The original idea of Gabriel Lamé was to develop a best fit coordinate system so that the relevant boundary problems can be solved directly. Interestingly, the Gielis Transformation inspired a generalization of the Laplacian for stretchable radii so that the Fourier series solution could be extended to solve boundary value problems (i.e. those of Laplace, Poisson, wave, and Helmholtz) on arbitrary normal polar domains, including 3D domains and Riemann surfaces .