Their findings revealed that the ZFO-H catalyst significantly enhanced phenol oxidation compared to uncatalyzed ozonation, with a roughly 1.5-fold increase in reaction rate. This superior performance of ZFO-H was attributed to its larger contact surface area and higher density of surface hydroxyl groups, facilitating more effective phenol degradation compared to ZFO-C. Additionally, ZFO-H's ability to decompose ozone and generate hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) further supports its increased catalytic activity. ZnSFe2O4 NPs were made by Patil, S. B., et al. using a combustion process with sugar cane juice as the fuel to create their spinel-like cubic shape. The degradation of combined organic dyes (MB and RB) carried out the photocatalytic activity.