With a current energy requirement of 10 GWh per GWh capacity at best, improved manufacturing process efficiency is also critical for reducing the total energy usage required. A techno-economic analysis of battery production asserts five factors affecting the roll-to-roll (R2R) capacity of a battery production plant (in decreasing impact): 1) R2R speed, 2) electrode thickness, 3) days of active operation, 4) cathode specific capacity, and 5) end-of-line scrap rate. Factors 1, 2, and 4 are specific processing parameters that can easily be modified, but factors 3 and 5 depend on the output of the production process. End-of-line scrap rate is the amount of material unusable for end products which can be from trimming waste, process startup, or defective or off-spec electrodes, while number of days of operation deals with machine availability and is limited by maintenance requirements or off-line testing of products. Implementing non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques in the fabrication process can minimize scrap by real-time detection of defects or defective materials and maximize factory days of active operation. Several methods have been demonstrated for non-destructive evaluation of battery electrodes such as laser-based thickness measurements; optical imaging and infrared (IR) thermography for electrode defects; and radiation-based NDE and ultrasound for mass loading. Among these techniques, ultrasonic testing provides rich information in the form of signal amplitude, time, and frequency, which can be further processed to obtain data about electrode density, defects, and mechanical properties. Ultrasound has been explored as a non-destructive method to evaluate fabricated batteries. Amplitude and time-of-flight measurements correlate to the state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) of cells during charge and discharge. Variations in amplitude within pouch cells have been shown to correlate to wetting behavior. Lithium plating was detected from operando ultrasonic testing in lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide / copper (NMC/Cu) pouch cells. These methods generally require a coupling gel or fluid to efficiently transfer sound waves through the source-medium-detector path, which limits the application of these methods to enclosed, fully fabricated batteries rather than individual components.