To produce battery-grade cathode materials, Redwood Materials uses a combination of reductive calcination (RC), mechanical (Me), and hydrometallurgical (Hy) LIB refinement processes (pathways detailed in Fig. ). The RC process converts energized battery feedstock under certain conditions that leverage heat from exothermic processes and inhibit graphite combustion. This process does not use direct fossil fuel inputs onsite and facilitates subsequent hydrometallurgical refinement into battery-grade materials. Because RC is not required for nonenergized LIB production scrap materials, the two feedstock streams (recycled scrap and recycled batteries) are analyzed separately. Energy consumption and CO2-eq emissions of representative existing recycling pathways from the literature, including pyrometallurgy (Py*), hydrometallurgy (Hy*), and direct recycling (Direct*), are also presented in Fig. for comparison. In general, the RC+Me+Hy pathway at Redwood exhibits comparable energy consumption and CO2-eq emissions with Hy and Direct literature values , and substantially lower environmental impacts than Py*.