It is considered that the exposure of sublethal concentrations of AAs to bacterial communities present in wastewater streams could lead to selective pressures of ARGs and could influence the microbial ecology . However, this relationship between AAs and ARGs, particularly in aquatic environments (wastewater, surface waters etc) is not always clear. Predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs), have been considered to explore whether AA levels are high enough to influence ARG abundancethey predict the concentration that a chemical, if exceeded, will likely cause adverse effects in an ecosystem. This can be used to investigate whether hospital effluent poses a higher risk, compared to community wastewater. PNECs often guide environmental risk assessments and, in the case of AMR, identify the risk of AAs in environmental matrices.