Hombach, Doré highlighted that abatement costs for e-fuels were considerably higher, ranging from 544 to 6424 V/tCO2-eq, when compared to competing vehicle fuel technology options. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a significant improvement in e-fuel production costs and life cycle emissions by 2030, with estimates indicating 3.24 V/leq diesel and 6.63 gCO2-eq/MJ, underscoring the potential for cost reduction and emissions mitigation in 2030. Conversely, TEA is intertwined with the realization of other SDGs, as illustrated in Figure .