Following experiments with plastic films, nanoplastics were used for photoreforming under similar conditions. Photoreforming of nanoplastics to generate H2 fuel, so far was not considered as a viable option owing to the low concentrations of nanoplastics in aquatic bodies. Moreover, the utilization of harsh pre-treatment conditions (alkaline conditions) commonly employed for plastic photoreforming are not practically feasible in real-world scenarios (e.g. in aquatic bodies such as lakes, oceans, etc.). The concentration of the nanoplastics used for the pre-treatment was ~0.1 mg mL -1 . The H2 yields and activities follow a similar trend as in the case of the plastic films with TiO2|Pt and CNx|Ni2P and the results are presented in Figure and Tables and. The substrate-normalised H2 yields are considerably higher (>24000 µmol gsub -1 for TiO2|Pt and >150 µmol gsub -1 for CNx|Ni2P) due to the low initial plastic concentrations, with respect to which the amount of H2 produced is normalized.