Ultimately, heavy reliance on conventional AF such as Jet-A, Jet-A1, JP-4, and JP-5 poses a significant challenge in the fight against greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For instance, as per the forecast provided by ICAO, emissions from international aviation during both full-flight operations and landing and take-off (LTO) are anticipated to rise between 2 to 4 times by 2050 compared to the level observed in 2018 , highlighting the urgent need for an alternative source of AF. Despite the pressing need for alternative, cleaner energy, options like batteries and hydrogen still need to be viable for immediate implementation in aviation due to technical and infrastructure limitations .