Like most organic compounds, 2D COFs typically exhibit low intrinsic electronic conductivity although some strategies have recently been identified to improve the electronic transport in these materials. For example, conjugated planar building blocks are likely to exhibit a better π-orbital overlap between the layers which can facilitate the out-of-plane conductivity. On the other hand, the choice of conjugated linkages, such as vinylene or pyrazine, is critical to ensure efficient electron delocalisation throughout the framework, thereby increasing the in-plane conductivity. Band structure calculations are also a useful tool to predict important information about the charge transport through different directions and to extract structureproperty relationships for the design of conductive COFs. One of the highest conductivities (10 -3 S cm -1 ) among neutral (nondoped) COFs has very recently been reported for a fully conjugated vinylene-linked COF (TFPPy-ICTO-COF). This COF has been used as cathode in LIBs, providing excellent rate capability without the addition of conductive additives (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.). Another conjugated 2D COF (BQ1-COF) showed a relatively high intrinsic conductivity (10 -6 S cm -1 ) for a neutral COF, which together with the efficient Li + diffusion was responsible for the excellent rate performance when used as cathode in lithium batteries. The incorporation of heteroatoms or electron-withdrawing groups in COFs is another effective approach to reduce their band gap and increase the conductivity. For example, the introduction of fluorine atoms into a covalent triazine framework (FCTF) significantly narrowed its band gap (from 2.35 to 1.45 eV), resulting in a superior conductivity and rate capability. In addition, thiazole-linked COFs have also proved to exhibit high out-of-plane conductivity because of the efficient p orbital overlap of the azo groups across the layers, resulting in a superior rate performance compared to other similar COFs when used as electrodes in LIBs.