Thermodynamic modeling was performed using PHREEQC (V3) . The CEMDATA18 database was used to model the solubility of CH and C-S-H. The minteq.V4 database was used to model the interaction between aqueous calcium and citric acid. Additional solubility data had to be added to our calculations to successfully model all the deprotonation and complexation reactions that may occur in the presence of tartaric acid (referred to as H 4 Tar below) and succinic acid (referred to as H 2 Suc below). For tartaric acid, the deprotonation of the two alcoholic hydroxyl groups of tartaric acid that occurs in alkaline conditions is modeled using a deprotonation constant pK 3 of 13.94 (equation 8) and a deprotonation constant pK 4 of 15.60 (equation 9) as determined by Beck et al. in the presence of NaOH . The deprotonation of the two alcoholic hydroxyl groups of the CaH 2 Tar complex is modeled using a deprotonation constant pK a,3 of 12.25 (equation 10) and a deprotonation constant pK a,4 of 14.18 (equation 11) as determined by Gácsi et al. in the presence of NaOH .