 Ukusungulwa kobuciko bokulwa kanye nempi e-Afrika - INDAWO YOKUGCINAInvention ye-wrestling ne-karate e-AfrikaI-26 min ifundweUkulwa phakathi kwamaNubiLokho AbaNtshonalanga Abakulahla Ingxenye 1I-Moret Moresse - uSerge BiléIthuna lika-Osiris, uNkulunkulu wabafileyo nokuvuka okwatholakala eGibhitheEsikhathini eside ngaphambi kukaChristopher Columbus, kwakukhona kakade ama-Afrika eMelikaSiyazi manje ukuthi abantu base-Afrika babethole iMelika kudala ngaphambi kukaColumbusUsuke usabela Ukuvikelwa kwe-wrestling ne-kartial arts ku-A ... Imizuzwana embalwa edluleUmlando wemidlalo yakudala ngokwesiko uqala futhi uphele emkhakheni we-classical. Lokhu kungahle kube ngenxa yokuphindaphindwa kwemithombo ekhona emidlalweni yamaGreek neyaseRoma. Ngemuva kwale mbono emincane yokucabanga okungenamsoco ukuthi imidlalo yamaGrikhi yayingenawo umlando endaweni yawo yaseMedithera. Emkhakheni wezomlando wezemidlalo, izazi-mlando eziningana ze-Antiquity eminyakeni yamuva nje ziye zanikela kakhulu ekuhlosweni kokulungiswa kwe-Greco-Roman ekhona. 1Umncintiswano wezemidlalo owaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni we-classic wawunzima. Isiko lemibhalo kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo zigcwele izinto ezibonisa ukwanda kwempi kanye nesizathu sokulwa. Lolu cwaningo luzozama ukukhombisa ukuthi ukubambana kwakubaluleke eNubia yasendulo, njengoba kufakazelwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi kwama-akhawunti weHomer wrestling. Ubufakazi obudala be-iconographic kanye nemibhalo, kuhlanganiswe nezifundo ze-ethnographic, zizosetshenziselwa ukucacisa ukuthandwa komzabalazo wabantu baseNubian.Ubufakazi bomzabalazo eNubia yasenduloUkulwa kwakuthandwa kakhulu nabaseGibhithe lasendulo, ukwahlulela imvamisa lapho lo mdlalo wabonakala khona kubuciko baseGibhithe. 2 Kunenqwaba yezimo zokulwa ezibonakala ethuneni loMbuso Wokuqala wePtahhotep 2300 BC kuze kube isikhathi soMbuso omusha 2000-1085 BC. Ezinye izigcawu ezithakazelisa kakhulu zibonisa njengabafokazi abalwayo nabaseGibhithe. Ama-wrestlers waseNubian avela okungenani amahlandla amahlanu kubuciko baseGibhithe. Imininingwane yethu mayelana nokulwa kwasendulo kweNubian kuncike kulokhu kubonakaliswa kwesithonjana sesithonjana saseGibhithe, nencazelo yokubambezeleka kuHeliodorus Aithiopica.Lesi sigaba sizohlaziya ubufakazi basendulo bese sizama ukuvuselela isiko lomzabalazo wasendulo waseNubian.Umlando waseGibhithe uhlinzeka ngokuqhubekayo kwewebhu kwezokuxhumana kwezomnotho neNubia eyaqala eMbusweni wakudala futhi yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho ukunqotshwa kweGibhithe kweGibhithe ngonyaka ka 525 BC 3 Ekuqaleni, imikhawulo yokuxhumana kokuhwebelana kweNubian emikhiqizweni exubile ngokusebenzisa abalamuleli babo siqu ezandleni zabathengisi baseGibhithe. Ukuhwebelana ngokusobala bekungaziphindiseleli. Izimpahla zaseGibhithe eNubia zazincane ezweni lonke. Kunobufakazi futhi obukhombisa ukuthi ontanga abaningi be-Old Kingdom bathumela uhambo lwempi e-Nubia. Le mikhankaso inyuka ngesikhathi seNkathi yokuQala yokuPhakathi 2250-2000 BC, njengoba kufakazelwa yimpahla yaseGibhithe eNubia. Kwakungesikhathi kuze kube yilapho uMbuso WaseMiddle East 2000-1780 BC lapho kwaba khona umzamo ohlanganisiwe wokuvikela izintshisekelo zezomnotho zaseGibithe zaseNingizimu Afrika eningizimu.Imvamisa yemikhankaso yokujezisa yanda ngesikhathi soMbuso omusha 1546-1085 BC. IGibhithe ithumele uhambo lokuya e-Nubia ejulile ngethemba lokudlula emhlabeni kwamakhosi ezizwe, abalamuli bendabuko kwezohwebo lwaseGibhithe naseNubian. Ekugcineni, abaxhumanisi beNubian baqedwa. AmaGibhithe ahlukanisa futhi alawula iNubia. OFaro boMbuso omusha bafuna ukuthi izinto ababezithengile kwabakwaNubi babeyizipho. Izimpahla ezikhethekile, izilwane, amaminerali kanye nezigqila zethulwe kunothimba kuPharaoh. UMbuso oMusha wenza inqubomgomo esemthethweni yokuxhashazwa eNubia. Zonke izimpumuzo zomzabalazo waseNubian zisekuphakameni kwale nqubo yokufakwa kombuso yaseGibithe yoMbuso omusha.Isibonakaliso esidala kunazo zonke sama-wrestlers aseNubian asemdwebeni odongeni ovela ethuneni likaTyanen, isikhulu saseGibhithe d. 1410 BC 4 bheka umfanekiso 1. Lesi sithombe sikhombisa amadoda amahlanu ehamba ndawonye, nowesilisa wokugcina ephethe indinganiso enama-wrestlers amabili kuso. Zonke ngaphandle koyedwa wamadoda zinezimpawu zomzimba zeNubian. Umehluko phakathi kokujikeleza kwe-wrestlers yaseNubian kanye no-trim waseGibhithe kuthiwa. Mhlawumbe amaNubi ayengumbala wabaphangi. Izinduku ezafakwa amaNubi amane okuqala zazisetshenziswa kumncintiswano obabili. Izethulo zokulwa nenduku nemincintiswano yokulwa nazo zivame ukuvela ndawonye, okusho ukuthi abantu abafanayo babambe iqhaza kuyo yomibili imicimbi. 