Lastly, we note that a BPM implemented in a carbon capture loop as shown in Figure , will likely operate with a gradient in pH and dissolved carbon species, as the electrolyte fed back to anolyte side will be slightly acidified and have some carbon removed. Thus, the simulation was run with a gradient across the BPM in both pH and dissolved inorganic carbon, wherein the catholyte was fed with 1 M KHCO3 (pH = 8.3) as before, but the anolyte was fed with 0.9 M KHCO3 (pH = 7.5) to represent 10% stripping of carbon by BPM-ED and the following CO2 stripping process. As shown in Figure -43, the choice to operate under this gradient has no effect on the energetics or efficiency for CO2/CO3 2-recovery, except at very low current densities (i < 10 mA cm -2 ) due to a large diffusive flux at 0 V associated with the imposed concentration gradient across the BPM. All told, the high coulombic efficiencies and low energy intensities (competitive with thermal desorption) demonstrated indicate that BPM-ED possesses promise for application as a carbon-removal technique.