The electrochemical tests of the 'dry' TVP, 45RH, 65RH and 85RH glass anodes were performed using two-electrode coin cell with Li foils serving as both the counter electrode and the reference one . The procedure of the cell assembly was described elsewhere . Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were performed on an electrochemical workstation (PARSTAT 3000A DX) at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s -1 in the voltage range of 0.01-3.0 V (vs Li/Li + ). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out using the impedance-measuring unit (PARSTAT 3000A DX electrochemical workstation) with AC signal amplitude of 5 mV in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 0.02 Hz.