The total GHG emissions of the upcycling value chain (including MRF activity) are 1.345 tonne CO 2 eq / tonne of plastic waste processed. Transportation of recyclables and relevant upcycling intermediates contributes an additional 0.042 tonne CO 2 eq equivalent per tonne of plastic processed, resulting in overall emissions of 1.387 tonne CO 2 eq / tonne of plastic. In contrast, landfills produce minimal direct GHG emissions from plastic degradation. Their emission factor is estimated at 0.0236 tonne CO 2 eq / tonne of plastic, significantly lower than that of upcycling. However, it must be acknowledged that plastic disposal in landfills has significant negative environmental impacts not considered when focusing only on GHG emissions, including land use and water and land pollution via microplastics. Other environmental benefits of upcycling over landfill systems fall under the category of land consumption. Finally, direct WTE emissions range from 2.3-3.1 tonnes CO 2 eq per tonne of plastic combusted, depending on resin type. Contributions to emissions estimates include the transportation of plastic waste to the facility, ash byproduct disposal, emission of non-biotic CO 2 , and release of N 2 O. Direct emissions comparisons between all three waste management methods are presented in Figure , with additional economic and capacity comparisons. Choosing to incinerate mixed plastics rather than using a landfill would result in an increase in direct GHG emissions between 2.2-3.0 tonnes CO 2 eq per tonne of plastic disposed, while upcycling presents a direct GHG emissions savings relative to WTE of 0.9-1.7 tonnes CO 2 eq per tonne of plastic. Any efforts to accurately compare emissions between these waste management avenues must take into account the impacts of virgin polymer production from fossil fuels which upcycling avoids by chemically recovering these polymers from waste, as well as the avoided fossil fuel consumption from WTE-generated electricity. For this purpose, we employ LCA methods and expand the system boundaries to account for benefits of replacing currently produced products (i.e., plastics) in the US economy in the case of the upcycling framework and produced electricity in the case of the WTE framework.