 The BRO HIV Risk Reduction Intervention and the Health Promotion Intervention were developed based on social cognitive theory and the reasoned action approach, integrated with extensive formative research, including focus groups and pilot testing. Most relevant here are the social-cognitive-theory constructs of outcome expectancy, beliefs about the consequences of a specific behavior, and self-efficacy, peoples confidence that they can execute a specific behavior; its emphasis on behavioral skills; and its methods for increasing skills, particularly practice with performance feedback e.g., role-playing. The reasoned action approach is an extension of the theory of planned behavior, which itself is an extension of the theory of reasoned action. Most relevant here are the reasoned action approachs emphasis on the importance of salient beliefs, its notion that such beliefs may vary from population to population and from behavior to behavior, and its methods to identify such population-specific beliefs: namely, the use of qualitative research, including focus groups. By identifying and targeting a populations salient beliefs, an intervention can change those beliefs resulting in changes in the targeted behavior. The investigators utilized one-on-one interventions to allay concerns some African American MSM might have about revealing their sexual behavior with other men by virtue of participating in a group-based intervention, a concern expressed in the focus groups with African American MSM and with representatives of CBOs serving African American MSM. 