 Primary outcomes of interest will be daily mortality rates and daily rates of cardiovascular related emergency room visits and hospitalizations at the Rambam Medical Center in Haifa Israel. Electronic medical record databases will be queried for ICD-9 codes of related cardiac acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, dysrhythmiaconduction disturbance diagnoses. A time-series analysis will be utilized to assess change in mortality and emergency room visit rates in relation to incremental change in PM2.5. Covariates in the model will include seasonal trends in disease incidence, daily concentration of co-pollutants, meteorological variables such as temperature and humidity. Calculation of relative risk will incorporate a 1 through 7 day lag into the model into to determine latency of effect. 