Another great benefit of pulsed vs. constant current (CC) charging is the added dynamics that offer a wealth of information for quality diagnostics and even live adjustments during formation , as described in a recently filed patent by some of the authors of this study (WO2024170596 , also see Conflicts of interest section). A facile quality parameter to be extracted is for instance the internal resistance (iR), measured as the voltage drop when a current is applied or upon release. Naturally fast pulses will crosstalk but measured iR drops may give a model free indication for the current state of health (SOH) of the cell during formation. The same can be applied, within limits, for a calculation of the diffusion coefficient. The so obtained live cell parameters could then also be applied to adjust pulse parameters to perform formation for every cell optimally and individually. Though such parameter extraction requires some human validation , this wealth of data would be impossible to obtain from CCCV or even smoothly varied currents. Extraction of such quality parameters and live feedback is however left for a follow-up publication.