Using the produced nanocatalysts, the photocatalytic reduction of MB and CR was also studied by Bessy, T. C., et al. When compared to MB, CR deteriorated more successfully. According to antibacterial test results, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus were all susceptible. To all chosen pathogens, all ferrite NPs displayed antibacterial activity. The most effective of these had a zone of inhibition of 32 mm against P. aeruginosa and was Cd0.2Mg0.6Fe2O4. The citrate gel method is used by Mordekar, Rajashri Karmali et al. to create the silver-substituted cobalt zinc ferrite series, CoxAg0.5-xZn0.5Fe2O4, with ferrite formation occurring at 600 °C. As silver concentration rises, antimicrobial activity increases before further declining. The material Co0.4Ag0.1Zn0.5Fe2O4 demonstrates magnetic and antibacterial properties. The creation of removable antimicrobial agents for water filtration and medicine delivery systems may benefit from using these materials. Dhanda et al. used the autocombustion method, using aloe vera extract as a fuel, to produce nickel-doped cobalt nano ferrites (NixCo1-xFe2O4, where x ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 with an increment of 0.2). In addition, the antibacterial capabilities of ferrite NPs were evaluated on the C. albicans fungus, and it was discovered that nickeldoped cobalt ferrite exhibits inhibitory characteristics. The component x = 1.0 had a maximum inhibition of 0.43, corresponding to a 67% reduction in growth. Consequently, these ferrite NPs may be used to treat fungal infections. The sol-gel process was used by Nigam et al. to create the Fe3O4 NPs. The antibacterial experiment against E. coli and S.aureus bacteria showed a sizable zone of inhibition. El-Khawaga et al. used co-precipitation to synthesize CoFe2O4 NPs, which were then subjected to surface modification using Capsaicin derived from Capsicum annuum ssp. The antibacterial potential and photocatalytic degradation efficacy of the generated compounds were evaluated using Fuchsine basic. This study investigated the effectiveness of a substance against two types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). The disk diffusion and broth dilution methods were employed to assess the extent of bacterial growth inhibition (zones of inhibition) and the minimum concentration required to completely suppress bacterial growth. The synthesised CPCF NPs showed substantial antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, they exhibited exceptional efficacy in removing FB, making them promising for applications in both medicinal and biological environments. Wendari, et al. used a hydrothermal technique to produce CuFe2O4/hydroxyapatite magnetic composites. The capping agent employed was betel leaf extract, while Pensi clam shells were used as the source of calcium. The degradation rate of Direct Red 81 was 99.8% after a 2-hour exposure. The combination exhibited antimicrobial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli, resulting in an inhibition zone of 11.9 mm. Blessy and their colleagues documented the synthesis of a range of ferrofluids composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) with chromium (Cr) substitution. The amounts of chromium varied from x = 0 to 0.8. The synthesis employs a cost-effective and simple co-precipitation method that stabilizes the product using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMOAH). This study focuses on the effectiveness of chromium-substituted ferrofluids in killing Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The coprecipitation approach was used by Hatami Kahkesh et al. to synthesize CuFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 NPs. A study of their antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics was conducted. The CuFe2O4 NPs have an antioxidant activity of 71%, whereas the ZnFe2O4 NPs show an antioxidant activity of 80%. Moreover, the study demonstrated that CuFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 NPs had a potent antibacterial impact on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Table . Anti-bacterial activity of spinel ferrites synthesized by different techniques. The citrate gel auto-combustion method was used by Goud et al. to create MgxCd1-xFe2O4 (MgCdFO). Mg-Cd nano ferrites exhibit a significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative Klebsiella pneumonia. As a result, the MgCdFO nano ferrite particles might be thought of as potential candidates for use as antimicrobials in the field of medicine due to their substantial growth inhibition against bacteria. Shokri et al. used the coprecipitation process to fabricate an innovative nanomagnet modified with NiFe2O4 NPs and coated with hybrid chitosan (CS-NiFe2O4). The antibacterial activities of CS-NiFe2O4 NPs were more effective than NiFe2O4 NPs and CS. The CS-NiFe2O4 NPs exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 128 and 256 mg/mL against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Reddy et al. synthesised samples of CoFe2O4 nano powder doped with gadolinium (Gd) using an easy auto-combustion procedure. The combustion agent used in this process was citric acid. The samples were then subjected to structural, magnetic, and antimicrobial analyses. Both pure CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 replaced with Gd have antibacterial action against many diseases, including the fungal strain Aspergillus niger, as well as the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These findings indicate that the replacement of Gd greatly enhances the activity of cobalt ferrite nanopowders.