When assessing the airdrying time, 1min airdrying showed significantly lower SNR results compared to 2min, indicating that the excess bioink was not sufficiently evaporated with a 1min airdrying time. The SNRs between 2min and 3min were not significantly different, requiring further assessment using %CVs. The inter-assay %CVs of 0.25% glycerol for the 2min and 3min airdrying were 12.77% and 6.85%, respectively (Table ). The %CVs showed that 3min airdrying had higher repeatability and reproducibility, despite 2min and 3min conditions having similar SNR values. Through the assessment of glycerol, having uniform viscosity and fluid flow was essential for improving the immobilization of biomolecules throughout the printed substrates. The glycerol levels of 0.25% concentration, at 3min airdrying, was shown to have maximal SNR and minimal %CV.