Enhancing antioxidant systems for oxidative stress tolerance is another key approach, as many environmental stresses lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. Metabolic engineering strategies have focused on boosting the production of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants like ascorbic acid and glutathione . These approaches have shown success in improving plant tolerance to various stresses, including heat, cold, and high light intensity.