All electrochemical measurements were carried out in 1M H2SO4 solution. Figure The third redox transition observed can be attributed to smaller polymer chains undergoing additional chain growth, ion doping/de-doping processes, or proton addition/removal. As a result, this transition exhibits irreversible redox behavior, indicating complex molecular interactions and structural transformations within the PN matrix. For PNZ, PNF, and PNZF, analogous electrochemical behaviors were observed in the CVs (Figure ). These composites also display three distinct redox transitions clearly visible at low scan rates. However, at higher scan rates, the peaks merge due to the increased current, resulting in near-rectangular CV shapes attributed to the heightened double-layer capacitance. Furthermore, an upward shift in the potential of the redox peaks at faster scan rates suggests hindered charge transfer processes.