As we found the most dramatic evidence of beam-induced reorientations in the early regime of electron beam exposure, we were curious to explore if acquiring data following an initial period of illumination might yield improved data reduction quality. However, increasing total exposure of crystals to the electron beam is typically expected to worsen data reduction statistics by way of global intensity decay. This was corroborated by the general worsening of data reduction statistics, of structure density, and of our likelihood to achieve a reasonable ab initio structure solution by direct methods, over subsequent sweeps of equivalent length at a dose rate 0.01 e - /Å 2 s in data from 6 biotin crystals, and of 0.03 e -/Å 2 s in data from 5 biotin crystals sampled at 100 K (Supplementary Tables 10-11, Fig. ).