The research was conducted at a private research-intensive R1 university in the Southern United States. The university uses a 1-2-1 model for chemistry in which students take General Chemistry I, then a year of organic chemistry, and complete General Chemistry II as the fourth course in the sequence. The institutional review board (IRB) approved the data collection using a Qualtrics multiple choice survey (IRB #2022-0203, IRB #2022-0270).