Notably, the absence of distinct peaks corresponding to silver in the XRD spectra can be attributed to the relatively large ionic radius of silver compared to titanium and cerium, as well as its low concentration in the doped photocatalysts. This suggests that silver may be present in an amorphous or highly dispersed form, which does not produce observable diffraction peaks. Similarly, boron, another dopant in the synthesis, is not indicated in the spectra, likely due to its low concentration and the nature of its incorporation within the crystal structure.