The emergence and differentiation of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) -synthetic drugs of six major classes including stimulants, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists, hallucinogens, opioid receptor agonists, sedatives/hypnotics and dissociatives -is of growing concern . NPS are structural analogues of classical drugs of abuse. They are known to mimic the physiological effects of these compounds by targeting the same receptors or transporters that mediate their molecular mechanisms . Clandestine synthesis is a major route of NPS production, with the number of clandestine laboratories increasing substantially in recent years . As NPS are made increasingly available through these routes, their popularity has risen due to low cost, ease of accessibility and the perception of reduced legal liability . Given their high potency, unpredictable side-effects and widespread use, the increasing incidence of overdose and drug-related death is perhaps not surprising ). As a useful example, benzodiazepines (BZDs) are a prominent class of NPS with increasing trends of abuse and drugrelated death, being involved in over two thirds of drug related deaths in Scotland in 2022 . So called 'street' BZDs, are illicit drugs that fall into two distinct groups, diverted prescription medications licensed for therapeutic use in some countries, and designer compounds synthesised by clandestine chemists . Street BZD use is problematic due to the prevalence of counterfeit medicines, mis-sold in pill form as legitimate pharmaceuticals where in fact potent NPS benzodiazepines are present in unknown quantities . Etizolam is a notable example of a street BZD that appears in counterfeit medication in the UK, though is legal in some other countries. Etizolam produces pharmacological effects at ten times the potency of licensed drug diazepam . People who use these drugs therefore are doubly at risk in not knowing the drug or the dose that they are taking . For example, data from Welsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances (WEDINOS) from June-July 2024, shows 59% of diazepam submissions contained a drug other than diazepam . Similarly, the UK and other countries have seen the very recent rise of synthetic opioids (nitazenes), with potencies higher than fentanyl and, at the time of writing, are found in combination with BZDs and other counterfeit pharmaceuticals as well as heroin in the UK. This contrasts with the high prevalence of fentanyl in the USA. Detection of NPS drugs is almost exclusively via lab-based analysis (typically GC-MS). However, to enable community drug checking and testing, ideally one would be able to identify NPS in the field instantly, with minimal technical training and at low cost . A range of technologies have been used for this purpose including hand-held Raman, near infra-red and FT-IR. However, these technologies are severely challenged by the typically low concentration of NPS in street samples, the presence of bulking agents and other excipients, fluorescence of the analyte and complex analyte mixtures . As the example of BZDs shows, there is a need for rapid, non-technical drug identification and ideally concentration discrimination. We have previously validated that fluorescence spectral fingerprinting [FSF; enumerated excitation-emission matrices (EEMS)] is an effective means to detect synthetic cannabinoids . We have shown that FSFs can be used to discriminate between individual compounds and structural classes . We hypothesise that the varied heterocyclic core structures of other NPS, including benzodiazepines and nitazenes render these compounds ideal candidates for detection using this approach. Here, we demonstrate that by expanding the FSF measurement to include reflectance information, we are able to distinguish individual BZDs and provide information on their concentration. Moreover, we demonstrate that nitazenes can be detected using this approach in the presence of other drugs including BZDs and seized heroin samples. We demonstrate the implementation of these advances in a portable device design.