<prompt> Substance dependence is due to all exceptPersonalityPeer PressureFamily history of substance abuseIntelligence  <response>: Aetiological Factors in Substance Use Disorders 1. Biological Factors i. Genetic vulnerability family history of substance use disorder; for example in type II alcoholism ii. Co-morbid psychiatric disorder or personality disorder iii. Co-morbid medical disorders iv. Reinforcing effects of drugs explains continuation of drug use v. Withdrawal effects and craving explains continuation of drug use vi. Biochemical factors for example, role of dopamine and norepinephrine in cocaine, ethanol and opioid dependence 2. Psychological Factors i. Curiosity; a need for novelty seeking ii. General rebelliousness and social non-conformity iii. Early initiation of alcohol and tobacco iv. Poor impulse control v. Sensation-seeking high vi. Low self-esteem anomie vii. Concerns regarding personal autonomy viii. Poor stress management skills ix. Childhood trauma or loss x. Relief from fatigue andor boredom xi. Escape from reality xii. Lack of interest in conventional goals xiii. Psychological distress 3. Social Factors i. Peer pressure often more impoant than parental factors ii. Modelling imitating behaviour of impoant others iii. Ease of availability of alcohol and drugs iv. The strictness of drug law enforcement v. Intrafamilial conflicts vi. Religious reasons vii. Poor socialfamilial suppo viii. Perceived distance within the family ix. Permissive social attitudes x. Rapid urbanisation. Ref: A Sho Textbook of Psychiatry, Niraj Ahuja, 7th Edition, pg. no. 36 