Beyond (monoatomic/simple) ions, molecules and/or polymers have been employed as pillars to tune the nanoconfined interlayer environment of V2O5. These include polypyrrole or polyaniline, resulting in various reported V2O5 phases with a widened interlayer spacing (1.4 -1.5 nm) and a variety of particle morphologies. The studies demonstrate that the pillared materials exhibit improved electrochemical Zn 2+ intercalation kinetics and stability compared to non-pillared V2O5, which was ascribed to "zero strain" volumetric behavior during cycling. It was also found that the bonding nature and pillar mobility influence electrochemical Zn 2+ intercalation. Rotatable, covalently-bound terminal protons in the interlayer ("-OH pillars") provided superior kinetics for electrochemical Zn 2+ intercalation compared to non-rotatable, ionically bound NH4 + pillars, even though the latter provided a larger interlayer spacing in V2O5. Overall, the studies suggest that pillaring of δ-V2O5 by simple ions or molecules is capable to improve capacity, kinetics, and/or stability of electrochemical ion intercalation reactions.