The qGP-DRT model successfully identified the DRT peaks for all experimental conditions, as shown in Figure (panels (c) and (e)). Additionally, the qGP-DRT model matched with the DRTtools 5 , the fitted ECM and the experimental data (panel (a) and (c) Figure ), as evidenced by the low MSE norm,𝛾 and MSE norm,𝑍 values in Table . 5 For the pyDRTtools settings, Gaussian radial basis functions for the discretization, and the full impedance spectrum were used. A regularization second-order derivative matrix was employed, and the regularization parameter was computed using the generalized cross-validation .