<prompt> Treatment for complete staghorn calculus with mild hydronephrosis-ESWLURSOpen NephrolithotomyPCNL  <response>: Ans. d PCNLRef: Bailey Loves Short Practice of Surgery 27th Ed; Page No- 1409PCNL It is done using a special instrument Nephroscope. It has minimum morbidity. It has similar success to open surgery. In PCNL operation; you have to stay short time in hospital. The overall cost may not be different from open and PCNL operation. Indications: Infected calculi. Large calculi 2cm size Obstructive uropathies Cystine calculi Failed ESWL Anatomic abnormalities Recurrent large calculi after open operation. Complications: Septicemia: More with Struvite calculus. Bleeding blood transfusion: 3-10 Perforation and extravasation of fluid. Pleural injury: Upper calycleal puncture. Liver and spleen injuries-Rare Duodenal InjuryColon injury Subcostal approach Injury to vessels: Renal vein, Renal Artery and IVC -rare. 