The resulting TOC was then annualised and levelised using the capital recovery factor calculated from the assumed location dependent discount rates, a plant life of 25 years, and 90% capacity factor unless paired to intermittent renewables to arrive at a levelised capital cost. The accuracy of the FOAK Email: jpy1@hw.ac.uk RCCS, Heriot-Watt University capital cost calculation was assumed to be -30% to +50% of the calculated value, which the Association of the Advancement of Cost Engineering (AACE) expects for a class 4 estimate. Details of the fixed operating and maintenance and the variable operating costs are available in the ESI Tables S4-S5. The sum of the levelised capital costs, fixed operating and maintenance, and the variable operating costs was then escalated to the net removed cost, as shown in Equation , using the calculated GHG emissions from the processes.