The successful deposition of the coating is corroborated by the presence of the multiple cations in the XPS data (Figure ), revealing the presence of all constituent metals on the tested surfaces. In agreement with the previous test results of the coated glass screen protector, no observable change in visual appearance was seen from these surfaces before and after the hand sprayer-based coating. These high transparent features may encourage the public's willingness to apply the ARD antibacterial coatings on surfaces, compared to masking object surfaces by a non-transparent layer (such as Cu foil, antimicrobial paint, and others) for antibacterial purposes.