Our proposed multiscale modelling methodology can be extended to study adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces for a wide range of applications. Pertinent examples include other important factors affecting deposit formation in ICEs, such as interactions with bio-components (e.g. ethanol), the interplay with other additives (e.g. friction modifiers), 114 and the effect of common contaminants (e.g. water). Since real ICE deposits are more complex than the simple PAHs considered here, future studies could also investigate different deposit chemistries, such as carbonaceous deposits containing oxygen, 17 nitrogen 116 or metal salts. Likewise, the methods developed can also be readily extended to investigate surfactant adsorption on PAHs for other applications such as environmental remediation 117 and dispersant additives in lubricants.