In conclusion, this study not only demonstrates the pressing need for systematic, large-scale assessment of human xenobiotic exposure, but also the technical feasibility of innovative analytical workflows. Importantly, the newly-developed platform is generic in nature and thus enables continuous expansion with additional chemicals for exposure-or direct effect monitoring. Further, it is not restricted by small volumes as exemplified by the highly-precious samples from the extremely premature infant cohort. Xenobiotic classes are not limited to food and environmental toxicants, but may also include biotransformation products thereof, drugs of abuse, microbiome-related compounds, or drugs of interest for the elucidation of drug-exposome interactions . An improved characterization of the chemical exposome will not only contribute to the prevention of pathogenesis at a public and personalized level; but it is also intended to aid in the therapy of developing and existing conditions. We encourage the introduction of such comprehensive and highly-sensitive biomonitoring methods, routine monitoring schemes during all stages of life, and true exposome-scale epidemiological studies investigating conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disease, or different types of cancer.