 This is research project will utilize a randomized clinical trial of treatment for PTSD. It includes refugee children and youth, between the ages of 7 and 15, from two established MHSPI clinics, which currently serve approximately 40 schools, with a total school-aged population of more than 20,000 as well as youth between the ages of 16 and 19 from Covenant House. This study will draw on established measures for PTSD mental health and trauma histories through the use of standardized rating scales and interview methods. Interpreters will be made available and sensitivity adjustments for language and culture will be made. Research assistants will be trained to administer the UCLA screening instruments for PTSD to identify potential contributing or mediating factors of outcome . In addition, paediatricians will be trained in the UCLA diagnostic process to provide case identification, and graduatemedical students will be trained in NETKIDNET, to facilitate implementation and evaluation of the treatment procedures. All children and youth enrolled at the two MSPHI and Covenant House clinics will placed into one of 3 groups: refugee, other immigrant and native-born, and be screened for PTSD. All study participants, with a score of 15 or higher, as recommended by the UCLA group, will then be included in the next phase which consists of in depth clinical assessment. Of these participants who are identified as PTSD diagnostic cases are then included in the treatment evaluation phase: randomized into the control- treatment groups and placed into gender-paired therapeutic dyads, i.e. female therapists will be paired with female children and adolescents with PTSD and males with males. Ten male and 10 female therapists will take part in the project and each will be assigned to treat 20 people with PTSD, resulting in a total estimated treated study sample of 400. The control group participants will proceed to the exact same treatment procedures following a three-month wait. All participants included in the treatment groups, either immediate or waiting list control, will receive 3, 6 and 12 month follow-up assessments to evaluate PTSD symptoms using the same UCLA measurements to screen initially. All data will be collected, coded and analyzed using standard statistical analyses appropriate to the research design. 