 Cognitive dysfunction is a well-recognized manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus SLE whose reported prevalence ranges from 12-87. SLE-associated cognitive dysfunction often occurs in the absence of frank neuropsychiatric disease e.g., stroke, depression, psychosis, cerebral vasculitis, medications known to have central nervous system effects, or increased disease activity or flare. Studies of SLE antibodies most notably the antiphospholipid antibodies have provided conflicting results with respect to their association with SLE-associated cognitive dysfunction. Thus, despite numerous investigations, the etiology of SLE-associated cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. There is no known means for preventing cognitive dysfunction in SLE. Similarly there are no established or proven treatments for cognitive dysfunction in SLE. 