While this study did not measure actual student learning or performance, others have established that small group work improves student performance in the context of universitylevel science courses . The increased performance of small groups is likely due to a collective intelligence factor at play in groups but not individuals . This study demonstrates yet another important benefit of small group work, i.e., that it builds student confidence. As mentioned in the introduction, building student confidence will make students more likely to engage in future academic activities, which in turn gets them engaged and practicing more, thus eventually improving their level of expertise. While the confidence of university science students may correlate with their performance or correctness in some cases , it is also important to note that cognitive bias may skew the accuracy of this relationship, particularly with novice learners . Thus, one should be cautious not to overinterpret student confidence as a metric for actual learning.