Hormone levels decline with age, as a result of the reduced secretion from the gland. Diminished hormone levels are related to decline in bone mineral density, muscle mass, sexual appeal, erectile activity, and intellectual potential. Therefore, hormone supplementation has been widely applied to help improve the quality of life in the elderly. Perimenopause women suffer from discomforting symptoms such as hot flashes or vaginal dryness, so hormone replacement has been applied to lessen or eliminate them. Estrogens and progesterone have been beneficial in osteoporosis treatment as well. However, adverse effects of combined treatment of estrogens and progestin such as higher risk for cardiovascular disease, thromboembolic event, stroke, and breast cancer have been reported 438 , so guidelines recommended lower dose for the shortest time for the hormone supplements administration. Elderly men typically exhibit low testosterone levels which have been associated with certain age-related pathologies. Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are more common in older men. Thus, low plasma testosterone levels have been associated with sarcopenia and osteoporosis, as well as mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, testosterone replacement therapy has been found advantageous as it can augment muscle mass, physical strength, and body-mass index in elderly men. However, adverse effect of the testosterone therapy such as polycythemia and risk of aggravating prostate cancer have been reported as well. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a precursor for sex hormones and is transformed into androgen or estrogen respectively. The decrease of plasma DHEA levels in elderly has been associated with certain age-related pathologies. Thus, DHEA supplementation has been reported beneficial for muscle mass, muscle strength, physical performance, and body mass index, as well as for mood and sexual function. The adverse effects of DHEA are minimal, with no significant effect on hormonedependent tumors. 449, 450