ARG analysis was performed using a dPCR set up, utilising the QuantStudio® 3D Digital PCR System (Thermo Scientific, UK). The reaction mix was made up according to manufacturer instructions and consisted of QuantStudio® 3D Digital PCR Master Mix, TaqMan™ primers with MGB probes, sterile water, and the DNA sample (diluted when appropriate). This mixture was then portioned onto dPCR chip wells and sealed before the thermo cycling reaction took place.