<prompt> Qedela le nkulumo elandelayo: UMbuso WaseSpain wanqoba le ndawo ngekhulu le-16 futhi wamisa umbuso owawuhlanganisa iningi lezindawo zawo zaseNingizimu Melika, inhloko-dolobha yawo iseLima. Imfundo ephakeme yaqala emazweni aseMelika ngokusungulwa ngokusemthethweni kweNational University of San Marcos eLima ngo-1551. IPeru yamemezela ngokusemthethweni ukuzimela ngo-1821, futhi ngemva kwemikhankaso yezempi yangaphandle kaJosé de San Martín noSimon Bolívar, kanye nempi enqumayo yase-Ayacucho, iPeru yaqeda ukuzimela kwayo ngo-1824. Eminyakeni eyalandela, izwe lajabulela ukuzinza komnotho nezombusazwe, okwaphela ngaphambi nje kweMpi YasePacific 18791884 neChile. Kuwo wonke ikhulu lama-20, iPeru yakhuthazelela izingxabano ezihlomile zendawo, ukuvukelwa kombuso, iziyaluyalu zenhlalo, kanye  <response>: Izingxabano zangaphakathi, kanye nezikhathi zokuzinza nokuchuma kwezomnotho. Ngawo-1990, leli zwe laqala ukusebenzisa indlela yezomnotho ye-neoliberal esasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iPeru iye yabhekana nokukhula komnotho okuqhubekayo nokwehla kokungalingani. 