<qa>  What is the primary outcome of the study?We recruited 150 veterans from the Salem VAMCs SARRTP who could participate in aftercare. Our population is similar to those in other VAs 97 male, 54 Caucasian, 46 minority, 49 years mean age, 44 alcohol dependent only, 56 drug dependent, and 44 with a dual diagnosis. In this randomized clinical trial, treatment adherence and outcome were measured at baseline and 3-, 6- and 12-months after participants entered treatment using interviews, questionnaires, alcohol and drug screens, VA medical records, and therapist ratings. The study design is a repeated measures nested cohort design, with an intervention and a standard care group. The primary outcome, abstinence rate, will be analyzed using a logistic regression model in which the parameters of interest are estimated using Generalized Estimating Equations GEE. 