The cells are subject to two types of cycling: aging cycles and diagnostic cycles. The aging cycle consists of a multi-step CC-CV charge and a CC discharge. Information on cycling protocol, parameters varied and their distribution see SI Section S.2.2. The diagnostic cycle consists of three main portions: a reset cycle, a hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) cycle , and a rate performance test (RPT) sequence. The reset cycle, resets the transient kinetics due to the aging cycles, HPPC probes resistance at different SOC increments, and the RPT extracts rate-dependent capabilities (Fig. ). For information on diagnostic cycle protocol see SI Table . This cycling data is automatically backed up to an S3 bucket and subsequently processed through the BEEP processing pipeline for use in analysis .