<prompt> Qedela le nkulumo elandelayo: Kuye kwaba nezimpikiswano eziningana ezinkulu eziphathelene nomkhathi kuwo wonke umlando wezinto ezisemkhathini. Enye yezinto zokuqala kwaba i-Copernican Revolution, eyasungula imodeli ye-heliocentric yohlelo lwelanga. Okwakamuva kakhulu kwaba  <response>: I-Great Debate ka-1920, okwathi ngemva kwayo kwamiswa isimo seMilky Way njengenye yezinkanyezi eziningi ezisemkhathini. Kusukela ngo-1940 kuya ku-1960, umphakathi we-astrophysical wahlukaniswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabasekeli benkolelo-mbono ye-Big Bang kanye nabasekeli bomhlaba ozinzile; lokhu kwagcina kunqunywe ngenkolelo-mbono ye-Big Bang ngokuthuthuka kwe-cosmology yokubheka ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960. Noma kunjalo, kwakusekhona abaphikisi abavelele benkolelo-mbono ye-Big Bang kuhlanganise noFred Hoyle, uJayant Narlikar, uHalton Arp, noHannes Alfvén, ababenemibono yezinkanyezi eyayingahlangene nalutho nocwaningo lwezinkanyezi. Abaphikisi abambalwa be-Big Bang abasasebenza namuhla bavame ukungazinaki ubufakazi obuqinisekisiwe obuvela ocwaningweni lwakamuva, futhi ngenxa yalokho, namuhla ama-cosmologies angavamile alahla i-Big Bang ngokuphelele awavamile ukushicilelwa ezincwadini zesayensi ezibuyekezwa ontanga kodwa avele ku-inthanethi ezincwadini eziseceleni nakumawebhusayithi angasese. 