The demand for energy and products is under immense strain as a result of the rapid economic development in emerging nations and the exponential expansion in the human population. In order to keep up with the ever-increasing energy demand, fossil fuel resources have been heavily mined since the start of the industrial revolution. The use of fossil fuels increases as a result. For instance, by 2050, world energy consumption is expected to rise by 77% while the worldwide population is projected to reach 8.9 billion, an increase of 36% . Nevertheless, fossil fuels like coal, hydrocarbons, and natural gas have a limited supply on Earth. Additionally, the development of transport options and the expansion of industrial operations have led to the release of exceptionally high levels of particles and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Hence, to counteract the depletion and pollution caused by fossil fuels, it is critical to investigate cleaner and more efficient energy sources. An alternative energy economy based on hydrogen has therefore emerged from the hunt for new energy sources . Hydrogen may be generated using many processing procedures, including thermal, electrolytic, photolytic, and biological methods. The thermal process encompasses natural gas reforming, renewable liquid and bio-oil processing, and the gasification of biomass and coal, while the electrical phase involves the electrolysis of water (H2O) utilising external energy sources. In addition, the photocatalytic method, water splitting using sunlight through biological and electrochemical materials . As an alternative sustainable approach, the scientific and industrial communities have once again begun to thoroughly investigate the valorisation of biomass resources into high-value products . The academic community has devoted a great deal of energy over the past 20 years to determining the most efficient methods of converting biomass resources into targeted compounds. Various methods are utilised for this purpose including combustion, , pyrolysis , gasification , direct liquefaction , and recently several advanced oxidation processes such as Fenton, ozonolysis , electro-fenton and photocatalysis .