While these compounds must be evaluated in vitro to reach definite conclusions, our novel ligands exhibit promising binding properties against Salmonella ATPase. Because heavy displacement of the P-loop is associated with ATP-analog binding, the disruption of those critical domains is likely to halt ATP hydrolysis . Without a functional ATPase enzyme, almost all pathogens are unable to properly inject effectors. This sabotages their ability to subvert host cell function, alter cytoskeleton structure, and evade immune system responses . Although the exact mechanisms linking ATP hydrolysis to the formation of the injectosome and secretion of protein effectors are not fully understood, several experiments have found a direct causal relationship between loss-of-function InvC mutations and loss of virulence .