 While the concepts of reliability and validity can not be applied to phenomenological research as they are for quantitative studies, the data trail and decisions regarding interpretation are to be documented fully so that thought processes in the identification of essential themes and meanings can be audited by outside reviewers. Trustworthiness of the data and interpretations is paramount in qualitative inquiry. Lincoln and Guba 1985 set forth four basic concepts to establish trustworthiness: truth value, applicability, consistency, and neutrality. They discuss the divergence of the naturalistic paradigm of qualitative research methods from the traditional or positivist paradigm of cause and effect. The four concepts take on the following respective characteristics: credibility, transferability which requires contextual similarity, dependability, and confirmability. 