<prompt> Rangarira ndima iri pasi apa uye ipapo pindura mubvunzo gare gare mumutauro mumwe chetewo sechikamu: Kupfuura: Zvipembenene zvipenyu zvinoiswa mumhuri duku shanu, dzine marudzi anenge 58 nemarudzi anenge 285. Chinyorwa chekare-kare chemanyurusi, Hesperopetes, chinodzokera kuChadronian kupera kweEocene, makore anenge mamiriyoni 40-35 akapfuura uye chakafanana nemanyurusi emazuva ano anobhururuka. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemanyurusi emanyurusi, kubva kuEocene yekupedzisira kusvika kuMiocene, hadzina kupiwa nechokwadi kune chero mutsara uripo. Zvimwe zvimwe zvacho zvimwe zvaiva zvimiro zveprotosquirrels dzekare zvikuru mupfungwa yokuti dzaishaiwa uwandu hwose hwezvinyorwa zvesquirrels zvipenyu. Kupararira uye kusiyana-siyana kwemarudzi akare uye emadzitateguru akadaro kunoratidza kuti zvipembere seboka zvingave zvakabva kuNorth America. Kunze kwemarudzi aya emafossil anozivikanwa zvishoma, phylogeny yezvipembere zvipenyu yakajeka. Madzinza matatu makuru ndeaya anoti Ratufinae maOriental giant squirrels, Sciurillinae nemamwe madzinza ose. Ratufinae ine marudzi mashomanene bedzi aripo muAsia inopisa. Neotropical pygmy squirrel ye tropical South America ndiyo nhengo bedzi mupenyu yeSciurillinae. Dzinza rechitatu, rakakura zvikuru, rinoparadzirwa munyika dzakawanda. Izvi zvinotsigirazve fungidziro yokuti tateguru vakajairika vezvipembenene zvose, zvipenyu uye zvisaririra, vaigara kuNorth America, sezvo aya madzinza matatu ekare zvikuru achiita seakasimuka kubva ikoko; kana zvipembenene zvakabva kuEurasia, somuenzaniso, mumwe aizotarisira madzinza ekare kwazvo muAfrica, asi zvipembenene zveAfrica zvinoratidzika kuva zvechitsva. Boka guru rezvipembenene rinogonawo kugoverwa mumapoka matatu, izvo zvinopa mapoka mashomanana akasara. Sciurinae ine zvipembenene zvinobhururuka Pteromyini uye Sciurini, iyo pakati pevamwe ine zvipembenene zvemuti zveAmerica; vekutanga vaiwanzoonekwa semhuri yakasarudzika, asi ikozvino vanoonekwa sedzinza reSciurinae. Mapine squirrels Tamiasciurus, pane rumwe rutivi, anowanzobatanidzwa nomutsara mukuru wesquirrel womuti, asi anoratidzika kuva akasiana zvikuru sezvipembenene zvinobhururuka;... Mubvunzo: Zvipembenene zvakakamurwa kuva mhuri ngani?  <response>: shanu 