where C capital, total , in USD, is the sum of all powertrain cost components described in section 2.5.1. The f P P term accounts for the effect of the payload penalty. C operating per mile , in USD per mile, is the sum of all operating expenses including electricity. We convert the electricity costs per unit of energy from section 2.5.4 to a per-mile basis using the average BET's fuel consumption (kWh/mi) over the truck's lifetime, as it varies annually due to the decreasing battery efficiency over time. d r is the discount rate of 7% used to bring the future operating expenses to the present, and V M T are the vehicle miles traveled over the truck's lifetime (10 years).