also the most widely used. Overall, we identified 27 studies that applied deep learning de novo sequencing methods, of which 16 employ DeepNovo (Table ). The DeepNovo method, along with its successor method, PointNovo, has been incorporated into the commercial software PEAKS, and most of these 16 applications make use of that software. Among all 27 studies, the most common application is detection of neoantigens and noncanonical antigens , followed by antibody sequencing , venomics , and metaproteomics . A variety of other studies use de novo sequencing tools to detect various classes of short or unexpected peptide sequences . We also note that all seven of the tools have been used at least once in a study published independently of the original authors, suggesting that the software can be successfully used by others. Moving forward, as the quality of software tools in this domain continues to improve, the applications of de novo sequencing are likely to expand to additional domains.