<prompt> A 63-year-old man becomes oliguric 2 days following an open cholecystectomy. Which of the following findings would suggest that prerenal ARF is a major factor in the etiology?postural hypotensionfractional excretion of sodium is 3specific gravity is 1.012the urine sodium is 30 mEqL  <response>: Although evidence of volume contraction cannot confirm prerenal ARF, as this can progress into intrinsic renal failure, it suggests that prerenal factors are contributing. In prerenal ARF, specific gravity is usually 1.020 and sodium concentration is 10 mmolL. The fractional excretion of sodium relates sodium clearance to creatinine clearance and is more sensitive than direct measurements of sodium excretion. In prerenal azotemia, sodium is avidly resorbed from glomerular filtrate, but not in intrinsic renal azotemia because of tubular epithelial cell injury. Creatinine is resorbed less efficiently in both conditions. Therefore, the fractional excretion of sodium is 1 in prerenal azotemia often much less whereas it is 1 in intrinsic renal azotemia. Fractional excretion of sodiumUNaPCrxPNaUCrx100. 