Chagas Disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease currently affecting 6 to 7 million people worldwide. It is a lifelong and often fatal disease that annually kills 10,000 people in Latin America, mostly by heart failure or cardiomyopathy. The causal agent is the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, endemic in the American continent. Transmitted by T. cruziinfected, blood-sucking insects, the infection may linger for several years in its asymptomatic "indeterminate" phase, with no inconvenience for the often-undiagnosed patient, who may thus act as a reservoir for the parasite. In 30% of cases, this is followed by a chronic symptomatic phase consisting of immune response-triggered pathology of the heart (severe inflammatory dilated chronic cardiomyopathy), intestinal inflammations, or encephalitis. CD, a "silent killer", poses a problem that has worldwide public health implications. The disease, largely neglected, has been recently recognized as one of the priorities of the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative [www.dndi.org] and the World Health Organization (WHO).