 The investigators group has shown that athletes also display a higher prevalence of increased LV trabeculation compared with controls 18.3 vs 7.0; p 0.0001 with 8.1 of athletes fulfilling conventional echocardiographic criteria for LVNC. As with LVH, this difference in LV hypertrabeculation appears to be exaggerated in black athletes as compared to white athletes 28.8 vs 16.3; p 0.002. 