 Ramba uchinyora ndima iyi - Pfungwa dzechiGiriki padzakanga dzichipinda munyika yechiIslam zvishoma nezvishoma, vaMuslim vakatanga kukunda nyika dzeEurope. Spain yakakundwa nemaArabu munenge muna 700 AD, kunyange kusvika kure sePoitiers, France muna 732 Hondo yeToursChiGerman. Pakazosvika 902 Sicily yakanga yakundwa. Nebetsero yedzidziso dzechiGiriki nedzimwewo, Spain zvikurukuru yakakurumidza kuva nzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda zvikuru uye yakabudirira zvikuru muEurope. Mumwe wevatongi veSpain yevaMuslim, Al-Hakam II, akaita nhamburiko yokuunganidza mabhuku anobva munyika yose yeArabhu, achigadzira raibhurari iyo gare gare yaizova nzvimbo yokushandurira muchiLatin. 