 Approximately 18-22 of Operation Enduring FreedomOperation Iraqi Freedom Operation New Dawn OEFOIFOND Veterans have been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD, and 15-30 of Veterans report mild traumatic brain injury mTBI. The effects of mTBI and PTSD have been evident since military personnel first came home and continue to be difficult to eradicate. At 3-4 months post-deployment, OIF Veterans with mild TBI were more likely to endorse PTSD symptoms than those without mTBI. The co-morbidity may be long-lasting, or at least recurrent, as TBI-related symptoms were strongly associated with traumatic stress five years after injury. In an examination of factors associated with postconcussive symptoms, PTSD was a strong factor. In active duty marines, mTBI during deployment predicted PTSD after deployment, and in a study of OEF-OIF-OND Veterans, 57.3 of those with mTBI had PTSD. 