 In 1982, Cunningham et al randomized 642 women at high risk for infection following cesarean delivery to receiving antibiotics before or after cord clamping. The authors demonstrated that there was no difference between uterine infection rates between the two groups. While significantly more infants exposed to intrapartum maternal antibiotics were evaluated for sepsis, there were no cases of neonatal bacteremia in either group. However, it should be noted that the pediatricians in this study were fully aware of whether antibiotics had been given before or after cord clamping. Wax et al revisited the issue by randomizing 90 consecutive term women in labor to receiving cefazolin preoperatively or after skin incision. While the authors failed to show any statistical significance between two groups, this study was clearly underpowered as only four cases achieved primary outcomes. Furthermore, the authors failed to demonstrate a significant increase is suspected sepsis in newborns whose mothers received cefazolin preoperatively. In 2005, Thigpen et al once again demonstrated that there was no disadvantage to the infant in regard to infectious morbidity. In addition, there was no difference in maternal infectious morbidity regardless of when antibiotics were administered. However, the results are questionable as nearly a quarter of all subjects received penicillin for GBS prophylaxis. Finally, Sullivan included 357 women in a well designed randomized, double-blinded study that demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in maternal infectious morbidity when the antibiotics where administered preoperatively. Not only was there no difference between two groups in regard to neonatal infection, but there was actually significantly fewer NICU admission days in preoperative antibiotic group. 