The optimization tests are conducted on a NMC532-graphite full cell. Kinetic parameters are obtained from Ref. , while electrode-scale parameters are obtained from Ref. . Specific details regarding the porous electrode scale and kinetic parameters used are reported in Appendixes A and B. A range of degradation parameters are assessed across various degradation states, spanning nine points from least to most degraded. Timescales of τ rest = 20 min and τ pulse = 0.6 s for resting and pulsing are employed, which was sufficient for relaxation in the simulations. For the cathode, the filling fraction values of c 0 are set from 0.3 to 0.8 with a spacing of 0.1, which encompassed a total of six state of charge values for the cathode. The anode filling fraction values correspondingly varied from 0.9 to 0.4. The filling fraction values are derived from the parametrized ranges of the active material. Voltage pulses of 100 mV or current pulses of 0.1 C are applied, corresponding to the typical magnitude of common HPPC experiments .