For this calculation, only energy-related emissions were considered as it has been shown that these dominate in life cycle analysis of the greenhouse gas emissions of DAC technologies. The carbon intensities of the electricity sources across different locations were calculated using SimaPro® and the EcoInvent v3.8 database and are shown in the ESI Table . Meanwhile, the associated values for grid electricity are shown in the ESI Table . Upstream natural gas emissions in different locations were calculated using a previous study on methane leakage rates across the world and the carbon intensity values calculated are shown in the ESI Table . Across our case studies, these leakage rates vary between 0.26-2.21%. The carbon intensity of gasoline was assumed to be a constant value of 66.97 kgCO2,eq GJ -1 . The carbon intensity of dedicated geothermal heat and solar thermal energy were extracted and scaled from previous studies based on different locational factors. More details can be found in ESI Table . The costs of net CO2 removed are: