where, 𝜎0 is the lattice friction strength, 𝜎𝑖 denotes the strengthening contribution of individual alloying elements towards solid solution strengthening of FCC phase. Xi is the concentration (in wt.%) of individual alloying elements, kHP is the Hall-Petch coefficient, and d is the average grain size of FCC phase . In equation ( ), 𝛴𝜎𝑖𝑋𝑖 accounts for solid-solution strengthening whereas 𝑘𝐻𝑃𝑑 -0.5 accounts for GB strengthening of FCC phase . In equation ( ), σFCC-ppt (for non-shearable B2 precipitates) is determined on the basis of Orowan strengthening mechanism, using the following relation: )