 Imiphumela Ye-Sonochemical ku-Sol-Gel Izinqubo - HielscherIzinhlayiya ze-ultrafine nezinhlayiya ezibunjiwe, amafayili amancane amafilimu, amafayili, izinto ezivuthayo nezimbizi, kanye nama-aerogels anamahloni kakhulu kanye nama-xerogels yizithasiselo ezikhona kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kokusebenza okuphezulu. Izinto ezithuthukisiwe, kufaka phakathi isib. I-ceramics, ama-aerogels amakhulu kakhulu, ama-ultralight kanye nama-organic-inorganic hybrids angenziwa ngokwakhiwa kokumiswa kwama-colloidal noma ama-polymers ku-liquid ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-sol-gel. Lezi zinto zibonisa izici eziyingqayizivele, ngoba ama-particle sol ayenziwe avela usayizi we-nanometer. Ngakho-ke, inqubo ye-sol-gel iyingxenye ye-nanochemistry.Kulezi zilandelayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa nge-nano-size ngokusebenzisa imizila ye-sol-gel esekelwa ultrasonically kubuyekezwa.Inqubo ye-Sol-GelI-Sol-gel nokucubungula okuhlobene kuhlanganisa izinyathelo ezilandelayo:ekwenzeni i-sol noma i-powder yokugcoba, ukugcoba u-sol enesikhunjini noma kwi-substrate uma kunamabhayisikobho, noma ukwenza i-sol yesibili emgqonyeni okhuni kanye ne-gelation, noma ukufaka i-powder ibe ngumzimba ngemigwaqo engelona i-gel;ukuma;ukudubula nokususa. Rabinovich 1994Ithebula 1: Izinyathelo ze-Sol-Gel synthesis nezinqubo ezansiI-Ultrasonic ingilazi yeglasi SonochemistryIzinqubo ze-Sol-gel yindlela yokusebenza yamakhemikhali ehlanganiswayo yokwakha inethiwekhi edidiyelwe okuthiwa i-gel ye-oxide yensimbi noma i-polymers ye-hybrid. Njengama-precursors, ngokuvamile ama-salts ensimbi angenangqamuzana njengama-chloride ensimbi nezakhi zensimbi eziphilayo ezinjenge-metal alkoxide ezisetshenziswayo. Umhlabathi ehlanganisa ukumiswa kwamaproseshi iguqula ohlelweni lwe-gel-like diphasic, oluqukethe kokubili uketshezi nesigaba esiqinile. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ngesikhathi senqubo ye-sol-gel yi-hydrolysis, i-poly-condensation, ne-gelation.Ngesikhathi i-hydrolysis ne-poly-condensation, i-colloid sol, equkethe ama-nanoparticles ehlakazeka endaweni ethile, isakhiwe. Isigaba se-sol ekhona siguqukela kwijel.I-gel-phase eyenziwe yenziwa yizinhlayiya ukuthi ubukhulu kanye nokwakheka kungashintsha kakhulu kunama-particle e-colloidal aphikisiwe kuya kuma polymeri ahamba phambili. Ifomu nesayizi kuxhomeke ezimweni zamakhemikhali. Kusukela ekubonweni ku-SiO2 ama-alcogels angaphethelwa ngokuthi isilamu esisetshenziswa ngokuyisisekelo senza izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezakhiwe yi-aggregation ye-monomer-clusters, ehlanganiswa kakhulu futhi ehlanganiswa kakhulu. Ziyakuthinteka yi-sedimentation namandla okuvunguza.Ama-acid-catalyzed solols aphuma emaketangeni aphethwe yi-polymeri ekhonjiswe kakhulu ekhombisa microstructure emihle kakhulu kanye nama-pores amancane kakhulu afana nomfaniswano omkhulu kulo lonke ulwazi. Ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi evulekile eqhubekayo yamapholisa amancane aveza amanani athile ngokuqondene nezakhiwo zomzimba ekwakheni ikhwalithi ephezulu yokusebenza kanye nengilazi ingilazi i-ceramic ezilinganisweni ezimbili no-3. Sakka et al. 1982Ekuqhutshweni okuqhubekayo, nge-spin-coating noma nge-dip-coating kungenzeka ukuba ugqoke ama-substrates ngamafilimu amancane noma ngokufaka umhlabathi ube isikhunta, ukwakha i-gel ebizwa ngokuthi i-wet gel. Ngemuva kokomiswa okwengeziwe nokushisa, kuzotholakala ukwaziswa okunamandla.Ngezinyathelo eziqhubekayo zenqubo engezansi, i-gel etholakalayo ingabuyekezwa. Nge-precipitation, spray pyrolysis, noma amasu e-emulsion, i-ultrafine ne-powders efanayo. Noma okuthiwa ama-aerogels, abonakala nge-porosity ephakeme kanye nesibalo esincane kakhulu, angadalwa ngokukhipha isigaba se-liquid gel. Ngakho-ke, izimo ezivame ukuchithwa kuyadingeka.I-Ultra-Power Power Ultrasonicator UIP1500hdTIthebula 2: I-ultrasonic sol-gel ukuhlanganiswa kwe-TiO2 emangqamuzana Yu et al., Chem. Umphakathi. 2003, 2078I-high-power, i-low-frequency ultrasound inikeza amandla amakhulu okusebenza kwamakhemikhali. Lapho amagagasi amakhulu e-ultrasonic efakwa phakathi kwe-liquid medium, okushintshanisa ukucindezela okuphezulu nokucindezela okuphansi kwezinga ngamanani kuye ngokuthi imvamisa yenzeke. Imijikelezo ephezulu yokucindezela isho ukuthinteka, kanti imijikelezo ephindaphindiwe ephindaphindiwe isho ukungahlali okuncane kokuphakathi. Phakathi nomjikelezo ophansi we-pressure okungajwayelekile, amandla amakhulu e-ultrasound enza ama-bubbles amancane ahlanzekile ku-liquid. Lezi zibhulabhisi eziphumula zikhula ngaphezu kwemijikelezo eminingana.Ngokuvumelana nokuqina kwe-ultrasound, ukucindezela ketshezi nokwelula kuya degrees ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi cavitation Amabhubhu angaziphatha ngezindlela ezimbili. Ngezinhloso eziphansi ze-ultrasonic zika 1-3Wcm-2, i-bubble cavitation i-oscillate ngobukhulu obuningi bokulingana kwemigqa eminingi ye-acoustic. Lo mkhuba kuthiwa u-cavitation ozinzile. Ngezinhloso eziphezulu ze-ultrasonic 10Wcm-2 i-bubbles cavitational yenziwa ngaphakathi kwemijikelezo embalwa ye-acoustic eya endaweni engenani kabili ubukhulu bayo bokuqala futhi iwa phansi endaweni yokucindezela lapho ibhola lingenakukwazi ukuthola amandla amaningi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-cavitation yesikhashana noma engenamandla. Ngesikhathi se-bubble implosion, izindawo ezibizwa ngokuthi izindawo ezishisayo zendawo, ezithi zimoya ezimbi kakhulu: Ngesikhathi implosion, amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu cishe 5,000K kanye nezingcindezi cishe 2,000atm zifinyelelwa. I-implosion ye-bubble cavitation nayo ibangele ama-jets ahlanzekile angama-280m s velocity, asebenza njengamandla amakhulu kakhulu ekhanda. Suslick 1998 Santos et al. 2009I-Sono-OrmosilI-Sonication iyithuluzi eliphumelelayo le-synthesis of polymers. Phakathi ne-ultrasonic ukuhlakazeka ne-deagglomeration, amabutho we-caviational shear, alula futhi aphule iminyango yamangqamuzana ngenqubo engahleliwe, okuholela ekunciphiseni isisindo samangqamuzana ne-poly-dispersity. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo eziningi zezigaba zisebenza kahle kakhulu zahlakazeka futhi emulsified, ngakho-ke amaxube afanele kakhulu anikezwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-ultrasound ikwandisa isilinganiso se-polymerization ngaphezu kokugqugquzela okujwayelekile futhi kubangele izilinganiso eziphakeme zamangqamuzana nama polydispersities aphansi.I-Ormosils i-silicific silicate silicate itholakala lapho i-silane ingezwa nge-silica etholakala i-gel ngesikhathi senqubo ye-sol-gel. Umkhiqizo