 Autograft has been considered the golden standard because it possesses all three of the essential elements required for an optimal bone graft, but is associated with morbidity at the donor site and is limited in supply. Allograft has been employed as a good alternative to autograft but the concern for potential disease transmission remains. Synthetic bone graft substitutes have been gaining popularity as viable alternatives for void and defect filling eliminating the concerns with autograft and allograft. These synthetic bone substitutes have invariably been based on calcium phosphate andor calcium sulfate materials which are osteoconductive and facilitate bone remodeling, although side effects such as drainage and wound complications slow remodeling to bone or negligible bone generation have limited their use. Thus, new synthetic bone substitutes with described positive effects in vertebroplasty, osteotomy, and smaller trauma defects merit further investigation also in treatment of larger bone defects. 