Lys significantly enhanced browning rates, achieving ~30-35x baseline under all tested conditions (Fig. ). Rate-[Lys] relationships were hyperbolic in unbuffered and Pi-buffered assays, with slightly diminished enhancements at pH 7.4 compared to unbuffered or pH 7.8 buffered conditions. In unbuffered assays, measured pH ranged from 7.24 at 2.0 mM Lys to 8.15 at 50.0 mM (a rise of 0.91 units; Table ); in Pi-buffered conditions, pH remained stable (i.e. measured pH was 7.95 in Pi-buffered assays at pH in buffered assays at pH 7.8). With the nearly-overlapping rate-[Lys] relationships in all three conditions despite different measured pH, this suggests that Lys' browning enhancement is largely independent of pH fluctuations. Conversely, Pro elicited the most pronounced browning effects, with strong pH dependence. Enhanced browning rates increasing linearly in unbuffered assays (r 2 = 0.9987; n = 3), reaching ~15x baseline at 50.0 mM Pro (Fig. ). This corresponded to a measured pH rise from 5.95 (2.0 mM Pro) to 7.75 (50.0 mM), the largest pH shift observed among the tested amines (Table ). In Pi-buffered assays, Pro displayed hyperbolic rate-[Pro] relationships, achieving ~30x baseline at pH 7.4 and ~45x baseline at pH 7.8, with stable measured pH values (i.e. pH 7. in buffered assays at pH 7.8).