Calcification of prosthetic vascular conduits is a frequent complication of inadequate biocompatibility. A study reported that of 40 failed PTFE bypass grafts, 68% revealed calcifications within 1 month after implantation. Characterized by ectopic mineral formation in the form of calcium phosphate or other calcium salts (Figure ), calcification can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and limb amputation by contributing to vascular occlusion and through embolization of calcific deposits. Additionally, vascular mineralization results in mechanical dysfunction of implants. Although recent research suggests that calcification is an active cellmediated process, the details of its pathogenesis remain uncertain. Factors related to this phenomenon include matrix remodeling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because of the high prevalence of interstitial calcification, vascular graft materials that are resistant to calcification are urgently needed.