To monitor the restructuring of the sodium surface atoms in the presence of decomposition products, we calculate 𝛿 4 , 𝛿 2 , and 𝛿 + as outlined earlier in this section. Results indicate that anion decomposition extends lattice distortion to the inner layers of the surface, as evidenced by the increased 𝛿 2 and 𝛿 + compared to when the adsorbed anion remains intact (see Figs. and). This could be primarily attributed to the high affinity of decomposition products to approach the surface layer or penetrate the atomic structure of the electrode.