 The standardized induction of anesthesia will consist of intravenous administration of midazolam 0.04mgkg, lidocaine 1 mgkg, fentanyl 1-2 mcgkg, glycopyrrolate 0.004 mgkg, an unlabeled pre-prepared, covered syringe which will be prepared by the Yale Anesthesia satellite pharmacist containing either propofol 2mgkg or a mixture propofol 1.5mgkg and ketamine 0.75mgkg, the amount of which will be pre-determined based on the patient weight, and rocuronium 0.6 mgkg. A backup 10cc syringe of the study drug will be available as well if the initial dose is inadequate. The choice of propofol and ketamine dosing is based on a study cited earlier by Smischney et al in 2012 that addresses ASA 1-2 patients undergoing induction of general anesthesia. Endotracheal intubation will take place after adequate muscle relaxation has been determined using fade of train of four on a nerve stimulator placed over the ulnar nerve. Additional medication to facilitate induction will be used according to the judgment of the anesthesia provider with a backup syringe of the same study drug. Inhalational anesthesia will be administered after confirmation of endotracheal intubation. Treatment of hypotension will be according to the anesthesia provider. Amounts of intravenous fluids as well as doses of vasopressor that are used during induction and in the subsequent 30 minutes after endotracheal intubation will be obtained from the anesthesia record. 