 a. Study visits and parameters to be measured e.g., laboratory tests, x-rays, and other testing SCREENING visit: Screening will in the Cardiac surgery pre-operative clinic, MGH Cox building floor 6 before surgery. Patients will be screened if they are require prolonged CPB 90 minutes on CPB, i.e., valve replacement coronary artery bypass grafting CABG and if the primary cardiac surgeon of the patient agrees on enrolling the patient in the study. 