In summary, Figure presents four points: (i) current DAC technologies have net removal costs well above USD100/tCO 2 (this is in line with reported cost for DAC technologies of >USD300/tCO 2 6 ), (ii) the spread between higher and lower cost estimates is large, denoting the current level of DAC deployment and the uncertainty around reported technology performance, (iii) some DAC technologies would render net positive emissions when deployed in today's US energy system (or in similar electricity grids), and (iv) large cost shares of CAPEX indicate expected large future cost reduction for NOAK plants. and absorbers for absorption-based technologies (i.e., 1A and 1C) have a high contribution to equipment cost. Lack of optimal, fit-for-purpose air contactors or other separation units make this cost share more significant (#10). According to Keith et al. , the high cost for air contactors (for Technology 1A) is associated with their size and slow transfer of gaseous CO 2 into the solution. These are also expected barriers for the case of absorbers and water wash columns (Technology 1C), where limited lab-scale and absence of pilot-scale testing make it more difficult to accelerate the design of optimal DAC separation units both at process design (#8, #10, #11) and system integration levels (#17). Additionally, pellet reactors and calciners, for Technology 1A, and washing columns and blowers/fans, for Technology 1C, also represent a significant share of CAPEX. The cost for pellet reactors and calciners maybe overcome with specialized supply chains (#14).