Although methane conversion pathways are desirable, the technologies are not yet competitive to petroleum-based production of chemicals and fuels. Industrially, methane conversion could be realized in large scale through steam methane reforming to produce syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen gas (H2), which was then used as feedstocks in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process to generate liquid hydrocarbons. However, this process is energy intensive and generates carbonaceous deposits (coke), leading to catalyst deactivation. In addition, the subsequent Fischer-Tropsch process requires either CO or H2 to remove oxygen from CO, reducing the carbon atom utilization efficiency or consuming valuable H2 resources.