The synthesis procedure for the porous chitosan particle synthesis consists of two main phases (Figure ). In the general procedure (gray boxes), 2 grams of chitosan polymer is dissolved in 80 ml of a 2% glacial acetic acid solution at 70°C. The resulting chitosan solution is then added dropwise into a 1 M NaOH aqueous solution, leading to the formation of beads due to chitosan's insolubility in alkaline conditions. The aged beads are rinsed with deionized water to a neutral pH and then cross-linked with a 5% glutaraldehyde solution overnight. The crosslinked beads are subsequently washed and dried at room temperature. To enhance the porosity of the microsphere particles, three modified synthesis methods were employed, resulting in 2methylpentane porous chitosan particles (MPCP), azocarboxamide porous chitosan particles (APCP), and tween porous chitosan particles (TPCP) being produced. In the MPCP method, an organic surfactant mixture of 10 mL 2-methylpentane and 24 mL tween 20 was added to the polymer solution. The APCP method involved incorporating a porogen agent, 4 g of azocarboxamide, into the chitosan solution. Lastly, the TPCP method utilized 35 mL tween 20 as a porogen agent.