uyinhlanganisela ye-molecular-scale esakhiwe ngezakhiwo ezenziwe ngcono. I-Sono-Ormosils ibonakala ngokuphakama okukhulu kunama-gel classic kanye nokuzinza okunezimo ezithuthukisiwe. Ngakho-ke incazelo ingase ibe yizinga elikhuphuka lokupholisa umzimba. Rosa-Fox et al. 2002I-Ultrasonic cavitation in liquidI-TiO engahlukumezi2 nge-Ultrasonic Sol-Gel SynthesisI-TiO engahlukumezi2 i-widley isetshenziswe njenge-photocatalyst kanye ne-electronics, ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa nokulungiswa kwemvelo. Ukuze uthole izindawo eziphathekayo ezihlelekile, kuhloswe ukukhiqiza i-TiO2 nge-crystallinity ephezulu kanye nomhlaba omkhulu. Umzila we-sol-gel osizwa nge-ultrasonic unenzuzo yokuthi izakhiwo zangaphakathi neziqhamuka ze-TiO2, njenge-usayizi wezinhlayiya, indawo ephezulu, i-pore-volume, i-pore-diameter, i-crystallinity kanye ne-anatase, i-rutile ne-brookite isigaba se-ratios singathonywa ngokulawula imingcele.Milani et al. 2011 zibonise ukuhlanganiswa kwe-TiO2 anatase nanoparticles. Ngakho-ke, inqubo ye-sol-gel yayisetshenziswa kwi-TiCl4 Izandulela kanye nezindlela zombili, nge-without ultrasonication, ziye zaqhathaniswa. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi i-ultrasonic irradiation inomthelela omuhle kuzo zonke izingxenye zesisombululo esenziwe yi-sol-gel indlela futhi kubangele ukuhlukana kwezixhumanisi ezixekethile ze-colloids ezinkulu ze-nanometric esixazululweni. Ngakho, ama-nanoparticles amancane adalwa. Ukucindezeleka okuphezulu endaweni kanye namazinga okushisa aphule izibopho ezimaketangeni amade amancane kanye nezixhumanisi ezibuthakathaka ezibopha izinhlayiya ezincane, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona ama-colloidal amakhulu. Ukuqhathaniswa kokubili kwe-TiO2 amasampuli, phambi nokungabikho kwe-ultrasonic irradiation, iboniswa ngezithombe ze-SEM ngezansi bheka iPh. 2.Khetha. 2: Izithombe ze-SEM ze-TiO2 pwder, zikhonjiswe nge-deg deg 400 nge-1h kanye ne-gelatinization isikhathi se-24h: a ebusweni futhi b ngokungabikho kwe-ultrasound. Milani et al. 2011Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungazuzisa emiphumeleni ye-sonochemical, okufaka phakathi isib. Ukuhlukana kwezibopho zamakhemikhali, ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwe-chemical reaction or degradation.I-Sono-GelsNgaphakathi sono-catalytically ukusizwa kwe-sol-gel ukusabela, i-ultrasound isetshenziselwa kubangaphambili. Izinto zokwenza izinto ezinezici ezintsha ziyaziwa njenge-sonogels. Ngenxa yokungabi khona kwe-solvent eyengeziwe ngokuhambisana ne-ultrasonic cavitation, indawo eyingqayizivele yokuphendula kwe-sol-gel iyadalwa, evumela ukwakheka kwezici ezithile emajelini aphumela: ukuphakama okuphezulu, ukuthungwa okuhle, isakhiwo esihambisanayo njll. Lezi zakhiwo zikhomba ukuguquka kwe-sonogels ekuqhutshweni okuqhubekayo nesakhiwo sokugcina . Blanco et al. 1999USuslick no-Price 1999 abonisa ukuthi irradiation ultrasonic of Si OC2H54 emanzini nge-acid catalyst iveza i-silica sonogel. Ukulungiselela ngokujwayelekile ama-silica gels aseSi OC2H54, i-ethanol iyinhlanganisela ejwayelekile esetshenziswa ngenxa yezinto ezingezona ukuxazululwa kwe-Si OC2H54 emanzini. Ukusetshenziswa kwalezo zinhlayiya kuvame ukukhathazeka ngoba kungabangela ukuphazamiseka ngesikhathi sokusula. I-Ultrasonication inikeza ukuxuba