Based on the bright field images (Fig. ), it is hard to distinguish the iliac vessels and their branches from the complex vascular network against the blood-red background. Iatrogenic obturator nerve injury and serious complications would be resulted if iliac vasculatures could not be separated with precise location during the operation. Fortunately, post intravenous injection of DIPT-ICF NPs immediately light up the iliac blood vessels including iliac arteries, common iliac veins, and vascular branches of the postcava and abdominal aorta with high resolution in the NIR-IIa channel (Fig. ). After the anatomy of the iliac vessels was clearly demonstrated, ectopic renal implantation was carried out with end-to-side anastomosis of the renal artery and common iliac artery, and end-to-end anastomosis of the renal vein and common iliac vein . As shown in Fig. , the patency of vascular anastomosis and reperfusion of the renal allograft could be clearly displayed. In general, abnormal anastomosis of graft vasculatures and the resulted poor renal allograft reperfusion could be easily diagnosed by DIPT-ICF NPs based angiography.