 True short esophagus TSE is present when the distance between the esophago-gastric E-G junction and the apex of the hiatus is shorter than 2.5 cm, without the application of any downward pressure on the stomach, after maximal mobilization of the distal thoracic esophagus. It has been demonstrated that TSE is present in 20 of patients undergoing routine surgery for gastro-esophageal reflux disease GERD, and in more than 50 of cases of type III-IV hiatal hernia HH that are treated surgically. Recent reports have confirmed the importance of diagnosing and electively treating TSE to reduce the risk of anatomic recurrence after surgery. The surgical techniques currently used for the elective treatment of TSE are based on the association of the Collis gastroplasty with an anti-reflux funduplication and the hiatoplasty, performed using minimally invasive techniques; the mortality, morbidity, and outcomes of these procedures remain subjects of debate. In light of the doubtful validity of the surgical results for TSE, some researchers have proposed that this condition should not be treated with surgical therapy. In the absence of randomized, multicenter studies designed to compare the surgical techniques used to treat TSE, the investigators believe that data obtained from a single-center study may be useful to the surgical community, provided that such data are based on an objective intra-operative diagnosis of TSE and a rigorous follow-up period. 