UV-curable adhesives are another method for bonding of thermoplastic layers. In this process, the adhesion solution such poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and Norland Optical Adhesives (NOA) is first spread on the bottom layer using spin coating, for instance, and subsequently the second thermoplastic layer is placed on top. The two parts are pressed together under UV irradiation for a few minutes . Le et al. showed that the remaining PAA inside the channel can be used for collogen coating through electrostatic interactions, which is highly beneficial for cell culture and organs-on-chips applications (Figure b) . It is also possible to partially UV cure the adhesive layer on a flat PDMS slap and then transfer it to another substrate through a stamp and stick process. After transferring the pre-cured adhesive layer, the second layer of the microfluidic irreversible bond. More interestingly, Tian et al. utilized this method to sandwich a porous membrane functionalized with silane-(PEG)5000-NHS between PEG layers . After covalent attachment of anti-E. coli or anti-S. aureus antibodies to the membrane through the reaction between NHS ester and amine groups of the antibodies, they utilized the device for electrochemical detection of food-borne pathogens.