lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), since its successful commercialization by Sony in the 1990s, have been dominating the portable energy market from electronics and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) . These days, as most countries promise to realize carbon neutralization by 2060, we will embrace the great energy revolution from fossil fuel energy to renewable energy . Besides, interest in the battery-based aircraft industry draws more attention and asks for higher energy density. Currently, LIBs are still far from satisfying the required energy density of battery-based aircraft, and researchers have been working hard to improve the energy density of LIBs.