 Substance abuse is thought to be associated with a range of memory and executive function EFs deficits, but the majority of research support for this hypothesis comes from research on alcohol and stimulant related disorders. The evidence of long-term cognitive deficits in chronic opiate users is limited, nonetheless most consistently it suggests that EFs may be affected by chronic opiate use. Because BDRC incorporates many cognitive behavioral therapeutic techniques, includes educational and learning components and aims at improving decision making skills of the patients, we plan to evaluate a broad range of memory and executive functions of patients enrolled in the proposed study in order to identify common EFs impairments, evaluate if such impairments interfere with treatment efficacy, and if additional treatment components are necessary and can be devised in order to improve treatment efficacy for patients with cognitive impairments. We also plan to evaluate if cognitive performance improves during methadone maintenance treatment when combined with BDRC and evaluate whether presence or absence of impairments are associated with differential effects of treatments. 