 The study will be a prospective cohort study conducted within the Department of Urology at Johns Hopkins Hospital and Bayview Medical Center. The study population will be comprised of a convenience sample of participants 18 years of age or older who will be undergoing upper urinary tract surgery as part of routine clinical care for a diagnosis of nephrolithiasis, hematuria, ureteral stricture, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, hydronephrosis, or intra-operative identification of the ureters. 