Chronoamperometry was employed to deposit nanogold on the electrode surfaces using an optimized voltage for a set time (see results section) . Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed for electrode characterization, while square wave voltammetry was used for EtBr detection. All electrochemical analysis was undertaken using a multi-autolab M101 operating under Nova 1.0.4 software control (Netherlands). Electrochemical deposition employed an off-chip Ag/AgCl reference electrode and on-chip counter electrode, while the EtBr detection was undertaken using the on-chip Pt pseudo-reference and on-chip gold counter electrodes.