Furthermore, in the case of PN, PNZ, and PNF, a noticeable instantaneous voltage drop occurs when the supercapacitor changes from charging to discharging. This drop results from the cumulative ohmic resistance of the electrodes, electrolyte, and contact resistances within the electrode structure. Consequently, the total usable voltage window (ΔV) is reduced by the IR drop, contributing to the lower charging and discharging times of these three materials. For PNFZ the IR drop is significantly lower, thus the charge and discharge time higher.