Recently, the demand for LIBs is further increasing due to their growing use in larger-scale, high-current applica-ons such as electric vehicles and smart grids . Although these applica-ons require further enhancements in the capacity, power output, cycle life, and safety of LIBs, it is pointed out that the energy density of LIBs is approaching its physicochemical limit . Furthermore, the use of organic liquid electrolytes poses intrinsic safety risks for current LIBs, including leakage, thermal runaway, and explosion hazards .