Encouraged by the success of the refined GCS model in comprehensively capturing the steady-state structure of the EDL, we extend our analysis to simulate its impedance response. EIS is performed by introducing a small-amplitude AC perturbation around the steady-state condition, ensuring that the system remains within the linear regime and that the perturbation does not significantly alter the interfacial structure . Under these conditions, the electrochemical impedance, Z EDL , can be formulated using a circuit-based approach, representing the interface as a series of well-defined layers. Each layer contributes to the overall impedance through passing of non-Faradaic current by ionic conduction (resistive behavior) and/or displacement conduction (capacitive behavior).