Lastly, we sought to examine the influence of carbon pricing on the CCU system. IEA reports that carbon price will significantly increase up to 250 $/ton-CO2 by 2050 for advanced economies. As predicted by Nicholson et al., the rising carbon prices can raise the energy cost. as a result of an extra financial constraint for the utility emissions, which can be roughly assessed by multiplying the emission factors by the carbon price (Eq 9). We embedded different strategies for carbon tax deployment and assumed that carbon pricing is imposed both on emissions resulting from both utility usage, and also, on the life-cycle emissions from the carbon-based raw materials and products.