<prompt> A 10 years old girl was evaluated for recurrent UTI and dysuria. IVP finding is given below. What is the preferred treatment option for this case?Endoscopic incisionNephrectomy with paial ureterectomySTING operationLich-Gregoir technique  <response>: - In IVP, bilateral terminal poion of ureters is dilated Ureterocele-Adder head Cobra head appearance. - Ureterocele causes outflow obstruction which causes backflow pressure changes-Hydroureteronepehrosis- So, diagnosis - Bilateral Ureterocele with bilateral hydroureteronephrosis. Ureterocele- Cystic dilatation of terminal ureter- MC in Females- Types Intra- Vesical 20 Ectopic 80 - AW duplication of ureter- In Intravesical ureterocele - Terminal pa of ureter is cystic dilated and is inside the bladder- In ectopic ureterocele - Duplication of ureter and the upper pole of ureter is having ectopic ureteric orifice Clinical presentation- Recurrent attacks of UTI Urosepsis- Unilateral Hydro-uretero nephrosis- Palpable mass Investigations- On USG - Hydroureteronephrosis with cyst in the bladder- On IVP - Adder Head Cobra- head appearance- IOC for diagnosis - IVP- On MCU - Filling defect in bladder- On Cystoscopy - Enlarging and collapsing cyst in the bladder Treatment- Depends on type of ureterocele In intravesical ureterocele - Incision over the cyst wall Free flow of urine intobladder In ectopic ureterocele - Excision and reimplantation into bladder ? MC Congenital abnormality of upper urinary tract - Duplication of ureter AD? MC Congenital abnormality of urogenital tract - VUR AD 