<prompt> Dysphagia is caused by all except-Esophageal varicesAchalasia cardiaStrictureGastroesophageal reflux of long standing duration  <response>: Esophageal causes of dysphagiaThe lesions may lie in the lumen, in the wall or outside the wall of esophagus.a Lumen : Obstruction to lumen can occur in atresia, foreign body, strictures, benign or malignant tumors.b Wall : It can be acute or chronic esophagitis, or motility disorders. The latter are : -i Hypomotility disorders, e.g., achalasia scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.ii Hypermotility disorders, e.g., cricopharyngeal spasm, diffuse esophageal spasm.c Outsite the wall : The lesions cause obstruction by pressing on the esophagus from outside : -Hypopharyngeal diverticulum.Hiatus herniaCervical osteophytesThyroid lesions, e.g., enlargement, tumors, Hashimotos thyroiditis.Mediastinal lesions, e.g., tumors of mediastinum, lymph node enlargement, aortic aneurysm, cardiac enlargement.Vascular rings dysphagia lusoria.Note :Gastroesophageal reflux can cause esophageal stricture and thus dysphagia. 