Quorum-sensing compounds, such as N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) and autoinducer peptides, are signaling molecules produced by bacteria that regulate gene expression and coordinated behavior in microbial populations . These compounds can also be perceived by plants, triggering defense responses or modulating plant metabolism . Furthermore, specialized metabolites, including phytoalexins, antimicrobial compounds, and effector molecules, play crucial roles in mediating plant-microbe interactions . These metabolites can act as defense compounds, virulence factors, or signaling molecules, influencing the outcome of the interaction .