Deceptive Games
  Deceptive games are games where the reward structure or other aspects of the
game are designed to lead the agent away from a globally optimal policy. While
many games are already deceptive to some extent, we designed a series of games
in the Video Game Description Language (VGDL) implementing specific types of
deception, classified by the cognitive biases they exploit. VGDL games can be
run in the General Video Game Artificial Intelligence (GVGAI) Framework, making
it possible to test a variety of existing AI agents that have been submitted to
the GVGAI Competition on these deceptive games. Our results show that all
tested agents are vulnerable to several kinds of deception, but that different
agents have different weaknesses. This suggests that we can use deception to
understand the capabilities of a game-playing algorithm, and game-playing
algorithms to characterize the deception displayed by a game.
