 - 1 symptoms or signs of any intrarticular derangement of the knee joint, such as effusion, ligament laxity, and meniscal tear, 2 tenderness over the patella tendon, iliotibial band, or pes anserinus tendons, 3 Osgood-Schlatter disease or Sinding-Larsen-Joahanssen syndromes, 4 referral pain from hip or lumbar region, 5 a history of patellar dislocation, previous knee surgery or infection, 6 malignancy, 7 present pregnancy, 8 recent treatment for the PFPS, such as physiotherapy, non-steroid anti-inflammatory or corticosteroid medication, 9 advanced osteoarthritis of the knee joint. 