 Long-standing medical dogma has been replaced by clear evidence that a female urinary microbiome FUM exists. The investigators recently reported that the FUM in women without OAB is less diverse than the FUM of women with OAB. The investigators soon will report that FUM status stratifies women with OAB into treatment response groups and women with less diverse FUMs are more likely to respond to anti-cholinergic OAB therapy Thomas-White et al., in preparation. This suggests that the FUM is a factor in lower urinary tract symptoms LUTS and that FUM diversity contributes to LUTS and treatment response, like the vaginal microbiome and its contribution to vaginal symptoms. 