<prompt> In NIDDM, fundus examination is done:At the time of diagnosis5 years after diagnosisAt diagnosis 5 years after diagnosisAt 2 years  <response>: A i.e. At the time of diagnosis Feature Insulin Dependent DM Formerly Type I DM Non-Insulin Dependent DM Formerly Type II DM Usual Age at Diagnosis 10-20 yrs 50-70 yrs Period of Latent disease Less More Incidence of DR More 40 Less 20 Incidence of PDR Incidence of proliferative DR is more Less Onset DR rarely develops within 5 years of the onset of diabetes or before pubeyQ All most all patients with Type I diabetes IDDM develop retinopathy in about 15 years. About 5 of type 2 NIDDM diabetics have DR at presentation. Risk factor Duration of diabetes is most impoant risk factor Q Risk of retinopathy increase with the duration of diabetes, accompanying hypeension and smoking. Q Initial examination Ophthalmoscopic examination within 3 years of diagnosisQ Ophthalmoscopic examination at the time of diagnosis Q Follow-up Then recommendations for periodic fundus examination are as follows: - Every yearly, till there is no diabetic retinopathy or there is mild non proliferative DR NPDR - Every 6 monthly, in moderate NPDR - Every 3 monthly, in severe NPDR - Every 2 monthly, in PDR with no high risk characteristic Involvement of fovea by edema hard exudates or ischemia diabetic maculopathy is the most common cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients paicularly those with type 2 diabetes NIDDM 