Information on the use of proxy data was retrieved from the ecoinvent documentation in the respective datasets, several re-65 ports , and industry raw data behind the proxy data . Gate-to-gate analyses of individual production processes were performed on the raw data directly provided by the respective authors. Cradle-to-gate analyses along the chemical supply chains were performed using Simapro 9. Identification of proxy use. The identification of chemical datasets in the ecoinvent database was based on the product and sector classifications provided by ecoinvent in the raw data, except 75 for the cradle-to-gate analyses that used the classification in the Simapro software instead. The analysis generally excluded ecoinvent market datasets as these are supply or demand mixes composed of other production datasets with limited additional data, and Rest of the World (RoW) datasets as these are 80 adapted copies from localized datasets without region-specific production data collection. The identification of relevant datasets in the IDEA database was based on the Japanese product classification system in the raw data. All IHS Markit datasets were chemical sector datasets, but some available 85 datasets were selectively excluded (e.g. utility datasets such as for water supply) to focus on chemicals production processes, to ensure comparability with the other data sources and to avoid strong biases towards individual product groups.