We illustrate the the nature of the collected data by using an example of LDPE production from the petroleum and biomass, see Figure . For the petroleum pathway, producing 1 tonne of LDPE requires 1.3 tonne of naphtha as the input product. Naphtha is then converted to LDPE through catalytic reforming and polymerization. Using feedstock and process data, we estimate that the total production cost for 1 tonne of petroleum-derived LDPE is $1,991, and the associated emissions are 2,270 kgCO 2 eq. On the other hand, for the biomass pathway, producing 1 tonne of LDPE requires 10.6 tonne of sugar beet as the input product, suggesting that a larger quantity of biomass is generally needed compared to fossil fuels due to lower densities and yields in biomass conversion technologies. Sugar beets are then transformed to LDPE through fermentation, dehydration, and polymerization. The total production cost for 1 tonne of biomass-derived LDPE is calculated to be $3,689, and the associated emissions are 440 kgCO 2 eq. Compared to the petroleum pathway, the biomass counterpart has 80.6% lower GHG emissions but 85.3% higher cost.