 HIV infection has been shown to increase mortality from tuberculosis TB fivefold in parts of Subsaharan Africa. Increasingly, HIV infected children in developing countries are becoming infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mtb and dying at an early age. This project will evaluate novel approaches to the diagnosis of AIDS-related pediatric TB in a hyperendemic setting using rapid, cost-effective Mtb culture and susceptibility methods based on direct microscopic observation techniques. This study will utilize alternative noninvasive Mtb tests that are performed on nasopharyngeal aspirates NPA and stool. An optional component will assess improved rapid detection of Mtb by a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction assay N2 PCR, a technique appropriate for regional reference laboratories in developing countries. 