Comparison to aerial data. The DLQ algorithm uses Monte Carlo sampling to create a distribution of possible emission rates for each 30-minute interval. We construct 95% confidence intervals for the DLQ estimates as the inner 95% interval of these distributions. Vendor-provided CMS rate estimates did not come with an associated uncertainty estimate, and hence no confidence intervals are shown for these estimates. We construct 95% confidence intervals for the aerial estimates using the error distributions from Conrad et al. .