Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most emitted anthropogenic greenhouse gas by mass and has been assessed to be the source of 77% of the human contribution to the environmental climate challenges . Correspondingly, the global CO2 emissions from industrial processes and combustion of fuels for energy production have rapidly increased and reached an annual emission of 36.3 Gt in 2021 . As a response to negate the global growth of CO2 emissions, the development of carbon capture and utilization (CCU) processes, where CO2 is captured and converted to value-added products, have been intensified correspondingly to a projected annual utilization potential of 300-600 Mt CO2 for chemicals in 2050 and 1000-4200 Mt CO2 for fuels . A key product from CCU is the production of biomethane (CH4) from CO2, which is promoting the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions . Biomethane utilizes the existing gas infrastructure and can be utilized to relieve the peak loads from non-dispatchable renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and PV by balancing the energy system to reinforce the security of supply. Moreover, the production of biomethane from CO2 is necessary for the decarbonization of the hard-to-abate sector, where electrification is challenged in applications such as long-distance heavy-duty transport and industrial processes that are reliant on carbonbased fuels .