 - Patients with chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis. Antibiotic- refractory pouchitis is defined as a condition where a patient fails to respond to a 4 week course of a single antibiotic metronidazole or ciprofloxacin, requiring prolonged therapy of or 4 weeks consisting of 2 antibiotics, oral or topical 5-aminosalicylate, corticosteroid therapy, or oral immunomodulator therapy. 