5 Ngokuqinisekile, le midlalo yokulwa yayisetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi. Yize kuyaziwa ukuthi abaseGibhithe baphinda bathatha abacibisheli baseNubian embuthweni wabo, mhlawumbe lesi sithombe sisho ukuthi ama-Nubian wrestlers nawo ayebaluleke kakhulu abaseGibhithe.Umdwebo 1. Ngomusa kaDkt. Artur BrackUmdwebo 2. N. nguG. Davies, Amathuna ase-El Amarnah: Umqulu II, Inhlolovo ye-Archaeological of Egypt 14 London, 1905, pl. 38Ucezu lwesithathu lobufakazi be-Nubian wrestling lusanda kutholwa luphinde lwenzeka ngenkathi ye-Amarna 1350 BC. 9 Ngokungafani nezinye izigcawu, amaNubi amabili alwa nomunye njengowesifazane waseNubian futhi inja ibukele, kunoFaro. Ama-Stick Fighters nawo aboniswa ezifanekisweni ze-sandstone ezifanayo. Lesi yisimo sokulwa lapho iNubia yangaphambili eyayingahlelekile emaphandleni. Izinsimbi ezisontelana nge-loincloths wrestlers kanye nenkunzi ngaphambili. Ukubaluleka kwalobu bufakazi maqondana nedatha ye-ethnographic kuxoxwa ngezansi.Izibonakaliso ezimbili zokugcina zemivubukulo yomzabalazo waseNubian zivela ethempelini laseRamses III eMedinet Habu 10. I-frieze ecwebezelayo isuselwa kunqubo eyakhiwe eRamsesseum yiRamses II. Ngenkathi kuye kwaba nesidingo sokulungisa ingxenye esemaphakathi yozimele eMedinet-Habu, amabhlogo athathwa eRamsesseum. Izingcweti zazilandela ngekhono ukukhululeka, yize umehluko kumbala wetshe elalisetshenzisiwe, wenza kwacaca ukuthi lokho okwenziwa kwepatch kwakusebenza. Izingcweti zikushaye indiva ukuguqula umbhalo kumabhulokhi asetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-frie. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula okuhlotshisiwe, okunikezwe iRamses III, kunezindondo ezithile ezinikezwe iRamses II. Ibhlokhi elisuka eRamsesseum laphonswa odongeni ngemuva kokusebenzisa ingxenye yalo ukulungisa. Ingxenye elahliweyo inika isibonelo somdlalo wokulwa weNubian-waseGibhithe kusukela ngesikhathi seRamses II. Kubuye kufane nesethulo kwi-Medinet Habou frieze bheka isithombe 3.I-frieze e-Médinet-Habou ingaphansi kune-Faro Ramses III iwindi lokubonakala kweRoyal. UFaro uvele kule windi ukuthola impango zempi nentela. Kungalesi sizathu sokubukwa ukuthi uFaro abone imidlalo yentela iqhutshwa egcekeni phambi kwakhe. Iwindi ngokwalo liyisibonakaliso esibonakalayo somqondo wasendulo wokuthi ukubeka umhlaba ngaphansi kwezinyawo zomuntu noma ukwenza unyawo lwesitha esisodwa. 11 Amakhanda abonakale enomumo wezitha zendabuko zaseGibhithe aboshwe ngaphansi kufasitela laseRoyal. Njengamakhanda amaningi ayishumi nanye kwabanezimpawu ezingamaNubian ezihlukile. Le midlalo iyisidlakudla sokuqotshwa kwamazwe entela yiGibhithe.UMedinet Habou Frize ubonisa ukulingana phakathi kweNubian neGibhithe. Inkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe ibheka imikhosi yemidlalo ngentshiseko.Izibukeli zifaka i-Nubian, ehlotshiswe ngezimpaphe zangokwezifiso namacici. Ngokusobala, izibukeli zakwamanye amazwe ziyizithunywa, ziyajabulisa, kunokuba izithunjwa ziphoqelelwa ukuya embonisweni wobukhosi obungaxhunyiwe ku -Faro. Akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi noma lo mbhishobhi waseNubian wayefisa yini ukuthi umuntu wakhe wobuzwe ahlise umuntu wakhe ophikisana naye waseGibhithe, kodwa lo mncintiswano wamkhumbuza ngokuqinile lo mbusi waseNubian we-suzerainty yaseGibhithe phezu kwabantu bakhe. Umbhalo ofana nalesi panoply uqukethe incwadi evela kwisikhulu saseGibhithe isiya enkosana yaseNubian ethi,Qaphela usuku lokuletha intela uma wenauzodlula phambi kwenkosi ngaphansi kwefasitela, futhi abeluleki bayozihlukahlukene ngakwesinye icala phambi kobukhosi bakhe kanye nabaholi nabathunywawonke amazwe emi lapho emangele futhi ekhombisa intela 12.Umdwebi uveza isixuku esixaka lesi senzo simemeza Ufana noMontou, oh uFaro, Ukuphila, Prosperity, Impilo, uNkulunkulu omuhle! I-Amoni igumbuqela nina bantu ongabazi abaze ukuzolwa nani. 13Umdlalo wokulwa we-Nubian-Egypt wrestling on the Medinet Habu zosizo uqukethe izingxenye ezintathu ezihlukene, uthuthuka kusuka kwesobunxele uye kwesokudla, ngombhalo ohambelana nawo. Engxenyeni yokuqala iqembu elilwela izinduku, i-wrestler yaseGibhithe inomphikisi wayo uNubian endaweni yokuzithiba. Unompempe ephethe icilongo ngesandla sakhe, umi eduze kwezidlakela uxwayise iGibhithe ngokudubula okungekho emthethweni, ethi: Nakekela! Ubuso bukaFaro: impilo, ukuchuma nempilo! INkosi yakho . 