Despite these advancements, natural dye extraction still faces several significant drawbacks that hinder its widespread industrial use. The variability in dye yield and quality due to differences in raw material sources, the complexity of extraction procedures, and the higher costs associated with natural dye production are major challenges . Moreover, natural dyes often had lower color fastness compared to synthetic dyes, making them less durable and limiting their application in the textile industry . Consequently, while natural dye extraction had made progress, it remains insufficient for meeting the demands of large-scale textile production.