These studies have provided crucial insights and cross validated experimental findings on the primary aggregation of ionomer and Pt/C , , , , . On the other hand, various Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations have been performed, to model solvent effects , on the CL microstructure. These approaches have also been combined with continuum simulation methods to develop a model that represents the electrochemical behaviour of the CL as a function of fabrication parameters , , . However, due to computational limitations these models have either been qualitative, or temporally agnostic in their treatment of the aggregation process.