To also define kinetic barriers, we considered the approach of Hansen et al. which first fixes the activation barrier at the equilibrium, reversible potential of each elementary step to a defined value. Note, that we extended this idea to include the effect of surface charging on the reversible potential following Eqs. 2a and 2b. Potential-dependence is then included via the BEP approach for which previous theoretical studies have indicated the validity. The resulting linear scaling of the change of the thermodynamic driving force ∆ i Ω across elementary steps using a charge transfer coefficient β i leads then to a Butler-Volmer-like equation (see Supplementary Materials Section S2 for details). This leads to two more parameters for the two electrochemical barriers, the fixed barrier at the reversible potential