Significant disparities in emissions exposure are observed across different population groups (Figure ). People of color and individuals living in poverty face disproportionately higher levels of traffic-related air pollution. On average, people of color are exposed to approximately twice the NOX and PM2.5 emissions from all vehicle types compared to White individuals. This trend is consistent across all non-White populations examined. Specifically, Asian individuals experience the highest exposure to emissions from LDVs and MDVs, while Black individuals face the greatest exposure to emissions from HDVs. Individuals living in poverty are also exposed to higher emissions levels, with roughly twice the NOX and PM2.5 emissions from LDV and MDV traffic compared to the general population. This disparity is particularly pronounced for HDV emissions, with individuals in poverty experiencing 3.4 times the NOX and 3.5 times the PM2.5 emissions compared to wealthier individuals. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions aimed at reducing emissions exposure in vulnerable communities, addressing environmental justice concerns, and improving air quality for disadvantaged populations. .4. The differences in emission densities across the deciles are striking, with several orders of magnitude separating the median emission density levels between the lowest and highest deciles, as detailed in Table .4. Next, we examine the relationships between emission density, race, and income at the countylevel. Figure displays regression slope coefficients from county-level linear regression models, illustrating NOX emission density as a function of the non-white population share and median household income. The slope coefficients indicate the change in emission density (g/km 2 ) for every 1% increase in the non-white population share or $1 increase in median household income.