<prompt> Translate the following text to EnglishKatika masomo ya kesi, kipimo cha kuamua kama sababu imethibitishwa ni uthabiti wa ushahidi, uthabiti wake na mifumo inayohusishwa nayo, na kutopatana kwake na maelezo mengine.  <response>: In case studies, the criterion for deciding whether casuality has been established is the coherence of the evidence, its consistency with the patterns ascribed to it, and its inconsistency with other explanations. 