 The overall study population in the present investigation will include 2000 men aged 18-60 years. Based on our experience from the recent male study conducted in Denmark and also on the experience obtained in the female study in Tanzania, we will establish a study team that will travel to the different study sites and obtain the penile samples, do interviews, and be responsible for the HIV counseling at the respective study site. The study team will consist of a male doctor to take the penile swabs, two male study assistants to do the interviews, and one HIV counselor. We will also employ a Danish researcher who will work together with the Tanzanian doctor and the rest of the study team in the data collection and entry of the data. Dr. Crispen Kahesa, who was also involved in our study of HPV infection in Tanzanian women, and the Danish researcher will collaborate in the day-to-day conduct of the study with the supervisionassistance of Dr Julius Mwaiselage on a weekly basis and with Professor Susanne Krüger Kjær. Before initiation of the study, the Danish part of the team from the Danish Cancer Society will teach the investigating team to take the penile swabs so that it will be done the same way as it was done in the recent Danish male study. 