The samples were sterilized in a UV chamber and pre-conditioned in cell culture media for at least 4 h prior to cell seeding. Then, 1×10 6 3T3 fibroblasts were seeded on each construct and incubated at 37 ºC and 5% CO2 for 24 h. After that, the samples were clamped in a previously reported cell and tissue (CaT) stretcher, and subjected to uniaxial cyclic stretching for 24 h at 0-20% strain and 0.33 Hz. A single stretch cycle included a ramp up for a duration of 1 s, hold at desired strain for 0.5 s, ramp down to original baseline position for a duration of 1 s, and hold at baseline for 0.5 s.