Population data from the US Census Bureau were retrieved from the IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) for the year 2010, the most recent year for which block level data is available . Using the racial/ethnic designations provided by the US census, we categorize all individuals identifying as Latino and/or Hispanic in one group, and then categorize non-Hispanic individuals by race: Asian, Black, White, and "Other" including those of Native American, Pacific Islander, multiracial, or other racial identity. The racial composition of our study population is broadly representative of the Bay Area as a whole, although it includes more neighborhoods with a high proportion of Black residents (Figure ).