 Patient navigators have been successfully employed to assist persons utilizing complex medical services. In contrast to the medical case management paradigm, which tends to involve delivery of specific, predefined services, patient navigation features responsive, flexible problem-solving to overcome perceived barriers to care. The World Health Organization WHO recommends psychosocial support for all HIV-infected persons and has promoted the use of peers in addressing care and retention needs. In resource-constrained settings, peers trained for specific health-related tasks represent a potentially cost-efficient and sustainable workforce. Besides addiction and mental health co-morbidity, HIV-infected IDUs often have limited income, education, insurance, and social support, unstable housing and food insecurity. Poor health literacy, negative experiences with medical institutions and negative health-related beliefs may pose additional barriers to care. 