<qa>  What is the effect of massage on postoperative pain relief?The proposed research will test the hypotheses that: 1 perceived post-operative pain and anxiety decrease over time 5 days more rapidly in the massage group compared with the focused attention and routine care groups; 2 perceived post-operative pain and anxiety are immediately reduced in the massage group compared with the focused attention and routine care groups. differences in prepost daily scores; 3 post-operative complication rate is reduced and function is improved by the adjuvant use of massage compared to the control groups; 4 the adjuvant use of massage reduces postoperative length of stay and cost of care; and 5 patient satisfaction with postoperative pain relief is enhanced by the adjuvant use of massage. 