AgNPs may bind to proteins, altering their structure and function. Proteins plays a vital role in a wide range of cellular processes, and their disruption can have significant downstream effects. For example, AgNPs may inhibit enzymes or other proteins that are essential for cellular metabolism and repair . 5. DNA Damage and Disruption of Replication: Another important mechanism involves the interaction of AgNPs with DNA, leading to damaging and hindering replication process. DNA damage is particularly detrimental as it impairs the cell's ability to divide and sustain itself that contributes to antimicrobial action of AgNPs .