Printing of hydrogel scaffolds was conducted using a DLP printer developed and manufactured by Cellbricks GmbH. The 3D model of the printed scaffold was created using a computer-aided software (CAD) and processed and sliced into different layers by the printer itself. Before each experiment, the printing platform was calibrated to set z = 0. Inks for printing experiments were prepared freshly as described before. In addition, the solution was filtered through a 0.45 µm syringe filter and centrifuged to remove any particles or bubbles. Approx. 1 mL ink was loaded into the ink reservoir consisting of a transparent, hydrophobic foil which allows illumination from the bottom. The constructs were fabricated layer-by-layer: the first layer was photopolymerized directly on the printing platform and the subsequent layers on top of the previous one by projection of a specific mask with blue light illumination (385 nm, 20 mW/cm 2 ). After printing one layer, the printing platform was lifted by 1 mm with a speed of 20 mm s -1 to then lower in the liquid ink to print the next layer. Each model consisted of three layers (1 mm layer height) resulting in a final height of 3 mm with a diameter of 6-9 mm. The printing time per layer tlayer was varied to determine the minimum and maximum exposure time per layer. After printing, the scaffold was detached from the printing platform and inspected by eye to determine whether the used exposure time per layer resulted in an undercured, cured or overcured scaffold. The time where the scaffold was no longer undercured but cured i.e. had the desired dimensions of the CAD model, was defined as minimum tlayer. The maximum tlayer designated the exposure time per layer where the scaffold was cured but higher tlayer resulted in overcuring.