The eluted protein concentration obtained from the PCL fiber matrix significantly (p<0.0001, unpaired student t-test) increased from 193.2 ± 4.8 to 233.5 ± 4.3 µg/mLin the presence of uremic toxins. Since the relative surface area and dimensions of the PCL fibers were kept consistent, the increase in the adsorbed amount of protein in the presence of uremic toxins is likely due to a complex toxin-protein-surface interaction. Previously, protein-metabolite interactions have been shown toresult in various adsorption modes on surfaces . To investigate the effects of uremic toxins on plasma protein adsorption to PCL membranes, SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analyses were conducted. Loading equal amounts of eluted proteins onto gels to allow for a comparative analysis of the band intensities for all 21 proteins (Table . In general, PCL fiber membranes adsorbed a lot of protein as a result of the large surface area, as evidenced by the strong band intensities observed (9+). The presence of UTXs was observed to influence the intensities of some of these adsorbedproteins as discussed below. This trend in increased protein adsorption in the presence of uremic toxins has been observed for other systems as well . Human serum albumin (66 kDa), making up 50% to 60% (35-50 g/L) of total plasma proteins, is a major constituent of blood . Itwas observed through very strong bands, similar to the previously studied systems . Upon UTX addition, a substantial increase in albumin adsorption was noted.In chronic hemodialysis patients, it has been found to undergo notable conformational alterations, resulting in reduced capability to bind pharmaceuticals . The increased albumin adsorption here is the effect of UTX-protein-polymer interactions.