The identities of the final products were confirmed through X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) patterns collected on a Bruker D8 Advance spectrometer. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) data were collected on a JEOL JSM-6400 Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with an EDAX Genesis 4000 Energy Dispersive Xray analyser. Detailed methodology for PXRD, SEM, and EDS can be found in the supplementary information (SM, section S1).