 In the last few years a new clinical entity has emerged which includes patients who consider themselves to be suffering from problems caused by wheat andor gluten ingestion, even though they do not have celiac disease CD or wheat allergy. This clinical condition has been named non-celiac gluten sensitivity NCGS, although in a recent article, the researchers suggested the term non-celiac wheat sensitivity NCWS, because it is not known to date what component of wheat actually causes the symptoms. The clinical picture of NCWS is characterized by combined gastrointestinal bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea andor constipation, nausea, epigastric pain, gastroesophageal reflux, aphthous stomatitis and extra-intestinal or systemic manifestations headache, depression, anxiety, foggy mind, tiredness, dermatitis or skin rash, fibromyalgia-like jointmuscle pain, leg or arm numbness, and anemia. Lactose intolerance and cows milk protein allergy CMPA are two medical conditions with a very high prevalence in the general population, and there is a large overlap between NCWS symptoms and lactose intolerance and CMPA symptoms. Therefore, the aims of the present study are to investigate 1 the prevalence of positive lactose breath test and DBPC cows milk protein challenge in NCWS patients with self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms related to milk andor milk derivates ingestion, 2 the clinical, serological, and histological characteristics of NCWS patients with lactose intolerance and CMPA in comparison to NCWS patients without lactose intolerance and CMPA. 