Learning $\textit{Ex Nihilo}$
  This paper introduces, philosophically and to a degree formally, the novel
concept of learning $\textit{ex nihilo}$, intended (obviously) to be analogous
to the concept of creation $\textit{ex nihilo}$. Learning $\textit{ex nihilo}$
is an agent's learning "from nothing," by the suitable employment of schemata
for deductive and inductive reasoning. This reasoning must be in
machine-verifiable accord with a formal proof/argument theory in a
$\textit{cognitive calculus}$ (i.e., roughly, an intensional higher-order
multi-operator quantified logic), and this reasoning is applied to percepts
received by the agent, in the context of both some prior knowledge, and some
prior and current interests. Learning $\textit{ex nihilo}$ is a challenge to
contemporary forms of ML, indeed a severe one, but the challenge is offered in
the spirt of seeking to stimulate attempts, on the part of non-logicist ML
researchers and engineers, to collaborate with those in possession of
learning-$\textit{ex nihilo}$ frameworks, and eventually attempts to integrate
directly with such frameworks at the implementation level. Such integration
will require, among other things, the symbiotic interoperation of
state-of-the-art automated reasoners and high-expressivity planners, with
statistical/connectionist ML technology.
