and this resulted particularly efficient in the treatment of traumatic lesions, such as spinal cord injury in a rat model. For instance, a single injection at the site of lesion of the hybrid hydrogel comprising gCS, oxidized HA (OHA) and ursodeoxycholic acid-functionalized Au NPs, along with NIR exposure successfully facilitated tissue recovery and improvement of locomotor activity. Similarly, the photothermal properties of PDA NPs effectively enabled tumor treatment in different models. Interestingly, the NIR irradiation caused a temperature increase and triggered the shrinkage of a PDA NP-containing hydrogel intratumorally injected into a breast xenograft in mice (Figure ). This resulted not only in the release of hydrogel-loaded Dox but also in the reinforcement of its activity through stressmediated apoptosis, mechanical induced by hydrogel deformation. Consequently, animals receiving this treatment exhibited the slowest tumor growth rate and the smallest tumor size at the end of the study. In another example, an accelerated release of encapsulated Dox from the hydrogel compared to simple diffusion, was observed after exposure to a magnetic field, that caused the vibration of SPIONs connected through cucurbit [7]uril-mediated recognition to CS chains (Figure ). Additionally, the magnetic field induced a temperature increase, reaching up to 62.5°C, that contributed to effective in vivo anti-tumor activity by triggering thermal cell death. The increase in temperature induced by NIR light exposure can also be harnessed to eliminate bacteria. For instance, hydrogels containing Cu NPs showed a precisely localized temperature increase after 10 min of exposure to 808 nm irradiation, whereas bare hydrogels showed no response to light The concomitant generation of ROS and the gradual release of copper ions resulted in a hybrid hydrogel with long lasting antibacterial activity (up to 14 days) and wound healing properties in a murine model infected with S. aureus. Similarly, by incorporating amino PEG-functionalized CuS NPs within a network made of ODex and bifunctional PEG with amino end groups as a crosslinker, a versatile material suitable for the treatment of bacterial infections, skin wounds, and/or skin tumor was formulated. Following a 14-day treatment with the CuS-containing hydrogel and exposure to 808 nm infrared light for 5 min, effective healing of a S. aureus-infected wound was observed, whereas the groups treated with 3M commercial dressings still had small open lesions.