Charge transfer support -> metal (e) VO(ii) -VO(iv) denote the O-vacancy formation at the respective sites (from ii to iv in Figure ) on Ru/ZrO2-x. The red lines represent the fits to the data in Figure and 3c, the data points within the red dashed rectangles have structural contributions (∆𝐸 𝑅𝑢 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 + ∆𝐸 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ) of 0.29 eV or more.