Comparing these numbers and attempting to draw general conclusions, we see that CANDLE predicts slightly overestimated workfunctions, while RISM (SPC) underestimates them. RISM (TIP5P) seems to be the most reasonable model when comparing with the literature. Table shows a lowering of the workfunction upon solvation to be ≈ 0.6 eV for RISM (TIP5P), 0.5 eV for CANDLE, and 1.0 eV for RISM (SPC). Except for the latter, these values are far from the experimental expected decrease (≈ -1.1 eV 110,123 ). The underestimation of this effect by implicit solvation model is known 111 and is due to the misrepresentation of the polarization effects at the interface. The reasons are the lack of representation of water dipoles and the smoothed representation of polarization effects at the interface. Water dipole effects should be improved by RISM due to the spatial representation of (point)-charges.