Three BM samples were provided by an industrial partner, Hydrovolt, and labeled as BM1, BM2, and BM3. These BM samples were produced from NMC-based end-of-life LIBs using an industrial process that also employed a low-temperature heat pre-treatment step (<200 °C) to mainly get rid of moisture and most of the electrolyte solvents. It is important to note that the PVDF binder and other organic species have not been separated or decomposed from the provided BM samples. PVDF binder and pristine graphite were commercially purchased from Sigma Aldrich (product no. 182702 and 282863, respectively) to be used as a reference.LiPF6 solution (1 M) in ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate (1.0 M LiPF6 EC/EMC 50/50 v/v), a commonly used electrolyte solvent in LIBs, was also commercially purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (product no. 746738).