14 Ngenkathi imidlalo ihloselwe ukuba yifanekisomandla wamandla waseGibhithe phezu kwezitha zabo, okukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi imincintiswano yenziwa ngokudlala okuhle noma okungenani ukukhohlisa kokudlala okufanele.Engxenyeni yesibili, iGibhithe liphoqa isitha salo emhlabathini weNubian. Umdabuki waseGibhithe uhleka isitha sakhe, aziqhayise athi: Maye kuwe, sitha seNegro! Ngizokwenza ukuthi uwe ngokuzivikela phambi kukaFaro. 15 Esigamekweni esihambisanayo esisebandleni leRamsesseum, owokulwa waseGibhithe maye kuwe, O Negro, oziqhayise ngomlomo wakhe. I-Usermare Setepnere ikanye nami ngokumelene nawe. Wena mhlawumbe ulandelwe usongo. . . 16 INubian ibonakala ingenakuzivikela. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukuhlaselwa okucasulayo kwabaseGibhithe kungabulala umuntu phansi. Iziphequluli zaseGibhithe zashiya uNubian ngengalo, ngenkathi ebamba umphikisi wakhe ngokuqinile, ejaha ngewashi lakhe langemuva langakwesokudla. Imvamisa, iGibithe belipotoza ingalo yakhe yangakwesobunxele ukuze isithupha sikaNubian singakhombeli phansi, lokhu bekuyoqondisa ingalo bese kuthola ingcindezi ephezulu ngemuva kwengalo kaNubian. . Kungahle kungabhekwa ngumdwebi noma mhlawumbe ukungakwazi komlobi wombhali ukucubungula kahle inqubo yasendulo. UmGibhithe onesikhumba ubambe i-husky yaseNubian kanzima kangangokuba isibambo sakhe siguqa ihlombe likaNubian. UmNubian wenza umzamo obuthakathaka wokuphikisa ukunyakaza ngokugoqa umlenze wakhe wesobunxele ezungeze umlenze wokudla waseGibhithe. Kepha iNubia iphoqelelwa ngamandla amakhulu kangangokuba izinyawo zayo ezimbili zishiya umhlabathi imizuzwana embalwa ngaphambili, liwela kuqala esihlabathini.Ingxenye yokugcina ye-Medinet Habu frieze ikhombisa i-wrestler yaseGibhithe enqobile imi kumuntu ophikisana naye uNubian. Izandla zalowo onqobayo ziphakanyiswa lapho kugcinwa khona isiko lokunqoba. UmGibhithe ulandisa ingoma yokunqoba ejwayelekile phambi kukapharaoh, kanye nezikhulu ezihlonishwayo zithi: U-Amon ungunkulunkulu owakhipha isivikelo kuwo wonke amazwe ngombuso, oh omkhulu Ibutho labasebenzisi... 17 UNubian ohluliwe uphoqeleka ukuba aqaphele ukwehlulwa kwakhe ngokuqabula umhlabathi phambi kukapharao.Ngeshwa, ubufakazi be-iconographic baseGibhithe abunikeli izethulo ezibonakalayo zamasu we-Nubian wrestling. Ubuciko baseGibhithe bungokuziphatha okuhle futhi kuyedelela ikakhulukazi kuma-wrestlers amnyama. 18 Ubufakazi bobuciko bukisisa ingqikithi yamandla eGibhithe. IMotif Ibis imelwe kahle kakhulu kwimidlalo yenkokhiso. Abancintisana nabakwaNubian bakha iqembu, elinikezelwe kuphela umncintiswano wePharoahnic. Phakathi nenkohliso yaseGibhithe, ithokozela ukuvuvukala, ukunyakaza okumangazayo namaculo okunqoba, kukhona umbono weqiniso. Umlamuli 19 Umlamuli uqinisekisa ukuhambisana nemithetho. Obunye ubufakazi buzofakazela lokho okushiwo yisithonjana saseGibhithe: ukuthi amaNubi asendulo ayenesiko lomzabalazo.Kukhona inkohliso kamuva yokulwa kukaNubian kuHeliodorus Aithiopica incwadi 10. U-Heliodorus, owayevela eSiriya, cishe wayehlala ekhulwini lesithathu 20Ukugcizelela isimilo sobuqili sothando somsebenzi, ama-classics angawunaki ngokuhlelekile ubukhulu bomlando we-Aithiopica. Kodwa-ke, eNcwadini ye-10, uHéliodore uchaza umdlalo wokulwa phakathi komGreek ogama lakhe linguThéagène nompetha we-wrestling omnyama. Kunengqondo ukuvumelana nale ncazelo kaHeliodorus yompetha we-wrestling wase-Afrika osuselwa ezithombeni zamaqiniso omlando kunokuqagela emcabangweni. 21 I-Aithiopica ibonakala iqinisekisa isiko lakudala lase-Afrika lomzabalazo owaphikelela okungenani kusukela esikhathini soMbuso omusha kuze kube sekupheleni koMbuso WaseRoma.Bheka ama-wrestlers lasendulo we-NubiaUkuze uthole umthombo we-wrestlers wasendulo waseNubian, umuntu kufanele akwazi ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamaNubians. Ngeshwa, imithombo yasendulo neyaseGibhithe yayinganaki imibhalo echazayo yamaNubi asendulo. Ngenkathi imithombo ebhaliwe inganaki ukufaka ama-akhawunti achazayo amaNubi, abaculi baveza abantu bangaphandle ngemininingwane ebanzi. Akukacaci noma abaculi baseGibhithe baseNubia baklanyelwe ukuthi bahlanganiswe ngokwezakhiwo. Ukulandela umthombo we-wrestlers wasendulo waseNubian kuyamangaza ngokusebenzisa ubufakazi bomsuka wasendulo waseGibhithe kuphela. Inhlanganisela ebucayi yamadokhumenti asendulo enemininingwane yemivubukulo ye-modem ne-anthropological izosiza ukunciphisa ukusesha.AmaGibhithe asebenzisa igama elithi Nubia ngendlela ehlelekile, ebhekisa kubo bonke abantu abansundu noma abamnyama kwesikhumba eningizimu yabo. Kunobufakazi, kepha-ke, obukhombisa ukuthi amaNubi anebala elimnyama aqhamuka ngaphansi kukati lwesithathu. Ngemuva kochungechunge lokuvukela umbuso kukaNubian ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseMiddle East, uSesostris III wahola amabutho eSudan futhi wanqoba izihlubuki. Wakha isitayela esiyisikhumbuzo kwaSemna amamayela angama-37 eningizimu yeHalfa. Isitebele esidumile sakwaNegro sixwayisa ukuthi singadluleli ngaleli phuzu, ngaphandle kokuthi basendleleni emakethe. 