NCA electrodes were harvested from commercial pouch cells followed the established procedures . Firstly, the commercial cell was fully discharged and transferred to an argon-filled glove box (Jacomex). Inside the glove box, the cell case was opened to extract the NCA electrode sheets. These sheets were then thoroughly washed in dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Following this, cotton swabs soaked in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were used to delicately remove the electrode coating from one side of a double-coated electrode sheet. After this process, several round NCA electrodes were cut to into disc with diameter of 18 mm and an area of 2.545 cm 2 , from the treated electrode sheet. These electrodes were rinsed twice in DMC and subsequently left to dry under vacuum conditions for an entire night. The preparation of two identical NCA electrodes at different states of charge (SOC) was carried out in the following manner: Firstly, two harvested 18 mm NCA electrodes were each placed into separate three-electrode cells (EL-CELL, Germany), using lithium as both the counter electrode (CE) and reference electrode (RE). Secondly, these cells underwent 10 cycles of charging at a constant current (1C) at ambient temperature. Thirdly, during the final discharge cycle, the NCA electrodes were brought down to predetermined SOC levels ranging from 20% to 100%, as determined by the coulomb counting method. This was followed by a relaxation period of three hours. Finally, the identical NCA electrodes were carefully extracted from the three-electrode cells in a glove box. They were then promptly reassembled, along with new electrolyte and a separator, into a two-electrode symmetric cell. It was noted that the potential difference between the electrodes was less than 5 mV.