Therefore, herein we adopt an international automation standard in ISA-88 to facilitate the conceptual modeling of the conjugated polymer deposition in a logical way (Figure ). 31 ISA-88 is a standard that is used in batch process control to organize the various pieces of data associated with a complex network of instrumentation and process stages, wherein a batch process input material is fed to a defined order of processing actions (e.g., pieces of equipment) in series or in parallel to obtain some output material. Section 4.1 of ISA-88 defines a series of hierarchical subdivisions that are increasingly descriptive of an overall batch process. If the first level of the hierarchy is the overall process, the process is subdivided at the second level as an ordered set of process stages which operate independently from each other, usually in a planned sequence of physical changes in the material being processed. Process stages can be broken up into individual process operations, which are defined as major activities that result in a chemical or physical change in the material inputs. At the lowest level of the process model, process actions represent the minor activities that make up a process operation. Within each level of complexity, entities are a directed set of process sub-nodes organized in serial, parallel, or both. 31