As illustrated in Figure (a), each approach results in distinct battery aging trajectories. Given the absence of experimentally obtained "true data" for these scenarios, it is not possible to determine which aging calculation is more accurate. However, as discussed in the dynamic validation section, our method may exhibit greater precision in scenarios characterized by significant cyclic effects, whereas the Naumann model demonstrates superior performance in scenarios involving shallow cycles. Furthermore, the proportions of calendar and cyclic effects for these scenarios are depicted in Figure . Future work shall elucidate the model performance against measured validation data.