<prompt> Stimulation of bipolar cells results in all except:DepolarisationHyperpolarisationNeurotransmitter releaseAction potentials  <response>: Ans: D Action potentials Ref: W F Ganong. Vision. In: Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd ed. California: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2010.Explanation:Unlike most neurons, bipolar cells communicate via graded potentials, rather than action potentials Genesis of Electrical Responses in RetinaElectrical responses of most of the other neural elements in the retina are local, graded potentialsOnly in the ganglion cells, all-or-none action potentials transmitted over appreciable distances are generatedResponses of the rods, cones, and horizontal cells are hyperpolarizingTable 1 : Normal transport of substances bv the intestine and location of maximum absorption or secretion Small Intestine Absorption of:UpperDuodenum JejunumMidLowerTerminalileumColonSugars glucose, galactose, etc.0Amino acids0Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins except vitamin B1200Long-chain fatty acid absorption and conversion to triglyceride0Bile salts Vitamin B1200NaKSecretedCa2?Fe2-?Cl-SO42-0? Table 2 : Function of HypothalamusRegionAreaNucleusFunctionAnteriorMedialMedial preoptic nucleus Regulates the release of gonadotropic hormones from the adenohypophysis Contains theseally dimorphic nucleus, whch releases GnRH, differential development between sexes is based upon in utero testosterone levels Vasopressin releaseSupraopticnucleus SOParaventricularnucleus PV Thyrotropin-releasing hormone release Corticotropin-re lea sing hormone release Oxytocin releaseAnterior hypothalamicnucleus AH Thermoregulation Panting Sweating Thyrotropin inhibition Supra chiasmatic nucl eusSCLateral preoptic nucleus Circadian rhythmsLateralLateral nucleus LT Thirst and hungerPart of supracptic nucleus SO Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus DMVentromedialnucleus VMArcuate nucleus AFt TuberalMedial Blood Pressure Heart Rate Gl stimulation Satiety Neiroendocrine control Growth hormone-re lea sing hormone GHRH Feeding Dopamine Thirst and hungerLateralLateral nucleus LT Lateral tuberal nucleiPosteriorMedialMammillary nucleipart of mammillary bodies MBPosterior nucleus PN Memory Increase bbod pressure Pupillary dilation Shivering Vasopressin releaseLateralLateral nucleus LT Responses of the bipolar cells are either hyperpolarizing or depolarizing. Aniacrine cells produce depolarizing potentials. 