Commercially available chemicals were purchased from Apollo Scientific, Sigma-Aldrich, Fluorochem, or Manchester Organics and used without any further purification. Compounds 1, 8 2, 3, 23 6b, 11 12e, and 19, were prepared as previously described. All reactions were carried out using anhydrous solvents. Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on precoated TLC plates (layer 0.20 mm silica gel 60 with fluorescent indicator (UV 254: Merck)). The TLC plates were air-dried and revealed under UV lamp (254/365 nm). Flash column chromatography was performed using prepacked silica gel cartridges (230-400 mesh, 40-63 mm; SiliCycle) using a Teledyne ISCO Combiflash Companion or Combiflash Retrieve using the solvent mixtures stated for each synthesis as mobile phase. Preparative HPLC was performed on a Gilson preparative HPLC with a Waters X-Bridge C18 column (100 mm x 19 mm; 5 μm particle size, flow rate ml/min). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses were performed with either an Agilent HPLC 1100 series connected to a Bruker Daltonics MicroTOF or an Agilent Technologies 1200 series HPLC connected to an Agilent Technologies 6130 quadrupole spectrometer. For LC-MS the analytical cololum used was a Waters X-bridge C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm × 3.5 mm particle size); flow rate, 0.5 mL/min with a mobile phase of water/MeCN + 0.01% NH 4 OH (basic analytical method) or water/MeCN + 0.01% HCOOH (acidic analytical method); 95/5 water/MeCN was initially held for 0.5 min followed by a linear gradient from 95/5 to 5/95 water/MeCN over 3.5 min which was then held for 2 min. The purity of all the compounds was evaluated using the analytical LC-MS system described before, and purity was >95%. H NMR and C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance II 500 spectrometer ( 1 H at 500.1 MHz, C at 125.8 MHz) or on a Bruker DPX-400 spectrometer ( 1 H at 400.1 MHz, C at 101 MHz). Chemical shifts (δ) are expressed in ppm reported using residual solvent as the internal reference in all cases. Signal splitting patterns are described as singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), multiplet (m), or a combination thereof. Coupling constants (J) are quoted to the nearest 0.1 Hz.