 In Uganda, the high cost and complexity of administering antiretroviral therapy is an obstacle to full implementation country-wide. The Home-based AIDS care program HBAC pilot project was designed to deliver and monitor ARV and tuberculosis TB medications at the homes of 1,000 people with HIV living in a rural area of Uganda. In addition, the cost and complexity of frequent laboratory monitoring of viral load and CD4 cell counts is a major impediment to widespread use of ARV therapies in Uganda and other resource-limited settings. Nested within the Home-Based AIDS Care HBAC project, is a randomized study of strategies for monitoring ARV therapy that involves 3 arms: 1 Quarterly CD4 cell counts, viral loads and home visits by trained lay persons; 2 Quarterly CD4 cell counts and home visits; and 3 Home visits alone. 