After pristine imaging, the electrode was then dried in a glass vacuum oven (Buchi, Germany) at 100 C overnight before being transferred into an argon filled glove box and built into a stan- dard 2032CR coin cell (Hosen, UK) against lithium chip (Goodfellows, UK), with an excess of LiPF 6 1 M electrolyte in EC/EMC 3:7, with 2% wt vinylene carbonate (VC) (Solbrain, UK). A tri-polymer separator (Cellguard) was used to electrically isolate the electrodes with a glass fibre spacer employed to keep the separator from touching the laser machined tab reducing particle deposition on to the polymer separator (see figure for coin cell assembly). After charging, the cell was then disassembled in an argon filled glovebox and left to dry before being added into the custom-made electrode holder.