The signicance of polarity, polarisability and polar heteroatom content in predicting HSA interaction also suggests that the interaction between APRs and excipients is driven by polar interactions to a signicant degree. The quantitative model would be well-supported by future endeavours that elucidate free energy dierences, provide validation via wet-lab work or atomistic MD, and move away from a singular protein to develop a more widely applicable, predictive model to aid in computational excipient design and improve the stability of biotherapeutic formulations.