 This present proposal aims to investigate the etiologies of fever among adult patients attending an outpatient department in urban Tanzania. It also aims to assess the clinical significance of nasopharyngeal NP respiratory viruses and bacteria documentation in this setting. Third, it aims to compare the spectrum of infections in this population with that of children included in the same setting in a previous study. The last objective is to assess diabetes mellitus DM as a risk factor for infection and exposure to indoor air pollution IAP as a risk factor for acute respiratory infections ARI in adults in Tanzania. 