<prompt> Translate the following text to EnglishAina mbili za utafiti wa jumuiya ya magonjwa kuhusisha vipimo vya muda mfupi na muda mrefu wa mfiduo na majibu zimetumika kukadiria uhusiano wa PM na vifo.  <response>: Two types of community epidemiological studies involving measures of short-term and long-term exposures and response have been used to estimate PM mortality relationships. 