To characterize the relative sustainability of the Biogenic Refinery 4018 (Biomass Controls PBC), we consider two baseline scenarios (Figure ). Baseline scenario 1 models the treatment of a mixed excreta stream from pit latrines where dewatering by screw press is required before solids are treated with the OP. Baseline scenario 2 includes urine-diverting dry toilets where sourceseparated feces and urine are collected and processed independently. Feces is broken down by a grinder before being used as feedstock for the OP. Separately, urine is processed to recover nutrients for fertilizer through struvite precipitation and ion exchange. The refinery has three main assemblies: (i) a carbonizer base, (ii) a pollution control device, and (iii) heat exchangers.