where the amount of each is calculated by the case that all of the PV electricity is allocated to only one product without considering water transport and transmission loss. It means that the amount of each electricity, freshwater, and ammonia is 450 (MWh/day), 7.50 × 10 4 (m 3 -water/day), and 4.71 × 10 4 (kg-NH3/day), respectively, estimated by the following equations with the parameters introduced in Section 2.2. 1350 MWh/day is required at least to produce all the functional units and the assumed PV power in this study (450 MWh/day) is not enough for that. The shortfall is compensated by the above existing production methods. Figure shows, for example, the CO2 emissions when all PV power is allocated to ammonia synthesis as in Case 1, taking into account the LCCO2 generated in the pipeline/grid construction and the operation of water transportation/electricity transmission. The figure then shows an example of 𝐷 (the pink-colored box), i.e., the reduced LCCO2 emissions compared to the case where the functional units of electricity, freshwater, and ammonia are produced using the conventional method. Similarly, Case 2 shows the reduced CO2 emissions when all 450