<prompt> IP3DAG pathway is activated by which of the following?Protein kinase AProtein kinase CPhospholipase CPhospholipase A  <response>: ANSWER: C Phospholipase CREF: Guyton s physiology 12th edition page 890, KDT 6th edition page no 46See APPENDIX- 84 below ENDOCRINE GLANDS, HORMONES, AND THEIR FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTUREPhospholipase C catalyzes the breakdown of some phospholipids in the cell membrane, especially phosphatidylinositol biphosphate PIP2, into two different second messenger products: inositol triphosphate IP3 and diacylglycerol DAG. The IP3 mobilizes calcium ions from mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and the calcium ions then have their owm second messenger effects, such as smooth muscle contraction and changes in cell secretion. DAG, the other lipid second messenger, activates the enzyme protein kinase C PKC, which then phosphorylates a large number of proteins, leading to the cells responseSummary:IP3DAG is activated by Phospholipase CIP3DAG activates protein kinase C PKC APPENDIX- 84ENDOCRINE GLANDS, HORMONES, AND THEIR FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE:REF: Guyton 11th edition page 907Gland,TissueHormonesMajor FunctionsChemicalStructureHypothalamusThyrotropin-releasing hormone TRHStimulates secretion of TSH and prolactinPeptideCorticotropin-releasing hormone CRHCauses release of ACTHPeptideGrowth hormone-releasing hormone GHRHCauses release of growth hormonePeptideGrowth hormoneinhibitory hormone GHIH somatostatinInhibits release of growth hormonePeptideGonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRHCauses release of LH and FSHPeptideDopamine or prolactin- inhibiting factor P1FInhibits release of prolactinAmineAnterior pituitaryGrowth hormoneStimulates protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissuesPeptideThyroid-stimulating hormone TSHStimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyroninePeptideAdrenocorticotropic hormone ACTHStimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones cortisol, androgens, and aldosteronePeptideProlactinPromotes development of the female breasts and secretion of milkPeptideFollicle-stimulating hormone FSHCauses growth of follicles in the ovaries and sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testesPeptideLuteinizing hormone LHStimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovariesPeptidePosterior pituitaryAntidiuretic hormone ADH also called vasopressinIncreases water reabsorption by the kidneys and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressurePeptideOxytocinStimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractionsPeptideThyroidThyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3Increases the rates of chemical reactions in most cells, thus increasing body metabolic rateAmineCalcitoninPromotes deposition of calcium in the bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentrationPeptideAdrenal cortexCortisolHas multiple metabolic functions for controlling metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; also has anti-inflammatory effectsSteroidAldosteroneIncreases renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretionSteroidAdrenal medullaNorepinephrine, epinephrineSame effects as sympathetic stimulationAminePancreasInsulin b cellsPromotes glucose entry in many cells, and in this way controls carbohydrate metabolismPeptide Glucagon a cellsIncreases synthesis and release of glucose from the liver into the body fluidsPeptideParathyroidParathyroid hormone PTHControls serum calcium ion concentration by increasing calcium absorption by the gut and kidneys and releasing calcium from bonesPeptideTestesTestosteronePromotes development of male reproductive system and male secondary sexual characteristicsSteroidOvariesEstrogensPromotes growth and development of female reproductive system, female breasts, and female secondary sexual characteristicsSteroidProgesteroneStimulates secretion of uterine milk1 by the uterine endometrial glands and promotes development of secretory apparatus of breastsSteroidPlacentaHuman chorionic gonadotropin HCGPromotes growth of corpus luteum and secretion of estrogens and progesterone by corpus luteumPeptideHuman somatomammotropinProbably helps promote development of some fetal tissues as well as the mothers breastsPeptideEstrogensSee actions of estrogens from ovariesSteroidProgesteroneSee actions of progesterone from ovariesSteroidKidneyReninCatalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I acts as an enzymePeptide1,25-DihydroxycholecaldferolIncreases intestinal absorption of calcium and bone mineralizationSteroidErythropoietinIncreases erythrocyte productionPeptideHeartAtrial natriuretic peptide ANPIncreases sodium excretion by kidneys, reduces blood pressurePeptideStomachGastrinStimulates HC1 secretion by parietal cellsPeptideSmall intestineSecretinStimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release bicarbonate and waterPeptideCholecystokinin CCKStimulates gallbladder contraction and release of pancreatic enzymesPeptideAdipocytesLeptinInhibits appetite, stimulates thermogenesisPeptide GENERAL FEATURES OF HORMONE CLASSES. Group IGroup IITypesSteroids, iodothyronines, calcitriol, retinoidsPolypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins, catecholaminesSolubilityLipophilicHydrophilicTransport proteinsYesNoPlasma half-lifeLong hours to daysShort minutesReceptorIntracellularPlasma membraneMediatorReceptor-hormone complexcAMP, cGMP, Ca2, metabolites of complex phosphoinositols, kinase cascades CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES BY MECHANISM OF ACTIONI. HORMONES THAT BIND TO INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS Androgens Estrogen Calcitriol l,252-D3 Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Progestins Retinoic acid Thyroid hormones T3 and T4II. HORMONES THAT BIND TO CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS HORMONES USING SECOND MESSENGER SYSTEMSAdenylyl Cyciase-cAMP secondmessenger systemIP3-DAG System or Phospholipase C SecondMessenger SystemCalcium Calmodulin system Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH Angiotensin II epithelial cells Calcitonin Catecholamines b receptors Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH Glucagon Human chorionic gonadotropin HCG Luteinizing hormone LH Parathyroid hormone PTH Secretin Somatostatin Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Vasopressin V2 receptor,epithelial cells Angiotensin II vascular smooth muscles Catecholamines a receptors Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH Growth hormone-releasing hormone GHRH Oxytocin Thyroid-releasing hormone TRH Vasopressin VI receptor, vascular smooth muscle Adenylyl cyclase Phosphodiesterase Ca2 calmodulin dependent protein kinases. Phosphoprotein phosphatases Phospholipase A2. and Troponin C.cGMP second messenger system Nitric oxide Atrial natriuretic factor 