PG was first spin-coated with a layer of PTMSP (abcr GmbH). The solution was prepared by dissolving 3 g of PTMSP into 97 g of toluene and subsequently centrifuged to remove the impurities. The spin coating was carried out at 1000 rpm for 1 min in a large-area spin coater (Laurell Technologies Corporation, WS-650Hz-15NPPB). After drying overnight, the polymerreinforced graphene was first attached to a commercial porous PES support (Haining, China, 0.1 mm thickness, 0.22 µm pore opening) film, then to SS meshes (TWP), and the assembly was sealed into the custom-made membrane module described in this work. FeCl3 (1 M) solution was used to etch the Cu foil, followed by a cleaning using HCl (1 M) solution and deionized (DI) water.