However, for nonlinear models, the conventional leverage calculation may be overly optimistic, leading to inaccurate assessments of the AD. To address this limitation, the leverage method was combined with a SHAP-based approach, which provides an estimate of the contribution of each descriptor to individual predictions. By summing the absolute SHAP values for each descriptor, the degree of influence of the solute on the solubility prediction was estimated. This measure served as an analogue to leverage and was calculated using the following equation: