<prompt> Kamen wazalwa ngo-Agasti 27, 1913, eToronto, eyindodana yabafuduki abangamaJuda baseRussia. Wakhulela eChicago. Wathola iziqu ze-bachelors degree ku-chemistry e-University of Chicago ngo-1933 futhi wathola i-PhD ku-physical chemistry kusuka eyunivesithi efanayo ngo-1936. Ngemva kwalokho wafuna isikhundla sokucwaninga ngamakhemikhali kanye ne-nuclear physics ngaphansi kuka-Ernest Lawrence e-laboratory ye-radiation eBerkeley, lapho asebenza khona ngaphandle kokukhokhelwa izinyanga eziyisithupha waze waqashwa ukuba abheke ukulungiswa nokusabalalisa imikhiqizo ye-cyclotron.  <response>: Ngo-1936 