<prompt> Answer this question truthfullyWhat does the term perinatal infection mean?  <response>: <reason> Disease characteristics symptoms and signs Lab finding Other evaluation Toxoplasmosis Classic triad Chorioretinitis: Hydrocephalus, Intracranial calcifications ring-enhancing lesions, Petechiae and purpura blueberry muffin rash Mother: T. gondii-specific IgM antibodies Fetus: PCR for T. gondii DNA in amniotic fluid Newborn CTMRI: intracranial calcifications, hydrocephalus, ring-enhancing lesions T. gondii-specific IgM antibodies CSF, serum PCR for T. gondii DNA CSF, serum Ophthalmological evaluation: chorioretinitis Syphilis Early congenital syphilis onset 2 years, Jaundice and hepatosplenomegaly, Lymphadenopathy, Nasal discharge sniffles, Maculopapular rash with desquamation of the palms and soles,Skeletal abnormalities e.g., osteodystrophy, Late congenital syphilis onset 2 years,Facial abnormalities: Frontal bossing, rhagades, Hutchinson triad saddle nose, Hutchinson teeth, mulberry molars, Interstitial keratitis, Sensorineural deafness, Saber shins Newborn and mother Initial test: RPR or VDRL serum Confirmatory test: dark-field microscopy or PCR of lesions or bodily fluids Fetus: repeated ultrasound examinations placentomegaly, hepatomegaly, ascites, andor hydrops fetalis listeriosis Spontaneous abortion and premature birth, Meningitis, sepsis,Vesicular and pustular skin lesions granulomatosis infantiseptica Culture from blood or CSF samples pleocytosis Varicella zoster virus VZV IUGR, premature birth, Chorioretinitis, cataract, Encephalitis, Pneumonia,CNS abnormalities,Hypoplastic limbs Newborn and mother Usually clinical diagnosis is confirmed by appearance of skin lesions chickenpox and shingles. DFA or PCR of fluid collected from blisters or cerebrospinal fluid CSF Serology Fetus: PCR for VZV DNA in fetal blood, amniotic fluid and ultrasound to detect fetal abnormalities Parvovirus B19 Aplastic anemia, Fetal hydrops Mother: serologic assays for IgG and IgM against parvovirus B19 Positive IgM and negative IgG: very recent infection refer to specialist Positive IgM and IgG: acute infection refer to specialist Positive IgG and negative IgM: maternal immunity reassurance Negative IgG and negative IgM: no maternal immunity counseling Fetus PCR for parvovirus B19 DNA amniotic fluid or blood Doppler ultrasound of fetal vessels in suspected hydrops fetalis Rubella Petechiae and purpura blueberry muffin rash Congenital rubella syndrome rare in developed countries: IUGR, Sensorineural deafness, Cataracts, Heart defects e.g., PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis,CNS abnormalities e.g., intellectual disability, speech defect, Hepatitis Newborn and mother PCR for rubella RNA throat swab, CSF Serology abnormally high or persistent concentrations of IgM andor IgG antibodies Viral culture nasopharynx, blood Fetus IgM antibody serology chorionic villi, amniotic fluid PCR for rubella RNA chorionic villi, amniotic fluid Newborn and mother Cytomegaly virus CMV Jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, IUGR, Chorioretinitis, Sensorineural deafness,Periventricular calcifications, Petechiae and purpura blueberry muffin rash, Microcephaly, Seizures Fetus and newborn: CNS imaging may show hydrocephalus, periventricular calcifications, or intraventricular hemorrhage. Newborn and mother: CMV IgM antibodies blood, Viral culture or PCR for CMV DNA urine, saliva Fetus:Viral culture or PCR for CMV DNA amniotic fluid, CMV IgM antibodies fetal blood Herpes simplex virus HSV Premature birth, IUGR, Skin, eyes, and mouth involvement: vesicular lesions, keratoconjunctivitis, Localized CNS involvement: meningitis,Disseminated disease: multiple organ involvement, sepsis Mother: typically clinical diagnosis Fetus: The ultrasound may show CNS abnormalities. Newborn and mother -Standard: viral culture of HSV from skin lesions, conjunctiva, oronasopharynx, or rectum -Alternative: PCR for HSV DNA CSF, blood 