The problem of interoperability in nanosafety and related disciplines like material science and nanoinformatics was approached in different ways. Some approaches focused on: 1) creating a centralized database (MESOCOSM , caNanoLab , CoCoN ) with more focus on data storage, retrieval and management; 2) creating standardized templates that can be directly converted to other formats including machine-readable ones (e.g. Template Wizard , ISA-TAB-Nano ); 3) creating integrations between databases using APIs (e.g. OPTIMADE , SCALEUS-FD ; and 4) hybrid solutions that combine between being a data/knowledge base and providing API-based or semantic interoperability (e.g. eNanoMapper , NanoCommons Knowledgebase ). These solutions mostly target new data for collection and management or capture the data from the beginning of a project where adopting a solution is predetermined, and thus, bind the user to a specific software, tool or centralized database to deposit the data. Moreover, these solutions mainly target new data creation and collection rather than handling the vast majority of datasets that have already been published in the literature. These datasets are mostly made available in a semi-structured format (CSV, TSV, XLSX, JSON and XML) and accompany the scientific articles in the form of supplementary materials. However, ultimately, an interoperability approach that aligns with FAIR would favorably avoid vendor lock-in, provide a solution that uses open standards for file formats and data representation and exchange, make use of open-source tools and reuse open and widely used ontologies and controlled vocabularies.