<prompt> Corkscrew esophagus is seen in which of the following conditions ?Carcinoma esophagusSclerodermaAchalasia cardiaDiffuse esophagus spasm  <response>: Esophageal contractions are repetitive, simultaneous, and of high amplitude. Basic pathology is related to a motor abnormality of the esophageal body that is most notable in the lower two thirds of the esophagus. More common in women and is often found in patients with multiple complaints. Clinical Features Clinical presentation: Chest pain and dysphagia may be related to eating or exertion and may mimic angina Complain of a squeezing pressure in the chest that may radiate to the jaw, arms, and upper back. The symptoms are often pronounced during times of heightened emotional stress.Diagnosis Barium swallow: Corkscrew or rosary-bead esophagus, segmental spasm or pseudodiverticulosis appearance Due to presence of tertiary contractions Indicative of advanced disease Hypermotility disorder also known as supersqueeze esophagus. Esophagus with hypertensive peristalsis or high-amplitude peristaltic contractions. Most common and most painful esophageal hypermotility disorder. Associated with hypertrophic musculature resulting in high-amplitude contractions of the esophagusClinical Features Chest pain and dysphagia are typical symptoms.Diagnosis The gold standard of diagnosis is the subjective complaint of chest pain with simultaneous objective evidence of peristaltic esophageal contractions 2 standard deviations above the normalQ values on manometric tracings. On manometry, amplitude 180 mmHg and duration of contraction 6 secondsTreatment The treatment of nutcracker esophagus is medical Calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and antispasmodics The LES pressure is above normal, motility of esophageal body may be hyperperistaltic or normal.Clinical Features Patients with hypertensive LES present with chest pain or dysphagiaQ.Diagnosis Diagnosis is made by manometry. Elevated LES pressure 26 mm Hg and normal relaxation of the LES. Esophageal body may be hyperperistaltic or normal.Treatment Botox injections alleviate symptoms temporarily, and hydrostatic balloon dilation may provide long-term symptomatic relief. Surgery in patients who fail interventional treatments and those with significant symptoms. A laparoscopic modified Heller esophagomyotomy is the operation of choice. 