Landscape of Machine Implemented Ethics
  This paper surveys the state-of-the-art in machine ethics, that is,
considerations of how to implement ethical behaviour in robots, unmanned
autonomous vehicles, or software systems. The emphasis is on covering the
breadth of ethical theories being considered by implementors, as well as the
implementation techniques being used. There is no consensus on which ethical
theory is best suited for any particular domain, nor is there any agreement on
which technique is best placed to implement a particular theory. Another
unresolved problem in these implementations of ethical theories is how to
objectively validate the implementations. The paper discusses the dilemmas
being used as validating 'whetstones' and whether any alternative validation
mechanism exists. Finally, it speculates that an intermediate step of creating
domain-specific ethics might be a possible stepping stone towards creating
machines that exhibit ethical behaviour.
