The well-known strain or ligand effect, i.e. alloying Pt with elements that have smaller atomic radii is an effective strategy to improve its activity and stability. To date, progresses have been made in improving the activity as well as the oxidation resistance of Pt-based catalysts by surface modification (e.g. introducing anti-dissolution element), and thereby enhancing the catalytic activity and durability. For example, Zhang et al. obtained surface Au-modified Pt/C nanocatalysts by surface underpotential deposition as well as chemical substitution method.