For each surrogate produced in each optimization, we ran 100 L-BFGS-B optimizations from random starting points. For each of these optimizations, we calculated the standard deviation of the objective at the minimum (𝑆𝐷 𝜒 ) and the percentage of optimization within 5% of the best objective (𝑂 5% ). The results are shown in Table , along with the number of simulations used to build each surrogate (𝐾 𝑠𝑖𝑚 ).