The Environmental Quality Standards Directive List has identified several heavy metals as prime substances of concern in water quality, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). Although these elements are essential to life in trace quantities, they are hazardous to human health at higher concentrations. Heavy metals are a class of pollutants that pose significant challenges due to their toxicity and non-biodegradable nature. They tend to accumulate in ecological systems, resulting in bioaccumulation and biomagnification.