Endophytes have been shown to play important roles in promoting plant growth and enhancing stress tolerance . Metabolomics has been used to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects . For instance, Molina-Montenegro et al. ( ) employed GC-MS to explore the metabolic alterations in quinoa plants inoculated with the endophytic bacterium Enterobacter sp. SA187 under salt stress conditions. The authors detected various metabolites, such as sugars, amino acids, and organic acids, that were significantly upregulated in the inoculated plants and may play a role in improving their salt tolerance and overall growth performance under saline conditions . Similarly, a study by used LC-MS to investigate the metabolic changes in rice plants inoculated with the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica during drought stress . The authors identified several metabolites, including proline and glycine betaine, that were more abundant in the inoculated plants and could potentially contribute to their enhanced drought tolerance.