As a result, there are no step times included in Table . The proxies are 𝑆𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑠,𝑒𝑛𝑑 , Δ𝑇 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 , Δ𝑇 𝑑𝑒𝑠 , and 𝑆𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒,𝑒𝑛𝑑 . The parameters Δ𝑇 𝑑𝑒𝑠 and 𝑆𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑔𝑒,𝑒𝑛𝑑 are for a TVSA and S-TVSA process, respectively, whilst Δ𝑇 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 and 𝑆𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑠,𝑒𝑛𝑑 are in both processes. Another important point to note is that we separated the empirical Toth CO2 isotherm affinity parameter, Δ𝐻 𝑑𝑟𝑦,𝐶𝑂2 , and the heat of adsorption used in the energy balance, Δ𝐻 𝐶𝑂2 , to unravel the impact of each separately. In reality, the two parameters will be related to each other.