CIET barriers are computed for the cathode-electrolyte interface during charging/discharging following the steps outlined in Figure .A, where barriers are associated with both IT and ET steps (Scheme 1.B). At the reversible potential of LCO (OCVs of 4.20, 3.95, 3.05 V versus Li/Li + for LCO at SOC x=0.50, 0.75, 1.00) , the intercalation/de-intercalation equilibrium reads: