Several studies have explored the eco-friendly synthesis and antimicrobial activities of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). For instance, Javier et al. detailed the synthesis, while Amer and Awwad utilized the aqueous extract of Citrus limon fruits for copper nanoparticle synthesis. Other green synthesis methods involved Punica granatum , Prunus mahaleb L. , and citron juice (Citrus medica Linn.) . The antimicrobial efficacy of biologically synthesized copper nanoparticles was assessed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus .