To have a better understanding of the utilisation of lignocellulosic materials in Singapore, it is worthwhile to illustrate the ecosystem of waste usage. Figure outlines the uses of lignocellulosic materials including percentages, based on the 2019 data. Paper and cardboard material from recycling bins partly separated at a central material recovery facility (MRF) from other recycling material (e.g. glass or plastics) and then further processed into pulp. Stained paper/cardboard or material above the facility occupancy is sent to WtE together with paper from the central chute. Wood can be upcycled into new products (e.g. furniture products), composted, or shredded into woodchips and used together with chips from horticultural waste to generate steam and electricity for industrial activities. The non-woody portion of the horticultural waste is composted. The use of the mixed wood chips for value-added chemicals is seen as problematic, as wood from consumer goods introduces significant impurities to the stream such as resigns and adhesives, bringing about challenges for criteria (4). Despite the possibilities of further substituting WtE treatment of lignocellulosic waste by material usage, the recycling system is well-established and economically viable and thus is failing criteria (3). As shown above, the combined availability of dry oil palm biowaste in Indonesia and Malaysia is more than 70 times higher than total biowaste available domestically in Singapore (191 million tons against 2.6 million tons), performing well in criteria (1) and allowing for economies of scale. Looking at specific oil palm biowaste streams, MF and PKS are already well utilized as boiler fuel in oil palm mills as they have a low moisture content, thus falling short in criteria (3). OPT and OPF while underutilized and highest in availability, 80 are dispersed across the plantation, requiring extensive labor to collect, potentially impacting supply stability and criteria (2). 4,83 EFB, on the other hand, is an unavoidable waste stream from the milling process at palm oil factories, easy to collect, already segregated, and with no widely established further use (mainly mulch, compost and landfill material). EFB contains the feedstock biopolymers lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and its availability is estimated at 26 million tons/year, which is almost ten times higher than the total available biowaste quantity in Singapore, and is expected to stay stable or increase with projected growing global palm oil demand. 87 Thus, EFB fulfills all waste criteria. Note that within the context of deforestation and clearing of peatlands for the expansion of plantations, it is important to utilize EFB solely from strictly controlled sustainable farms.