okusebenza kahle kakhulu ukuze ama-co-solvents ashabeneyo afana ne-ethanol angagwenywa. Lokhu kubangela i-silica sono-gel ekhonjwe ubukhulu obuphakeme kunama-gels akhiqizwa ngokujwayelekile. Suslick et al. 1999, 319f.Ama-aerogels avamile ahlanganisa umthamo we-low-thickness ne-pores enkulu engenalutho. I-sonogels, ngokuphambene nalokho, ibe ne-porosity ehle futhi ama-pores ayifana nendawo, ene-surface ebushelelezi. Izitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-4 esifundeni se-angle eliphezulu ziveza ukushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi emiphakathini ye-pore-matrix Rosa-Fox et al. 1990.Izithombe ezingaphezulu kwamasampuli e-powder zibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukusebenzisa amagagasi e-ultrasonic kwaholela ekuhloliseni okukhulu ubukhulu bezinhlayiya futhi kwaphumela ezinhlayiyeni ezincane. Ngenxa ye-sonication, usayizi wezinhlayiya ezivamile uyancipha ngo-approx. 3 nm. Milani et al. 2011Imiphumela emihle ye-ultrasound ikhonjiswe ezifundweni ezihlukahlukene zocwaningo. Isibonelo, umbiko weNeppolian et al. emisebenzini yabo ukubaluleka kanye nezinzuzo ze-ultrasonication ekuguqulweni nasekuthuthukiseni izakhiwo ze-photocatalytic zamanqamuzana we-nano-usayizi we-TiO2 we-mesoporous. Neppolian et al. 2008Nanocoating nge ultrasonic sol-gel ukusabelaIzindlela zokugcoba ukuhlanganisa izinto ezihlanganisa izinto ezigciniwe nge-nano-scaled layer noma ukuhlanganiswa kwenkampani yenani eliphezulu. Ngalokhu kutholakala izakhi ezifakwe ngaphakathi noma ze-shell-shell. Izinhlanganisela ezinjalo ze-nano zinezici eziphezulu zokusebenza ngokomzimba nangokhemikhali ngenxa yezici ezithile ezihlanganisiwe kanye noma ukuhlela imiphumela yezingxenye.Ngokumangalisayo, inqubo yokugqoka ye-indium tin oxide i-ITO izinhlayiya izoboniswa. Izinhlayiyana ze-ITO ziboshwe nge-silika ngezinyathelo ezimbili, njengoba kuboniswe ekucwaningweni kuka Chen 2009. Esikhathini sesinyathelo sokuqala samakhemikhali, i-indium tin oxide powder ilawulwa ukwelashwa kwe-aminosilane suface. Isinyathelo sesibili yisembatho se-silika ngaphansi kwe-ultrasonication. Ukuze unikeze isibonelo esithile sokunikezwa kwezingane kanye nemiphumela yaso, isinyathelo senqubo esethuliwe esifundweni sikaCen, sishintshwe ngezansi:Inqubo evamile yalesi sinyathelo yile ndlela elandelayo: I-10g GPTS ixutshwe kancane kancane ngamanzi angu-20g acidified by hydrochloric acid HCl pH 1.5. U-4g we-aminosilane ophethwe ngopheji ophethwe ngawo wabe wenezelwa engxenyeni, equkethe ibhodlela le-glass elingu-100ml. Ibhodlela labe selibekwe ngaphansi kwesiphakamiso se-sonicator for irradiation eqhubekayo ultrasound nge amandla okukhipha 60W noma ngenhla.Ukusabela kwe-Sol-gel kwaqaliswa ngemuva kwe-2-3min ultrasound irradiation, lapho i-foam emhlophe eyakhiwe khona, ngenxa yokukhululwa kotshwala ku-hydrolysis enkulu ye-GLYMO 3- 2,3-Epoxypropoxy propyltrimethoxysilane. I-Sonication isetshenziselwe i-20min, ngemva kwalokho ikhambi lavuselelwa amahora amaningi. Uma inqubo isiphelile, izinhlayiya zahlanganiswa ngamagesi futhi zahlanzwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngamanzi, noma zomiswa ukuze zihlukaniswe noma zihlale zihlakazekile emanzini noma izixazululo eziphilayo. Chen 2009, p.217Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ultrasound kuya kwezinqubo