 Patients will be identified based on clinic visits or hospital admission. All patients will be counseled on standard treatment options extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ESWL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy PCNL and ureteroscopy URS. The discussion regarding treatment options and subsequent care will not deviate from routine care. Patients consenting for PCNL will be considered for enrollment into the study and will be enrolled to have data collected prospectively. Patients will be consented prior to prescription of antibiotics and to the surgery for collection of demographic, disease, perioperative, and postoperative data. Abdominal pelvic computed tomography CT, if not already obtained, will be used to delineate pre-operative stone size and for preoperative planning. If the patient does not consent to the study the use of antibiotics will be based on the routine clinical practice of the treating urologist. Both prophylaxis with preoperative antibiotics and no prophylaxis i.e. periprocedural only are considered standard of care and this study will examine the difference between these two common practices. 