<prompt> Translate the following text to EnglishStandard gharama inaweza kuwa msingi ama juu ya unyenyekevu au moja kwa moja gharama kanuni, na inaweza kutumika ama kwa wote au baadhi ya vipengele gharama.  <response>: Standard costing may be based on either absorption or direct costing principles, and may apply either to all or some cost elements. 