On the other hand, smoother surfaces show higher water-wet tendencies, facilitating the flow of aqueous fluids . The chemical composition of kerogen also influences its wettability. Studies have shown that kerogen rich in polar functional groups tends to exhibit more water-wet behavior, while kerogen with a higher content of nonpolar components displays more oil-wet characteristics . Furthermore, the presence of minerals in the rock matrix can interact with kerogen and modify its wettability. Certain minerals, such as clays, can induce water-wet behavior in kerogen due to their polar nature and affinity for water molecules . These findings highlight the intricate and heterogeneous wettability characteristics of kerogen.