<prompt> All are not the appropriate treatment for atrophic non-union, except?Internal fixationApplication of castExternal fixationStabilization and bone grafting  <response>: Non-unions: Hyperophic nonunion Atrophic non-union Treatment: Fixation alone is not enough Fibrous tissue in the fracture gap as well as the hard, sclerotic bone ends are excised and bone grafts are packed around the fracture. If there is significant die-back, this will require more extensive excision and the gap is then dealt with by bone advancement. This patient with atrophic non-union needed both internal fixation and bone grafts to stimulate bone formation and union. 