where PPV = TP TP+FP , TPR = TP P = TP TP+FN , TNR = TN N = TN TN+FP , and NPV = TN TN+FN are also known as precision, recall, specificity, and negative predictive value, respectively. The MCC values for both the test and out-of-sample sets are zero, which clearly shows that the Null model lacks any real predictive power.