From these results we can conclude on the equilibria in the "three phase system" of LTO bulk, LTO surface and electrolyte (Figure ). There are three cases to be summarized. First, an organic solvent has only a marginal effect on the equilibrium between surface and bulk. It leaves the equilibrium from that point of view untouched (Figure ). Second, a sodium containing electrolyte causes a shift of the mobile polarons from the bulk to the surface, as mobile lithium ions can exchange with sodium ions from the electrolyte. As the mobility of lithium in LTO is correlated with a mobile polaron, this negative charge is now pinned to sodium on the surface. (Figure ). Finally a lithium containing electrolyte will cause a shift of polaron concentration from the surface into the bulk (Figure ). Excess lithium cations from the solvent can diffuse into the bulk and drag the polarons due to charge neutrality in bulk with them. The Anions should only have a minor influence on this polaron concentration shift. They are very weakly coordinating, and in case of Tpb -the negative charge is sterically very well shielded. This last point of charge neutrality is very important for a complete picture of the equilibrium between solid and electrolyte. The overall LTO nano-particles are not charged when in contact with the pure organic solvent. The lithium containing electrolyte causes additional positive charge carriers into the material by inserting lithium cations. Their positive charges are compensated in the bulk by the mobile polarons. The introduced positive charge are compensated by the anions, which form a layer close to the defects or vacancies on the LTO surface, leading to a solid electrolyte double layer (Figure ). This fits to the observation of adsorbed LiPF6 salts on soaked LTO electrodes and could contribute to the discussion about SEI formation on LTO .