Adherence assays were based on methodology from previously published work and will be reiterated in brief. Buccal epithelial cells (BECs): Cells were harvested from healthy volunteers by gently scraping the inside of the cheek with a sterile tongue depressor. Cells were washed with PBS and resuspended at a density of 1.5 × 10 5 /mL. General methodology for adherence assays: For all types of assay performed, yeast cells were mixed with BECs in a ratio of 50:1 in a final volume of 2 mL and incubated at 37°C for 100 minutes. The BEC/yeast cell mixture was harvested by passing through a polycarbonate membrane containing 30 μm pores which trapped the BECs but allowed unattached yeast cells to pass through. This was washed x 2 with 10 mL PBS and cells remaining on the membrane were collected and spread on glass microscope slides which were left to slowly air dry overnight. Cells were heat fixed and stained with 0.1% (w/v) crystal violet solution, and left to air dry for 30 minutes. For each slide, the CA cells attached to 100 BECs were counted and the average number of adhered yeast cells averaged and expressed as a percentage inhibition compared to untreated controls. Pre-treatment exclusion adherence assay: In this assay, C. albicans cells were treated with the glycoconjugate compounds (i.e. 1Gal and its complexes), incubated and subsequently exposed to exfoliated BECs. In brief, starting from a liquid overnight culture, 2.1 × 10 8 CA cells were added to Eppendorf tubes (one per compound, plus control) and the growth medium was fully removed by centrifugation followed by fresh PBS buffer washes. The clean CA cells were suspended in 900 μL PBS buffer and to them was added 100 μL of 1 mM aqueous solution of each compound tested, giving a working concentration of 0.1 mM in each sample. The Eppendorf tubes were incubated for 60 min at room temperature with occasional shaking. Then the steps described in the general methodology above were completed. Competition adherence assay: In this assay, C. albicans cells, BECs and glycoconjugate compounds (i.e. 1Gal and its complexes, with a working concentration of 0.1 mM) were coincubated in a shaker at 37°C 90 minutes before completing the steps described in the general methodology above.