To assess the state of cracking, particles were selected and individually cropped from the raw data to be segmented using image processing software (Avizo, V2020.2, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Each particle was chosen based on their ability to be registered in both the pristine and the charged state, and that the charged particle had clearly defined boundaries for segmentation; any particle that had shattered during cycling, or could not be located in subsequent images, was not included, along with particles that were not entirely contained within the FoV. To understand the particle level response to charging, the entire volume of the particle, including the crack voxels, was included in the analysis (see figure ). From the 15 selected particles, an average of 19% volume increase was measured, with the greatest increase being approximately 28% (see figure ). Due to the fact a 5% volume decrease has been reported in literature with respect to the unit cell volume (of primary particles), 2 an increase in secondary particle size presents as a topic for further investigation.