 The latter is shown to stimulate cyclical surges of gastrointestinal hormones, thus being considered more physiological. It entails the administration of the meal by gravity or through an infusion pump for a total duration of about 10 minutes, after which the feeding tube could be removed. However, the short time elapsing between the tube insertion for bolus administration and its subsequent removal might provoke a vagal response, characterized by bradycardia and temporary reduction of cardiac output. Moreover, the rapid gastric distension following bolus administration could increase the pressure of lower esophageal sphincter LES, thus contributing to the refluxate of gastric contents into the esophageal lumen. 