 Although several researchers have stressed the need for culturally appropriate prevention interventions targeting African American MSM, scant progress has been made toward the identification of such interventions. Ample evidence indicates that theory-based interventions can decrease sexual risk behavior among MSM. A meta-analysis 40 controlled studies of HIV prevention behavioral interventions for MSM found that the interventions reduced the amount of reported unprotected sex by as much as 27, but revealed that the MSM populations at the highest risk, including African American MSM, have been underserved by intervention research. Consider, for example, Project EXPLORE, a large-scale multi-site controlled trial RCT that enrolled over 4,200 MSM and followed them for up to 4 years. Fewer than 7 of participants were African American, eligible African Americans were less likely to enroll in the trial than were eligible Whites, and African Americans were more likely to drop out. Another meta-analysis found that, of 33 HIV sexual risk reduction intervention trials on MSM, only 6 employed a sample that was at least a 10 African American. The insufficient number of rigorous intervention trials directed at African American MSM has hindered the ability to make definitive conclusions about how to combat mens attitudes and beliefs concerning sexual risk behavior and ultimately determine the effectiveness of HIV prevention strategies targeting African American MSM. 