<qa>  What is the primary cause of malaria infection?It has been seen in multiple studies that malaria infection, including asymptomatic carriage, suppresses or modulates the immune system; how exactly this suppression is achieved is unclear. Currently, efforts to develop long-lasting, effective vaccines to combat malaria have not been successful. One of the impediments of concern is poor immune response to the vaccine candidates. Understanding the immunomodulatory effects of malaria infection to vaccine responses and to subsequent malaria infection is thus key in these efforts. 