Metabolomics can also be used to identify metabolites that are associated with plant resistance to pathogens . These resistance-related metabolites can serve as biomarkers for breeding programs aimed at developing disease-resistant crops . For instance, a study by used LC-MS to compare the metabolic profiles of resistant and susceptible grapevine cultivars infected with the fungal pathogen Plasmopara viticola . The authors identified several metabolites, including stilbenes and flavonoids, that were more abundant in the resistant cultivars and could potentially be used as biomarkers for resistance breeding. Similarly, employed GC-MS and LC-MS to compare the metabolic profiles of resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars infected with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. . The authors identified several metabolites, including phenolic compounds and organic acids, that were differentially accumulated in resistant and susceptible cultivars and could potentially serve as biomarkers for breeding disease-resistant tomatoes. In addition to MS studies, a study by Cuperlovic-Culf et al. (2016) used NMR spectroscopy to compare the metabolic profiles of resistant and susceptible wheat genotypes infected with Fusarium graminearum . The authors identified several metabolites, including phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, that were more abundant in the resistant genotypes and could potentially be used as biomarkers for resistance breeding.