One benefit of PDI utilizing cellulose-based materials is a high antibacterial efficacy of up to 99.999% . The technique can be used to treat germs that are resistant to antibiotics. With relative efficiencies of 99.995%, 99.5%, and 99%, photosensitizer-conjugated cellulose fibers may be employed to inactivate viruses such as the dengue-1 virus, influenza A, and human adenovirus-5 . The creation of materials like paper , fibers , or textiles using cellulose chemistry enables scalable and simple applications for antibacterial treatment.