<prompt> Translate the following text to EnglishAthari ni kushikamana na sababu kwa kubuni na uchambuzi kwamba kulinganisha matokeo aliona na makadirio ya nini inaweza kuwa aliona katika kukosekana kwa mpango.  <response>: Effect is linked to cause by design and analyses that compare observed results with estimates of what might have been observed in the absence of the program. 