Revascularization: For orthotopic kidney transplantation models, midline incisions were used in the recipient rabbits. Notably, to avoid constriction of mesenteric vasculature and possible development of hypotension and shock, the intestines should keep on the same levels with the edge of the wound. The vascular anastomosis was performed with end-to-end suture. For ectopic kidney transplantation models, lower abdominal midline incisions were adopted in the recipient rabbits.