 American Indians are at a greater risk for traumatic life events than the general population and compared to Whites they have a 2.04 95 CI 1.11, 3.54 fold increased risk of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD symptoms. Among more than 2,900 injured trauma survivors treated at 69 hospitals nationwide, American Indians had the highest risk of all racialethnic groups of developing symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD 12 months after injury. Similarly, among 269 traumatically injured patients hospitalized at 2 level 1 trauma centers in the Western U.S., PTSD and peritraumatic dissociative symptoms were significantly more frequent among American Indians compared to Whites. 