MiUgaUng climate change is one of the biggest challenges of this century. NH3 synthesis by the Haber-Bosch process contributes to 1 to 2 % of the total greenhouse gas emissions. The process is energy-intensive, requiring high temperatures such as 400 to 500 °C and high pressures involving 100 to 200 atm. It is needed to decarbonize NH3 synthesis, and electrochemical synthesis allows synthesizing NH3 in a decentralized manner using renewable energy. Direct electrochemical synthesis of NH3 involving N2 and H2O at ambient condiUons is highly challenging due to the compeUng H2 evoluUon reacUon (HER). An efficient electrocatalyst to synthesize NH3 by selecUvely reducing N2 instead of H2O is not discovered yet. The field suffers from low NH3 Faradaic efficiencies and current densiUes and requires a breakthrough. Due to low NH3 yields, several reports are not reproducible , and a rigorous protocol to perform the direct electrochemical N2 reducUon has been developed in the literature. Li-mediated NH3 synthesis is the only process reported in the literature to produce NH3 in reproducible amounts by electrochemical reducUon of N2. Li-mediated NH3 synthesis is poorly understood. SUll, it is believed to proceed in the following manner: 1) ElectrodeposiUon of Li onto the substrate 2) ReacUon of Li with N2 to form Li3N 3) ReacUon of Li3N with a proton donor (such as ethanol) to form NH3 and Li + ions which can be redeposited as Li and the cycle repeats. Considerable progress has been made in the past five years toward Li-mediated NH3 synthesis. A maximum NH3 FE of ~100 % is obtained by using an Imide based Li salt and a maximum NH3 current density of ~700 mA/cm 2 is reported in the literature . SUll, the process suffers from low energy efficiency, and the conUnuous synthesis of NH3 by H2 oxidaUon on the anode is not well established. The role of SEI and its dependence on NH3 selecUvity has not been widely invesUgated .