adduct under various conditions (SI Section 2.5), which demonstrates the extent to which bicarbonate formation can proceed more rapidly than the 𝐵𝑇𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐴𝑄(𝐶𝑂 2 ) 2 2-adduct formation under different conditions. Note that the protonation reaction of AQ needs to occur first before the bicarbonate/carbonate reaction can proceed. Therefore, the rate of protonation is also crucial. However, given the reports on the concerted protonation of quinones with the electron transfer in aqueous media , it is reasonable to assume that the rate of the bicarbonate/carbonate reactions is the limiting factor in the pH-swing mechanism. This comparison highlights that although thermodynamically we predict the adduct formation mechanism to occur predominantly for these three isomers, kinetically the pH-swing mechanism is more favorable.