<prompt> Qedela le nkulumo elandelayo: Ngenxa yobuningi bamafutha athuthwayo, amathangi kawoyela anamuhla angaba usongo emvelweni. Njengoba kuxoxwe ngenhla, ithangi le-VLCC lingathwala uwoyela ongahluziwe. Lokhu kucishe kube izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili kunenani elachitheka e-  <response>: Isigameko se-Exxon Valdez. Kulokhu kuchitheka, umkhumbi wabhajwa futhi kwachitheka uwoyela olwandle ngo-March 1989. Naphezu kwemizamo yososayensi, abaphathi, namavolontiya, kwafa izinyoni zasolwandle ezingaphezu kuka-400 000, izinyoni zasolwandle ezingaba ngu-1 000, nenqwaba yezinhlanzi. Nokho, uma kucatshangelwa umthamo kawoyela othuthwa olwandle, izinhlangano zabanikazi bamathangi zivame ukuphikisa ngokuthi umlando wokuphepha walo mkhakha muhle kakhulu, kunengxenyana encane kuphela yephesenti lomthwalo kawoyela othuthwayo owake wachitheka. I-International Association of Independent Tanker Owners iye yaphawula ukuthi ukuchitheka kukawoyela ngengozi kule minyaka eyishumi kuye kwaba sezingeni eliphansi kakhulu - ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule nengxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi yeminyaka yawo-1970 - ngesikhathi lapho uwoyela othuthwayo uye wanda ngokuphindwe kabili kusukela maphakathi nawo-1980. 