<prompt> Factors which is associated both with exsposure and disease is called -Confounding factorRisk factorProximal risk factorcase  <response>: Confounding factor is defined as one which is associated both with exposure and disease and is distributed unequally in study and control groups. More specifically a confounding factor is one that although associated with exposure under investigation is itself independently of any such association, such as a risk factor for the disease. refer pgno 72, park 23 rd edition 