A large class of phytochemicals known as polyphenols has been of great interest because they are highly prevalent in plants and fungi, and are associated with a variety of beneficial and protective properties in humans, e.g. antioxidant and antibacterial 2 effects. Moreover, the gut microbiome, known for its impact on numerous health conditions, is affected and modulated by polyphenols . Polyphenols also hold the potential for negative health impacts, such as exhibiting estrogen-like activity that might be of relevance in mixture toxicology . Thus, investigating polyphenols and their metabolites in humans would aid in understanding the correlation between diet and diseases .