Understanding of key cycle steps and sequences, regeneration methods (e.g., indirect heating, joule heating, microwave, electric calciner) and bed configurations (e.g., fixed beds, moving beds, fluidized beds) and packing for DAC processes (#7) is currently limited. For example, in adsorption systems the regeneration method for a DACCS system cannot be easily selected as constraints on CO 2 purity might be imposed by the CO 2 destination option. If a TVSA process is considered (Technology 1C), there is no straightforward process configuration to ensure the desired specifications in the product stream can be met at the lowest possible cost. Alternative heating methods such as indirect heating, steam injection, or an electrified method could significantly improve the process performance and reduce the energy consumption of DAC. Successful demonstrations at TRL 6 or higher are also critical to increasing process fidelity and de-risking technologies. There are currently few technologies that operate beyond labscale (e.g., 1A, 2A, 2B, and 2C) and few others that have secured funding for their first pilot (e.g, 1C) (#8). Moving to a pilot/demonstration phase will enable the verification of DAC systems and the investigation of gaps that can only be addressed at scale (e.g., the spacing of air contactors to avoid taking in CO 2 depleted air from a neighboring contactor).