<prompt> Bhala okuqhubekayo kwalesi sigaba - Izazi-mlando ziye zahlulela ukuba sengozini kobukhosi be-Qing embusweni wamazwe aseNtshonalanga ngekhulu le-19 njengokungenxa yobuthakathaka bayo bemikhumbi; amakhulu eminyaka yokuhlukaniswa ngamabomu kwakusho ukuthi amabutho asolwandle ase-Qing ayedlula kakhulu amabutho abo aseYurophu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amaQing aphumelela ngandlela - thile empini ayilwa nabantu basentshonalanga ababesemhlabathini. Isazi-mlando u-Edward L. Dreyer sathi, Ukuhlazeka kweChina ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye kwakuhlobene kakhulu nobuthakathaka nokwehluleka kwayo olwandle. Ekuqaleni kweMpi Ye-Opium, iChina yayingenalo ibutho lasolwandle elihlangene futhi yayingazi ukuthi yayisengozini kangakanani yokuhlaselwa ulwandle; amabutho aseBrithani ayeshayela futhi ehamba nomaphi lapho ayefuna ukuya khona... Empini Yemicibisholo  <response>: 1856-60, amaShayina ayengenayo indlela yokuvimbela uhambo lwamaNgisi namaFulentshi lwango-1860 ukuba lungene eGulf of Zhili futhi lufike eduze ngangokunokwenzeka eBeijing. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amabutho amasha aseShayina, uma kungewona ngempela amabutho anamuhla, acindezela ukuvukela kwasekuhlanganeni kwekhulu leminyaka, enza iRussia ukuba ixazulule ngokuthula imingcele enempikiswano e-Asia Ephakathi, futhi anqoba amabutho aseFrance emhlabathini eMpini YamaShayina NamaFulentshi 1884-85. Kodwa ukunqotshwa kwale mikhumbi, kanye nokusongelwa okuwumphumela kokuhamba kwemikhumbi eya eTaiwan, kwaphoqa iChina ukuba yenze ukuthula ngemibandela engathandeki. 