 None of them is given premedication or any other adjunct drugs until successful intubation is done; ventilation was assisted and then controlled when possible. If upper airway obstruction occurred, an oropharyngeal airway was immediately inserted. Attempts were made to obtain venous access before laryngoscopy. All patients monitored with electrocardiography ECG, noninvasive blood pressure monitoring NIBP, pulse oximetry, and temperature measurements. 