 Fasting time before induction of anesthesia was at least 6 hours for solid food and 4 hours for clear liquids. Before admission to the preoperative holding area, a local anesthetic cream was applied to the insertion site and IV catheterization was performed. Midazolam 0.05 mgkg was given intravenously just before admission to the operating room. Pulse oximetry SpO2, ECG and non-invasive blood pressure were monitored. Before induction all children were pre-oxygenated and a crystalloid infusion 10 mgkgh was started. Children were randomly allocated to one of two groups according to sealed envelopes. After a second dose of IV midazolam 0.05 mgkg, remifentanil infusion 1 μgkgmin was started. During the 1st minute of remifentanil infusion, propofol 2-4 mgkg, including lidocaine 1 mgmL for injection pain Group P or ketamine 2-3 mgkg Group K was administered. When adequate mask ventilation was ensured, mivacurium 0.15 mgkg was administered for muscle relaxation and RB was begun at the 4-5th minute of remifentanil infusion. Depth of anesthesia was assessed clinically by hemodynamic parameters heart rate, blood pressure, movement, coughing, bucking, lacrimation and sweating. Additional doses of propofol 0.5-1 mgkg or ketamine 0.25-0.5 mgkg, with or without mivacurium 0.025-0.05 mgkg, according to the course of bronchoscopy were given when inadequate depth of anesthesia was considered. Remifentanil infusion 1 μgkgmin was maintained throughout the procedure. 