The device should capture and release as many bacteria as possible while replacing the original medium with ultrapure water for electroporation. We collected the liquid leaving the chip during each step in tubes. The collected bacteria solution was then weighed and diluted with LB to a suitable concentration (2000x-50000x), and 40 µL of each diluted sample was plated on OmniTray TM plates (Nunc, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) with eight virtual wells by a liquid handling robot (EVO200, Tecan). Af- ter incubating the plates overnight at 37 • C, we counted the number of colonies (colony forming units or CFUs). We calculated the fraction of bacteria that were not captured or lost during washing, as well as the fraction of successfully released bacteria as