Data retrieved from Pharmaprojects 79 about drugs currently in the developmental pipeline indicates a steady increase since 2012 (Supplementary Fig. ) with a vast majority of drugs in pre-clinical stages or early stages of clinical trials (phases I and II). These drugs are distributed across a wide range of therapeutic classes such as antibodies, gene therapy, vaccines, etc. (Supplementary Fig. ). The United States and China are the leaders in this developmental effort -with a majority of the leading companies that are currently conducting research in immunooncology based in the US or China (Supplementary Fig. ). Key players in this commercial driven research are highlighted in Supplementary Fig. and include well-known pharmaceutical companies such as Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Merck, Sanofi, and AstraZeneca among others.