The intraoperative precise anatomy of the donor's renal vasculatures and evaluation of renal allograft vascular patency post-reconstruction are highly significant for the success of renal transplantation. To evaluate the performance of DIPT-ICF NPs in fluorescence angiography of the donor renal vasculatures, donor nephrectomy and renal graft vasculature reconstruction models were successfully established to simulate real clinical scenarios. As shown in Fig. , the distribution of renal artery and vein of the donor kidney as well as the blood patency rate were firstly evaluated with DIPT-ICF NPs before the renal transplantation. At 36 s after injection of DIPT-ICF NPs, the renal artery was visualized first, and the contour of the kidney and renal vein then emerged and gradually became sharper, becoming highly bright at a time of 95 s. The highresolution renal angiography revealed that the kidney of the donor rabbit had a single renal vein and renal artery, which had no malformation. The relationship of post-injection time and fluorescence signal intensity further suggested that the blood entered the kidney from the renal artery off the abdominal aorta and left via the renal vein to the inferior vena cava (Fig. ). Next, renal graft angiography and reperfusion imaging based on DIPT-ICF NPs were performed in the Quantitative analysis of NIR-II fluorescence intensity of the renal graft artery, the renal graft vein, and the renal graft reperfusion was conducted in (C). All NIR-II images were taken with the 980 nm laser at a power density of 60 mW/cm 2 , long pass 1319 nm filter, and exposure time of 200 ms. orthotopic renal transplantation of rabbits to assess the blood patency rate after revascularization. As shown in Fig. , the reconstructed graft artery and vein were visualized sequentially from 40 s to 54 s after intravenous injection of DIPT-ICF NPs. Furthermore, the luminescence signal was uniformly distributed on the grafted renal, suggesting a good blood patency rate and blood perfusion of the kidney after revascularization. Quantitative analyses of the reconstructed graft artery and vein showed that the NIR-II fluorescent signal in the renal artery, vein, and renal graft exhibited similar changing tendency as those of donor renal before the transplantation, further suggesting the successful vascular anastomosis during the renal transplantation (Fig. ). It is worthy to note that due to the high brightness and deep penetration depth of DIPT-ICF NPs, the renal vein covered by soft tissues could even be differentiated easily and distinctly. This benefits the accurate ligation and severance of the veins in donor nephrectomy, which avoids the massive hemorrhage in a living-donor and helps improve the kidney preparation efficiency in advance of the transplant procedure. As shown in Fig. , one small vein (around 1.0 mm in diameter) and cranial abdominal vein (2.5-3.0 mm in diameter), the two branches of the left renal vein could be easily and effectively ligated and severed using the image-guided donor nephrectomy. These results show the feasibility of DIPT-ICF NPs assisted NIR-II renal angiography in guiding the kidney transplants, which could be used by the surgeons to make timely management.