The transformation of chemical industry will require changes to every single existing asset (decommissioning, retrofit, upgrade) to achieve net-zero. Resulting cost increases in basic chemicals, such as olefins and aromatics, will invariably impact the costs of end-user products, such as automotive and food products. This impact is estimated using an input-output price model and the Leontief inverse matrix for the United States in 2012 and Japan in 2015 (see SI . The analysis assumes that upstream price increases will be passed downstream and reflected in the price of purchased products without absorbing or inflating the price change, and without changing the production volume or input materials. A 100% cost increase (double the cost) of olefins and aromatics (but excluding ammonia and methanol) would cause the production cost of an automobile to increase by 1.1% and 1.0%, and (frozen) food products to increase by 0.9% and 0.6% in the US and Japan, respectively. Furthermore, the impact of doubling the cost of olefins and aromatics does not translate to the cost of end-user products, due to inputs and value added from all sectors in the supply chain . The implication is that the chemical industry should not delay the transition to net-zero, as any cost increase in primary chemicals will have an almost negligible impact on the production cost of end-user products.