 A very recent paper revealed the mechanism of lysine lactylation in E. coli and it would be fascinating to see the effects of microbiotas with the machinery of lactylation enzymes such as YiaC, CobB, and YdiF that can use extracellular lactate in the tumor microenvironment and providing signaling molecules to cancer cells and cancerassociated immune such as macrophages as pro-tumor phenotype.