Environmental pollution is a pressing global concern that poses significant threats to both ecosystems and human health. One notable contributor to this problem is particulate matter (PM), which includes tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. These particles vary in size, composition, and origin. While some PM is directly emitted into the atmosphere as primary particles (e.g., dust, soot from combustion processes) , others are formed in the atmosphere from emissions of certain precursor pollutants such as SO2, NOX, NH3 Therefore, PM can consist of both primary particles and those formed because of secondary processes. This diverse nature of PM makes its characterization and analysis essential for understanding and mitigating environmental pollution. PM can interact with other atmospheric components and can be associated with the formation of certain secondary pollutants, such as ground-level ozone and some harmful gases. These pollutants contribute to the deterioration of air quality, leading to smog, haze, and reduced visibility . Furthermore, deposition of PM on soil and water surfaces can have adverse effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, disrupting their functioning and biodiversity.