22 Akukho ncazelo yokuhambisana nama-Negroes anikezwe.Imithombo yaseGibhithe ithule kubantu abamnyama eningizimu ngesikhathi sesiphithiphithi esibizwa nge-Second Intermediate Period, 1780-1551 BC. Kunezizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi isitha uSesostris III Negro uyisitha esifanayo ahlangabezana naso yiThutmosis I ngesikhathi soMbuso omusha. I-Thutmosis ngakha istaki sigubha ukunqoba kwakhe ngokunqoba kubantu ababehlala ngaphansi kwekhathalogu lesithathu. Umbhalo uyaqhosha, Unqobile umholi wamaNubi, abakwaNegro abasizi. . . . Akukho ukugoba phakathi kwezinwele eziqhamukayo ezazihlasela. 23 Igama laseGibhithe elihunyushwe ngokuthi i-kinky-hair lihambisana nokukhiya izinwele njengezinto ezinqumayo. I-epithet kinky-hair isetshenziswa njengegama elifanayo igama negro. Ukwakhiwa okufanayo kufinyelela ekutheni isici esivelisayo samaSouth Nubians, noma ama-negroes, izinwele zabo ze-kinky. Lokhu kufakazelwa kwemibhalo kusikisela ukuthi izinhlobo zomzimba zaseNubian ziyehluka ngesifunda.Ubuciko baseGibhithe babuye bahlukanise isifunda ngezinhlobo zomzimba zaseNubian 24. Ngesikhathi seNkathi Yomusa nePhakathi Ephakathi, umbuso waseGibhithe wawukhula uzungeze ikati yesithathu. AmaNubi aboniswa ngemithunzi ehlukene yezingubo ezimnyama, ezigqokayo nezici zobuso zomGibhithe. Ngenkathi uMbuso Omusha ukhulisa umbuso wawo waseningizimu ngaphezu kwembubulo yesine, kwaba noshintsho oluhambelanayo emfanekisweni womculi weNubia. Abaseningizimu bafanekiswa ngezimpawu zesikhumba ezimnyama ze-Negroid, izindebe ezake zaba khona, imihlathi ye-prognathic kanye ne-kinkyhair bheka umfanekiso 4. Bonke ababhuqi basendulo baseNubian babelana ngokufana ngokomzimba nabamnyama baseNingizimu Nubian abaklanywe emithonjeni yaseGibhithe.Umdwebo 3. Ngomusa we-Oriental Institute eYunivesithi yaseChicago.Umdwebo 4. Ngomusa we-Archeologico Museo Civico. 1887 Inani Lokuhlenga.Isiphakamiso sokuthi abahlaseli basendulo baseNubian bavela ezindaweni eziseningizimu yekati lesine kubonakala sengathi besekelwa ubufakazi bobuchwepheshe. 25 Abavubukuli bahlole indawo yokungcwaba eGebel Moya nakwamanye amagquma aseGezira, eSudan lapho kusalungiswa khona ekuqaleni kwendlu yamakhosi angama-25 eGibhithe. Ngokusho komunye wabavubukuli, amathuna akulesi siza alethe izindwani zomjaho omkhulu omnyama noma ongenamakhaza owakhiwe ngokuqinile nezihlakala ezinkulu nemihlathi emikhulu. 26 Kunethuba eliqinile ukuthi abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abachazwa ezindaweni zokulwa bavela kule ngxenye yeSudan. Izazi zezinkanyezi ziphinde ziphakamise ukuthi uhlobo lwe-Negro lwamagquma aseGezira bathuthela emagqumeni aseNouba eningizimu yeKordofan. Izithombe zeNubia enkulu, emnyama futhi enamandla kakhulu iyamangaza, isikhumbuza iNuba yaseningizimu yeKordofan eSudan. Lababantu bahlala bevikelwe esifundeni sezintaba kude namathonya angaphandle futhi bazungezwe abantu abahlukene ngokomzimba nangolimi ngaphandle kwabo. 27 Ngempela, abantu abahlukahlukene eSudan, akekho obonakala efanelekile ukuba yinzalo yabasubathi bakudala baseNubian ukwedlula labo bezizwe zamagquma aseNouba aseNingizimu Kordofan.Ubufakazi be-Ethnographic of Nuba WrestlingIzifundo ze-Ethnographic zinikeza ubufakazi obuningi obukhombisa ukuqhubeka kwesiko phakathi kwamaNubi asendulo aseNingizimu neNuba yaseNingizimu Kordofan. Ukufana okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukubaluleka okunikezwe wrestling yiNuba. Ucwaningo lwakamuva nje lweNouba luveza uthando lwabo ngalo mdlalo, bebhala ukuthi, ukubambana kuyiNouba ukuthi iyiphi ikhilikithi esiNgisini. Kuwukuphela komdlalo lapho wonke umuntu wesilisa nabafana abahlanganyele khona. 28 Ngenxa ye-Islamization, amaSudan amaningi alahlile amasiko abo angaphambi kobuSulumane, okungenzeka ukuthi ahlanganisa ukubambana. Ngaphandle kwezakhamizi zasezintabeni zaseNuba eSudan, okuwukuphela kwabantu ababenza umqhudelwano wezinhlanga obuhleliwe yiLotuko Nilotic neDinka. 29 ehlanganiswe ezintabeni zazo eziqhelile eziseningizimu yeKordofanian, isigamu sabantu baseNuba benze amasiko abo, cishe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka iminyaka eyikhulu. Ubufakazi be-ethnographic ku-Nouba wrestling buzogcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo ngokwesiko phakathi kwabantu futhi, uma isetshenziswa ngokunakekela, kungakhombisa ukubaluleka kokulwa phakathi kwabo bangaphambili 30.Ngokwesiko elidluliselwa ngomlomo, iNuba yaqala impi yokulingisa izinhlobo ezithile zezinkawu ezazigcwele esifundeni sezintaba. Izinkawu ezincane zazidlala ngokuzama ukugumbuqelana. 