<prompt> Substance dependence could be due to all of the following, EXCEPT:PersonalityPeer PressureFamily history of substance abuseIntelligence  <response>: Intelligence is not a direct factor in predisposing to substance misuse. The factors associated are given below. Biological factors that may contribute to the development of substance-use disorders include interindividual differences in 1 susceptibility to acute psychopharmacologic effects of a given drug; 2 metabolism of the drug; 3 cellular adaptation within the CNS to chronic exposure to the drug; 4 predisposing personality characteristics e.g., sensation seeking, poor impulse control, difficulty delaying gratification, or antisocial traits; and 5 susceptibility to medical and neuropsychiatric complications of chronic drug self-administration. Psychological factors include: such as 1 the presence of co-occurring psychopathology e.g., depression, anxiety, attention-deficithyperactivity disorder, psychosis, pathological gambling, eating disorders, or problematic hypersexuality; 2 medical illnesses e.g., chronic pain, essential tremor; 3 or past or present severe stress e.g., resulting from crime, battle exposure, sexual trauma, or economic difficulties--have received considerable attention as potential causes for self-medication. Social factors also contribute to the initiation of drug use and the progression of substance-use disorders. Such social factors include 1 peer group attitudes toward, and shared expectations of the benefits of, drug use such as enhanced pleasurable activities with drug use or peer pressure; 2 drug use in a family member ; 3 the availability of competing reinforcers in the form of educational, recreational, and occupational alternatives to substance use; 4 and the availability of drugs during paicular developmental stages. 