Two demand scenarios are created based on BDEM with more ambitious shifts in end-use chemical demand: high circularity (HC) based on the maximum potential implementation of resource efficiency and circularity levers 2 , low circularity (LC) at 50% of the maximum potential (except mechanical recycling using same absolute market size). Increases in resource efficiency and material circularity are considered for fertilizers, packaging, household goods, transportation, construction, and textiles, covering 87% of the chemical production studied here. For example, mechanical recycling is capped at optimistic 20-60% rates depending on plastics and sectors; see SI Section 4, Figure -12, Table