 The investigators recently showed that FD patients display impaired duodenal mucosal integrity. The trigger of increased permeability is unknown, but it is possible that increased exposure to duodenal bile acids or an altered composition of bile acids leads to impairment of the intestinal barrier. This sustained enhancement of paracellular permeability could facilitate the constant passage of luminal antigens through the mucosa and lead to local mucosal immune responses that manifest as inflammation and finally result in generation of dyspeptic symptoms. 