 Advanced NSCLC remains largely fatal, with the positive impact of chemotherapy limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance, manifested clinically by early progression and transient responses. Current chemotherapy regimens have limited efficacy with a magnitude of survival benefit that is still modest, and lead to significant toxicity, with many patients unable to receive this kind of treatment, even in first line setting. There is, therefore, a great need to provide patients with less toxic agents such as the novel targeted therapies, with the potential to improve the efficacy and maintain a good quality of life with little associated toxicity. TarcevaTM has shown benefit as single agent in pretreated patients who have progressed despite platinum-based chemotherapy as summarized in section 1.2 with minimal toxicity compared to chemotherapy, and also is currently assessed as first line treatment in advanced NSCLC with promising preliminary efficacy results. 