<prompt> Translate the following text to EnglishUtamaduni wa Mashariki, na ukosoaji wake mkali wa filolojia ya Ulaya na sayansi ya kijamii ya Marekani, ulichangia mabadiliko ya epistemolojia katika masomo ya jadi ya Marekani ambayo hayakupaswa kuchukuliwa kama vyombo vya maarifa ya lengo lakini yenyewe yakawa vitu vya uchambuzi wa itikadi.  <response>: And Orientalism , with its harsh critiques of European philology and American social science, contributed to an epistemological shift in the American Traditional disciplines were no longer to be taken for granted as the vehicles of objective knowledge but themselves became the objects of ideological analysis. 