For each system, the HPPC protocol denoted in Algorithm 1 is executed using multiphase porous electrode theory simulations implemented in the open-source MPET software package , which captures the electrode-scale transport and particle-scale kinetics in a full cell battery electrode. The current responses from voltage pulses, and voltage responses from current pulses, are used to optimize for the state of degradation and compared with the reference solution. The fitted solutions are extracted from pulse responses for the HPPC protocol at both the degraded and nondegraded states.