Plant-microbe interactions are fundamental to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, significantly influencing nutrient cycling, plant growth promotion, and disease resistance . These interactions shape the dynamics and productivity of ecosystems, influencing the availability and acquisition of nutrients, as well as the resilience of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses . The complex interplay between plants and microbes in the rhizosphere, the narrow region of soil directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms, is particularly important in this context .