Miscanthus is a high-yielding, perennial grass with significant potential to produce biomass for conversion to fuels because it requires little inputs of fertilizers and pesticides. There is particular potential for miscanthus production (for eventual conversion to biofuel) east of the 100 th meridian in the United States because this area can rely on rainfed agriculture. Miscanthus is one of several cellulosic feedstocks that can be used to produce ethanol, though this process remains expensive. Cellulosic ethanol can be further upgraded to SAF (potentially in the same biorefinery) to produce a more cost-competitive fuel product. Though SAF production is in early stages in the U.S., this ATJ pathway is one of 11 SAF production pathways approved by ASTM International.