As Martini 2 became a standard tool, some less obvious faults in the force field became apparent , specifically in cases where the underlying AA-to-CG mappings were finer than 4 heavy atoms to 1 CG bead or when intermolecular bead-bead distances were very short. These led to a number of issues, the most important being that some molecules, in particular proteins and ring structures (such as carbohydrates ), displayed excessive hydrophobicity and self-interaction . These pitfalls prompted a new and improved version of Martini -Martini 3, released in 2021 -to address some of these shortcomings. Martini 3 introduced new bead sizes specific for mappings finer than 4-to-1 and defined a larger number of bead types, greatly increasing the discrimination of chemical space. Alongside the new bead types and sizes, the model also introduced new guidelines for the parameterization of new molecules which resulted in the need to update and improve many of the previously modeled biomolecules. At the moment, only proteins , common phospholipids , phosphoinositides , some glycolipids , carbohydrates , small molecules and green solvents have been included in the Martini 3 database . The general Martini 2 shortcomings also affected cholesterol, which was excessively lipophilic . In addition, an issue specific to the Martini 2 cholesterol model was encountered in which temperature artifacts were observed due to convergence issues with the linear constraints solver (LINCS) algorithm . These aspects were found to have a substantial impact on cholesterol properties in membranes and their interactions with other partners .