 v Vitamin D and cardiac fibrosis: Recent evidence using gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance CMR, suggests that cardiac fibrosis is a predominant feature of uremic cardiomyopathy13. Animal studies have demonstrated an important role of vitamin D in maintaining extracellular matrix ECM composition in the heart. In vitamin D receptor knockout mice model there is marked increase in cardiac fibrosis, related to abnormal expression of collagenases14. 