 Failure of antibiotics. Systemic antibiotics used to treat bacteremia do not penetrate catheter lumen and therefore do not eradicate the biofilm, leading to potential treatment failures and eventual sacrifice of the catheter. Recently published data suggests that using a combination solution with antibacterialanticoagulant agents prevents the formation of the biofilm in the catheter lumen thereby preventing CRB, as well as salvage the catheters in cases of established CRB. However, there continues to be a debate on the appropriate antibacterial agent as well as its optimal concentration, in order to eradicate a wide variety of organisms. Several other strategies were studied in the past 10 years to prevent CRB and CRI. These include eradication of nasal Staphylococcal carriage with mupirocin, using chlorhexidine for catheter hub cleaning and exit site disinfection and using mupirocin or Polysporin ointments to the exit site along with standard dressing. But emergence of antibiotic resistance as well as the high costs of administrating these methods continue to be barriers to their widespread use and cannot be relied upon to manage the high rate of infection by themselves. 