 The main shortcomings of angioplasty and stenting is the resultant inflammatory response. The mechanical injury to blood vessels is followed by a complex repair response comprising intimal vascular smooth muscle cell VSMC hyperplasia, vessel wall scarring and shrinkage of the vascular lumen, often resulting in reduced blood flow and subsequent muscle or end organ ischemia. Rodent, rabbit and large animal models have provided valuable insights into the pathophysiology of these responses. 