The successful release of CO2 through irradiation in photochemical modulation is influenced by various factors, including concentration of the protonated form of the photoacid, bicarbonate buffer concentration, quantum yield, and light intensities. Given that most reported visible light photoacids have pKa values within the range of 6 to 9, the system consists of two buffering systems: the photoacid buffer and the bicarbonate buffer (pKa 6.4 and 10.3).