31 INouba wrestlers ilingisa izifo ezithile zezilwane nezimpawu zezinambuzane ngenkathi zilwa. Njengenkawu yemfene noma esongela isitha sayo, amaNuba ahlaba izandla zawo emhlabathini; futhi kuyasiza ukubamba kwakhe. Ushaya izinyawo zakhe futhi ubhonga njengenkunzi. Ethinta ulimi futhi asuse iminwe yakhe njengesinambuzane esikhulu esindizayo, uNuba udansa endandatho, hhayi njengendoda, kodwa lokho kumelela umoya womhlambi wakhe wezinkomo 32.Imifino ye-Nuba imnandi kakhulu. Ababukeli babakhuthaza ngokugqugquzela amaqhawe abo emzaneni. U-Oskar noHorst Luz, ngesikhathi befunda iNuba, babhala incazelo ejabulisayo yokuthi imidlalweni yabethwa kanjani:Umuntu odlubulundayo udansa ngendandatho, ubheka ngapha nangapha, uthatha isinyathelo sokulwa, agwaze ngamadolo alinde. Noma ngubani owamukela ucingo ufaka iringi... Manje lamadoda amabili athatha isilinganiso, omunye komunye, eqaqa, ethembeka, egoba izimbali ezigqokile. Ukwesaba okwengeziwe komphikisi, bajuluka ngezinyathelo ezinwebekile, baxhawule izingalo namahlombe, welule, futhi bazulise imisipha yabo. I-wartler wartler yangaphambili, izihlakala ekhanda, mhlawumbe sengathi, isibuyela emuva, ifaka ulimi lwayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle, iqhubeke futhi. Ukunyakaza okulula okuhle kufana ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Umphambili womphikisi, wehla, afune ukubamba imilenze yomphikisi wakhe. Ukubambana okubili, izingalo zihlanganiswe omunye ngomunye. Omunye uphakamisa umphikisi wakhe futhi uzama ukumphonsa phansi, kodwa omunye, umugqa, wehlela ezinyaweni zakhe. Kuseyisikhashana nje. Isikulufu esisheshayo, nelisheshayo, enye i-melee, enye iphakamisa futhi lesi sisulu sishayekile emabeleni aso phansi. Umdlalo olandelayo! 33Umfana ngamunye kaNouba uphupha ngosuku olulodwa emele idolobhana lakhe, emdlalweni wokulwa. Kusukela esemncane, uncintisana nabanye abafana basendaweni eqenjini lakhe. 34 Inhloso esheshayo ukukhombisa ubuhlakani obudingekayo, umlingiswa kanye namakhono okufanele akhethwe ukuthi ayohlala ekamu lezinkomo ngaphandle komuzi. Ngenkathi abafana abahlukile bangeniswa ekamu besebancane, bonke abafana esigodini bagcina bangene ekamu lezinkomo beneminyaka eyishumi nantathu. Ekamu, abafana banakekela futhi baluse umhlambi. Kepha, okubaluleke kakhulu, bazoqeqeshwa nsuku zonke kumasu wokulwa ngumpetha wedolobhana. Ithebula labo lokuqeqeshwa liqukethe ukudla okungcono kakhulu kwedolobhana okungakunikeza. 35 Inkambu yezinkomo zensimbi iyisikole saseNouba sezinsizwa. Ngesikhathi besekamu, bayingxenye yobuzalwane bamahlelo. Nsuku zonke, isikhathi siyadlula ekuzindleni okucabangayo. Ama-wrestling athatha umlotha ezihlahleni ezishisiwe ezimelela wona umongo wokuphila futhi uthulisa nemizimba yazo enqunu ngayo, ebanikeza amandla nokuzazi kwehlelo. 36 Ekuxabaneni, izinsizwa ziqaliswa emkhosini we-virility. Abafana bafunda ukusebenza kanzima, babe nesibindi futhi babekezelele izinhlungu. 37 Abahlaseli bavunyelwe ukushada ngaphansi kwempahla eyinkimbinkimbi. AmaNuba akholelwa ukuthi ukuya ocansini kwenza buthaka i-wrestler futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kunzima kakhulu ngokwenhlalo nangokwengqondo kubantu besilisa abaneminyaka engama-38 ukushiya ikamu beyolanda imindeni nezinkanyezi eziqale imindeni XNUMX.Ama-wrestler amele idolobhana lakubo, hhayi uqobo, ngesikhathi semincintiswano. Inkazimulo eyize isitshekelwa yisifiso sika-wrestler sokuzuza i-akhawunti yokukhonzwa kokhokho bomuzi wakubo. Umuntu ngamunye ulwa nemidlalo eminingana ekhethwe ngokungahleliwe kumqhudelwano. Ama-wrestlers akhululekile ukwenqaba ukuhlangana nomphikisi uma efisa. Umsubathi ongowokuqala ukuthatha ophikisana naye emhlabathini uwina lo mdlalo. 39 Abanye abadlali be-wresters bagqoka ama-calabashes okhalweni lwabo. Ama-squash angabonakali afakazela ukuthi i-wrestler ayilahlekile. Kepha, uma behliselwa phansi, kungamahloni kubo futhi kubuhlungu lapho la magogo eshaya izindwani.I-laurel wreath yalowo onqobayo waseNuba ingquza, isikhumba sesilwane noma umsila woboya. Abaphumelele bathwalwa ngenkani emahlombe wabangane babo, kepha abaphumelele bayakhohlwa ngokushesha. Umuzi ngamunye une-wrestler yakhe yokuqala onolwazi futhi ophumelela njalo. 