Chemicals that are commercially available were purchased from Apollo Scientific, Sigma-Aldrich, Fluorochem, and Enamine and were used without further purification. All solvents use for reactions are anhydrous. LC-MS was carried out on Shimadzu HPLC/MS 2020 equipped with a Hypersil Gold column (1.9 μm 50 × 2.1 mm), photodiode array detector and ESI detector. The samples were eluted with a 3 min gradient of 5-95% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Flash column chromatography was performed on Teledyne ISCO Combiflash Companion installed with disposable normal phase RediSep Rf columns (230-400 mesh, 40-63 mm; SiliCycle). Preparative HPLC purification was performed on Gilson Preparative HPLC system equipped with a Waters X-Bridge C18 column (100 mm × 19 mm and 5 μm particle size) using a gradient from 5 to 95% of acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% formic acid over 10 min at a flow rate of 25 mL/min. Compound characterization using NMR was performed either on a Bruker 500 Ultra shield or on a Bruker Ascend 400 spectrometer. The 1 H NMR, C NMR and F NMR reference solvents used are CDCl3 -d1 (δH = 7.26 ppm/δC = 77.16 ppm), CD3OD-d4 (δH = 3.31 ppm/δC = 49.00 ppm) or DMSO-d6 (δH = 2.50 ppm/δC = 39.52 ppm). Signal patterns are described as singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quartet (q), quintet (quint.), multiplet (m), broad (br), or a combination of the listed splitting patterns. The coupling constants (J) are measured in hertz (Hz). HRMS was performed on a Bruker MicroTOF II focus ESI Mass Spectrometer connected in parallel to a Dionex Ultimate 3000 RSLC system with diode array detector and a Waters XBridge C18 column (50 mm × 2.1, 3.5 µm particle size). All final compounds are >95% pure by HPLC.