 The outcome measured were minimal and maximum pain scores from the first 7 days post paravertebral catheter placement rated on an 11-point numeric rating scale; 0no pain, 10worst pain imaginable. The acute pain Nurse Practitioners, bedside nurses, or acute pain anesthesiology residents collected the pain scores. Additional outcomes of interest included postsurgical opioid use through postsurgical day 7, and length of hospital stay. Patients were asked daily if they experienced nauseavomiting, however, Nursing notes and physician progress notes were also evaluated if patients experienced any adverse events or nausea and vomiting. Demographics such as age and weight were recorded in addition to length of surgery and time spent in the hospital before discharge. 