A secondary implication raised by this work relates to the fact that cows are themselves food products for humans. Our data indicate blood plasma concentration of EC in the range of 2.0 to 2.6 ng/mL (ppb) in cattle fed distillers co-products supplemented feed. Extrapolating these measurements to dietary consumption is likely to be error prone. However, these values are comparable to reported from bread (Canada, 1-29 ng/g), soy sauce (China, 8-108 ng/g), and wine (U.S., <LOD -254 ng/g) . Our study does not report concentrations for meat (muscle) samples; therefore, it is difficult to estimate the amount of EC consumed.