For apolar nematics, the introduction of chirality causes the nematic director to rotate, giving a chiral nematic phase (N * ) which has a helical superstructure (Fig. ), with the director oriented perpendicular to the helical axis. Notably, the polar analogue of the chiral nematic phase has very recently been discovered. 17-21 Lastly, one further example of nematic polymorphism must be considered. In 2011 the twist-bend nematic phase was discovered, having being predicted some ten years earlier by Ivan Dozov, marking the first new nematic phase type discovered in over half a century. It has been suggested that a polar twisted model of the heliconical NTB phase, the socalled NPT model, is a better descriptor; we note that such an NPT phase is to the ferroelectric nematic phase what the NTB phase is to the conventional nematic.