These are the most economical pathways and appear to be financially more viable than the other pathways. However, they rely almost entirely on CCS for GHG reductions, despite the fact that Japan is yet to prove large-scale CCS destinations within its territory and exporting CO2 for overseas sequestration is only planned (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry 2023b). For these reasons, the LC-ME and BAU-ME pathways are considered highly risky for Japan.