Reactive dyes with high fixation rates (Figure ) represent an important chemical innovation. These dyes form strong covalent bonds with textile fibers, resulting in higher dye uptake and reduced effluent pollution. Studies have demonstrated that using reactive dyes with high fixation rates can decrease water and energy consumption during the dyeing process . Despite their benefits, the development of reactive dyes that maintain high fixation rates across a wide range of fiber types and dyeing conditions remains a priority for ongoing research . Enzymatic processes utilize natural enzymes to assist in textile dyeing, offering an eco-friendly alternative to traditional chemical treatments. Enzymes such as laccase and peroxidase can break down complex dye molecules, facilitating more efficient dyeing and reducing the need for harsh chemicals . Research has shown that enzymatic processes can improve dye uptake, color fastness, and fabric quality while minimizing environmental impact . However, the high cost of enzyme production and the need for optimized conditions for each enzyme type are challenges that must be overcome . Nanotechnology in dyeing involves the use of nano-sized dye particles that can penetrate fibers more effectively, enhancing dye uptake and fixation. This technology not only improves the efficiency of the dyeing process but also reduces the amount of dye required, thereby minimizing waste . Studies have highlighted the potential of nanotechnology to enhance the durability and color fastness of dyed textiles, making it a promising area for future development . Nonetheless, concerns about the environmental and health impacts of nanoparticles need to be addressed through rigorous safety evaluations and regulatory frameworks .