Electric vehicles require long cycle life , high safety , fast charge times , and high affordability in addition to moderate specific energy , energy density , and power. Examples of commercialized electric vehicle solutions include Tesla TM /Panasonic TM NCR batteries and Japan-only Mitsubishi TM LTO batteries. Research geared towards EV applications include Goodenough and Braga's solid glass electrolyte studies and the start-up, PolyPlus TM (Li-air batteries) . A Panasonic TM 18650B battery (the kind used in Tesla TM Model S TM electric vehicle) using the lithium nickel cobalt aluminum (NCR) chemistry exhibits a specific energy of 254 Wh kg -1 and a max specific power of 123 W kg -1 , both including housing . An estimate of the consumer price of the battery for energy and power affordability is 4 Wh $ -1 ($250 kWh -1 ) and 2 W/$ ($500 W -1 ), respectively . A modest estimate of cycle life for a modern 18650B battery assuming full DoD is approximately 400 cycles until the capacity (Ah) drops to 80% of initial capacity .