 After bronchoscopy, endotracheal intubation was performed, manually controlled or assisted ventilation with 4-8 cmH2O PEEP and 50 oxygen in air was performed. Tracheal and oral secretions were suctioned as needed and the patients were turned to the lateral decubitus position for recovery. After being placed in the recovery position, no further stimulation was allowed except gentle suctioning of oral secretions and for a smooth extubation remifentanil infusion was decreased to 0.05 μgkgmin and continued until just before extubation. When patients began to demonstrate emergence from anesthesia by displaying a regular respiratory pattern, facial grimacing or purposeful movement, trachea was extubated. In cases of breath-holding and arterial oxygen desaturation, assisted or controlled mask ventilation was performed. Pure oxygen was administered via the mask in order to maintain SpO2 above 94. 