These range from physical (adsorption, dialysis, electrodialysis, evaporation, filtration, 16 flocculation, reverse osmosis, sedimentation, and stream stripping) and chemical processes (ion-17 exchange, neutralization, reduction, precipitation, advanced oxidation, and calcination), to 18 biological treatment methods (activated sludge, aerated lagoons, anaerobic digestion, trickling 19 filters, and waste stabilization ponds) . Amongst these, advanced oxidation via heterogeneous 20 photocatalysis has garnered tremendous scientific attention, attributing to its ability to exploit 21 sunlight as a renewable energy resource, as well as a multitude of competitive advantages: (i) 22 operational simplicity, (ii) robustness, (iii) near-complete mineralization of contaminants, (iv) 23 scalability, and (v) low cost . In light of the aforementioned merits, several diverse 1 semiconducting materials, such as zinc oxide , ferric oxide , titanium dioxide [13], 2 tungsten trioxide , bismuth tungstate , bismuth oxyhalides , metal organic 3 frameworks [17], carbon quantum dots , carbon nitrides , transition metal prospective candidates for resource recovery from industrial wastewaters, and may, therefore, 14 reduce the overall cost of the HEA, with a potential revenue benefit option. On the other hand, 15 TC, SMX, IBP, and DCF were selected as proxies for PhACs due to their frequent occurrence in 16 freshwater environments, inherent toxicity, and structural features similar to several other PhACs.