As mentioned above, cyclic voltammetry is a convenient tool to characterize redox-active surface-anchored molecular catalysts. However, strong electrostatic interaction between the metal center and the electrode will limit the utility of cyclic voltammetry. Instead, cyclic voltammetry could produce confusing results, such as the lack of clear redox peaks. To address this issue, other characterization tools should be employed to assist surface analysis for the hybrid system, such as X-ray techniques that can help examine the existence of metal centers, their oxidation state, and their coordination environment.