In addition to the trend landscape map, we also determined the year at which a particular concept starts to emerge and crafted timelines for the emergence of targets, therapies, and biomarkers in immuno-oncology (Fig. and Supplementary Figs. and). From the timeline of emerging targets in immuno-oncology (Fig. ), it appears that while a majority of immune checkpoint molecules emerged in 2000s, others such as LAG3, 64 A2AR, TIGIT, co-stimulators (ICOS, also known as CD278) emerged much more recently, between 2011 and 2015. Protein targets such as nectin-4, TROP2, and gasdermins are among the ones that have emerged most recently, in 2017 (Fig. ). Similar timelines for emerging biomarkers and therapies have also been generated (Supplementary Figs. and).