 Other clinically plausible confounders of the relationship between pain management and raceethnicity include: sex, age, educational level some high school, high school or General Equivalency Diploma GED, some college, Bachelors degree or higher, insurance status self-pay, health maintenance organization HMO or private insurance, Medicaid, other insurance, accompanied to the ED by someone who might act as a patient advocate, mechanism of injury fall, sports, motor vehicle, other, fracture reduction in ED, and arrival by ambulance. 