According to the Israel Ministry of Health (2017), drinking water from different nondesalinated sources contains varying concentrations of iodine (2-150 µg I L -1 ), but these results do not reflect the actual situation with the concentration of iodine in end-user taps . have noted that non-desalinated water in Israel has relatively low iodine levels (4-20 µg I L -1 ) . demonstrated a possible iodine deficiency among 76% of the participants examined in the Ashkelon District in Israel. This percentage was higher than that reported a decade ago .