 The retina and retinal vasculature are the last eye structures to develop in the human fetusneonate. Eyes of children with a history of ROP are reported to have retinal thinning with diffuse hypopigmentation, mild linearization, or mild tortuosity of the major vessel branch, mottled pigmentation of the macula, and other peripheral retinal anomalies Minicucci et al 1999. The lack of pigmentation in the retinal structure might be explained by the deficit of lutein acquired by the fetus by placental transfer during late gestation or by the neonate through the diet by preterm infant formulas devoid of these carotenoids. Preterm infants are at a nutritional disadvantage at birth as they have been deprived of the period of maximal transfer of nutrients during the last few weeks of pregnancy. Blood levels of beta-carotene have been associated with gestational age Ostrea et al 1986 and cord blood levels of beta-carotene Herrera et al 2004; Kiely et al 1999; Yeum et al 1998, lutein Kiely et al 1999, and lycopene Herrera et al 2004; Kiely et al 1999 were reported to be significantly lower than maternal levels. Stores of fat-soluble antioxidant vitamins also could be compromised due to the minimal fat deposition in the preterm infant. 