For paramagnetic molecules, field-dependent chemical shifts are much less explored, although the magnitude of the effect is much larger. In 1998, Bertini et al. investigated field-dependent shifts in paramagnetic lanthanoid complexes and found that the indirect effect was overcompensated by the direct effect, which is of opposite sign and has a larger magnitude. In that paper, the authors estimated the direct effect by scaling the susceptibility tensor using the Brillouin equation, which however does not properly take into account the anisotropy of the effect.