are not yet formulated (#5). Process designs that do exist often cover the heart of the separation process (i.e., CO 2 capture and release) with constrained boundaries neglecting other elements/units/systems crucial for scaling up DACCS (e.g., integrated energy systems, heat and electricity storage layouts, CO 2 conditioning processes and equipment needed for CO 2 utilization/conversion/storage). Depending on the selected CO 2 destination option, different specifications (e.g., CO 2 purity, maximum level of impurities, temperature and pressure) of the CO 2 product stream will be required and those are often not taken into account in process designs. Consequently, for Technologies 1B, 2B, 2D, 3A, and 4A, 'process data' is very limited (see Table ). For the remaining technologies, independent assessment of process design and performance is also missing, but available for technologies (i) 1A on KOH with calcium looping, (ii) 1C on amine-based carbon capture, (iii) 1D on KOH with electrochemical regeneration, and (iv) 2C on solid sorbent TVSA. Where independent assessment of process design and performance is present, it is probable that there is room to further optimize process design and operation. 105