Four supply scenarios are developed: business-as-usual (BAU), most economic (ME), no fossil new-build after 2030 (NFAX) and no fossil strict (NFS). BAU selects the most economic technologies (including unabated), based on levelized cost of production, to meet demand, without considering emissions reduction. For all scenarios unabated fossil technologies can be built until 2025, beyond which only abated technologies (ME, NFAX, NFS) are allowed. NFAX builds no new fossil feedstock or energy plants after 2030 (even with CCS), while NFS, in addition, prevents any fossil-based feedstock or energy plant after 2025 and retires all fossilbased plants by 2050. An assumed fixed retrofit rate (5% yr -1 globally) is applied to convert or retire existing assets, with new plants optimized for lowest cost (ME) or largest GHG lifecycle emissions abatement (NFAX, NFS; see SI Section 5, Fig. ).