Regardless, unmodified PCL implants elicit a conventional foreign body response and shed particles as the polymer hydrolytically degrades in the body. Complete degradation of PCL implants can take years. Particles shed in vivo during degradation can be phagocytosed and have been observed in cellular structures. As concern for microplastics and nanoplastics in the body increases, the shedding of particles and oligomers from degradable and non-degradable 118 polymeric implants and their impact on local and systemic biocompatibility requires greater scrutiny. A recent report by the FDA determined that the systemic effects of PCL-based biomedical implants used clinically are poorly understood. Much of the previous work investigating PCL biocompatibility focused on the polymer's cytocompatibility as measured by routine viability assays (e.g., Microtox, MTT, LDH, and live/dead staining), the dynamics of the foreign body response to PCL, 106-111 and the excretion routes of PCL degradation products. Few have investigated this polymer's broader bioactivity. similarly been shown to migrate from orthopedic implants to lymphatic tissues and contribute to device failure via small particle disease. In particular, the acute toxicity of PCL on early developing fish embryos at least justifies considering the potential impacts of implants capable of shedding nanoparticles and oligomers and using nanocarriers in the context of fetal health.