 Bit By Bit - Ukudala ukubambisana okukhulu - 5.2.2 Isixuku-esephepheni of manifestos ezombusazweCoding manifestos ezombusazwe, into ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngochwepheshe, kungenziwa eyenziwa womuntu kathisha project okuholele ekutheni reproducibility mkhulu nakalula.Ngokufanayo ne-Galaxy Zoo, kunezimo eziningi lapho abacwaningi bezenhlalo befuna ukukhokha, ukuhlukanisa, noma ukubeka ilebula isithombe noma ucezu wombhalo. Isibonelo salolu hlobo lokucwaninga ukukhokhwa kwama-manifestos ezombangazwe. Ngesikhathi sokhetho, amaqembu ezombangazwe akhiqiza ama-manifestos echaza izikhundla zabo zenqubomgomo kanye nokuqondisa amafilosofi. Isibonelo, nasi isiqeshana se-manifesto ye-Labour Party e-United Kingdom kusukela ngo-2010:Izigidi zabantu abasebenza amasevisi ethu zomphakathi ihlanganise amagugu best of Britain, esiza athuthukise abantu ukuba benze okungcono kakhulu ukuphila kwabo engozini ngesikhathi abavikele kusukela izingozi akufanele babe ukuba athwale bebodwa. Njengoba nje kudingeka sidle ukuze babe nesibindi sokushumayela ngendima kahulumeni ekwenzeni ezimakethe ukusebenza kahle, kudingeka nokuba abashisekeli bezinguquko ngokugqamile kahulumeni. Lawa ma-manifestos aqukethe idatha ebalulekile yabososayensi bezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi labo abatadisha ukhetho kanye nemigomo yokuphikisana kwenqubomgomo. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuhlelekile ulwazi oluvela kulawa ma-manifesto, abacwaningi badala i-Project Manifesto, eyayiqoqa ama-manifestos angu-4 000 kusuka kumaqembu angaba ngu-1 000 emazweni angu-50 futhi ahlela ososayensi bezombusazwe ukuba bayibhale phansi. Umusho ngamunye kwi-manifesto ngayinye ukhonjiswe yilazi esebenzisa uhlelo lwesigaba sama-56. Umphumela walo mzamo wokubambisana i-dataset enkulukazi efingqa ulwazi olufakiwe kulezi manifestos, futhi le dataset isetshenziswe kumaphepha angaphezu kuka-200 wesayense.UKenneth Benoit kanye nosebenza nabo 2016 banquma ukuthatha umsebenzi wokubhala nge-manifesto owawuyenziwe ngaphambili ochwepheshe futhi uwuguqule ube ngumsebenzi wokubala womuntu. Ngenxa yalokho, bakha inqubo yokubhala ikhodi ephindaphindiwe futhi eguquguqukayo, engasho ukuthi ishibhile futhi isheshe.Ukusebenza nama-manifesto angu-18 akhiqizwa okhethweni lwamasonto ayisithupha e-United Kingdom, uBenoit kanye nosebenza nabo basebenzise isu lokuhlukanisa-sisebenzisana-ndawonye nabasebenzi abasemakethe yemisebenzi ye-microtask i-Amazon Mechanical Turk ne-CrowdFlower yizibonelo zezimakethe zabasebenzi ezincane; , bheka iSahluko 4. Abacwaningi bathatha i-manifesto ngayinye bese behlukanisa ibe yimisho. Okulandelayo, umuntu usebenzise uhlelo lwekhowudi kumusho ngamunye. Ngokuyinhloko, abafundi baceliwe ukuba bahlukanise umusho ngamunye njengokubhekisela kumgomo wezomnotho kwesobunxele noma kwesokudla, kumgomo wezenhlalakahle okhululekile noma oqaphele, noma ongekho umfanekiso 5.5. Umusho ngamunye wawubhalwe ngabantu abangabahlanu abahlukene. Okokugcina, lezi zilinganiso zahlanganiswa besebenzisa imodeli yezibalo ezaba nomphumela wombili imiphumela yokuncintisana ngabanye kanye nemiphumela yobunzima-ye-imisho. Kuzo zonke, uBenoit nozakwabo baqoqe izilinganiso ezingu-200,000 ezivela kubantu abangaba ngu-1 500.Umdwebo 5.5: Uhlelo lokukhokha kusuka ku- Benoit et al. 2016 . Abafundi babuzwa ukuthi bahlukanise umusho ngamunye njengokubhekisela kumgomo wezomnotho