In contrast, the larger PLGA NPs induced very little cytokine production. While increased levels of IL-1β and TGF-β were noted for PLGA-PEIH (Figure ), this trend was less evident for PLGA-PEIL (Figure ), indicating that the difference in cytokine response originated from the difference in the particle zeta potential. Nonetheless, increased levels of IL-8, a chemoattractant for neutrophils, were observed for PLGA-PEIL under ADA conditions, further displaying a potent inflammatory response driven by ADA across different nanocarrier platforms, regardless of their size and charge.