The relation between dynamical polarization, Friedel oscillations, Lindhard response function, dynamical charge, and spin waves revolves around the collective behavior of electrons in condensed matter systems and their interactions with external perturbations. Dynamical polarization describes the response of the electronic charge distribution in a material to an external electromagnetic field. It quantifies how the electronic charge density changes dynamically in the presence of an applied field. This concept is crucial in understanding the optical and electronic properties of materials.