Moreover, the porosity parameter used for the Bruggeman correlation in Eqs. 16, 17, 28 and 29 can be penalized to address the issue of overestimation of ionic conductivity in porous electrodes . For modifying the Bruggeman correlation, the approach of Roy et al. was taken into account in the current study, in which Eq. 16 is rewritten with penalized porosity as κ eff = ε1.5 κ 0 . The porosity is penalized such that it still resembles κ eff = κ 0 in the pure fluid phase (γ = 0):