We further explored distribution of the Alzheimer's disease-related concepts in the published documents (journals and patents) and their annual trends (Figure ). Aging and βamyloid are the most widely explored concepts (Figure ). This finding is well rationalized. Indeed, aging is a leading risk factor for Alzheimer disease. Biological processes altered with aging, which have been implicated in AD. It has been explicated that the pathogenesis of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases is associated with the major hallmarks of ageing: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, deregulated nutrient sensing, stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication. According to the existing hypotheses, the accumulation of toxic amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the central nervous system is the major pathophysiological feature and the basis of AD. Extracellular abnormalities of Aβ levels in the brain may result in the accumulation of Aβ, forming a structure rich in β-sheet structures. Upon forming oligomers, they recombine into fibrils to form amyloid plaques (Figure ). Biomarkers are the fastest growing concept related to AD Figure illustrates the annual trends in some key concepts during the last five years (2019-2023). The biomarker concept appears as the fastest growing one. Biomarkers are measurable indicators or characteristics that can provide information about the presence, progression, or risk of developing the disease. They play a crucial role in diagnosing, monitoring disease progression, assessing treatment response, and facilitating research into the underlying mechanisms of disease. For example, the levels of an amyloid-beta peptide, Aβ42, a fragment of amyloid-beta protein, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are typically decreased in individuals with AD compared to healthy individuals. Aβ42 is known to aggregate and form plaques in the brain, a hallmark pathology of Alzheimer's. CSF levels of tau proteins, particularly phosphorylated tau, are elevated in AD patients. Tau proteins are involved in microtubule stabilization, and their abnormal phosphorylation leads to neurofibrillary tangle formation, another pathological feature of AD. Overall, biomarkers from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and from blood plasma including amyloid peptides and phosphorylated tau are used as AD biomarkers in clinic. The procedure for detection of CSF-based biomarkers is intrusive, it requires a lumbar puncture. In contrast, blood tests for AD biomarkers offer the potential for non-invasive, cost-effective screening and monitoring of disease progression, hence, blood-based biomarkers are highly preferred and are currently being actively researched and developed. These include measures of amyloid-beta, tau, neurofilament light chain, and other proteins associated with AD pathology (Figure ). Genetic variants associated with AD, such as mutations in the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) genes, can serve as biomarkers for increased risk of developing familial forms of AD. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, particularly the ε4 allele, is a well-established genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. APOE genotyping can help identify individuals at higher risk of developing AD. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using radiotracers that bind to amyloid plaques allows for the visualization and quantification of amyloid deposition in the brain. Amyloid PET scans can help confirm the presence of AD pathology in individuals with cognitive impairment. PET imaging using radiotracers specific to tau aggregates enables the visualization of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, providing insights into the spread and distribution of tau pathology in AD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques can detect structural changes, such as hippocampal atrophy and cortical thinning, as well as functional alterations, such as changes in brain connectivity, associated with AD. Biomarkers of neuroinflammation, such as markers of microglial activation and inflammatory cytokines, are being investigated for their potential role in AD pathogenesis and progression. 100-102 Biomarkers of neuronal injury and degeneration, such as neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels in CSF or blood, can indicate ongoing neurodegenerative processes in AD. The identification and validation of reliable biomarkers for AD hold great promise for improving early diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and assessing treatment response in clinical practice. Ongoing research efforts continue to advance our understanding of Alzheimer's biomarkers and their clinical utility in the management of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. Exemplary AD biomarkers are illustrated in Figure .