The particle damage process during charging proceeds as follows: the majority of cracks initiate within the central region of the particles at a c-lattice strain of 0.015. This happens at a voltage of approximately 4 V as shown in figure . As delithiation proceeds, a small number of cracks continue to initiate and subsequently propagate outwards with increasing severity as the c-lattice strain increases to a maximum at approximately 0.55 state of lithiation; this can be observed in figure (ii). Finally, once the peak in the c-lattice strain is reached, lattice collapse occurs and the bulk contraction of the particles follows, resulting in a steep increase in the level of damage as shown in figure (iii). While the maximum principal stress relaxes in the regions of newly developed cracks, it is clear that this relaxation is not enough to inhibit further crack growth and stresses continuously ramp upwards during charging. We note that the majority of damage was located along the particle boundaries. We find little evidence of cracks branching into the grains; however, a deeper analysis of the mechanisms that govern this in 3D particles is left for future work. The interested reader can find such analysis of 2D idealised structures in the work of Singh et al. The trends observed by the model match that of the experiment; however, there are two phenomena that are not explained by the simulations here and have not been observed in the literature to the best of the authors' knowledge: the large voids that open in the centre of the particles, and the outward expansion of the particles by 13-25%. As stated previously, these phenomena are likely to be due to residual stresses from the manufacturing process, and it remains as future work to include thermally induced residual stresses within the model to account for this behaviour. It must also be noted that another failure mechanism is not considered here: delamination at the particle-carbon binder interface is possible and contributes to electrical isolation of the active material. It can be modelled using the present approach, 21 however it is beyond the scope of this study and carbon binder domain is non-trivial to resolve properly using adsorption CT.