IET between Ce 4+ and EDOT leading to a 2D PEDOT thin film is not a spontaneous process at an aqueous|α, α, α-trifluorotoluene (TFT) interface (Supplementary Fig. ). To initiate CP thin film formation, the aqueous|TFT interface must be polarised using a potentiostat in conjunction with a four-electrode electrochemical cell (Fig. and Supplementary Fig. ).