Many of the selected pairs (Table ) required either higher specificities to reduce their physiological or ecological off-targets or improved miliMolar to nanoMolar affinities for other physiological / delivery reasons. In any of the selected pairs, a large number of candidates for alternative ligands need to be generated to select the most appropriated. Because it was not practical to experimentally or computationally screen for such large numbers of candidates , the above commented DW-BEL tools may supplied significant alternatives. Combining the recent availability of newly crystallized protein / ligand models, the improvements in 3D protein modeling by alphafold algorithms , and the above mentioned DW-BEL + Toxicity Risk novel co-evolution, large numbers of parentderived children candidates were generated for the following protein targets: