Investigating absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) is an essential part of drug development . Drug metabolism is mainly carried out by the liver in vivo . Understanding the metabolism of a drug candidate is critical: 1) certain drugs must be metabolized by the liver before they can be excreted, and knowing the metabolism rates is indispensable to assess drug and metabolite accumulation issues ; 2) prodrugs need to be metabolized to become active compounds ; 3) orally delivered drugs are extensively metabolized in the liver before reaching circulation, and understanding the metabolism rates guides predictions of bioavailability ; 4) the metabolism rates determine the dosage regimes of a drug .