Moreover, synthesizing these materials is straightforward, allowing researchers to obtain high-quality samples for study and characterization. The general formula of β-alumina is M 2 O.xAl 2 O 3 (where M = Li, Na, Ag, K, and Rb) . This material consists of two distinct subgroups: β ′ and β ′′ , each characterized by a unique structure (Fig. )). The β ′′ type exhibits higher ionic conductivity due to its distinctive framework structure, accommodating a larger number of vacant cationic sites. The crystal structure of β-alumina comprises compact layers of spinel blocks formed by Al 3+ tetrahedra and octahedra coordinated with oxygens. These spinel blocks are sandwiched between mobile cations, with oxygen bridges connecting them to form a 3D hexagonal structure. In the case of β ′ -alumina, the space group is P6 3 /mcm, while for β ′′ -alumina, it is R3m. The layer between the rigid spinel blocks is often called the conduction layer (Fig. )).