Previous simulations were conducted at a constant temperature of 300K. In this study, all simulations are performed at ambient temperature (300K). However, the operating temperature of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) varies over time. Therefore, in this section, the effect of temperature increasing temperature , . Although the overall output performance declines with temperature, there is notable non-linearity in the output characteristics. Specifically, the fill factor is initially low at 260K, reaches its peak value at an intermediate temperature, and subsequently declines linearly. The short-circuit current density exhibits an inverse trend, starting at a higher value, decreasing to its lowest point, and then increasing to its highest value at 400K. Despite initial non-linearity, both efficiency and opencircuit voltage experience a consistent decline with temperature .