In modern societies, energy (especially electricity) resource has mainly been fossil fuels. Fossil resources are unevenly distributed, making it difficult for all regions to be self-sufficient. Meanwhile, photovoltaic (PV) is getting inexpensive and serves electricity at a low cost for many areas. Moreover, PV less interferes with water and food supply than other renewable energy sources such as biomass. Solar power is available in many regions, and thus energy self-sufficiency is becoming feasible. Of course, PV is a renewable energy source and is suitable for the sustainable future As for water supply, it is not simple to satisfy water demand in arid/semi-arid regions. In addition to the original scarcity of water in these areas, a rapidly increasing population and climate change make the water supply further difficult. Freshwater withdrawal from surface water and groundwater often causes problems such as seasonal shortage, ground subsidence, and environmental degradation. To avoid these issues and meet the demand, seawater is appropriate as a renewable water resource because of its abundance. However, while it is relatively easy for coastal areas to be supplied the desalinated water, it is much more difficult for inland areas where access to seawater is hard. On the other hand, as a very recent example, the Jordan government launched the National Water Carrier Project, which will construct a pipeline, desalinate seawater, and deliver it inland via about 200 km pipeline for the agricultural and water sectors by 2027 at the cost of USD 2.5 billion. Furthermore, there are many projects to convey freshwater via pipeline, such as the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme with the 556 km pipeline, and GMR (Great Man-Made River) Water Supply Project with more than 2400 km pipeline, although these are not examples of desalination. Thus, it is practical to supply water to far inland areas through pipelines. It is also possible even for inland cities to supply water self-sufficiently from a renewable source, seawater, and solar power required for the energy in desalination.