An alternative product in the water oxidation reaction is hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), formed via a two-electron transfer process (2 H 2 O → H 2 O 2 + 2 H + + 2 e -), which competes with the fourelectron OER pathway . The selective production of H 2 O 2 is of considerable interest due to its broad industrial applications, notably in electrochemical systems , fuel cells and rechargeable 2 metal-hydrogen peroxide battery . Catalytic systems that selectively favor H 2 O 2 production over O 2 evolution require the controlled stabilization of key reaction intermediates, such as metal hydroxide OH * , to promote the desired two-electron transfer process . However, excessive stabilization of this intermediate can inadvertently stabilize the solvated hydroxyl radical • OH (H 2 O → • OH(aq)+H + +e -), thereby detracting from efficient H 2 O 2 formation . Consequently, a detailed understanding of the mechanistic distinctions between the two-and four-electron transfer pathways is essential for the rational design of advanced electrodes and electrocatalysts. Such insights will enable more precise control over product selectivity, efficiency, and energy demands in both renewable energy applications and selective chemical synthesis systems.