The equilibrium shape of the particles was generated from a potential-dependent Wulff construction. Particle shapes were generated for reductive conditions (E = -1.50 V/Li and E = -1.00 V/Na), neutral conditions (E 0 Li + /Li = ±0.0 V/Li and E 0 Na + /Na = ±0.00 V/Na), and oxidative conditions (E PZC Li = +1.53 V/Li and E PZC Na = +0.94 V/Na). We derived the required surface energy values for a given electrode potential E from Lippmann's electrocapillary curves 110 following