Grain size is a critical factor that significantly affects the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of polycrystalline materials . Controlling grain size is a vital aspect of material tailoring for specific applications. In metals, reducing grain size can increase their strength while maintaining ductility and toughness, making them a valuable material for aerospace and structural engineering . Conversely, larger grain sizes are preferred for high-temperature applications due to their improved creep resistance . Similarly, in ceramics, grain size strongly influences their optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, with smaller grain sizes improving transparency and larger grain sizes enhancing piezoelectric properties .