The objective of this work was to synthesise MnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 spinel ferrite NPs using a co-precipitation method, to examine their effectiveness in removing zinc from water solutions. The thermodynamics investigations demonstrated that the adsorption of zinc (II) was both exothermic and spontaneous. Additionally, Asadi, Reza, et al. also examined the ability of the adsorbents to be reused and their capacity to release the adsorbed substances. Lingamdinne et al. prepared a nanoscale hybrid material composed of GO and inverse spinel NiFe2O4 (GONF). Subsequently, this substance is used to extract toxic metals from aqueous solutions. The batch adsorption processes successfully used GONF for the elimination of Pb (II) and Cr (III). Hence, the process of Pb (II) and Cr (III) being attracted to GONF occurred by chemisorption, forming a single layer on the even surface of GONF. The adsorption of metal ions showed a direct relationship with temperature, suggesting that it is a chemisorption process that involves the formation of surface complexes in the inner layer. The results clearly show that GONF is a very efficient sorbent for the removal of Pb(II) and Cr(III) from wastewater. Jung et al. showed the easy production of cubic spinel-type MnFe2O4 /biochar composites using a simple hydrothermal process. The biochar was coated with MnFe2O4 spinel NPs, resulting in magnetic separability due to superparamagnetic behaviour. Additionally, the treated biochar exhibited efficient adsorption capability for heavy metals such as Pb (II), Cu (II), and Cd (II). Sezgin et al. assess the effectiveness of CuFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 NPs in the removal of zinc, nickel, and copper heavy metals from synthetic wastewater. NPs of CuFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 were synthesized using the PEG-assisted hydrothermal method. Subsequently, the NPs (CuFe2O4 and NiFe2O4) were used to determine the extent to which they can effectively remove heavy metals and their capacity to adsorb these metals. The synthesis of NiFe2O4 NPs (NFNs) was carried out by the coprecipitation technique from a research group. Subsequently, these NPs were used as an adsorbent to eliminate Cr(VI), Pb(II), and Cd(II) from wastewater. ZnFe2O4-Alginate beads, referred to as ZFN-Alg beads, were created by Kumar et al. The results indicate the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of using magnetic biopolymer beads for the removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) metal ions from both single and combined systems. Ramadan et al. utilized the flash auto-combustion approach was used to synthesise different compositions of CuFe2O4, Zn-CuFe2O4, and Co-CuFe2O4. The samples that were created were tested to evaluate their effectiveness in eliminating the heavy metal Cr 6+ from water. Optimal outcomes were achieved by adjusting the experimental parameters, namely by maintaining a pH level of 7 and allowing a contact period of 50 minutes. The CuFe2O4, Zn-CuFe2O4, and Co-CuFe2O4 NCs exhibited removal efficiencies of 54%, 90%, and 93% accordingly. Camacho et al. produced zinc-copper ferrites (Zn1-xCuxFe2O4) by the simple hydrothermal technique. After 24 hours, Z2C7 exhibited a relatively low efficacy in reducing Cr 6+ compared to Pb 2+ and Ni 2+ . After 24 hours, Z2C7, Z5C5, and Z7C2 demonstrated a 100% efficacy in eliminating Ni 2+ and Pb 2+ , at a dosage of 0.5 g. Lingamdinne et.al., synthesized biogenic MISFNPs from Cnidiummonnieri (L.) Cuss (CLC) seed extract. MISFNPs were utilized in batch tests to remove Pb (II) and Cr (III) from aqueous solutions and also showed that NPs adsorb Pb (II) and Cr (III) endothermically. Finally, green-synthesised MISFNPs can recycle and remove heavy metals without losing stability. The process of microwave combustion was used by Al Yaqoob et al. to synthesize NPs of spinel ferrite MFe2O4. Metal nitrates were utilized as precursors, while urea served as the fuel. The MNPs, in their original state, exhibit enhanced efficacy in adsorbing Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ ions, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 69.4 mg/g and 47.1 mg/g, respectively. Remarkably, the presence of metal M influences selectivity: CoFe2O4 exhibits a preference for Cd 2+ ions, while ZnFe2O4 exhibits a preference for Pb 2+ ions. A one-step solvothermal approach was used by Guo et al. to produce novel magnetic composites consisting of amino-modified rice bran biochar and MgFeAlO4 (RB@MgFeAlO4-NH2). These composites were specifically designed to efficiently eliminate toxic Ni (II) from wastewater. The study investigated the removal and sorption of Ni (II) on RB@MgFeAlO4-NH2 using a combination of batch experiments and spectrum approaches. RB@MgFeAlO4-NH2 is a very efficient adsorbent for extracting Ni (II) from aqueous solutions due to its ecofriendliness, low cost, ease of magnetic separation, and high sorption capacity. Narayana et al. prepared NC consisting of rGO-based inverse spinel NiFe2O4 (rGO-SNF) created to remove Pb (II). Lead (II) is a toxic heavy metal that is a significant pollutant in water pollution. Tatarchuk et al. conducted a study to explore the capabilities of magnesium-zinc ferrites, namely Mg1-xZnxFe2O4, as