The cumulative capital expenditure by 2050 to finance the LC-ME and LC-NFAX pathways is anticipated to be US$2.7 trillion and US$3.2 trillion, respectively, a 125-170% increase above BAU requirements (US$1.5-2.0 trillion). This includes investment costs for renewables for green hydrogen production as a feedstock, which contribute a large share (approximately 50-70%) of the total investment costs for green ammonia and methanol. In addition, $0.2-0.5 trillion is required in both pathways to manage production and end-of-life waste streams, including collection, sorting, recycling, landfill, incineration and associated CCS (Figure ).