To examine the impact of different policies on DACS costs, four policies of interest that cover a wide range in the policy design space were identified and quantitatively examined. A comprehensive list of the policies investigated as part of the literature review and their relation to the four policies analysed quantitatively can be found in the ESI Table . The four policies selected for quantitative investigation were i) investment grants, ii) contracts for differences (CfDs), iii) a regulated asset base (RAB) model, and iv) state-owned DACS facility or a DACS facility fully backed by a state-loan.