While Li-ion batteries offer high performance in terms of energy density, operating voltage, and cycle life , they cannot meet the growing demand for energy storage alone, primarily due to the relative scarcity of lithium resources . Additionally, concerns exist regarding their physicochemical performance , safety , sustainability of the materials used , and environmental impact both during lithium mining and after battery disposal . Therefore, it is essential to explore alternative energy storage systems to address these limitations and concerns. Recently, Na-ion batteries have emerged as one of the most promising alternatives , primarily due to the abundance and widespread distribution of their raw materials and their relatively low production costs . Additionally, since sodium exhibits similar chemical behavior to lithium, many mechanisms and components developed for Li-ion batteries can be adapted for Na-ion batteries , facilitating initial progress toward their commercialization.