screening. In the cooling step, the bed is brought down to 35 °C as previously described. During cooling, the bed is dried to remove H 2 O using N 2 as inert stream. Since the cooling step is relatively small, the N 2 required for this step can be sourced from effluent of the adsorption step. Finally, the dry and cool bed undergoes cyclic TSA process again until cyclic steady state is achieved, based on having less than 0.1% cycle-to-cycle variation in the CO 2 purity and recovery. Mass balance is simulated for the various phases according to Equation S5. The meaning and values of the variables and parameters are described in Table . The effective linear driving mass transfer coefficient (K eff ) is described as Equation . This equation ignores pellet film resistance as well as does simplifying assumptions for pellet void fraction (ε p ) and thermodynamic correction (q * /c) to enable consistent comparison between constant diffusivity and mass transfer with consideration for molecular diffusion.