The layer-by-layer approach of VP can leave some features disconnected or weakly attached to the main structure until the print is complete. To address this, support structures are needed to stabilize these features during printing. The removal of supports after printing introduces additional manual labor steps, diminishes surface finish, and makes geometries with complicated cavities and channels challenging or impossible to print . Further, because VP typically uses feedstock resins that polymerize into non-processable thermosets, printing with support structures produces waste that cannot be recycled.