In the quest to develop e-fuels, techno-economic analysis (TEA) serves as a crucial tool in assessing the feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact of various production pathways. This section reviews relevant TEA assessments regarding the development of efuels. It includes various methods such as the integration of catalytic deoxygenation and hydrothermal gasification methods for producing hydrogen gas from esters and fatty acids, emphasizing tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) , a direct air capture (DAC) combined with hydrogenation of CO2 to produce synthetic methane, as investigated by Tregambi et al. ,