<prompt> Likuphi i-gradient yokuhlushwa kwama-hydrogen ion? Njengoba kunikezwe umbuzo odlule, bhala umongo onempendulo yawo. Kungaba imisho engu-1 kuya kwengu-20. Umongo:  <response>: Njengama-mitochondria, ama-chloroplast asebenzisa amandla agcinwe ku-H , noma i-hydrogen ion gradient ukukhiqiza amandla e-ATP. Lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zokukhanya ziqoqa amandla okukhanya ukuze zikhuthaze ama - electron athathwe emanzini, bese ziwakhulula ehlelweni lokuthutha ama - electron. Ama-molecule aphakathi kwama-photosystems asebenzisa amandla ama-electron ukuze aphonse ama-hydrogen ions esikhaleni se-thylakoid, okwenza kube nokwehla kokugxila, ngama-hydrogen ions amaningi kuze kube izikhathi eziyinkulungwane ngaphakathi kohlelo lwe-thylakoid kunase-stroma. Ama-hydrogen ions asesikhaleni se-thylakoid abuyele emuva ehla ngomthambeka wawo wokuhlushwa, agelezela emuva ku-stroma nge-ATP synthase. I-ATP synthase isebenzisa amandla avela kuma-hydrogen ions ageleza ukuze i-phosphorylate i-adenosine diphosphate ibe i-adenosine triphosphate, noma i-ATP. Ngenxa yokuthi i - ATP synthase ye - chloroplast iphumela ngaphandle ku - stroma, i - ATP ihlanganiswa lapho, ukuze isetshenziswe ekuphenduleni okumnyama. 