 While the growing body of literature supporting neuroimmune activation in autism is intriguing, the current results present limitations. First, there are no studies assessing the brains of living patients with autismASDs. Second, the most convincing evidence for neuroimmune activation in postmortem brains is extracted almost exclusively from patients with classical autism, where intellectual disability is common. As such, the evidence for neuroimmune activation in higher functioning patients with autism and autism spectrum disorders ASDs is less robust. 