<prompt> A 9-year-old boy with elevated both PT and aPTT What is the diagnosis?Defect in extrinsic pathwayDefect in Intrinsic pathwayPlatelet function defectDefect in common pathway  <response>: Ans. D. Defect in common pathwaya. The prothrombin time PT and its derived measures of prothrombin ratio PR and international normalized ratio INR are measures of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.b. They are used to determine the clotting tendency of blood, in the measure of warfarin dosage, liver damage, and vitamin K status.c. PT measures factors I, II, V, VII, and X.d. The partial thromboplastin time PTT or activated partial thromboplastin time aPTT or APTT is a performance indicator measuring the efficacy of both the intrinsic now referred to as the contact activation pathway and the common coagulation pathways.e. It is also used to monitor the treatment effects with heparin, a major anticoagulant. 4f. It is used in conjunction with the prothrombin time PT which measures the extrinsic pathway.g. Incase both are increased it indicates defect in common pathway.ConditionProthrombin timePartial thromboplastin timeBleeding timePlatelet countVitamin K deficiency or warfarinprolongedprolongedunaffectedunaffectedDICprolongedprolongedprolongeddecreasedVon Willebrand diseaseunaffectedprolongedprolongedunaffectedHemophiliaunaffectedprolongedunaffectedunaffectedAspirinunaffectedunaffectedprolongedunaffectedThrombocytopeniaunaffectedunaffectedprolongeddecreasedEarly Liver failureprolongedunaffectedunaffectedunaffectedEnd-stage Liver failureprolongedprolongedprolongeddecreasedUremiaunaffectedunaffectedprolongedunaffectedCongenital afibrinogenemiaprolongedprolongedprolongedunaffectedFactor V deficiencyprolongedprolongedunaffectedunaffectedFactor X deficiencyprolongedprolongedunaffectedunaffectedGlanzmanns thrombastheniaunaffectedunaffectedprolongedunaffectedBernard-Soulier syndromeunaffectedunaffectedprolongeddecreased 