 Logistic models were used to test for the presence of an independent adjusted association between raceethnicity and the treatment of pain. We used forced entry into the model of initial patient rating of pain intensity, provider rating of patients pain at baseline, hospital, sex, age, education, insurance status, whether accompanied to the ED, mechanism of injury, fracture reduction in ED, and arrival by ambulance. Hosmer Lemeshows test was used to assess model fit. We used Zhang and Kais method for estimating relative risks from the odds ratios. 