In terms of avoiding crowding by CDEV operations there are four areas to consider. The first three are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), antibiotics and orphan drugs for rare diseases. These three areas not only desperately need all the leads they can get (for obvious reasons) but also have low potential returns on investment (ROI) that make they less attractive to pharma (although to be fair they often support academic groups working in these areas in various ways). The third option is for ADEV to focus on areas that pharma has largely withdrawn from as being too challenging (i.e. little progress in biological insights, confounding genetics, poor translatability of disease models and many targets being eventually . This would include CNS research in general along with depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in particular. Taking the examples of AD and neurodegeneration (i.e. extending to Parkinson's disease) a variety consortia have recently sprung up which either already have, or would welcome, ADEV engagements, some of which have declared a non-profit funding model (e.g. as listed in Appendix II) and include a personal initiative from Bill Gates.