To facilitate large-scale application, the immobilization of these photocatalysts onto suitable supports is recommended for practical use in real-world scenarios. The study demonstrated that ampicillin degradation reached approximately 70%, underscoring the potential of these photocatalysts in addressing pharmaceutical pollutants in wastewater. Overall, the findings of this research contribute significantly to the development of efficient photocatalytic systems for environmental remediation, paving the way for innovative solutions to combat emerging contaminants and promote sustainability.