Capital, annual operation and maintenance (O&M), consumables, and electricity expenses were included in the analysis. Initial capital costs were estimated based primarily on documentation provided in prototype bill of materials for each system, and distributed over the lifetime of the system, with a discount rate adjusting for the diminishing value of money over time. Because capital costs were estimated based on prototype costs, a learning curve equation was used to conservatively estimate the capital costs associated with serial production of each system at scale (10,000 units for the Biogenic Refinery and 100,000 units for the NEWgenerator and Reclaimer).