where 𝑛 𝑀 and 𝑉 𝑀 are the molar mass and volume of the active material, respectively, 𝜏 is the time duration of the current pulse, and 𝑆 represents the interfacial area. (Geometric area was used in this work). ∆𝑉 𝑠 and ∆𝑉 𝑡 were obtained from the GITT curves (illustrated in Figure ).