<prompt> True about incompletely descended testis are all of the following except: March 2008Early repositioning can preserve functionIt may lead to sterility, if bilateralPoorly developed secondary sexual charactersMay be associated with indirect inguinal hernia  <response>: Ans. C: Poorly developed secondary sexual charactersAssociated anomalies and conditions with cryptorchidism may include the following:Patent processus vaginalisAbnormal epididymisCerebral palsyMental retardationWilms tumourAbdominal wall defects e.g., gastroschisis, omphalocele, prune belly syndromeHypospadiasisIn general, ductal abnormalities, hernias patent processus vaginalis, and testicular maldevelopment are more common in patients with abdominal testes. Secondary sexual characters are typically normal.Overall, 32-79 of undescended testes are associated with some type of epididymal abnormality. However, abnormalities that inhibit sperm transpo e.g., complete caput separation, atresia, agenesis have been repoed in only 8 of patients with cryptorchidism.In addition, when the processus vaginalis is patent, the epididymis is more likely to be abnormal.Hazards of incomplete descent are:Sterility in bilateral cases especially intra-abdominal testesPain as a result of traumaAn associated indirect inguinal hernia is often presentTorsionEpididymo-orchitis in an incompletely descended right testis can mimic appendicitis.Orchidopexy is usually performed after the age of 1 year.Early repositioning of an incompletely descended testis can preserve function. 