<prompt> Yini ehluleka ukukhomba amagciwane azifihle? Njengoba kunikezwe umbuzo odlule, bhala umongo onempendulo yawo. Kungaba imisho engu-1 kuya kwengu-20. Umongo:  <response>: Izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kunqandwe isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Indlela elula iwukushintsha ngokushesha ama-epitope angadingeki ama-amino acid kanyenoma ushukela ebusweni be-pathogen, kuyilapho kugcinwa ama-epitope abalulekile efihliwe. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlukahluka kwe-antigenic. Isibonelo salokhu i-HIV, eshintsha ngokushesha, ngakho amaprotheni asemgqonyeni wayo oyigciwane abalulekile ukuze ingene engqamuzaneni eliyihlosile ashintsha njalo. Lezi zinguquko ezenzeka njalo kuma-antigen zingase zichaze ukwehluleka kwemithi yokugoma ebhekiswe kuleligciwane. I-Trypanosoma brucei isebenzisa isu elifanayo, ihlale ishintsha uhlobo oluthile lwamaprotheni angaphezulu ukuze ibe ngolunye, okuyivumela ukuba ihlale isinyathelo esisodwa ngaphambi kokusabela kwama-antibody. Ukufihla ama-antigen ngamangqamuzana omzimba kungenye indlela evamile yokugwema ukutholakala amasosha omzimba. Igciwane lesandulela-ngculaza, i-envelope emboza i-virion yakhiwa ulwelwesi olungaphandle kakhulu lweseli lomgcini; amagciwane anjalo azifihle enza kube nzima ukuba isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni siwabone njengezakhiwo ezingezona ezomuntu. 