The colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is remarkable detection platform that has greatly accelerated the growth of point-of-care testing (POCT) by providing a simple, affordable, and portable solution that operates without the need for any instrumentation . Unlike other POCT techniques such as lab-on-a-chip devices , bench-top analyzers , microfluidic devices -which often involve complex microfluidics and sophisticated optical readouts ,