The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta-coronavirus, which is the causative agent for coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), a respiratory global pandemic that emerged in 2019. After three years of the pandemic, over 760 million people have been infected, and around 6.9 million have died. Prophylactic and therapeutic intervention strategies are still urgently required because the COVID-19 pandemic presents an unprecedented challenge to public health.