Fig. and Fig. present the population dynamics of the UP (blue), LP (red), and dark states (black) under broadband UP excitation and broadband LP excitations respectively, with cavity quality factors of Q = 475. The ground-state population (green) is also depicted. For N molecules and M cavity modes, there is a total of M different UP states (with different k α ), M different LP states, and N -M dark exciton states. The definitions of UP, LP, and Dark states are provided in Eqs. S12-13 of the Supporting Information. Here, we group the same type of states together to visualize the transitions among these manifolds of states.