The XRD patterns of WO3 powder as well as WO3 grown on different substrates like Ni and Ti substrates are represented in Figure and S2. The XRD pattern for Ti substrate and prepared material deposited on the Ti mesh with characteristic reflections corresponding to h-WO3 is shown in Figure (reference pattern identified by the PDF file number 01-085-2460 for the h-WO3). The WO3 serves as an excellent model material due to its ability to crystallize into multiple open structures, with the most notable being monoclinic WO3 (m-WO3) and h-WO3 polymorphs. Both forms are composed of WO6 octahedra, but differ in how they are connected.