where ε ± can be evaluated from Eq. 80. One can estimate the Rabi splitting and compare with the numerically simulated spectra. Indeed, the Rabi splitting decreases as one increases the dipole disorder from the fully aligned case (when σ θ → 0 and thus ⟨cos 2 θ⟩ = 1) to the fully isotropic case in the 2D plane (when σ θ → ∞ and thus ⟨cos 2 θ⟩ = 1/2). The vertical dashed line in each panel of Fig. indicates the Rabi splitting based on the corresponding value of ⟨cos 2 θ⟩ (cf. Eq. 76), and the numerical simulations agree well with the analytic result.