The ring perception step identifies cycles (i.e. rings) in the molecular graph using the Hanser-Jauffret-Kaufmann (HJK) ring perception algorithm, which returns the complete and exhaustive set of rings. Since the complete set often has redundant ring information for our purposes, we remove "chorded rings" and "equivalent rings". Rings are chorded if there is a shortcut between any two atoms containing fewer bonds than the path of the ring itself (e.g.: rings A and A', Fig. ).