where Pin is RO feed pressure, R is recovery ratio, and η pump is pump efficiency. The applied pressure and maximum recovery ratio in the RO experiments were 60 bar and 92%, respectively, or 2.0 kWh m -3 RO permeate (assuming 91% combined efficiency for motor and high-pressure pump). Summing the SEC for the ED and RO steps indicates a total power consumption of 5.6 kWh m -3 , which is lower than that reported previously for near-zero liquid-discharge desalination of brackish water (9.48 kWh m -3 ) .