MST signals were only calculated if the mean initial fluorescence in the presence of a test compound differed from the DMSO control by less than 20%; otherwise, the MST traces for those test compounds were excluded due to unreliable interpretation. For each experiment, the mean MST signal for the DMSO control and each test compound condition was calculated across the three replicates. Each test compound's MST signal mean was then normalized to the mean signal of the DMSO control to obtain 𝑅, the "C-MST assay output". At least 3 independent experiments for each ligand condition were processed and pooled for statistical comparisons.