magnetic sorbents for environmental purposes. The research found that the adsorption processes of Cr (VI) and Ni (II) ions are mostly chemical. The produced magnesium-zinc ferrites have shown significant promise as magnetic adsorbents for the environmental removal of chromate and nickel ions. . The compound Cu0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4 was produced by a co-precipitation technique from Tran et al. and then subjected to calcination at a temperature of 900°C. The compound was then studied for its ability to adsorb Pb (II). The findings obtained have verified that the Cu0.5 Mg0.5Fe2O4 ternary oxides have a significant ability to adsorb Pb (II) due to the increased number of active adsorptive sites on the ferrite. Tavares et al. examined the use of spinel ferrite particles (Fe3O4, MnFe2O4, and CoFe2O4) as magnetic nanosorbents to remove arsenic from water samples that were intentionally contaminated. Furthermore, these magnetic nano sorbents also show outstanding performance in sorbing As (V). Iqbal et al. investigated the production, examination, and capacity to draw in molecules of spinel CoFe2O4 NPs that have been modified with rGO. The adsorption capabilities of the NC were assessed by examining its capacity to adsorb cationic CV, brilliant green (BG), anionic MO, and CR dyes. Hence, the NC exhibited remarkable adsorption properties for the removal of dyes and heavy metals. Kumari et al. used the coprecipitation process to generate NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 doped with alkaline earth metals to effectively remove toxic components like Cd (II) and Pb (II). NiFe2O4 have removal efficiencies of 45% and 83% for Cd and Pb ions, respectively. Nevertheless, Pb (II) and Cd (II) clearance percentages improve to 97% and 80% respectively when NiFe2O4 are doped. The results suggest that mesoporous ferrites, as determined through BET analysis, demonstrate effective adsorption capabilities for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Furthermore, these ferrites exhibit a high level of recyclability and can be easily separated using an external magnetic field. 7. Future research gaps: Future research on spinel ferrites for dye degradation must address several critical gaps to enhance their efficiency and practical applicability. Achieving accurate manipulation of the size, shape, and surface characteristics of spinel ferrites, while also implementing scalable and cost-effective techniques, remains a top priority in their synthesis. Enhancing surface area and porosity to improve interaction with dye molecules, and investigating the effects of doping and cation substitution to tailor catalytic properties, are crucial for optimization. Assessing the long-term stability and performance under various environmental conditions, and developing methods for regeneration and reuse without significant loss of catalytic activity, are vital for practical applications. Exploring the integration of spinel ferrites with other materials and technologies, such as photocatalysts and advanced oxidation processes, can enhance overall degradation efficiency. Identifying and characterizing by-products to ensure they are not harmful, and conducting comprehensive toxicity studies to assess the environmental impact of both the spinel ferrites and the degradation by-products, are also important. Pilotscale studies to evaluate performance in real wastewater treatment scenarios, considering the presence of multiple contaminants, are necessary to bridge the gap between laboratory research and practical applications. Additionally, a cost-benefit analysis comparing spinel ferrites with existing dye degradation technologies will help assess their practical viability. Addressing these gaps will significantly enhance the understanding and effectiveness of spinel ferrites in dye degradation, leading to more efficient, sustainable, and economically viable solutions for treating dyecontaminated wastewater and contributing to environmental protection and public health. The world's dye-based industries are now encountering significant obstacles, including intense rivalry, excess production capacity, declining profit margins, and heightened environmental concerns. This has led to a widespread reluctance to provide funds for overhead such as research and development and wastewater treatment. Therefore, finding a costeffective solution to remove colour and toxicity from effluents is still a significant challenge. The complexity of dye removal is further complicated by the wide range of structural variations among dyes that may be used in a single dyeing process, as well as by additional components present in wastewater that might hinder the treatment process. The extensive use of synthetic dyes in the dyeing of textiles is leading to significant environmental contamination and damage to aquatic ecosystems. These dyes are derived from petrochemical sources and include possibly carcinogenic and poisonous substances. By systematically addressing these research gaps, spinel ferrites can be further developed as a key material in environmental remediation technologies, ultimately providing more robust and versatile solutions for managing dye pollutants and contributing to environmental protection and public health.