 Although liver transplantation LTx is now well-established as a means of restoring health in patients with liver failure, there remain opportunities to further optimize its outcome. One of the major sources of mortality and morbidity in LTx recipients is renal insufficiency associated with nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressant agents, particularly calcineurin inhibitors i.e., cyclosporine and tacrolimus. These agents are also associated with hypertension and diabetes among LTx recipients, contributing to further reduction in renal function. In a report based on nationwide data, 18 of LTx recipients developed renal failure within 5 years. 