The EFSA has not established any TDIs for heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) such as PhIP because no health thresholds can be derived for a carcinogen. Generally, higher intake is associated with increased cancer risk. Current epidemiological data on the dietary exposure to HCAs is inconsistent, varies between populations, and data specifically on PhIP intake is rare. Low estimates determined from a Croatian female population indicate a PhIP intake above 2 ng kg -1 body weight per day. Our estimated hUBI at 7 ng kg -1 body weight per day demonstrates the possibility of higher early-life exposure of infants via breast milk. A proposed BMDL10 of 480 µg kg -1 body weight per day for the development of prostate tumors, however, remains unattainable.