For materials designed for IA injection, self-healing properties were of particular interest to resist the stresses caused by joint movement. For instance, this was achieved by optimizing the proportion of polylysine-modified CS NPs and SF to an 8:2 ratio, resulting in a hybrid hydrogel that exhibited the adequate mechanical properties, to preserve structural integrity, resist the forces exerted by adjacent tissues, and ensure a prolonged local release of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), effectively promoting cartilage repair. Similarly, the use of a crosslinked HA hydrogel containing celecoxib-loaded liposomes was conceived as a strategy to prolong drug therapeutic activity after IA injection. In addition, the structural changes undergone by the material under shear stress were advantageous for cartilage lubrication. The exposition of liposomes on sliding surfaces created stable boundary layers, offering benefits in friction-related diseases such as osteoarthritis (Figure ). on the outer surfaces to form boundary lubrication layers. Adapted with permission. Copyright 2022 Elsevier.