Our model is intended to describe the extrusion step of both SF processes that are shown in Fig. . The following description is focused in the 3DP process (Fig. ) due to the availability of the required experimental apparatus in our facilities. The raw materials used in our experiments are the active material LiFePO4 (LFP), carbon nanofibers, the polymeric binder PP and PCL the polymer for the electrolyte path. For simplicity, and to focus on the electrode microstructure, the PCL is not considered in this study. Our SEM images of the extruded filament show complex networks among PP, carbon nanofibers and LFP (see Fig. in SI). For simplicity in this first model, we assume two distinct particle types, one for the AM and another, labeled BC (Binder-Carbon), which is composed of PP and carbon nanofibers, as shown in Fig. . Our model is based on the classical DEM, where particles are represented as spheres. The extrusion simulation is carried out in a generic conical twin-screw extruder, adapted from , the same type as our laboratory extruder. The particle size distribution of LFP (Fig. of SI) ranges from 0.3 µm to agglomerates of 20 µm. Assuming 10 µm LFP agglomerate particles, filling the extruder completely would require around 10 9 particles, which is unfeasible for DEM simulations with reasonable computational cost. Neglecting fluid coupling, using periodic boundary conditions and the scaling of the particles are the main solutions for reducing the computational cost. The former is already assumed, while the second one is avoided due to the absence of guaranteed periodic flow in the current extruder setup. Therefore, we opt for a change of scale of the extruder as a means of reducing computational cost. The outlet is reduced from its experimental diameter of 2000 µm to 60 µm (Fig. ). According to our preliminary tests, any further decrease in the extruder size causes a change in the particle dynamics due to the accumulation of the particles in the inter-screw region. The BC particles are assumed to have a lower size than the AM particles so that they are able to form a continuous phase. However, very low values significantly increase the computational time, as a compromise, 5 µm is the selected diameter. The impact of lower diameter particles will be investigated in future work. In our extrusion simulation, the particles are subjected to gravity, particle-particle and particle-wall interactions. Two types of interactions are identified: a repulsive force due to collisions and an attractive force caused by cohesion. Regarding the latter, we neglect noncontact forces (Lennard-Jones and van der Waals) for simplicity. The cohesion force ( ) for particles in contact is given by the Simplified JKR model: