 The manifestations of delirium are the result of a disturbance of brain functioning, the causes of which include a very wide array of illnesses, intoxications, and stresses. Delirium has been estimated to affect 20-50 of hospitalized patients, and to be associated with longer hospital stay 2x, greater likelihood of discharge to nursing home 2x, and higher rate of death 2x. 20 have delirium on admission. Patients who experience delirium may have persistent confusion cognitive impairment. In 20, this confusion appears to be permanent. Treatment of delirium has been unsatisfactory. Once it develops, no therapy or intervention has demonstrated a meaningful reduction of delirium associated complications. Prevention is clearly the preferred goal. Based on limited reports, ramelteon appears to have the most promise for prevention. Ramelteon, FDA approved 2005 as a nonscheduled prescription hypnotic agent, is generally considered safe and effective with no serious associated side effects, and no limitation of duration of use. It is related to melatonin in action and shares sleep promoting effects reduced sleep latency and improvement in coordination of circadian cycles. A recent randomized placebo-controlled single blinded trial of ramelteon treated 33 patients with ramelteon 8 mgd. The researchers reported that ramelteon was associated with a dramatically lower risk of delirium 3 vs 32; P .003, with a relative risk of 0.09. Estimates of time to develop delirium were delayed for ramelteon compared to placebo, and the frequency of delirium was significantly lower in ramelteon compared to placebo P .002. There were significant limitations of this study, however, including a very high exclusion rate 1059 of 1126 94 patients assessed were excluded, a 24 hour delay in initiation of study agent, a small sample size, and unclear sampling bias. The investigators propose a clinical trial of ramelteon to prevent delirium in patients admitted to Hartford Hospital. Hartford Hospital is in a unique position to conduct this study having established the ADAPT program to systematically apply best practices to the assessment and management of delirium. A registry of patients screened contains all of the screening results over 1.5 million CAM screens on nearly 91,000 patients. Our study will permit us to evaluate the recent limited research findings regarding ramelteon in a larger general adult hospitalized population, and evaluate the potential benefit of treatment started earlier in the course of a hospitalization. 