However, these research studies don't consider the effect of HM itself, on the electrochemical performance of modified electrodes. HM can affect electrochemical behavior by affecting charge transfer kinetics and the mass transport rate in the vicinity of electrodes. For example, the decelerated mass transfer of analytes can result in a longer response time, for a biosensing device. The diffusion mass transfer of solutes through the porous hierarchical structure of hydrogels, that include free spaces at different length scales, i.e. from (sub)nano to microscale, is a complicated process , which can be affected by many factors, such as physical interactions between analytes and hydrophilic polymer chains, polymer chain conformational alternation, due to a local electric field in the vicinity of the electrode and electrostatic forces between HM and the analyte. It is not straightforward to measure the concentration gradient across hydrogel membranes covering LIG electrodes.