 Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is an accepted therapy for AML. Transplants of unmodified HLA-matched related bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells following conditioning with total body irradiation TBI and cyclophosphamide or VP-16 or busulfan and cyclophosphamide have led to sustained DFS rates of 45-60 for adults transplanted in first complete remission CR1 and 40-53 for patients transplanted in second complete remission CR2. In several single center and multicenter cooperative group prospective trials comparing HLA-matched allogeneic transplants to chemotherapy in the treatment of AML in CR1, DFS rates for the transplant arm were almost invariably superior; however, these advantages were statistically significant in only a minority of the cooperative group studies conducted. In each study, the risk of relapse was significantly lower for patients receiving allogeneic transplants. However, this advantage was counterbalanced by transplant-related mortality, principally reflecting infections complicating GVHD and its treatment. 