 However, determining normal reference standards for CMR is crucial for proper use of the method. Previous reports have established normal ranges for both fast low angle shot techniques6 and the more commonly used steady state free precession methods including values normalized not only to body surface area but to age and gender as well. Despite these general references, variability in normal ranges have been reported previously when ethnicity is taken into account. The ongoing Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis MESA trial has measured cardiovascular function in participants with different ethnical backgrounds, reporting differences in the African-American and Asian-American groups. 