 Study Protocol Data were obtained from a convenience sample of patients from September, 2003 through November, 2006. Patients were eligible if the provider suspected an isolated long-bone fracture and long-bone films were obtained. Because it was not possible to determine which patients would have positive films in advance, all patients with suspected fractures who met other inclusion criteria were initially considered eligible and enrolled. Only those with confirmed fractures were included in the final study sample. Patients were considered to have fractures if the radiology report by an attending radiologist specified an isolated long-bone fracture defined as a fracture of the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, or fibula ICD-9 codes: 812, 813, 821, 823, and 824. 