 During hospitalization, patients were observed, evaluated and treated according to postoperative protocols. Patients received opioids for pain management as needed, which was routinely documented by hospital staff. Opioids included fentanyl, hydromorphone, oxycodone, codeine, tramadol, morphine, and hydrocodone. All opioid dosages were converted into morphine equivalent dosages for analysis. Each patient began physical therapy within the first 24 hours postoperatively. Patients were discharged when they were able to begin self-care, their pain was controlled utilizing an oral regimen, and they were able to tolerate oral medication intake. 