 Acute rejection is still a major risk factor affecting the prognosis of kidney transplant patients. Alloreactive cells of the recipient infiltrate the kidney graft and cause inflammatory reaction which damages the graft structure and function. Conventional diagnosis of acute rejection is based on clinical symptoms and kidney biopsy examination. The clinical symptoms are a result of the kidney damage, which occurs days after the initiation of the rejection reaction. Kidney biopsy is an invasive and expensive procedure. It has been wished to have new parameters that can replacesupplement the conventional procedures. Chemokines are small molecules that attract inflammatory cells. Changes of chemokine levels in the urine may correlate with the immune status in the kidney. A systematic study to evaluate the chemokine levels in urine and correlation with the kidney biopsy pathology will answer the question whether monitoring of urinary chemokines would be useful in predicting graft rejectiondamage. 