Additionally, it is important to acknowledge that the presented synthesis is not limited to stainless steel current collectors, supplementary figure shows imaging and cycling performance of a similar anode with a copper foil current collector cycled at the same current density, showing similar stability and gravimetric capacity for over 100 cycles. Moreover, our proposed technique of a deposited layered material allows for high flexibility in battery design, giving complete control of the anode dimensions in accordance with the needs of the functional application. Accordingly, the anodes can range from ultra-thin films with lower areal loading (but high volumetric loading) as depicted in the above analysis, useful for small devices such as wearable electronics, to loadings that are used in high-energy density commercial batteries of over 1 mg/cm 2 . As such, cycling performance from anodes with additional spin coated layers (6) are displayed in supplementary figure . The anodes possess a mass loading of 1 mg/cm 2 cycled at C/20 with stable reversible capacity of approximately 1.2 mAh/cm 2 .