The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical was created as a freshly prepared 0.004% (w/v) methanol solution and kept at 10°C in the dark. The test substance was made into a methanol solution. 3 mL of the DPPH solution and a 40 μL aliquot of the methanol solution were combined. Using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Milton Roy Spectronic 1201), absorbance measurements were taken instantly. Once the absorbance had settled (after 16 minutes), the decline in absorbance at 515 nm was monitored constantly, with data being captured at 1-minute intervals. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference chemical, and both its absorbance and that of the DPPH radical without an antioxidant (control) were also assessed. Three replicates of each determination were made, and the average was calculated . The DPPH radical's percentage inhibition (PI) was then computed according to the formula: PI = [{(AC-AT)/ AC} x 100] (1)