The core microbiome at the species level was investigated (Figure ), with Cutibacterium acnes the most prevalent species. This shows the significant biological components of the dust, including skin cells. Interestingly, lower alpha-diversity was noted in the iPD group (phylum level) compared to the control group (Figure ). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the alpha-diversity at species level (Figure ), aligning with previous studies which reported no significant differences in the alpha-diversity in the feces of PD patients compared to the control participants , .