The performance of the DECIMER Image Classifier was determined by evaluating its predictions on the test dataset. Initially, the Area Under the Curve (AUC) which measures the probability of correctly identifying instances more frequently than at random was calculated. Based on a value range from 0 to 1, 1 indicates an accurate classification, and 0.5 indicates total randomness. The DECIMER model's AUC for the test set is 0.99 (Supplementary Information Figure ).