 In light of these findings, individual carriers of TP53 mutations with siblings who have developed Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and who are in families in which individuals in older generations have had early onset cancer, are much more likely to develop very early onset cancers and should be monitored closely for signs of cancer. In fact, the documented age-of-onset of specific cancers has been described in the literature. Table 1 shows the ranges of the average age-of-onset of different cancers depending on the measured activation levels of the mutant TP53 protein, based on the data described in the study by Petitjean et al. 2007 Note first that most TP53 mutation carriers develop multiple cancers over their lifetimes, such that the age-of-onsets of the cancers in Table 1 may be associated with a second or third cancer developed by a carrier. Second, note that categories such as soft tissue sarcoma refer to a number of types of cancer and not a single cancer. These facts suggest that monitoring such individuals for early signs of cancer, even before adulthood, should be of benefit, especially for soft tissue, brain, and bone sarcomas. Importantly, it has been shown that early detection of cancers in carriers of TP53 mutations, or those with frank Li-Fraumeni syndrome, can dramatically enhance survival and the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, as described by Villani et al. 2011 among others. However, sophisticated and comprehensive patient monitoring schemes that can facilitate the detection of early signs of cancer in individuals carrying TP53 mutations are lacking, although the few markers used in the study by Villani et al. 2011 were shown to have promise. In addition, the currently accepted and insurance-reimbursable monitoring practices for TP53 mutation carriers is one whole body image per year, which is simply inadequate and has in fact been shown to be inadequate in the clinical study by Villani et al. 2011 