BPS has been employed extensively in industry to produce BPA-free products. However, BPS can have similar or even greater toxicity than BPA , exhibiting stronger reproductive effects, DNA damage, longer bioavailability, and better dermal penetration compared with BPA . Additionally, BPS exhibits higher resistance to biodegradation, rendering it more prone to accumulate and persist in the environment . It can disrupt lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, vitamin metabolism, and induce oxidative stress . BPS can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and may trigger neurotoxicity through different pathways, potentially posing a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases including PD , . Therefore, this compound was tested in cellbased models (neurons), to investigate its potential neurotoxic effects, as discussed in Section 3.5.