 Standard of care procedures Patients will have PCNL performed in standard fashion, without deviation from standard of care. Per the usual practice of the treating surgeon, percutaneous access into the kidney will be obtained either by Interventional Radiology or by the operating surgeon. At time of surgery, urine from the renal pelvis, urine from the bladder, and the stone itself will be sent for culture. Placement of renal drainage devices ureteral stents, nephrostomy tubes, nephroureteral stents will be left up to the discretion of the surgeon. Post-operatively, the patients will be admitted to the hospital and monitored per usual clinical procedure. Pre-operative CBC, basic metabolic panel chem 7 as well as Postoperative day 1, a CBC, basic metabolic panel chem 7. further laboratory tests will be dictated by the patients clinical status as per the standard of carei.e. for patients that exhibit signs of sepsis such as tachycardia 90min, low systolic blood pressure 90 mmHg, fever 38.3C, hypothermia 36C, altered mental status, respiratory rate20 min or leukocytosis 12000 or leukopenia 4000, further urine culture, blood culture and serum lactate will be obtained as per standard of care. 