<prompt> All of the following factors normally increase the length of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibers, except:Increased venous toneIncreased total blood volumeIncreased negative intrathoracic pressureLying-to-standing change in posture  <response>: When the person stands from a lying position, there is pooling of blood in the legs. This causes decrease in venous return and decrease in end diastolic volume and length of ventricular cardiac muscle fibers. 