<prompt> tafadhali geuza maudhui haya ya swahili kwenda kwa kiingereza.katika a 2012 utafiti katika chuo kikuu indiana, psychologist karin james kupimwa watoto wa miaka mitano wa miaka ambaye hakuwa bado kujua jinsi ya kusoma wala kuandika kwa kuwataka kuzaliana barua au sura katika moja ya njia tatu: typed kwenye kompyuta, inayotolewa kwenye karatasi tupu, au chanzo chake juu ya muhtasari dotted.  <response>: ஆம ஒர 2012 study at indiana university, psychologist karin james tested five-year-old children who did not yet know how to read or write by asking them to reproduce a letter or shape in one of three ways: typed onto a computer, drawn onto a blank sheet, or traced over a dotted outline. 