Table | Energy-related foreground data for 5 case studies. Energy prices, 99,100 carbon intensity, 101,102 natural gas (NG) leakage, 103 and associated global warming potential (GWP) on a 100 year time horizon for four case study countries and one hypothetical 'best case', which combines the lowest energy prices with the minimal leakage rates and renewable electricity production. The different case studies allow us to assess the impact of energy price and carbon intensity on capture costs. Despite its large fugitive methane leakage, USA generally shows the lowest costs (Figure , which indicates that energy price is a stronger driver for net captured costs than CO 2 intensity and/or natural gas leakage. In comparison to Germany, USA values are always lower despite having higher upstream carbon emissions.In France, lowcarbon electricity strongly favors electrically-powered configurations but still leads to higher costs than the USA case. This underpins the relevance of minimizing energy requirement, further discussed in Section 5 (#2, #5, #6, #7, #12).