PM is categorized based on aerodynamic equivalent diameter (AED), with PM10 referring to particles with a diameter of ≤10 µm, PM2.5 indicating particles with an AED of ≤2.5 µm, and PM1.0 denoting particles with an AED of ≤1.0 µm. The size of these particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health issues. Respirable particles, including PM2.5, pose the highest concern for their ability to penetrate the lungs, and even enter the bloodstream . Prolonged exposure has been linked to various respiratory and cardiovascular ailments, including asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart attacks. These health effects can lead to a significant reduction in human life expectancy . Health effects of respirable particles are particularly noticeable in specific population groups, including children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions. These particles can remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods and travel long distances from the emission source, thereby posing a significant threat to the population distributed over wide geographic areas.