<prompt> All of the following factors normally increase the length of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers except:Increased venous tone.Increased total blood volumeIncreased negative intrathoracic pressure.Lying-to-standing change in posture  <response>: D i.e. Lying to standing change in posture When a person moves from a supine position to standing position volume of blood pools in the lower extremity because of high compliance of veins venous return decreases. As a result of decreased venous return the length of ventricular cardiac muscle fibres is decreasedQ and so the cardiac output in accordance with frank-sterling law. 