A global effort to eliminate sanitation gaps was galvanized by United Nations' Millennium Development Goals and the more recent Sustainable Development Goals. However, current trajectories suggest progress will fall short of 2030 targets for universal sanitation coverage and halving the proportion of untreated wastewater. To address the key challenge of safe sanitation for all, traditional interventions typically include centralized treatment with sewered toilets where water is the carrier of human excreta by gravity. However, the implementation of such solutions faces requires large capital investments, water for conveyance, and maintenance of expansive pipeline networks. Alternatively, pit latrines are a common sanitation technology used by over 1.5 billion people globally, and container-based sanitation systems (i.e., waterless toilets that capture excreta) have recently gained traction due to their ability safely collect excreta. Although pit latrines and container-based sanitation systems tend to be less expensive and easier to implement relative to sanitary sewers, they require routine emptying as containment of excreta is only part of the sanitation value chain (user interface, collection, emptying and conveyance, treatment, and reuse). Community-wide deployment of container-based sanitation systems creates greater needs for the collection, treatment, and reuse at large scales. Thus, an opportunity exists for innovative solutions to be developed for non-sewered fecal sludge management at large scales, which could significantly impact on global sanitation needs. Thermal treatment systems (e.g., pyrolysis, gasification, combustion) represent one potential pathway for non-sewered fecal sludge (i.e., excreta that contains solids) treatment at large scales. These systems leverage the caloric value of feces (upwards of 25.7 MJ•kg -1 dry basis) to reduce fecal sludge volume, destroy pathogenic organisms, and remove many harmful chemical compounds. The relatively high treatment temperature of pyrolysis (e.g., 350 -800°C) transforms feedstock (e.g., fecal sludge) into biochar, a graphitic solid that can be used to enhance agriculture soil properties and qualifies for carbon sequestration credits. Additionally, the produced thermal energy can be converted to electrical energy or leveraged to dry influent fecal sludge. While the moisture content of fecal sludge may be considered an obstacle to thermal treatment, dewatering followed by drying with the produced thermal energy can achieve the minimum requirements in many cases. The development of thermal treatment systems has been accelerated through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Reinvent the Toilet initiative. Community-scale, non-sewered sanitation systems developed through this program have been coined Omni Processors (OPs). From a technological standpoint, these community-scale fecal sludge management systems are marketed as optimized sludge treatment technologies leveraging thermal treatment to inactivate pathogens and recover energy from bodily waste. These systems are proposed to be equipped with remote monitoring and have limited requirements for on-site operators. Additionally, design teams note that OPs can handle a variety of inputs (e.g., menstrual hygiene materials, municipal solid waste, and organic wastes), which can cause blockages in sewage collection systems and interfere with the performance of other fecal sludge management processes. Undoubtedly, addressing sanitation goals through technology deployment should consider the critical challenges of stakeholder engagement and social acceptability; nonetheless, costs, energy, and life cycle environmental impacts are three indicators that are potentially of urgent relevance to decision-makers.