shows that the single-use IX system has lower capital costs compared to the regenerable IX system due to lower media usage rates, longer operational life, and fewer required components (e.g., pumps, piping). While GAC media is generally cheaper, its high media usage rates and larger vessel requirements make it less economically viable than IX treatment for PFAS. The single-use IX system costs $0.28/m³, whereas the single-use GAC system costs $0.45/m³, nearly twice the cost. Under the baseline scenario, single-use IX proves to be much more costeffective than GAC. However, GAC may be cheaper when applying very stringent PFAS breakthrough criteria.