Our findings show the importance of including environmental impacts in selecting feed ingredients for production and suggest that various footprints should be considered to avoid burden shifting, e.g., when a mixture ratio with low climate change but high land stress impacts is selected. For a more comprehensive evaluation, uncertainty in the footprint calculations may also be considered. For example, the effect of including the loss of carbon in agricultural land compared to natural vegetation was also evaluated (Figs. ). Including carbon loss from land-use change resulted in feed ingredients being selected more often from certain origins for climate change (e.g., rapeseed meal from Germany instead of Ukraine). However, when optimizing for land stress, this inclusion did not result in substantially different ingredient selection (Figs. ).