 The protocol is approved by the Institutional Review Board at Gülhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpaşa Training Hospital Istanbul, Turkey and written informed consent will be obtained from each patient. Sixty adult patients scheduled to undergo elective upper extremity bone fractures using autogenous bone grafts will be enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Patients were eligible for participation if they were greater than 18 yr of age, they weighed more than 40 kg, they were American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, and they could operate a patient-controlled analgesia PCA device and had no allergies to morphine. 