Given that T sp is tied to the nucleation behavior of the formulation, it may be determined either by simulations using known nucleation kinetics or inferred directly from thermal evolution profiles of engineering runs. K c , the lumped system-scale heat transfer coefficient, remains the only hitherto unknown quantity. It may be computed from the remaining quantities, either from experiments or simulations. We computed K c for the simulated pallet (T sp assumed to be -4.5°C for all T ext ) at storage temperatures of -40°C (K c = 0.93 Wm -2 K -1 ) and -8°C (K c = 0.88 Wm -2 K -1 ): a nearly temperature-independent value of K c implies that the simplified model may be useful to estimate the process duration at a broad range of temperatures. In practice, one may conduct one engineering run or pallet simulation at one storage temperature to obtain the value of K c , and use this value to predict the process duration at different storage temperatures.