For binding thermodynamic studies, DC-SIGN binding Kds with both G5-and G13-psDiMan conjugates were measured under three different temperatures using the same method as described above. Then, the obtained ln(Kd) values were plotted against (1/T) and fitted by the linear function to obtain the slope and intercept, which correspond to the H 0 /R and -S 0 /R, respectively, for the DC-SIGN-Gx-psDiMan binding. The error bars represent the standing Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assay. Wild-type DC-SIGN was dialysed overnight against the binding buffer (20 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2, pH 7.8) at 4 °C. The post-dialysis buffer was stored at 4 °C for subsequent experiments, including preparation of all samples, control titrations, and rinsing the syringe and cell between each measurement.