where R is the gas constant (8.314 J•K -1 •mol -1 ), T is the temperature (K), and VL and VG are the molar volumes of liquid and gas (L/mol), respectively. π is the circumference constant (3.14), α is an arbitrary factor, m is the molecule's molar mass, and g is the gravitational constant (9.8 m/s 2 ). In addition, the minus sign denotes "lost," or in other words, Eq. 3 is an exothermic equation.