 The study was a prospective, three-armed, randomized controlled trial. Participants were stratified by site Edmonton, Ottawa, and Vancouver and planned chemotherapy protocol taxane-based versus nontaxane-based and randomly assigned to AET, RET, or usual care UC in a 1:1:1 ratio using a random-numbers table. Participants assigned to the AET group were asked to perform aerobic exercise three times per week on a recumbent or upright cycle ergometer, treadmill, or elliptical. Exercise duration began at 15 minutes for weeks 0 through 2, and then systematically increased by 5 minutes every three weeks thereafter to 45 minutes for weeks 18 and beyond. Exercise intensity began at 60 of VO2max for weeks 0 through 2 and then systematically increased by 10 every 6 weeks thereafter to 80 of VO2max for weeks 12 and beyond. Warm-up and cool-down periods consisted of 5 minutes of aerobic activity at the power output of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen approximately 50 of peak oxygen consumption. Participants assigned to the RET group were asked to perform resistance exercise three times per week, which consisted of two sets of 10 repetitions of 9 different exercises performed at 60-70 of 1-repetition maximum. The specific exercises were: leg extension, leg curl, calf raises, chest press, latissimus pulldown, overhead press, triceps extension, biceps curls, and modified curl-ups. Resistance was increased by approximately 10 or the next weight level when the participant was able to complete 12 repetitions per set without difficulty. 