Hydrogels mimicking the extracellular matrix in the body have been very commonly used in tissue engineering because of their high porosity and excellent biocompatibility, but their big challenge is to provide sufficient mechanical support and create isotropic network structure. They also show weak tissue adhesion and lacking bone conductivity . Some innovations like incorporation of bioactive fillers, such as calcium phosphate nanoparticles or ceramic materials, have been made to address the issue of immediate mechanical strength and the incorporation of human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs) have enhanced in situ bone regeneration 99 100 .