for CO adsorption on a vicinal Au(332) surface, where the adsorption strength was found to increase in the order Ead,terrace site < Ead,step site < Ead,kink site Apart from these geometric effects, there is also an electronic effect, the so-called ligand effect , which is caused by the electronic interactions between the different components of a bimetallic system. A metal atom A neighboring to a metal atom B with a higher adsorption strength than A will experience a stronger interaction with this hetero atom B than in A-A bonds. This will then also lead to a larger local band width on both surface atoms A and B. As discussed above, increasing the d-band width will lead to a down up-shift of the d-band and the d-band center, which is associated with a lower local reactivity, i.e., the interaction with adsorbates becomes weaker. Also in this case an opposite shift / no shift are expected for early transition metals (d-band less than half filled) or for metals with a filled d-band.