 c Preliminary studies: The parent study for this project is a RCT of VMMC to reduce HIV incidence in Kisumu, Kenya whose principal investigator is Prof. Robert C. Bailey, a co-investigator in the current proposal3. The main objective of that trial was to assess the effectiveness of VMMC in reducing HIV incidence in young, sexually active men. The protective effect found in an intent-to-treat analysis was 53 and in an as treated analysis adjusting for cross-overs and men found to be HIV seropositive at baseline estimated the protective effect to be 60. Adverse events related to the surgical procedure were few, just 1.5. Behavioral disinhibition risk compensation on the part of circumcised men was small and not significant. 