MD simulations of the aforementioned ions, in a periodic slab configuration, were reported in Ref. and the same set of simulations is used here to obtain snapshots for interaction energy analysis. These simulations were performed under NVT conditions at T = 298 K and a bulk density of 0.997 g/cm 3 , and the size of the periodic simulation cell (31.3 Å × 31.3 Å × 156.7 Å) was previously shown to afford converged results . The simulation data were subsequently partitioned into bulk and interfacial parts depending on the position of the ion relative to the Gibbs dividing surface (GDS) that we take to define the air/water interface. For the snapshots classified as "interfacial", the ion's center of mass lies no more than 3 Å below the GDS. Anything beyond this cutoff is considered to be a bulk water environment, as this interior region of the periodic slab affords properties that are essentially indistinguishable from results performed in an isotropic simulation that has no interface . Simulations were performed using the AMOEBA force field for water , whose parameterization includes some of the ions in question, such as the halides . Parameters for the remaining ions were developed in Ref. 7 along similar lines, following an established protocol , and are included in the Supplementary Material. Energetic analyses with the AMOEBA force field were performed using the Tinker software, v. 8 .