Antennae-based haemolymph sampling was used to extract 1 mL of haemolymph from each arthropod species. The specimens were anesthetized on ice, disinfected with 70% ethanol, and their metathoracic legs excised to facilitate haemolymph collection. Drops of haemolymph were carefully drawn using micropipettes and transferred into Eppendorf tubes stored at -11°C ) for subsequent analysis.