They also have a considerable potential to reduce FOAK costs. For example, this reduction is 34% for the MgO looping ambient weathering process. These large initial reductions are another promising route to accelerating scale-up. In this case, the loan will likely be repaid in contrast to grants, where the money is never repaid. This means the cost to the government will be lower and will be essentially the risk of the loan not being paid back. It is important to note that we leave this label simply as "State", as the same curve could be relevant to a state-run enterprise. The impact of the lower discount rate is commensurate to the sensitivity analysis results in the ESI Figures , where the discount rate is the fourth most influential factor on FOAK costs for all technologies apart from KOH BPMED, where it is seventh.