To find the maximum distance L from the tip where deposition occurs for a certain pulse width in the DMSO electrolyte, we conduct the following experiment (Figure ). i) Deposition is attempted at ten locations spaced 50 nm apart in a line. For each of the ten locations, the tip is lifted by a certain height and a pulse train with a pulse width (tpulse) and a period of 10 µs is sent (10 4 pulses, ON value 2.5 V, OFF value 0 V), ii) The surface topography is scanned to check for deposition and in the absence of deposition the process is repeated with increasing pulse ON time (tpulse) until deposition is observed (SI-3), iii) The process is repeated at an increased lift height. The routine then gives the minimum pulse width required to initiate deposition for a certain lift height, or inversely, the maximum distance L over which sufficient charging for deposition occurs for a certain pulse width. The determination of L is reduced to a binary qualification of the presence or absence of deposition, rather than attempting to determine the maximum distance from the width of a deposit.