40 Ngokuvamile idumela lisakazeka kusuka kumpetha namantombazane aqamba izingoma eziphathelene namandla akhe. Okulandelayo yingoma ejwayelekile yokunqoba kompetha we-champion elandelwa ukwehla kwakhe:Unamandla. Ungaphosa amadoda ayishumi. Kepha esikhathini esithile esedlule wenze buthaka. Uphose amadoda ama-2 kuphela, noma ubuhleli ungasebenzi. Izinkomo zakho ziqinile futhi zinika ubisi oluningi. Unamandla amakhulu. Kepha manje ugqoka, uye emzaneni uyoba namantombazane. Ngakho-ke ngeke usakwazi ukuphonsa amadoda ayishumi. Uphonsa amathathu kuphela noma uhlale ungenzi lutho. Ezinsukwini zakudala, ngenkathi uKobane elapha, wayenamandla kunani nonke! 41Lapho iqhawe elidumile lifa, kukhunjulwa ngemincintiswano yaminyaka yonke, efana nemidlalo yomngcwabo wamaGrikhi. 42 Ngaphakathi kokudunyiswa nokuhlonishwa kuqondiswe iqhawe, kepha inkazimulo yakhe ayivunyelwe ukuthi ibeke ukubaluleka kobumbano neqembu ledolobhana elimelwe yiqembu lakhe 43.Imiqhudelwano ye-wrestling ihlelwe phakathi kwamadolobhana aseNouba. Umncintiswano wenzeka ngokuzungeza nokuvuna. Kunemisiko yokusobala ebonakalayo exhunywe emiqhudelwaneni yokulwa. 44 Inselelo yokuncintisana ikhishwa yi-Kudjur umholi weqembu ledolobhana futhi inemibandela ngokuningi okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu nobhiya edolobhaneni elihlala kulo. Le mpi ilandelwa amadili kanye namaqembu. Imiqhudelwano yokuvuna yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngokulinganayo kokudla okusanhlamvu okweqile ngemizana ebamba iqhaza. Ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kunjengomnikelo wokubonga umoya wezwe ngesivuno esiningi. 45 Ama-wrestlers ahamba aze afike kumakhilomitha angama-20 ukubamba iqhaza kumqhudelwano. 46 Izakhamizi zigcwalisa izimbiza ngobhiya bese ziqala uhambo olungemva kwabanqobi bazo. Umqhudelwano wrestling uwumcimbi obaluleke kakhulu wamasiko nezenhlalo kubantu baseNuba.I-Wrestling iyindlela exhumanisa ndawonye izici ezahlukahlukene zempilo yeNouba. Ezemidlalo zibalulekile eNuba ngezizathu zenhlalo nezenkolo. Ukuzabalaza kuyindlela yeNouba yokulungiselela umfana ubudoda, kuyilapho inikeza ithuba lokuthi zonke izinsizwa zifinyelele. Ama-wrestling aphumelelayo ashada ngokwengeziwe futhi ajabulele isimo esizobalandela baye ethuneni. Imiphumela yezenkolo yomzabalazo waseNuba iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, equkethe okungenani imibono emithathu ehlobene. Okokuqala nje, umzabalazo uhlangene eduze nenkolo yokhokho. Okwesibili, le mpi ihlobene kakhulu nemicikilisho yokuzala. Okokugcina, iwrestling yisiteshi lapho abahlanganyeli benza umdlalo wezinkolelo zabo. I-Wrestling yaqhubeka nokuhlanganisa abantu ababekade belahliwe futhi bebodwa. Ukubaluleka kwalo mdlalo weNuba ngeke kweqiswe ngokweqile.Izixhumanisi zokhonkolo zingenziwa phakathi kwamaNubi asendulo nemodemu yaseNuba. Ubufakazi obuqandula kakhulu bokuthi ukuqhubeka kwesiko kutholakala kuqhathaniswa nobufakazi basendulo bemivubukulo nedatha ye-modem anthropological. Ngayinye inezimpawu ze-anthropomorphic nezamasiko ezifanayo. Ukufana okune okuhlabahlosile kungaphawulwa ukuqhathanisa izici zamasiko zalabo ababekade bebambene nabaseNubian nalezo zabantu baseNuba modem. Ukufana kokuqala ukuthi lezi zimbili zangaphambili ezingamaNubi kanye neNuba modem babamba iqhaza ekulweni futhi babambene ngezinduku. AbakwaNouba badlala umdlalo oyingozi ngemikhonto ngesikhathi seqembu labo elihlaselayo eliye lavinjwa kakhulu yizizwe eziningi. Okwesibili, bekuphikiswana ngokuthi izibalo ezinjengezinhlamvu ezilengiswe emgodleni wezingubo zabasubathi baseNubian endaweni yase-Amarna ziyafana nemifantu egqokwa okhalweni lukaNouba. 47 Okwesithathu, impi ebambene iNubian ibe nomsila onjengemisipha evela evela eduze kwamabhulukwe nemisila yezilwane eziboshelwe emilenzeni yazo, ngaphansi nje kwamadolo. Lokhu kufana nokuncishiswa kokwehlukanisa imbobo yemigwaqo yeNouba modem, imisila enesisindo kanye nama-leggings njengoba bexabana. Imisila igqokwa kuphela ngabasubathi abaphakeme kunabo bonke, okukhombisa izinkolelo ze-wrestler nekhono labo eliphakeme nokulinganisela ngesikhathi sokulwa. Ekugcineni, inhloko yenkomo endaweni yasemaphandleni yase-Amarna ingahle iphakamise ukuthi abahlaseli basendulo babengabazalisi, njengenzalo yabo yanamuhla.Ubufakazi maqondana nomzabalazo wasendulo waseNubian bususelwa emithonjeni yemivubukulo yaseGibhithe kanye nesethenjwa semibhalo eHeliodorus Aithiopica. Ukuphenywa ngokucophelela kwezizwe zemodemu zaseSudan kwembula isiko elichumayo elinzima phakathi kweNouba eningizimu yeKordofan. Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi abaseGibhithe banqoba izizwe ezazilwa njengeNuba. Abaphumelele emiqhudelwaneni yase-Afrika bathunjwa besuka emadolobhaneni abo futhi bahlelwa njengebutho lokulwa emidlalweni yenkokhiso kaFaro. Isiko lasendulo laseNubian lisenziwa ngentshiseko yiNuba, izinkulungwane zeminyaka ngemuva kwenkazimulo yamaFarao.Ijenali Yomlando Wezemidlalo, Umq. 15, akukho 2 ehlobo, ngo-1988Ukulwa e-Nubia yasenduloUScott T. CarrollUsizi ProfessorUMnyango Wezomlando, iGordon College1. Bona iBoutros Labib, ezemidlalo zaseFenike: umthelela wazo ekusungulweni kweMidlalo yamaOlympic Amsterdam: JC Gieben, 1981, Wolfgang Decker, Die Physische Leistung Pharons Köln: Historisches lnstitut der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln, 1971, Carl Diem, Weltgeschichte des Sport und der Leibeserziehung Stuttgart: JG Cottasche Buchhandlung, 1960; U-AD Touny noS. Wenig, uDer Sport im alten Ägypten Leipzig: Verlag für Kunst und Wissenschaft, 1969 noWeiler mit Christoph Ingomar Ulf, Der Sport bei den alten Welt Darmstadt: Wissenschafliche Buchgeselleschaft, 1981.2. Kokunye izifundo, bona uW. Decker, u-Die Physische Pbaraos Leistung. pp 66-70; I-Diem, Weltgeschichte des Sports: V. OIivová. Ezemidlalo nemidlalo emhlabeni wasendulo New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1984; UTouny noWenig, uDer Sport, amakhasi 15-21; H. Wilsdorf, Ringkampf im alten Ägypten Wützburg, 1939; UJohn A. Wilson, Imidlalo Emisha Yesebe, Ijenali yeGibhithe Archaeology 27 1931: 211-20; W. Decker, Quellentexte zu und Sport Körperkultur im alten Ägypten Sankt Augustin: Verlag Hans Richarz, 197S, amakhasi 81 - 84; ldem, Neue Dokumente zum Ringkampf im alten Ägypten, Kölner Beiträge zur Sportwissemchaft, Schorndorf 5 1976 :. 7-24; Idem, Ringen, eLexikon der V Ägyptologie, 265F; Idem, Sport und Spiel im alten Ägypten Monaco: Beck, 1987, pp 80-90, kanye noM. Poliakoff, Imidlalo yokulwa ezweni lasendulo New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.3. Ngobudlelwano baseGibithe-Nubian, bheka uB. Trigger, Nubia ngaphansi koFaro London: Thames and Hudson, 1976. Ukuthola izindaba ezivamile zomlando nezemivubukulo zaseNubia yasendulo, bheka iCambridge History of Africa, c. 500 BC-AD 1050, vol. 2, ed. UJD Fage London: ICambridge University Press, 1978, G. Mokhtar, ed., Umlando Jikelele we-UNESCO General Africa, vol. 2 Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981, Roland Oliver noBrian M. Fagan, base-Afrika ku-Iron Age: c. Ngo-500 BC kuya ku-AD 1400 eLondon: ECambridge University Press, 1975, u-Anthony J. Arkell, Umlando waseSudan kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-1821, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University, 1961, WY Adams, Nubia: Corridor of Africa Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977, and HA MacMichael, Umlando wama-Arabhu eSudan. Imiqulu emi-2 London: ECambridge University Press, 1922; S. Wenig, Nubien, kuLexikon der Ägyptologie, IV: 526-32.4. Bheka A. no A. Brack, Das Grab des Tjanuni-thébaine Nr. 74, Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 19 Mainz: Philipp van Zabern, 1977, k. 41, Pls. 8, 28, 32. Ngenkathi imidwebo yamathuna e-Beni Hassan wrestlers ibonisa ababambiqhaza kumnyama futhi kukhanya, ngokuvamile kuyemukelwa ukuthi umbala omnyama awuhloselwe ukufanekisa isitoko sempilo ehlukile. Bheka i-Decker, i-Die Physische Leistung Pharons, k. 68.5. M. Poliakoff, ezemidlalo yokulwa, pp 64-67. Futhi qaphela u-Abbadie J. Vandier oqhamuka ku- Ama-Ostraca Amanani Amabili, ama-Annals we-Antiquities Service yaseGibhithe 40 1940: 467-87.6. N. nguG. Davies, Amatshe ethuna lase-El Amarnah: uMqulu II. Ucwaningo Lwezinto zakudala zaseGibhithe 14 London, 1905, ipuleti 38.7. I-akhawunti yakamuva kakhulu ye-Akhenaton ne-Amarna nguDonald B. Redford, Akhenaton umlobi : uPrinceton University Press, 1984 Princeton King.8. U-Wilson, Imidlalweni Yomkhosi Wamakhosi Omusha, i-211-20.9. Labib Habacbi, yesibili Itshe Kamose futhi mpi yayo yokulwa umbusi Hykros nenhloko-dolobha yalo Abhandlungen des Deutschen Institutes Archaeologischen Kairo, Ägyptologische Reihe, 8 Glückstadt, 1972 Fig. 12. Bheka futhi uMnu. Poliakoff, Sports Sports, p. 66, IL 66.10. Ukuze uthole amakhophi wombhalo nencazelo, bheka: University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publisher, Medinet Habu, kamuva umlando wokugcina umlando weRamses III. Vol. II eChicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932; Uvo Hölscher, Ithempeli lomngcwabo weRamses III, I-University of Chicago ishicilela i-Oriental Institute. Ingxenye I, Vol. 54 1941; Uvo Hölscher noHarold H. Nelson, Imibiko ye-Medinet Habu Yezikhungo Zezokuxhumana EziseMpumalanga, vol. I-15 eChicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932.11. UHölscher noNelson, Imibiko, iphe. 36.12. A. Erman, The Literature of Ancient Egypt, trad., AM Blackman, London, 1927. Faka ukulwa ukuthola inkokhiso kwisilinganiso futhi sinencazelo ngqo ye-Medinet Habu frieze.13. Amakhophi wezingeniso kumanothi we-13-17 athathwe emidlalweni Yezemidlalo Yomkhosi Omusha weJaji Wilson, i-PI. I-38 N . 