Common animal models in ART research include: (i) rodents (mice and rats)due to their short reproductive cycles, ease of genetic manipulation, and low cost; (ii) livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) -contributing to both agricultural efficiency and wildlife conservation by adapting techniques for endangered species; (iii) non-human primates -the closest models to humans in reproductive biology; (iv) zebrafish -a unique model for early embryogenesis due to their external fertilization and transparent embryos; and (v) wildlife models -supporting global conservation efforts by enhancing genetic diversity and population recovery. Techniques applied to animal models vs. humans are compared in Table .