<prompt> All of the following affect resting ventilation exceptStretch receptorsJ receptorOxygenPCO2  <response>: B i.e. J receptorTidal volume excessive load is prevented by or lung maintains the tidal volume by activation of slowly adapting pulmonary or bronchial stretch receptorsQ.Inflation of lungs induces fuher inflation due to elastic recoil of alveoli. With inflation of the lungs, there is augmentation of respiratory effo Heads paradoxical reflex.Excessive inflation of lungs cause reflex inhibition of inflation- this is Hering Breuer inflation reflex mediated by vagus. Conversely, excessive deflation of lungs cause reflex inhibition of expiration - this is Hering- Breuer deflation reflex.- Physiological role of J juxta-capilaryalveolar reflex is unceain but it occurs in pathological states such as pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edemaQ and embolism when the J recptors are stimulated by large lung hyper inflation, or intravascular chemicals like capsaicin, bradykinin serotonin etc.- Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors are stimulated by lung inflation not hyper inflation - Ganong p 632 table 37.2. Hyper inflation over stretching of lungs stimulate stretch receptors and lead to Hering - Breuer inflation reflex. However, more recent work indicates HB reflex may be impoant in new born babies but are largely inactive in adult human unless the tidal volume exceeds 1 liter John west 1.5 liter Guyton, as in exercise. So we can extract inference that, although stretch receptors get stimulated by normal-quiet inflation, the HBI reflex occurs only after lung hyper inflation.Nonchemical Responses Mediated by Pulmonary Receptors and ReflexesReceptor TypeLocationImpulse travel ini.e. VagalinnervationStimulusResponse ReflexSlowly adaptingAirwayMyelinated vagalLung inflationQ- Inspiratory timeStretch Receptorsmoothfibers shoeningpulmonary orbronchial stretchreceptorsmuscle ? - Hering-Breuerinflation deflationreflexesQ - Bronchodilation - Hyperpnea - TachycardiaRapidly adaptingAirwayMyelinated vagal- Lung- Increased airwayIrritant Receptorsepithelial cellsfibersHyperinflationQresistance i.e. bronchotype of - Exogenous constriction egstretchmechano- endogenousasthamareceptor substances eghistamine andprostaglandins- Mucus secretion- Cough_ Hering-Breuerdeflation reflexJ Juxta-In pulmonaryUnmyelinated- Lung Hyper- Apnea dt intensecapillaryalveolarinterstitialpulmonaryinflationQ largestimulation fb rapid,Receptorsspace close tovagal- Exogenous shallow breathingJuxta pulmonarybloodC fibersendogenoustachypnea andcapillary receptorcapillaries of agents egdyspneaor pulmonary Cfiber receptor- Pulmonarycirculation- Bronchialcirculation capsaicin,bradykinin,serotonin,histamine,prostaglandins,phenyl diguanide-Pulmonary edema, embolism- Broncho constriction- Mucus secretion- Brady cardia-Hypotension-pulmonarychemoreflex congestionQ Bronchial C fiber receptors located in the airways and innervated by nonmyelinated fibers are activated bychemicals notably bradykinininjected into bronchial aery. Their stimulation gives rise to tachypnea, bronchoconstriction, and airway secretion. Along with type J juxta pulmonary capillary receptors, they contribute to air way defence reflexes. Receptors in nose upper airway nasopharynx, larynx trachea responding to mechanical chemical stimulation 1t sneezing, coughing, broncho constriction and aryngospasm. Impulses from joint muscle receptors of moving limb stimulates ventilation during early exercise. Gamma system or muscle spindle of thoracic intercostal muscles and diaphragm sense elongation of these muscles and reflexly control strength of contraction. For example dyspnoea is sensed by unusually large respiratory effos required to move the lung. Pain cause apnea followed by hyperventilation. Heating of skin or fever result in hyperventilation paly dt stimulation of hypothalamic thermoreceptor. Aerial aoic carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation by increased BP causes reflex hypoventilation or apnea; whereas decreased BP 1t hyperventilation thereby enhancing venous return following severe hemorrhage. 