The loosely packed and irregular nature of the aggregates suggests that the catalysts have a high degree of porosity. Porosity is advantageous in photocatalysis as it allows better mass transfer of reactants and products during the reaction. The coarse surfaces observed in the images further indicate the presence of surface defects or irregularities, which can serve as active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Such surface features are particularly beneficial for generating and sustaining reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are crucial for degrading pollutants like CIP.