 All patients received preoperative intravenous antibiotics 1 g of intravenous first-generation cephalosporin. LC was performed using a 2-handed, 4-trocar technique with 2 10-mm ports and 2 5-mm ports. A 10-mm subumbilical port was introduced by the open method, subsequently creating a pneumoperitoneum, maintained at 12 to 14 mmHg of intra-abdominal pressure. All of the laparoscopic treatments were performed by expert surgeons, each having sufficient experience of laparoscopic surgery more than 150 LCs per year. The skin was closed with single nonabsorbable sutures. Closed suction drains were placed in the inferior surface of the liver, using a 5-mm lateral port in some patients according to each surgeons preference. The drains were removed during the following 12-24 h. 