Only technically mature (>TRL 6) chemical production technologies are modelled to ensure pathways are technologically and financially realistic and immediately implementable. Evolving caps are applied to feedstocks and resources, including: sustainable biomass (32) (increasing from 2 to 12 EJ in 2050 including municipal solid waste; 25 % of share for chemical industry of global availability); polymer waste as feedstock for pyrolysis oil (~40 Mt yr -1 ); treated wastewater (155 Gt yr -1 ); and CO2 storage (increasing from 0.04 to 1.75 Gt in 2050; 25% share for chemical industry of 7 Gt global CCS demand ). These limits are developed alongside projected demand in other sectors (e.g., aviation and steel) based on the IEA RTS scenarios and analysis by the Mission Possible Partnership. CCS is limited by a lack of current commercial scale storage facilities and CO2 transport network, both of which have significant development timelines. In addition, localized geographical availability of underground CO2 storage hinders wide-spread deployment, limiting build-out especially in the next 10-15 years (Fig. ). Electrification, decarbonization of the power system and green hydrogen as a feedstock/storage medium underpin net-zero pathways for all sectors, and are not capped in the model due to shorter development timelines and no inherent physical or geographical limitations which could hamper roll-out (e.g., minerals, land availability) minerals, land availability). .