ze-sol-gel kuholela ekuxubeni okungcono nakwezinhlayiya zezinhlayiya. Lokhu kubangela ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana ezincane zezinhlayiya, i-spherical, i-dim-dimensional shape shape kanye ne-morphology ethuthukisiwe. Okubizwa okuthiwa ama-sono-gels kubonakala ngobuningi bawo futhi buhle, isakhiwo esisodwa. Lezi zici zidalwe ngenxa yokugwema ukusetshenziswa kwe-solvent ngenkathi kuhlanganiswa umhlabathi, kodwa futhi, ikakhulukazi, ngenxa yesimo sokuqala sokuxhunyaniswa esibangelwa yi-ultrasound. Emva kwenqubo yokumisa, i-sonogels ephumela kuba nesakhiwo sezinhlayiyana, ngokungafani nabalingani babo abatholiwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-ultrasound, okuyi-filamentous. Esquivias et al. 2004Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-ultrasound enamandla kuvumela ukusetshenziselwa izinto eziyingqayizivele ezinqubo ze-sol-gel. Lokhu kwenza i-high-power ultrasound ithuluzi elinamandla lokucwaninga kwamakhemikhali kanye nezinto zokwakha.I-1kW i-ultrasonic recirculation isethaphu ngepompo futhi ibambe itanki ivumela ukucubungula okunamandlaI-Blanco, E .; Esquivias, L .; I-Litrán, R .; I-Pinero, i-M .; Ramírez-del-Solar, M .; Rosa_Fox, N. de la 1999: I-Sonogels kanye Nezinto Ezibonakalayo. I-Appl. I-Organometal. I-Chem. 13, 1999. iphe. 399-418.Chen, Q .; I-Boothroyd, i-C .; UMcintosh Soutar, A .; I-Zeng, i-XT 2010: I-sol-gel ihlanganisa ukuthengiswa kwe-nanopowder ye-TiO2 ye-commercial usebenzisa i-ultrasound. J. Sol-Gel Sci. I-Technol. 53, 2010. iphe. 115-120.Chen, Q. 2009: Ukugqoka i-silica yama-nanoparticles ngenqubo ye-sonogel. I-SIMTech 104, 2009. iphe. 216-220.Esquivias, L .; Rosa-Fox, N. de la; I-Bejarano, M .; Mosquera, MJ 2004: Ukwakhiwa kwe-Hybrid Colloid-Polymer Xerogels. Langmuir 202004. k. 3416-3423.I-Karami, A. 2010: Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-TiO2 Nano Powder yi-Sol-Gel Method kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo njenge-Photocatalyst. J. Iran. I-Chem. I-Soc. 7, 2010. iphe. 154-160.I-Li, i-X .; Chen, L .; Li, B ;; Li. UL. 2005: Ukulungiswa kweZirconia Nanopowders kwi-Ultrasonic Field ngeSol-Gel Method. Isiteshi se-Trans Tech. 2005.Neppolian, B .; Wang, Q .; Jung, H .; I-Choi, H. 2008: I-sol-gel esebenzisa i-ultrasonic isilungiselelo se-TiO2 nano-particles: Ukufanisa, izindawo kanye nesicelo sokususwa kwe-4-chlorophenol. I-Ultrason. Sonochem. 15, 2008. iphe. 649-658.Pierre, AC; URigacci, A. 2011: SiO2 I-Aerogels. Ku: MA Aegerter et al. ama-eds.: I-Aerogels Handbook, Intuthuko e-Sol-Gel ezakhiwe Izinto Nezobuchwepheshe. 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J. 12, 2011. iphe. 1981-1986.Suslick, KS; Intengo, i-GJ 1999: Izicelo ze-Ultrasound kuya kwi-Chemistry Materials. Annu. IsAm. Mater. Sci. 29, 1999. iphe. 295-326.Suslick, KS 1998: i-Sonochemistry. Ku: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Umq. 26, 4th. u-Ed., J. Wiley Amadodana: New York, 1998. iphe. 517-541.I-Verma, LY; Singh, MP; Singh, RK 2012: Imiphumela ye-Ultrasonic Irradiation ekulungiseleleni nasezindlini ze-Ionogels. J. Nanomat. 2012.I-Zhang, L.-Z .; I-Yu, J .; Yu, JC 2002: Ukulungiswa okuqondile kwe-Sonochemical ye-titanium dioxide enesifo esingafaki kakhulu se-photoactive nge-bicrystalline framework. Okushiwo uMhlangano we-201 we-Electrochemical Society, ngo-2002. 