 Kidneys have a key role in sodium hemostasis through their excretory function. In patients with chronic kidney disease CKD, kidney function is impaired; thus, suggesting that sodium handling is abnormal in this setting with long-term sodium loading from oral intake and lack of adequate urinary excretion. Yet, sodium concentration needs to stay relatively constant to prevent fatal intra-cellular accumulation, which would result in cell injury and death. In hemodialysis patients, at least a part of this extra sodium has been shown to be non-osmotically active and deposited in the skin, muscle and skeleton. 