<prompt> Bhala ukuqhubeka kwalesi sigaba - Ngemva kokuphumelela kwama-Olympic, kanye nokuphumelela kukaLeMond owawina iTour de France izikhathi ezintathu no-Andy Hampsten owawina i-Giro dItalia ngo-1988, ukugibela ibhayisikili kwaduma e-United States. Ngenxa yalokho kwavela isizukulwane esisha sabagibeli bamabhayisikili baseMelika, abaningi babo ababezokuncintisana ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu kubandakanya uLance Armstrong, uBobby Julich, uGeorge Hincapie, uTyler Hamilton, uFred Rodriguez, uKevin Livingston noFloyd Landis. Nakuba kwakukhona ukuchayeka ekusebenziseni izidakamizwa eMelika, kwakungekho ndawo eduze kokwanda njengoba kwakunjalo eYurophu futhi abagibeli bamabhayisikili baseMelika bathola impumelelo ethile kuhlanganise no-Armstrong eMqhudelwaneni Womhlaba ka-1993  <response>: . futhi. Ngesikhathi abagibeli bamabhayisikili abaningi befika emaqenjini amasha, bathola ukuthi abakwazi ukuncintisana phakathi kwabadlali abahamba phambili kulo mdlalo njengoba lokhu kwakuyisiqalo senkathi ye-EPO kwezamabhayisikili. Lokhu akuzange kuvezwe kuqala phakathi kwabalandeli nezintatheli kuze kube yi-1998 Festina Affair, kepha ngisho nalesi sigameko esikhulu besinganele ukushintsha imikhuba yabagibeli namaqembu amaningi asezingeni eliphakeme. 