Researchers have been trying to make the catalyst particles smaller to increase the surface area of the catalysts. For any given mass of catalysts, the smaller the particle, the greater the surface area. Thus, we could have catalyst particle sizes ranging from 2 nanometers to 100 micrometers. The more effort the researchers put into engineering scarce catalysts such as Pt-based catalysts, the smaller the catalyst particles will be . These notable efficiencies could be further visualized through a current-voltage polarization curve.