supercapacitor , and solar cell ) research. EIS is also widely used in sensor development , medicine , and biology . EIS is particularly useful because it enables the characterization of such systems to obtain important parameters like conductivities , resistances , and capacitances . However, issues remain, as the determination of these parameters may depend closely on the equivalent circuit model (ECM) used to deconvolve the EIS spectrum . In addition, EIS data are typically affected by experimental errors, making interpolation and prediction of the spectra at untested frequencies challenging .