<prompt> River blindness is caused by?Onchocerca volvulusLoa loaWurcheria bancroftiAll of the above  <response>: Ans. A. Onchocerca volvulus. Ref. Harrison 18thTable. E16-2.Tissue nematodes:Onchocerca volvulusFemale blackfly bileHyper pigmented skin and river blindness black flies, black skin nodules, black sight; allergic reaction to microfilaria possibleIvermectin ivermectin for river blindnessLoahaDeer fly, horse fly, mango flySwelling in skin, worm in conjunctivaDiethylcarbamazinewucnerena ooncrowFemale mosquitoBlocks lymphatic vessels: elephantiasis; takes 9 mo-1 yr after bite to become symptomaticDiethylcarbamazineTaxocara cantsFecal-oralVisceral larva migransAlbendazole or mebendazole ROUNDWORM INFECTIOUS Life-Cyde Hosts Diagnosis Geographic DistributionIntermediate Transmission Parasite StageBody Fluid or TissueSerologic Tests ParasiteDefinitiveOtterIntestinal RoundwormsEnterobius vermicularis pinwormTemperate and tropical zonesFecal-oralHumansOvaPerianal skin Cellophane tapeTrichuris trichiurawhipwormTemperate and tropical zonesSoil, fecal-oralHumansOvaFeces--Rectal prolapseAscoris lumbricoids roundworm of humansTemperate and tropical zonesSolfocaForaiHumansOvaFeces--Sx of pulmonary migrationAncylostoma duodenale Old World hookwormEurasia, Africa, PacificSoil-SkinHumansOvalarvaeFeces--Sx of pulmonary migration, anemiaNecator americanus New World hookwormUS, Africa. worldwideSoil-SkinHumansOvalarvaeFeces--Sx of pulmonary migration, anemiagration. anemiaStrangyloids stercoralis strongyloidiasisMoist tropics and subtropicsSoil-SkinHumansLarvaeFeces, sputum duodenal FluidEIADissemination in immunodeficiencyCapillaria philippinensisSoutheast Asia Taiwan. EgyptRaw fishBirds Ova, larvae, adultsFeces--Malabsorption autoinfection, biopsyTissue Roundworms Trichinella spiralis trichinellosisWorldwideSwine humansSwine humansLarvaeMuscleEIAMuscle biopsyWuchereris bancrafti FilariasisCoastal areas in tropics and subtropics MosquitoesHumansMicrofilariaeBlood lymph nodesEIA RAPIDNocturnal periodicityBrugia malayl filariasisAsia, Indian SubcontinentMosquitoesHumansMicrofilariaeBloodEIA RAPIDNocturnalLoa loa African eye wormWest and Central AfricaMango flies ChrysopsHumansMicrofilariaeBlood--May be visible in eye diurnalOnchocerca volvulus river blindnessAfrica, Mexico, Central and South AmericaBlackfliesHumansAdults larvaeSkineye--Examine nodules or skin snipsDracunculus medinensis gulnea wormAfricaCyciopsHumansAdultys larvaeSkin--May be visible in lesionAnglostrongylus contonensisSoutheast asia, Pacific CaribbeanSnils slugs, shrimp fishRatsLarvaeCSF rarely found--Eosinophilic meningitisLarva Migrans Syndromes Ancylostoma braziliense creeping eruptionTropical and temperate zonesSoil-SkinDcgs cats. humansLarvaeSkin--Dog and cat hookwormToxocara canis and cot Visceral larva migransTropical and temperate zonesSoil, fecal-oralDogs cats, humanslarvaeViscera, CNS, eyeEIAAlso caused by roundworms of other speciesAlso know: ManifestationsCausative parasite1Visceral larva migransToxocara canis2Larva currens Strongyloides stercoralis3Cutaneous larva migrans- Strongyloides larva- Hookworm larvae E.g. A. braziliense and A. caninum,- Spiruroid larva Gnathostoma spinigerum, and- Migrating flying maggot, Gasterophilus.4Pruritus aniEnterobius vermicularis5Rectal prolaspseTrichuris trichura6MyocarditisTrichinella spiralis7Tropical Pulmonary eosinophiliaWuchereria bancrofti8Calabar swellingLoa-loa9River blindnessOnchocercus volvulus10Black water feverPlasmodium falciparum11Painless hematuriaSchistosoma japonicum12Ground itch Ancylostome dermatitisAncylostoma duodenale 