 We aim to compare pain management among three groups of ethnic disparity ED patients, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Blacks, non-Hispanic Whites, and assess whether the observed association between pain management and raceethnicity is independent of potentially important confounding variables e.g., age, sex, insurance status, education. We also aim to assess whether the effect of raceethnicity on adequacy of pain management is explained by patients initial pain intensity or by discordance between patient and physicians: a raceethnicity; b perception of patients pain. To do this 285 patients with long-bone fractures will be recruited in the EDs of one municipal and one voluntary hospital serving an inner-city, disadvantaged population in the Bronx. Data will be collected on pain using self-reported pain and non-verbal pain expressions at baseline, one hour post-baseline, and discharge. Data on analgesics administered, patient and physician characteristics will also be collected. 