where W is the rate constant for a given mechanism, r here denoting radiative decay, and the sum of W is all the combination of all rate constants, radiative and non-radiative. However, the issue becomes when an implied non-radiative rate constant is reported as internal conversion loss, rather than a summed non-radiative rate. Recent works have shown that even small intersystem crossing (singlet-triplet non-radiative decay) rates can accumulate and contribute to the stabilisation of the P LQY . This is not the fault of any of those in the field using inferred methods; benchmarking of density functionals show the exact treatment of internal conversion to be both resource heavy and laborious .