LMFP\\Graphite cell, cycled using a CCCV protocol. The presence of the reference electrode in the 3E cell was useful here as it enabled the monitoring of individual cathode and anode potentials. A constant charge current (CC, C/3) was applied until the cell potential reached the upper cutoff voltage (4.5 V in this case). The cell potential was then held constant (CV step), during which time the charge current exponentially decayed. This step is typically continued until a termination condition is fulfilled, often a minimum current or maximum time -here a condition of current reaching 10 % of initial was defined. The CV step provides an opportunity for electrodes to approach an equilibrium state and enables the removal of "kinetically trapped" Li + from the cathode. Its duration (and the "extra" charge capacity provided) is therefore linked to how far from equilibrium the cell is pushed during CC charging. This is in turn related to the charge current utilised (with higher current causing a greater polarisation), along with the kinetic characteristics (impedance, Li + diffusivity) of the cell. Here the CV step duration was approx. 47 mins and provided 11.8 mAh g -1 added capacity (9 % of total charge capacity).