The SEM images of NCA electrodes were captured using a JEOL JSM-IT300. All NCA electrodes were tested in a commercial EL-CELL with two-or three-electrode configurations. Lithium metal served both as CE and RE. A 1.5 mm thickness glassy fiber (Whatman) separator was used. The cell was filled with 0.5 mL of LP30 (Ube Industries) electrolyte, which consists of 1M LiPF 6 in ethylene carbonate and DMC with 1:1 ratio by volume. Odd random phase EIS (ORP-EIS) was conducted on the NCA symmetrical cells using an in-house built setup consisting of a Wenking Potentiostat POS 2 (Bank Elektronik) and a PCI-4461 DAQ-card (National Instruments). A frequency range of 3 mHz to 5 kHz and an RMS amplitude of 5 mV were chosen for the experiments.