<prompt> In an investigation to study the effect of smoking on renal cell cancer, it is observed that 30 of the 50 patients were smokers as compared to 10 out of 50 control subjects. The odds ratio of renal cancer associated with smoking will be:30.3360.16  <response>: Renal cell cancer Present cases Renal cell cancer absent controls Exposure to smoking present 30 10 Exposure to smoking absent 20 40 Total 50 50 Odds ratio adbc 30 X 4020 X 10 6 Interpretation of Odds ratio 6 i.e Renal cell cancer cases have 6 times higher chance of repoing history of exposure to smoking as compared to healthy people in the study. Odds ratio is aka Cross product Ratio. Used in case control study. 