<qa>  What is the association between intensive monitoring and less-intensive monitoring of urine output?Intensive monitoring of renal function provides an early opportunity to modify or attenuate certain risk factors e.g., nephrotoxin exposure for AKI. Intensive monitoring of urine output UO provides a real-time continuous assessment of renal function in the ICU. However, the association between intensive monitoring and less-intensive monitoring of urine output, with or without close monitoring of serum creatinine sCr, on susceptibility to AKI and outcomes from AKI are unknown. Our preliminary data indicates that intensive monitoring of UO is associated with lower hospital mortality as compared to less-intensive monitoring for patients that develop AKI. If intensive monitoring of renal function is associated with lower risk of AKI and improved outcomes from AKI, then such monitoring techniques could be widely used in hospitalized patients including non-intensive care settings to either prevent AKI or progression of AKI. 