<prompt> Hypokalemia is associated frequently withMetabolic acidosisMetabolic alkalosisRespiratory acidosisRespiratory alkalosis  <response>: Insulin, b2-adrenergic activity, thyroid hormone, and alkalosis promote NaK-ATPase-mediated cellular uptake of K, leading to hypokalemia. Causes of Hypokalemia I. Decreased intake A. Starvation B. Clay ingestion II. Redistribution into cells A. Acid-base 1. Metabolic alkalosis B. Hormonal 1. Insulin 2. Increased b2-adrenergic sympathetic activity: post-myocardial infarction, head injury 3. b2-Adrenergic agonists - bronchodilators, tocolytics 4. a-Adrenergic antagonists 5. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 6. Downstream stimulation of NaK-ATPase: theophylline, caffeine C. Anabolic state 1. Vitamin B12 or folic acid administration red blood cell production 2. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor white blood cell production 3. Total parenteral nutrition D. Other 1. Pseudohyperkalemia 2. Hypothermia 3. Familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis 4. Barium toxicity: systemic inhibition of leak K channels III. Increased loss A. Nonrenal 1. Gastrointestinal loss diarrhea 2. Integumentary loss sweat B. Renal 1. Increased distal flow and distal Na delivery: diuretics, osmotic diuresis, salt-wasting nephropathies 2. Increased secretion of potassium a. Mineralocoicoid excess b. Apparent mineralocoicoid excess c. Distal delivery of nonreabsorbed anions 3. Magnesium deficiency Ref: Harrison 19e pg: 305 