 During the routine registration for delivery at our Department, women will be asked to participate in our study. Assessment for eligibility will be performed in women with a i singleton pregnancy, ii without imminent miscarriage, iii without having recently undergone antibiotic or probiotic treatment. After informed consent, study participants will be asked to present between 34 0 and 36 0 gestational weeks for their first study visit. At this visit, a CDC-recommended combined vaginal-to-rectal swab will be taken from the introitus vaginae and anorectum. The combined incubation is known to increase the detection rate of GBS by up to 30 11. Sterile swabs will be obtained after vaginal fluid collection from the lateral vaginal wall and posterior fornix vaginae, followed by the insertion into the anal sphincter. For the culture based method, they will be applied to a transport medium and subsequently inoculated in the microbiological laboratory. After inoculation, a selective enrichment broth will be used TransVag Broth, followed by the incubation for 18 to 24 hours. That will be followed by a subculture using selective media for another 18 to 24 hours. If colonies are present, they will undergo extraction to determine if Group A or B streptococcus is present 12, 13. The threshold for GBS positive results will be considered as greater than 102 colony-forming units CFU per swab. 