We used 1 M NaCl center chamber solution and evaluated the effect of operation temperature on cell resistance. Temperature can influence ion conductivity, but it is not a dominant factor when using thin center and high concentration solution (Fig. ). At 50 °C, the conductivity of NaCl solution increases by 100% over the value at 25 °C. With a sufficiently thin center chamber and high concentration of center chamber solution, decreasing cell resistance by increasing temperature is not crucial. Optimization of center flow (Fig. )