Third, localization and quantification estimates from the CMS solutions have similar distributions when aggregated over multiple months. This means that applications on longer time scales (e.g., annual inventories) are less sensitive to the type of CMS sensor deployed. It is important to note that we performed no controlled releases in this study, and therefore we are unable to assess if these distributions are converging to the truth. Continued evaluation of CMS solutions in a controlled release setting is necessary to evaluate their performance relative to a known ground truth. This finding again aligns with the most recent controlled release evaluation presented in Cheptonui et al. , which found that, despite high variability in individual emission rate estimates, the better performing CMS solutions had minimal bias in their emission rate estimates. This means that long term emission rate averages from these solutions will approach the true emission rate. It is important to conduct studies like Day et al. , Yang and Ravikumar 41 , and this work alongside controlled release evaluations to monitor the performance of CMS when deployed in practice.