<prompt> The use of combined OCPs is associated with an increased incidence of:Bacterial vaginosisChlamydial endocervicitisVaginal wartsGenital herpes  <response>: Ans. is b, i.e. Chlamydial endocervicitisRef: Novak 14thed, p275; CGDT 9thed, p727; Leon Speroff 7thed, p904-905This is a tricky question as some believe Option b i.e. chlamydial endocervicitis should be the answer while others believe Option c i.e. vaginal warts should be concerned. As far as candidial monilial vaginitis is concerned, OCPs use increase their incidence.But for Chlamydial infections: CGDT 9thed, p727 says:Persons who use barrier contraception are less frequently infected by C. trachomatis than those who use no contraception, and women who use oral contraceptives may have a higher incidence of cervical infection than women not using oral contraceptives.As if replying to CGDT Novak 13thed, p259; 14thed, p275 says:Chlamydial colonization of the cervix appears more likely in OC users than in non users, but despite this, there is a 40-50 reduction in risk for Chlamydial PIDClinical gynecologic endocrinology and Infertility 7thed by Leon Speroff says: It is the most authentic and reliable book for all problems related to Endocrinology, Contraception and InfertilityFifteen of the Seventeen published studies reported a positive association of oral contraception with lower Genital tract infections caused by Chlamydial cervicitis. Because lower genital tract infection are on the rise now the most prevalent STI in the US and the rate of hospitalization for PID is also increased, it is worthwhile for both patients and clinicians to be alert for symptoms of cervicitis or salpingitis in women on oral contraceptives who are at high risk of sexually transmitted infections. - Ref: Leon Speroff 7thed, p905As far as HPV infection i.e. Vaginal warts is concernedThe viral sexually transmitted infections STIs include HIV, human papilloma virus HPV, herpes simplex virus HSV and hepatitis B HBV. At the present time, no known associations exist between oral contraception and the viral STIS - Ref: Leon Speroff 7thed, p904So, now we can be sure that the answer is Chlamydial endocervicitis.Also know:Infections and Oral contraception:Use of OCP is associated withIncreased risk of infectionDecreased risk of infectionNo association with Candida Moniliasis Chlamydia Urinary tract infections GonorrheaQ TrichomonasQ Bacterial vaginosis Viral STIs i.e. HIVQ, HPVQ Hepatitis B virus Herpes simplex virusNote: If question says PID and does not specify any organism -- Then OCPS overall not only decrease the incidence of PID but also risk of hospitalization and severity of the disease is decreased. For protection against PID, at least 12 months of continuous use is necessary and this protection is limited only to current users. 