The conjugate pad was then immediately transferred to a lyophilizer (Advantage Pro, SP Scientific, Stone Ridge, NY) with shelves pre-cooled to -40°C. As soon as all the conjugate pads were transferred to the lyophilizer, the lyophilization cycle was started. The cycle began with 15 minutes of freezing at -35°C with no vacuum. Next, with the shelf temperature held at -35°C, vacuum was applied until the pressure reached 100 mTorr. After one hour, the temperature was increased to 20°C over the course of 55 minutes, while maintaining 100 mTorr pressure. Finally, the vacuum was reduced to 1000 mTorr until the pads were removed and placed directly in a desiccant cabinet. LFAs were assembled without a dry room, which may negate the need for lyophilization.