 The management of impacted M3s is a high volume procedure. In the United States, the cost of M3 removal has been estimated to be over 2 billion dollars, not including costs for consults, x-rays, medications, surgical center charges, or over 5 million surgical extractions and treatment of postoperative inflammatory complications Flick. 1999. Practices associated with M3 removal can have a significant impact on large numbers of patients, providers, and payers. There is currently no consensus on the use of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis to decrease the risk of inflammatory complications following M3 removal.The most common post-operative inflammatory complications following M3 extraction are alveolar osteitis AO and wound infection Larsen, 1992; Piecuch et al., 1995; Sekar et al., 2001. AO, aka dry socket, is a wound-healing problem characterized by severe, unremitting pain. The reported frequency of AO is 6-68. Bacterial colonization stimulates plasmin production and fibrinolysis with dissolution of the extraction site clot . More than 45 of patients who sustain AO require 4 or 5 more postoperative appointments for resolution of symptoms Larsen, 1992; Andra et al., 1990. Given its common occurrence, identifying treatments, i.e. systemic antibiotics, to decrease the rate of AO following M3 extraction would be an important contribution to enhancing patient outcomes. The second common postoperative inflammatory condition following M3 extraction is wound infection. The reported frequency of postoperative infection ranges from 1.2 - 27, with most studies reporting a frequency of 10. Because wound infections are bacterial, it is hypothesized that using systemic antibiotics will reduce the rate of postoperative wound infections. There are, however, no definitive prospective studies that support or refute the necessity of systemic antibiotics in the prevention of postoperative inflammatory complications of AO or infection. 