Ninety statistically significant chemicals were found across the groups, indicating potential relevance for disease penetrance. Figure shows the distribution of four of these: bisphenol S (BPS), perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBuS), 2-benzothiazolesulfonic acid (BThSO3) and 2-phenylphenol (2PP). Interestingly, the first two are replacements of hazardous chemicals; BPS (Figure ) emerged as a "safer" alternative to bisphenol A (BPA) , while PFBuS (Figure ) is a substitute for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) . All compounds illustrated in Figure had elevated levels in PD+/LRRK2+ compared to the PD-/LRRK2+ group. Thus, these compounds could be potential targets for further investigations into environmental influences on LRRK2 penetrance in PD. Significantly higher levels of BPS were found in the control group compared to the PD-/LRRK2+. Higher levels of BPS were also observed in the PD+/LRRK2+ group compared to the PD-/LRRK2+ group (Figure ). Two other bisphenol species, bisphenol P and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether ( Figure ), were also annotated in the dust samples, albeit not found to be statistically significantly different.