where 𝐹 is a constant force, 𝛽(= (𝑘 % 𝑇) )* ) is the inverse temperature, τ ' is the dissociation time without a constant force, which we want to estimate, and ⟨𝑥 ‡ (𝑓)⟩ is the distance from the free energy minimum to the activation barrier, which depends on an external force 𝑓. The dissociation rate 𝑘 +,, is defined as the inverse of τ ' . If 𝑥 ‡ (𝑓) does not depend on 𝑓 (i.e., 𝑥 ‡ (𝑓) = constant),