Addressing the crucial societal need for enhancing the PCE of perovskite solar cells is paramount, as it would facilitate electricity generation from renewable energy. Various architectures of perovskite solar cells have been developed , predominantly falling into forward and reverse types (Fig. ). Both types encompass five distinct functional layers: the substrate, electron transport layer (ETL), perovskite layer, hole transport layer (HTL), and back contact. The critical distinction between these two types resides in the sequence of the ETL and HTL, and this differentiation results in the opposite direction of the current generation.