From the contact area calculations, we extracted the frames for which the analyte molecules are binding to the SWCNT surface or the ssDNA-SWCNT conjugate by imposing certain conditions. To qualify as a binding event, the contact area between the analyte molecules and the ssDNA-SWCNT corona or the SWCNT surface must be greater than 30 Å 2 , and for the analyte molecules with amine groups, the distance between the amine groups and the SWCNT surface must be less than 10.5 Å. The duration of each binding event is then extracted and used to calculate the toff or residence time using equation (3). We used our own Python codes for all these calculations. For each analyte type, all the binding events of all the six molecules were summed up together to calculate the toff.