kwesobunxele noma kwesokudla, kumgomo wezenhlalakahle ovulekile noma oqaphelisayo, noma okungekho. Ikhishwe ku- Benoit et al. 2016 , isibalo 1.Ukuze kuhlolwe ikhwalithi ye-coding yabantu, uBenoit nozakwabo nabo babenabachwepheshe abangaba ngu-10-abaprofesa nabafundi abafunda iziqu ezenzweni zesayensi yezombusazwe-bahlole ama-manifesto efanayo afanayo nenqubo efanayo. Nakuba izilinganiso ezivela kumalungu esixuku zazihluka kakhulu kunezilinganiso ezivela ochwepheshe, ukulinganiswa kwesixuku esikhulu kunesivumelwano esivumelanako nesilinganiso sezobuchwepheshe isibalo 5.6. Lokhu kuqhathanisa kubonisa ukuthi, njenge-Galaxy Zoo, amaphrojekthi wokubala abantu angaveza imiphumela ephakeme kakhulu.Umdwebo 5.6: Ukulinganiswa kochwepheshe x -axis kanye nokulinganiselwa kwesixuku y -axis babe nesivumelwane esimangalisayo lapho kubhala ama-manifestos angu-18 avela e-United Kingdom Benoit et al. 2016 . Ama-manifestos amakhodi avela kumaqembu amathathu ezombangazwe Conservative, Labor, and Liberal Democrats kanye nokhetho lwesithupha 1987, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2005, no-2010. Ikhishwe ku- Benoit et al. 2016 , isibalo sesi-3.Ukwakhiwa kulo mphumela, uBenoit nozakwabo basebenzise uhlelo lwabo lokubhala izinhlanzi ukuze benze ucwaningo olwakungenakwenzeka ohlelweni lwekhompiyutha olusebenzayo olusetshenziswa uhlelo lweManifesto. Isibonelo, iphrojekthi ye-Manifesto ayizange ikhodi ama-manifestos ngesihloko sokufuduka ngoba lokho kwakungesiyo isihloko esiqakathekile lapho uhlelo lwekhowudi lwakhiwa phakathi nawo-1980. Futhi, ngalesi sikhathi, akunakwenzeka ukuthi uMkhiqizo weManfesto ubuyele futhi uvuselele ama-manifestos abo ukuze athathe lolu lwazi. Ngakho-ke, kubonakala sengathi abacwaningi abanentshisekelo yokutadisha izombusazwe zokufuduka bengenhlanhla. Kodwa-ke, uBenoit nozakwabo bakwazi ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwabo lokuqhathaniswa kwabantu ukwenza lokhu kukhonjiswa-okwenziwe kumbuzo wabo wocwaningo-ngokushesha futhi kalula.Ukuze bafunde inqubomgomo yokufuduka, babhala ama-manifestos ngamaqembu ayisishiyagalombili okhethweni jikelele luka-2010 e-United Kingdom. Umusho ngamunye ku-manifesto ngamunye ukhonjiswe ukuthi ngabe uhlobene nokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe, futhi uma kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhambelana nokufuduka, ukungathathi hlangothi noma ukulwa nokufuduka. Kungakapheli amahora angu-5 ukuqala iphrojekthi yabo, imiphumela yaba khona. Babeqoqe izimpendulo ezingaphezu kwezingu-22,000 ngezindleko ezingu- 360. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilinganiso ezivela esixukwini zabonisa isivumelwano esivumelanako nokuhlola kwangaphambili kochwepheshe. Khona-ke, njengesivivinyo sokugcina, ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbili, abacwaningi baphinde baqoqa izinkampani zabo. Kungakapheli amahora ambalwa, basebenze idasethi yezinhlanzi ezishayelwe isixuku esivumelana kakhulu nesethi yabo yeqoqo yedatha eqokiwe. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuqhathaniswa kwabantu kwabenza bakwazi ukwenza ukukopisha kwemibhalo yezombusazwe evumelaniswe nokuhlolwa kochwepheshe futhi kwakhiwe kabusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba ukuqhathaniswa kwabantu kwakusheshe futhi kungabizi, kwakungelula ngabo ukwenza ngokwezifiso ukuqoqwa kwedatha kumbuzo wabo wokucwaninga ngokuphathelene nokufuduka. 