Before focusing on the use of BSG for polymer and composite materials, a quick overview of the alternative applications will be presented. Thanks to its interesting composition, rich in protein, minerals, vitamins and TPC, BSG is a by-product of the agri-food industry that is interesting for human food or animal feed. However, the price of BSG has to be very low to match standard prices for these applications which can be challenging when considering drying and transport costs; alternative higher-value valorisation routes would be preferable. • Animal feed: Wastes from the agri-food industry only represent 5 % of the animal feed market but the use of BSG for such an application allow the valorisation of considerable volumes of this by-product from the brewing industry. Its use (20-30 wt% dry matter) for cattle has shown significant improvement in milk yield but requires the use of additives to prevent contamination and improve preservation. • Human food: Despite the variation of its composition, BSG always contains high amount of fibres, proteins, minerals, antioxidants, lipids and vitamins useful for human consumption. BSG can be crushed and mixed by extrusion to prepare flour, for fibre and protein-enriched pastas , added in biscuits, bread, etc. Cookies baking using fresh BSG is a popular valorisation of this by-product amongst home brewers. Protein hydrolysate have displayed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and could be used as bioactive edibles. • Heat generation: The most efficient way to use BSG for combustion application is under pellet form and could be used directly as fuel for heat production in microbreweries. Its calorific value equals 9.6-11.3 MJ/kg , similar compared to other bio-fuels for combustion. However, this requires a costly preliminary drying step and its combustion liberates particles and toxic gases: NOx and SOx, 480 and 1000-3000 mg/m 3 respectively. Recently, a hydrochar from BSG was prepared through microwaveassisted hydrothermal carbonisation, reported with a high calorific value: 32 MJ/kg ,