Figure ) solid lines, show E ortho as a function of ϵ d and dashed lines show the sum of n a and f , which are multiplicative factors to E ortho (Equation ). At positive ϵ d values, E ortho increases with ϵ d due to the increase in V 2 sd , n a and f . For mid-to-late transition metals, E ortho decreases with ϵ d due to a decrease in V 2 sd , though n a + f still tend upwards.