To further confirm the proposed mechanism of dissociation-induced voltage generation by the oxygen-containing functional groups of OCBNP, ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) PAA (average M W ~1,250,000) is used as an electrically insulating model of OCBNP to eliminate the influence of electrochemical redox reactions on OCBNP. The dissociation and migration of H + from PAA were observed with the assistance of a pH test paper. As shown in Figure , the color of the PAA-coated region changes from yellow to red, indicating that free protons are dissociated from PAA chains and migrate with water, which directly proves the existence of a proton concentration gradient. Furthermore, the PAA solution was coated on one half of an MCE membrane and then dried to obtain a PAA h /MCE membrane, mimicking the structure of the OCBNP h /MCE membrane.