We then implemented the levels of carbon pricing into the system, which penalizes/incentivizes GHG emissions/removal to decarbonize plastic production. Our results reveal that there are five decarbonization stages as we increase the carbon price; these stages highlight the biomass-based pathways that are prioritized (easier to incentivize via carbon prices). The total system costs and footprints for the five decarbonization stages are shown in Table . Currently, the Canadian government set a minimum national price on carbon emissions at $65 CAD per tonne of CO 2 eq in 2023 and is expect to increase to $170 CAD per tonne of CO 2 eq in 2030. The carbon permit price in European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) ranges from around $5 EUR per tonne of CO 2 eq in 2017 to around $100 EUR per tonne of CO 2 eq in 2023. We thus have that the initial decarbonization stages of the model ($41.7 to $379.4 per tonne of CO 2 eq) are consistent with practice but stages with prices above $379.4 per tonne of CO 2 eq are unreasonable; we considered these extreme scenarios to analyze limiting behavior and identify shifts in pathways. Our results suggest that, the carbon price in EU in 2023 ($100 EUR per tonne of CO 2 eq), could lead to a total reduction of 229.1 MtCO 2 eq of GHG emissions, which is 31.7% lower than the baseline emissions.