 Ischemic dilated cardiomyopathyICM is defined as abnormally enlarged left ventricular LV cavity with documented poor LV function as a result of severe coronary artery disease CAD. LV remodelling which is inevitable after an infarct has been postulated to contribute largely to the poor outcome of patients with ICM, therefore prevention of LV remodelling is the goal for the treatment in patients with severe CAD. Cell therapy represents a novel therapeutic strategy for treating cardiac diseases including severe CAD and heart failure. A type of stem cells known as mesenchymal stem cellsMSCscan be isolated from bone marrow. Experimental and clinical studies to date have shown that mesenchymal stem cells represent the most suitable cell type for regeneration therapy after myocardial infarction MI. After injection into ischemic myocardium, bone marrow-derived MSC BM-MSC from various animal species can differentiate into multiple cell lineages, including endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes, thereby improving LV function. 