Bromophenol blue (BPB), catechol, Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 (CBB), glycerol, glycine (Gly), lysine (Lys), β-mercaptoethanol (BME), proline (Pro), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium phosphate (monobasic), sodium phosphate (dibasic), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris-base), and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) were purchased from TCI America. Bovine serum albumin All aqueous stock solutions were prepared in deionized water. Catechol was prepared as a 156 mM stock solution. Gly, Lys, and Pro were prepared as 150 mM stock solutions, and pH was adjusted as close to 8.0 as could be stably maintained. BSA was prepared as a 200 mg/mL stock solution, pH was adjusted to 8.0, and the solution was sterilized through a 0.22 m polyethersulfone syringe filter. Skim milk was prepared as a 200 mg/mL stock solution, centrifuged at 1,000 x g to removed any insoluble particulate, and filtered through Whatman medium-grade filter paper under vacuum. Tris buffer was prepared as a 500 mM stock consisting of 333 mM Tris-HCl and 167 mM Tris-base, and pH was adjusted to 7.8 while temperature was maintained in a 37 °C water bath. Sodium phosphate (Pi) buffer was prepared as a 500 mM stock consisting of 307 mM sodium phosphate (monobasic) and sodium phosphate (dibasic), and pH was adjusted to 7. .0 for individual aliquots while temperature was maintained in a 37 °C water bath.