indicates a harmonic surface with a cusp-like barrier. If 𝜈 = 1, Eq. ( ) is reduced to Bell's model . As suggested in a previous study , the parameter 𝜈 should be optimized to make the three parameters insensitive to 𝜈. Thus, the value of 𝜈 was explored in our study and was set to 𝜈 = 0.0001 (see Tables , S4, and S5). Bell's and DHS models were used to fit the logarithmic dissociation times ln 𝜏(𝐹) with respect to constant forces by least-squares fitting, which was performed using the function curve_fit of Scipy 52 . The value of 𝛽 )* was set to the typical value: