 Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass CPB is one of the most frequently performed operations. Neurobehavioral disorders, including neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological deficits, are a very frequently reported sequela of valve replacement or coronary artery bypass grafting CABG surgery. CPB is associated with significant cerebral morbidity. The incidence of cognitive decline related to CPB ranges from 20 to 80, which may affect length of hospital stay, quality of life, the rehabilitation process, and work performance. Neurocognitive decline can present days to weeks after surgery and may remain a permanent disorder. Many pharmacologic strategies have been proposed or investigated for preventing post-CPB cognitive decline, but to our knowledge, none of these drugs has been systematically evaluated for efficacy in preventing post-CPB cognitive decline. 