<prompt> All of the following forces are involved in Antigen antibody reaction except -Vander Waals forcesElectrostatic bondHydrogen bondCovalent bond  <response>: Antigens are bound to antibodies through weak and noncovalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Ref: Ananthanarayan Panikers textbook of microbiology 9th edition pg:103 