 Measurements The names of all medications, dose, route, and time administered were obtained in real time from the chart and ED staff. Patients were categorized as receiving: 1 no analgesics; 2 NSAIDS or acetaminophen; or 3 opioids. If both NSAIDS or acetaminophen and opioids were administered, patients were categorized as having received opioids. Analgesics given solely for fracture reduction were not used to categorize patients. Opioid analgesics were transformed into morphine equivalents as follows: 1 mg morphine 3 mg of oxycodone; 0.15 mg of hydromorphone, and 13 mg of codeine. No other opioid analgesics were used with the exception of fentanyl, which was only used for fracture reduction. 