 A strategy that directly modulates the hepatic response to ischemia is ischemic preconditioning IPC. Classically, IPC has been induced by exposing an organ to brief periods of ischemia and reperfusion before exposing the organ to a more prolonged ischemic insult. In patients undergoing liver resection, IPC decreases postoperative aspartate aminotransferase AST and alanine aminotransferase ALT levels15. IPC is also associated with decreased histological evidence of apoptosis as well as immunohistochemical evidence of increased protective gene expression16 in the liver. 