Heavy metals are natural elements that have high atomic weight and a density at least five times greater than that of water. Some examples of heavy metals are mercury (Hg), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), etc. Heavy metals have multiple industrial, domestic, medical, and technological applications, such as in batteries, paints, pesticides, fertilizers, cosmetics, drugs, and alloys . However, their widespread use and disposal have also led to their accumulation and contamination in the environment, especially in soil, water, and food sources . Heavy metal contamination poses a serious threat to human health and the ecosystem, as heavy metals are non-biodegradable and highly toxic at certain levels. Heavy metals can enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact, and cause various adverse effects, such as organ damage, cancer, neurological disorders, immunological dysfunction, and even death . Therefore, it is essential to develop rapid and sensitive methods for detecting and monitoring heavy metal contamination in various samples .