Additionally, we considered frequency-dependent noise models defined elsewhere , with the artificial EIS data being generated at noise level 𝜎 𝑛 exp = 0.02Ω. Consistent with previous findings, the qGP DRTs and impedances closely matched the corresponding exact and experimental impedances (Figure ), as confirmed by the low values of MSE norm,𝛾 and MSE norm,𝑍 for all 𝜎 𝑛 exp listed in Tables S7.