The NAP-XPS configuration and sample stage are detailed in a previous publication . Monochromatic Al Kα radiation with a spot size of 350 µm was employed for excitation. The photoemission electron energy resolution was approximately 0.2 eV. Heating was achieved using a near-infrared laser with a wavelength of 970 nm and a maximum power output of 100 W, while temperature monitoring was performed with an S-type thermocouple mounted on the sample stage and a pyrometer (LumaSense Technology). Both temperature measurement methods were previously calibrated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the well-established temperature-dependent resistivity of a YSZ calibration substrate.