To obtain gate-to-gate inventories for the investigated process, the constructed Aspen models were used to calculate the material and energy flows entering and leaving the CST fractionation process, and process steps I -VI. The calculated flows were tabulated and normalised to 1 kg product output of each respective process step, generating process LCIs for the isolation of β-pinene from CST (Table ) and the manufacture of intermediates from process steps I -VI (SI Section S4.2, Tables ). A summarised LCI for paracetamol production from β-pinene across steps I -VI was obtained by scaling the process inputs into steps I -VI such that the Aspen simulations yielded a total output of 1 kg paracetamol product from process steps V and VI (Table ).