focusing on cattle has established tests for bovine IgG, liver fluke and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea. And furthermore, devices are emerging for food security, looking for contaminants such as pathogenic Escherichia coli, Ochratoxin A 252 and Aflatoxin B1. Samples for real applications in food security generally need to be centrifuged or filtered, which is currently hindering their POC implementation. Testing for contaminants in water or dairy products such as milk or infant formula proves less restrictive. An obstacle for POC electrochemical devices is the counter electrode (CE) and reference electrode (RE). Maintaining the RE and designing a suitable electrochemical cell can interfere with the portable use of devices. However, IDE allow for a two-electrode system without the need for external electrodes. Alternatively, devices are integrating the CE and RE onto the device and opting for a pseudo-reference electrode. Screen-printed electrodes are a popular option for this set up, however other nanofabrication techniques such as photo-lithography can also produce a threeelectrode system on a single substrate. Although sensors are being developed towards POC use many still have incubation times for the target ≥ 45 mins. Other groups have limited their incubation times to ≤ 15 mins, which is more conducive to POC applications. In some cases, microfluidic technology is employed to decrease incubation time or facilitate analysis of multiple samples. Single frequency measurements allow monitoring of the antibody/antigen binding in real time and can help shorten the incubation time. Furthermore to develop a viable commercial product, aimed at POC diagnostics the electronic equipment required for data output must be converted into a portable format with a suitable interface to the sensor platform. Ideal this interface would be user-friendly and deliver immediate results. Zhang et al. has demonstrated Arduino board can be used as a controller unit to communicate with an impedance analyzer chip and along with a 9V battery provided the portable electronics to carry out EIS measurements on Au IDE and screen printed carbon electrodes.