The layered structure integrates additional components, such as CNTs and hydrogels, to enhance electrical and ionic conductivity and facilitates efficient redox reactions, as detailed below. Beneath the top PEDOT:PSS (shown in Fig. ), a layer of single-walled CNTs on PAM/LiCl hydrogel forms the heterogeneous mixed ionic-electronic conductor. The CNTs create porous electrically conductive networks that enable horizontal electron transport and provide channels for vertical ion transport. The hydrophilicity of the CNT network helps retain PEDOT:PSS, ensuring it adheres to curved surfaces and establishes contact with the PAM/LiCl hydrogel electrolyte. As shown in Fig. , scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mappings reveal that surfur from PEDOT:PSS penetrates through the CNT network to contact the bottom PAM layer. PEDOT:PSS, an organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor (OMIEC), facilitates vertical ion transport, expands redox reaction sites, enhances current density, and acts as the electrochromic layer. By combining these elements, redox reactions occur efficiently near the triple-phase boundary of PEDOT:PSS, CNTs, and PAM, even on arbitrary shaped 3D curved objects. This advanced material integration highlights the critical role of heterogeneous mixed ionic conductors in enabling efficient charge and ion transport, as discussed in the following section.