For a BiVO4/TiO2 photoanode, 5 nm of metal layers was deposited onto the photoanode surface by Leica EM ACE600 magnetron sputter. Ni (100 mA working current and 2.0 E -2 mbar), Pt (35 mA working current and 5.0 E -2 mbar), and Au (30 mA working current and 5.0 E -2 mbar) were deposited under certain conditions.