After assembly, the cell was maintained at OCV for period of 6 h to obtain a stable electrode height measurement. The electrode height change is expressed in a form of percentage calculated from the first measurements. The electrochemically-induced height-changes were evaluated with the dilatometer during galvanostatic charge/discharge at 20 mA g -1 between 3 to 1 V vs. Li/Li + . Electrochemical experiments were performed with a multichannel potentiostat/galvanostat (VMP3, Biologic).