Within this context, utilising biowaste as a feedstock is particularly promising as: (i) the carbon loop can be closed through the biomass cycle, 3 (ii) biowaste is often composed of complex molecules containing oxygen and nitrogen-based functional groups, 4,5 and (iii) a reduction of the 1.3 billion tons of biowaste per year, which are globally estimated at present, is urgently needed. The utilisation of biowaste for chemical production takes place either in the single stream specialised facilities, or in biorefineries. Biorefineries can potentially handle crude biowaste streams ranging from food waste to lignocellulosic waste that come from a variety of sectors, such as agricultural, industrial, forestry, and municipal.