4. Nucleic acid vaccines: Genetic material (DNA) encoding specific cancer antigens are introduced into the patient's cells leading to expression of said antigens eliciting an immune response against the cancer. DNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy are under clinical trials (e.g. NCT04090528, NCT03199040 and NCT04251117). mRNA-based vaccines are currently in development and are undergoing clinical trials ( e.g. NCT04382898 and NCT03164772) gaining importance in cancer immunotherapy. Nucleic acid vaccines are safe, low/non-immunogenic, potent, fast acting, and easier to manufacture. 132 5. Nanovaccines: Nanocarriers encapsulating antigens thereby preventing their degradation are being used to treat cancers and infectious diseases such as COVID-19.