Although the charge transport and fluid flow problems are independent from the mathematical modeling perspective (Section 2.2), they impact one another after The inlet and outlet channels are not depicted. τ is the liquid/solid conductivity ratio, and λ is the dimensionless applied current density. The ohmic to kinetics resistance ratio (δ) is 1.0 for these results. The geometries plotted in the same orientation as in Fig. with the membrane being on the bottom and the current collector being on the top.