To address this drawback in colorimetric LFIA sensitivity, additional readout methods have been explored to better improve confidence in diagnosis . Coupling colorimetric detection with a quantitative technique will allow the analyte to be detected at lower concentrations within earlier stages of infection or physical state. Other analytical techniques, such as fluorescence , photothermal , and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) , offer enhanced sensitivity but are less suitable for POCT due to their reliance on additional instrumentation, which limits their portability and practicality in field settings . Therefore, there is a significant demand for enhancing colorimetric LFIA by employing various types of nanoparticles. Several studies have explored different nanoparticle systems to improve the performance of colorimetric LFIA.