<prompt> Bheka isigaba esingezansi bese uphendula umbuzo emva kwalokho ngolimi olufanayo nesigaba: Ukudlula: Ukulandelana kwemicu ye-DNA eyakha ukwakheka okuhlosiwe kuklanywa ngekhompyutha, kusetshenziswa imodeli yamangqamuzana kanye nesoftware yokumodela ye-thermodynamic. Ama-nucleic acid ngokwawo abese ehlanganiswa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlanganiswa kwe-oligonucleotide, imvamisa ezenzakalelayo ku-synthesizer ye-oligonucleotide, futhi imicu yokulandelana ngokwezifiso iyatholakala kwezentengiselwano. Izintambo zingahlanzwa nge-gel electrophoresis uma kunesidingo, futhi ukuhlushwa okunembile kunqunywa nganoma iyiphi yezindlela eziningana zokulinganisa i-nucleic acid kusetshenziswa i-ultraviolet absorbance spectroscopy. Izakhiwo ezihlosiwe ezakhiwe ngokuphelele zingaqinisekiswa kusetshenziswa i-gel electrophoresis yendabuko, enikeza imininingwane yobukhulu nokuma kwezakhi ze-nucleic acid. Ukuhlolwa kokuguquguquka kokuhamba kwe-electrophoretic kunganquma ukuthi isakhiwo sihlanganisa yonke imicu efiselekayo. Ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa i-fluorescent labeling kanye ne-Förster resonance energy transfer i-FRET ukuchaza ukwakheka kwezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izakhiwo ze-nucleic acid zingathathwa ngokuqondile nge-atomic force microscopy, efaneleke kakhulu ezakhiweni ezinamacala amabili, kodwa ayisebenzi kangako ezakhiweni ezizimele ezinamacala amathathu ngenxa yokuxhumana kwephuzu le-microscope nesakhiwo se-nucleic acid esibucayi; i-transmission electron microscopy kanye ne-cryo-electron microscopy kuvame ukusetshenziswa kulokhu. Ama-lattice anezinhlangothi ezintathu ahlolwe nge-X-ray crystallography. Umbuzo: Yini ehlaziywa ukuguquguquka kokuhamba?  <response>: ukuthi isakhiwo sihlanganisa zonke izintambo ezifiselekayo 