In heavy metal quantitation, a flow-through μPAD design with SWASV improved the detection sensitivity compared to a static ePAD system. Therefore, BDDPEs have the potential to become a valuable tool for electrochemical sensing in a variety of applications, particularly when combined with μPADs. The researchers overcame analytical challenges such as electrode fouling and peak shielding, making ePADs and μPADs more accessible for wider use in various fields.