, where l is the desired ceramic thickness, m is the mass of powder, D is the density of MAPbBr3 (D~3.823 g cm -3 ) or MAPbCl3 (D~3.115 g cm -3 ) derived from Archimedes method (see below), and r is the radius of the cylindrical die set. All pressing was performed using a two post CARVER Auto Series Model press (Model:MH-PL,H) with applied force ranging from 1,000-50,000 lbs. Dynamic vacuum was pulled on the die sets and perovskite powders for ~1-2 hour prior to pressure application.