The first research question asked-to what extent does small group work affect student confidence in solving problems compared to working individually? Figure shows the degree to which small group work improved student confidence, and the data are shown as histograms so that one can appreciate the distribution of the effect. This dataset includes 2,796 paired responses with each set of responses corresponding to a single student's confidence in one problem before and after group work. A statistical comparison of the paired before versus after group work responses results in a very small p value (< 0.00001), thus the group work effect is highly significant as is apparent from the histograms. On average individual student confidence in solving problems before group work was 6.55 out of 10, and that after group work was 8.04 out of 10. Hence small group work increased student confidence by roughly 23% on average in the aggregate. Moreover, examining how student confidence changed for each problem (Figure ), i.e., looking at each student's paired responses and noting whether their confidence increased, decreased, or did not change, student confidence increased after group work in 71% of cases. There were relatively few cases (5% of all responses) in which student confidence decreased after group work. In 24% of cases student confidence levels did not change, yet it is important to note that for nearly half of such cases (11%) students were already fully confident before group work.