 Smoking is the major preventable cause of cancer, premature cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive lung disease, reproductive problems and infections. AA smokers have a substantially higher risk of cancer and reproductive disorders compared to whites. A recently published large cohort study 183,000 subjects found a two-fold higher incidence of lung cancer in AAs compared to whites at cigarette consumption levels of 10 and 11-20 CPD, but not for 30 CPD 1. 