<prompt> Bheka isigaba esingezansi bese uphendula umbuzo emva kwalokho ngolimi olufanayo nesigaba: I-passage: I-scanning tunneling microscope iyithuluzi lokubuka izindawo ezingeni le-athomu. Isebenzisa isimiso se-quantum tunneling, esivumela izinhlayiya ukuba zidlule emkhawulweni ngokuvamile ongenakunqotshwa. Ama-electron ahamba nge-vacuum phakathi kwama-electrode amabili ensimbi ayisicaba, ngalinye lawo linama-athomu adsorbed, ahlinzeka ngobuningi be-tunneling-current obungalinganiswa. Ukuhlola i-athomu elilodwa elithathwe njengesihloko njengoba lidlula kwelinye isampula kuvumela ukuhlelwa kokufuduka kwesihloko ngokuqhathaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwe-lateral kwamanje okungaguquki. Ukubala kubonisa izinga okubonakala ngalo izithombe ze-scanning-tunneling-microscope ze-athomu ngayinye. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uma i-bias iphansi, i-microscope ibonisa ubukhulu besikhala esiphakathi kwama-electron orbitals kumazinga wamandla ahlanganiswe eduze - i-Fermi level density yendawo yamazwe. I-athomu ingafakwa i-ionized ngokususa enye yama-electron ayo. Ukushaja kagesi kubangela ukuba umzila we - athomu ujike lapho udlula emkhakheni kazibuthe. I-radius lapho umzila we-ion ehambayo ujika khona ngenxa yensimu kazibuthe inqunywa yisisindo se-athomu. I-mass spectrometer isebenzisa lesi simiso ukuze ilinganise isilinganiso sesisindo nesisindo sama-ion. Uma isampula liqukethe ama-isotopes amaningi, i-mass spectrometer inganquma isilinganiso se-isotope ngayinye esampuleni ngokulinganisa amandla emisebe ehlukene yama-ion. Amasu okuhwamuka kwama-athomu ahlanganisa i-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy kanye ne-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, zombili ezisebenzisa i-plasma ukuhwamuka amasampula ukuze ahlolwe. Indlela ekhetha kakhulu indawo yi-electron energy loss spectroscopy, elinganisa ukulahleka kwamandla kagesi we-electron ngaphakathi kwe-transmission electron microscope lapho ihlangana nengxenye yesampula. I-atom-probe tomograph inesinqumo esingaphansi kwe-nanometer ku-3-D futhi ingakwazi ukukhomba ngamakhemikhali ama-athomu ngamanye ngokusebenzisa i-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. I-Spectra yezimo ezivuselelwe ingasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya ukwakheka kwama-athomu ezinkanyezi ezikude... Umbuzo: Isikrini sokuskena sisetshenziswa ezingeni elingakanani?  <response>: i-athomu 