The CV comparison for the LTO electrode (Figure ) reveals well-defined, reversible redox peaks, demonstrating enhanced stability and increased redox currents in the recycled sample compared to the pristine material, suggesting improved electrode kinetics after recycling. This of In2O3 on the electrode surface, as confirmed by XPS analysis (see Figure ). This impurity phase appears to enhance electrochemical performance, consistent with previous studies 43, , in which In2O3 was intentionally applied as a surface coating on cathode materials. These studies suggest that an In2O3 surface layer may function as a buffering interface, improving electrode-electrolyte interphase stability and enhancing electrochemical performance.