<prompt> Xantho granulomatous infection is caused by:NephrolithiasisUrinary obstructionProteus MirabilisAll of the above  <response>: Ans. d All of the aboveRef: Urologic emergencies-A Practical Approach, P 117- 118 Xantho-granulomatous pyelonephritis XGP is the end result of severe, chronic infection of the kidney, seen in 0.6 to 1.4 of renal inflammations. The combination of urinary obstruction, nephrolithiasis, and UTI are important elements in the development of XGP. Infection is usually secondary to E.coli, or Proteus Mirabilis. Most patients present with recurrent fevers and urosepsis, anemia, and a painful renal mass. Microscopically, there are granulomas and lipid-laden macrophages around the abscess. 