This imbalance is reflected in the volcano plot for OER activity, which correlates catalytic performance with the adsorption free energy of *O and *OH intermediates. Transition metal oxides like RuO2 and IrO2 are near the peak of the volcano plot due to their optimal binding properties, but their scarcity and high cost limit widespread application . Less expensive alternatives, such as perovskites or transition metal nitrides, often exhibit suboptimal binding energies, necessitating higher overpotentials to achieve similar activity. Advanced computational techniques, such as density functional theory (DFT), have been instrumental in predicting and optimizing binding energies. Nevertheless, designing low-cost, highly active catalysts with balanced binding remains a critical challenge in overcoming OER sluggishness.