While mice with DKK1-expressing T cells experienced OVX-induced bone loss, knockout mice without DKK1-expressing T cells did not, and prior to OVX, these mice exhibited higher bone mass . The loss of bone in response to estrogen deficiency is recognized as a cytokine-driven process involving T cell populations such as Tregs and Th17 cells that results in the bone resorption activity of osteoclasts exceeding that of bone-forming osteoblasts . The anti-inflammatory effect of estrogen extends to macrophages and dendritic cells. Estrogen deficiency has been shown