The S, N, M, E, and RdRP can all be anchored to the red blood cell membrane, as shown in Tables and. It means that immature red blood cells can function as factories for virus synthesis. Synthetic structural proteins (S, M, and E) are on the red blood cell membrane through the intracellular transport system. The N and RNA complexes are then transported to the membrane of the red blood cell via the intracellular transport system, assembled into a virus, and secreted. The immature red blood cells synthesize heme, so the viral structure proteins such as S and E can bind heme(102). The porphyrin complex could enhance the virus's membrane penetration and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). ORF3a could attack the hemoglobin once it invaded mature red blood cells(102).