In the U.S. and in California, air pollution exposure disparities tend to be larger by raceethnicity than by other socioeconomic and demographic indicators (e.g., income, education, urbanicity) due in large part to the historical racism and racist practices (e.g., housing discrimination, redlining, highway relocation) that segregated cities and placed high-pollution sources near communities of color . Accordingly, we focus our analyses on racial-ethnic disparities. In addition, we consider two statutory geographic designations (AB617, SB535) of cumulative impacts that California uses for prioritizing EJ (Fig. ) .