From the figure it can be seen that the distance over which deposition occurs increases linearly with the pulse width, as expected from Equation . It is worth mentioning that we observed deposition in aqueous electrolytes (50 mM CoSO4 (aq), pH ~4) for 10 and 20 ns pulses at lift heights of 200 and 500 nm respectively, with otherwise unchanged experimental conditions (SI-5). As such, the potential pulse is much more confined in the DMSO electrolyte (~60x), in line with the expectation from the diffuse layer charging description that accounts for the diffusion of protons (D = 1*10 -8 m 2 /s).