 Exclusion criteria for SAVR subjects e Subjects unable to consent to participate, unless the subject has a legally authorized representative f Subjects unwilling to participate g Subject has undergone re-intervention to prosthetic aortic valve since TAVR procedure e.g. balloon valvuloplasty, SAVR, re-do TAVR, paravalvular leak closure h Echocardiographic evidence of prosthetic valve dysfunction within first 3 years post-SAVR mean aortic gradient 20mmHg ANDOR moderate-severe transvalvular aortic regurgitation 