Electricity greatly influences environmental impacts in LIB circular refinement, and the variability among grid electricity sources elucidates a tradeoff between CO2-eq emissions and water consumption (Fig. ). Therefore, considering water consumption and CO2-eq emissions is necessary for selecting recycling facility locations, particularly in water-sensitive or emissionssensitive scenarios. Further examination suggests that the tradeoff is primarily driven by waterintensive hydroelectric and geothermal electricity in certain locations versus CO2-intensive coal and natural gas in others, implying that increasing the proportion of electricity from nuclear, wind, and solar energy sources simultaneously reduces CO2-eq emissions and water consumption relative to existing balancing areas (Fig. ).