<prompt> Qedela umusho olandelayo: Izazi-mlando ziye zabheka ukuba sengozini kobukhosi be-Qing embusweni wamazwe aseNtshonalanga ngekhulu le-19 njengokungenxa yobuthakathaka bayo bemikhumbi; amakhulu eminyaka yokuhlukaniswa ngamabomu kwakusho ukuthi amabutho asolwandle ase-Qing ayedlulwa ngokudabukisayo ngokumelene nozakwabo baseYurophu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amaQing aphumelela ngandlela - thile empini ayilwa nabantu basentshonalanga ababesemhlabathini. Isazi-mlando u-Edward L. Dreyer sathi, Ukuhlazeka kweChina ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kwakuhlobene kakhulu nobuthakathaka nokwehluleka kwayo olwandle. Ekuqaleni kweMpi Ye-Opium, iChina yayingenalo ibutho lasolwandle elihlangene futhi yayingazi ukuthi yayisengozini kangakanani yokuhlaselwa ulwandle; amabutho aseBrithani ayeshayela futhi ehamba nomaphi lapho ayefuna ukuya khona... Ezindaweni  <response>: Impi ye-Arrow 1856-60, amaShayina ayengenayo indlela yokuvimbela uhambo lwamaNgisi namaFulentshi lwango-1860 ukuthi lungene eGulf of Zhili futhi lufike eduze kweBeijing ngangokunokwenzeka. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amabutho amasha aseShayina, uma kungewona ngempela amabutho anamuhla, acindezela ukuvukela kwasekuhlanganeni kwekhulu leminyaka, enza iRussia ukuba ixazulule ngokuthula imingcele enempikiswano e-Asia Ephakathi, futhi anqoba amabutho aseFrance emhlabathini eMpini YamaShayina NamaFulentshi 1884-85. Kodwa ukunqotshwa kwale mikhumbi, kanye nokusongelwa okuwumphumela kokuhamba kwemikhumbi eya eTaiwan, kwaphoqa iChina ukuba yenze ukuthula ngemibandela engathandeki. 