During the fermentation process, for example, other organic acids are produced, including lactic acid, so the presence of these impurities can increase the volume of bicarbonate needed to titrate the solution. Although the presence of these additional acids might account for some of the elevation in the calculated concentration, the acidity of the vinegar solution is, regardless, higher than the reported 6% value. Analysis of the titration curves produced during the experiment validates the approximation of using heat to simulate a weak acid-strong base titration through a weak acid-weak base titration of the acetic acid-bicarbonate system. 1 Fig. demonstrates the appropriateness of the approximation as the resulting titration curve closely resembles a weak acidstrong base titration with an endpoint pH that lies above 7.00 and a pH that approximates the pKa (=4.76) of acetic acid at the half-equivalence point, which is normally expected in a weak acid-strong base titration. Furthermore, Fig. illustrates the accuracy of the at-home titration methodology since the graph of 𝑑 2 (𝑝𝐻) 𝑑𝑉 2 indicates a clear, single endpoint at approximately 46mL, which is expected during a monoprotic weak acid-strong base titration. Error Analysis of the At-Home Experiment Despite the success of this experiment in utilizing common athome instruments to examine the validity of the acetic acid concentration in Whole Foods white vinegar, the experiment is still subject to some error. Of note, much of the glassware and measuring instruments are limited in their accuracy. Even for calibrated instruments, such as the digital pH meter, accuracy is limited to 0.01 pH. Further, in titrations of weak acids, the determined endpoint is often slightly more basic than the true equivalence point owing to a larger volume of incremental base being added than the equivalence point in order to observe the pH change that occurs at the equivalence point. Although computer software was used to interpolate the value of the true equivalence point, this value is an estimation of the computer program and, therefore, error in the equivalence point is still present.