A blocking solution was prepared by adding 100mM ethanolamine to FPB with 50mg of sodium cyanoborohydride, followed by a titration to maintain pH 8.5 using HCl 32%. The unreacted aldehyde groups on the SiNPs were then blocked for 2 hours using 160μL of the mentioned solution. The sensor was then thoroughly washed by placing it in a 160μL solution of clean FPB for 15 min. The final antibody modification step was the submergence of the device in a skim milk solution to eliminate all unspecified binding sites. This method was used to modify all the antibodies used in this study.