• On the whole the number of substances associated with patent publications (~3.1 million) is significantly higher than those associated with journal publications (~133K) being over 20X higher (Fig. ). • Therapeutic substances of both small molecules and protein/peptide sequences associated with journal publications in the field of immuno-oncology show a steady growth since 2012, with a sharp increase in small molecules post 2020 (Supplementary Fig. ). • For therapeutic substances associated with patent publications protein/peptide sequence of substance class are 2X that of small molecules (Fig. donut chart) suggestive of greater commercial interest in development of cancer immunotherapeutics with proteins/peptides. • Co-occurrence analysis of substances with specific emerging concepts using CAS indexed terms with an emphasis on small molecule and protein/peptide sequences (Fig. ) indicate the following: ▪ Therapeutic targets such as T cells, immune checkpoint molecules, B cells, tyrosine kinase, and HER2 appear to lead across both patent and journal publications. ▪ For journal publications: (1) therapeutic targets of low co-occurring frequency (<100) with substances include HPK, CSF-1R, ARG1, NPM1, FAP, ILC, TBK1, GPC3, CEACAM5, nectin-4, TROP2, CDC20, among a few others (Fig. ); ( ) therapeutic targets exhibiting sharp upward growth trends (most noticeably in 2022) in co-occurring frequency with substances include dendritic cells, CAFs, TAMs, STING, gasdermins, CDC20, TROP2, LILRB1, TBK1, PKM2, PKB, NEK2, and ARG1 (highlighted in Supplementary Fig. ). ▪ For patent publications: While the overall number of protein/peptide sequences is 2X that of small molecules -this phenomenon was not uniform across identified emerging therapeutic targets. The protein/peptide sequence to small molecule ratio sheds light on possible commercial interests (Supplementary Fig. ). For instance, therapeutic targets such as T cells, PCSK9, dendritic cells, MHC and LILRB1 shows an overwhelmingly high co-occurrence with protein/peptide sequences. Targets such as RAD51, FAP and TRK co-occur with protein/peptide sequences and small molecules to an equivalent extent.