<prompt> A Pap smear of a 23-year-old woman demonstrates squamous cells with enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent perinuclear halos. The Pap smear is graded as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, grade II CIN II. Which of the following viruses is most likely to be etiologically related to this neoplastic growth?Epstein-Barr virus EBVHepatitis B virus HBVHuman herpesvirus 8 HHV 8Human papillomavirus HPV  <response>: CIN II corresponds to moderate dysplasia of the cervix. The CIN lesions of all grades including condyloma and the cervical cancers that can arise from them appear to be associated with infection with ceain subtypes of human papillomavirus HPV. Koilocytotic atypia enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent perinuclear halos is commonly observed with HPV infection. HPV is usually spread through sexual contact and also causes penile and anal condyloma and carcinomas. EBV is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitts lymphoma. HBV is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. HHV 8 is associated with Kaposis sarcoma. Ref: Ray C.G., Ryan K.J. 2010. Chapter 19. Papilloma and Polyoma Viruses. In C.G. Ray, K.J. Ryan Eds, Sherris Medical Microbiology, 5e. 