5) Innovation limits for carbon capture MOFs. Our final point pertains to the study of Pai et al. on practically achievable process performance limits for PVSA-based post-combustion CO2 capture. In particularly, the authors convincingly demonstrate that the efficiency of the PVSA processes can be improved so much (they work better for concentrated streams) and beyond certain point, further design of bespoke materials will offer little gain (the so-called innovation gap) in comparison with the reference technology based on the amine solutions. Furthermore, the authors proposed "ideal" fictitious materials that give rise to the "ideal" isotherms -the most optimal adsorption behavior for carbon capture under particular conditions. In application to the carbon capture from typical flue gas from a power plant, this analysis indicated that the existing materials such as UTSA-16 are already quite close to the ideal material and the innovation gap is relatively small. While this analysis is extremely powerful as a general way of thinking about the limitations of the carbon capture technologies, it is worthwhile to note that the ideal isotherms were generated as a result of a search based on a Machine Learning model within certain imposed constraints on the parameters of the Langmuirian isotherms. The results here hypothesize the existence of materials with the performance well beyond the boundaries of the existing materials and therefore the picture for adsorptive carbon capture may be not as bleak.