 Bacterial translocation is a common problem and plays an important role in the pathogenesis and complications in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, including infections as well as hepatic encephalopathy and hepatorenal syndrome. To date, several biomarkers of BT have been proposed, which include bacterial DNA, soluble CD14, lipopolysaccharides endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, calprotectin and procalcitonin. Besides, endotoxemia and activation of the TNFa-pathway may be also considered key components in the pathogenesis and aggravation of portal hypertension and its complications. 