Protein Quantification Analysis of the total protein content was performed following a centrifugation-resuspension protocol for the isolation of incubated nanoparticles from treatment media. Nanoparticle samples were treated with Laemmli buffer and detergent overnight at ambient temperature (25 °C) under gentle agitation to elute proteins, followed by centrifugation at 20,000 x g for 30 minutes to recover the eluted proteins. The eluted protein content was quantified using the 660-nm protein assay (with ionic detergent, Cat#22663, ThermoFisher, Rockford, USA) as per the manufacturer's instruction. The microplate procedure had a working range between 50 µg/mL and 2000 µg/mL). Absorbance measurements were performed at 660 nm using a FlexStation III Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices, UK).