An even larger reduction in the discount rate and net removed cost could be achieved via a state-owned enterprise since the state has a higher risk tolerance than the private sector. However, the potential implementation of these is highly subject to the socio-political environment. A compromise could be a public-private partnership (PPP) where a certain amount of risk is transferred onto the state from the private sector depending on the exact PPP model chosen. Yet, there is debate over the actual effectiveness of PPPs. Finally, tax-advantaged financing structures could make investment more attractive. Examples are Master Limited Partnerships, Real Estate Investment Trusts, or Private Activity Bonds. A summary of the policies discussed and their categorisation is displayed in Figure . It should be noted in Figure there will be an overlap between accelerating scale-up and long-term cost reductions. For example, the RAB model could also prove useful for accelerating scale-up if a regulator and centralised market can be mobilised fast enough. Email: jpy1@hw.ac.uk RCCS, Heriot-Watt University . States paired to nuclear electricity and a heat pump for low-grade heat where appropriate, while the ESI Figure shows the full ranges for the same case. Email: jpy1@hw.ac.uk RCCS, Heriot-Watt University .