Membrane performance was evaluated using a crossflow-filtration setup consisting of four stainless-steel cells connected in series (SS316 cells with an effective diameter of 3.5 cm each) and the necessary accessories (a pressure pump, pressure-control valve, and pressure gauge) (Fig. ). The membrane was pressurised with deionised water for 2 h at a pressure of 1.5 bar to maintain a constant water flux, before the oil-water separation experiment. The surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsion was prepared by dispersing hexadecane (1%, w/v) and SDS (0.01%) in water under vigorous stirring using a magnetic stirrer (SPINOT Digital Model MC 02, Tarsons, India). The sizes of the oil droplets were in the range of 100 nm to 6 µm , as measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments (Nano Biochem Technology Spectro Size 300, NaBiTec, Germany). The oil-water separation experiments were conducted in multiple cycles. In each cycle, the initial pure-water flux was measured at 0.35 bar. Then the oil-water emulsion was filtered by the membrane at 0.35 bar for 3 h. Subsequently, the membrane was washed with pure water without the application of pressure and the pure-water flux of the washed membrane was measured again at 0.35 bar.