16.14. Ibid., Pl. 38, cha. 13.15. Ibid., PI. I-38, cha. 4.16. Ibid., PI. I-38, cha. 2.17. Ibid., PI. I-38, cha. 9.18. Bona uR. Drenkhahn, Darstellungen von Negern in Ägypten Ph.D. diss, Hamburg 1967.; UJean Vercouttcr et al. al, Izithombe Zabamnyama ku-Western Art, Mina :. Ukusuka kumaFarao kuya ekuweni koMbuso WaseRoma New York uWilliam Morrow, 1976 noFrank M. Snowden, abamnyama e-Antiquity eCambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.19. Ukube imidlalo ibingeyona into edlula nje inkulumo-ze yesizwe ebanga ngezigaba, bebengeke basuswe ngokuphelele ku Professional Wrestling ngekhulu lamashumi amabili laseMelika. Njengomncintiswano waseGibhithe-Nubian, amaMelika ahlala encintisana nabaseSoviet ekubuyiselweni kwemodemu ye-prank enamakhonkco.20. IHeliodorus, Aethiopica 10. Ngemibono ebucayi nge-Aithiopica, bheka uJR Morgan Ukuphawula ngezincwadi eziyisishiyagalolunye neshumi ze-Aithiopica of Heliodorus, noGerald N. Sand, Heliodorus Boston diss. Ph.D., University of Oxford 1978..: Twayne Publishers, 1982. Umbhalo we-Aithiopica 10 ubuye ufakwe emithonjeni yeRS Robinson ngomlando wabasubathi baseGrisi eChicago: Ares 1984. Ukuthola ingxoxo ejwayelekile ye-Afrika kanye nezincwadi zasendulo, bheka uJoseph E. Harris, umhleli, i-Afrika kanye nabase-Afrika njengoba kubonwa ngababhali be-Classical, Vol. II kusuka ku-The Notebook uWilliam Leo Hansberry Umlando we-Afrika iWashington: Howard University Press, 1977, kanye no-LA Thompson, abavela e-Afrika eClassical Antiquity Ibadan, 1969.21. S. Carroll, Umbhalo ku-Heliodorus isahluko seshumi, umbhalo ongashicilelwe.22. UJH Bhula, Amarekhodi Akudala WaseGibhithe eChicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906, 1: 652.23. Ibid., 2: 71.24. Bona uSylvia Hochfield no-Elizabeth Riefstahl, ama-eds, e-Afrika e-Antiquity :. Ubuciko be-Ancient Nubia kanye neSudan New York Brooklyn Museum Publ, 1978..25. Bona u-S. Adam, Ukubaluleka kweNubia: Isixhumanisi esiphakathi kweCentral Africa neMedithera, eMokhtar, ed, UNESCO General History of Africa, 2: 242, kanye no-HA MacMichael. , A. Umlando wama-Arabhu eSudan. , Umq. I-1 1922; ukuphrinta kabusha eLondon: UFrank Cass, 1967., Pp 20-21.26. UCG Seligman, Inkulumo Engxenyeni Yesikhungo Sokupheliswa Kweenhlangano ZaseBrithani Zokuthuthuka KweSayensi. Bika Manchester, 1915, k. 9. Bheka futhi uCG Seligman, abalingiswa abangokomzimba beNouba yaseKordofan, I-Journal yeRoyal Anthropological Institute 40 1910,. Futhi Ezinye izici zenkinga yama-Hamitic e-Anglo-Egypt Sudan, ibid, 43 1913: 625.27. Iningi laseNuba likhuluma izilimi esitokisini sezilimi zaseCongo-Kordofanian, futhi ukuphela kwabantu eSudan abanezilimi zabo kulo mndeni. Kunedlanzana labantu abahlala eNuba enyakatho-ntshonalanga yomthethosivivinywa waseNuba abakhuluma izilimi ezinikezwe ekuhlukaniselweni komhlaba waseSudan osempumalanga womndeni wakwaChari-Nil, ohlobene neNubia yasendulo yeNayile Valley yize ubufakazi bokuqala bokubhalwa kweNubia ngu-8 c. J.-C.. Qaphela uJ. Greenberg, izilimi zase-Afrika, u-3. I-Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press of, 1970 noRoland Oliver, Inkinga yokwanda kweBantu, Uhambo Lomlando wase-Afrika 7 1966: 861-76. Uzoqaphela ikakhulukazi imisebenzi eminingi ngezilimi zaseNuba ezifakiwe kwi-bibliography. Isifinyezo esisanda kwenziwa nguM. Posnansky, Isingeniso sesiphetho se-prehistory of sub-Saharan Africa, eMokhtar, ed., I-UNESCO General History of Africa, 2: 536.28. C. Sweeney, Moonlight Jebels London: Chatto Windus, 1969, iphe. 161.29. Bona. IGWB Huntingford, North Nilo-Hamites: I-East Central Africa iyingxenye ye-VI, i-Ethnogrophic Survey of Africa, ed. D. Forde London: International African Institute, 1953, k. 90.NgabakwaLotuko, bobabili ubulili balwa bodwa. Lo mkhuba ubukeka ufana nomzabalazo wokuthwalwa kwamantombazane amancane asuka eTalodi naseLafofa eCG Seligman naseBZ Seligman, izizwe ezingabahedeni zaseNicotic Sudan London: G. Routledge and Sons, 1932, pp 391-92. Ngomzabalazo phakathi kwezinye izizwe ezingewona amaNuba aseSudan, uDeng uphawula i-FS, iDinka yaseSudan New York State: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972, pp 64-65; IJW Crowfoot, kanye namasiko kaRubatab, amanothi aseSudan neMibhalo 1: 2 1918: 121 ngemuva kwalesi SNR.30. Ukuthola i-akhawunti yokuziphatha komzabalazo waseNouba, bheka u-Oskar noHorst Luz, Proud Primitives, the Nuba, National Geographic 130.5 1966: 673-99; SF Nadel, La Nouba London: Oxford Press, 1947; Leni Riefenstahl, Le Dernier des Nuba NY: Harper and Row, 1973, George Rodger, Le Village des Nouba Paris: Robert Delpire, 1955; J. 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