Introduction: Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction using nanomaterials has emerged as a promising strategy for mitigating carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and addressing the global challenge of climate change. This approach harnesses the unique properties of nanomaterials to convert CO 2 into valuable carbon-based compounds, such as methane (CH 4 ), methanol (CH3OH), formaldehyde (HCHO), and formic acid (HCOOH), through solar energy -driven processes.