 The surgical procedures were performed by 4 experienced orthopedic surgeons with a subspecialty interest in total knee arthroplasty. A midline skin incision and medial parapatellar arthrotomy were used to expose the knee. The distal femoral resection was performed with an intramedullary alignment guide, and the proximal tibial resection was performed with an extramedullary alignment guide. Knees with fixed deformities had a surgical release of the contracted tissues on the medial or lateral side, as appropriate, to obtain symmetric balance of the total knee replacement in both flexion and extension. The flexion and extension gaps and the medial and lateral soft-tissue structures were balanced in accordance with standard techniques. 