 Although spinal anaesthesia SA is a common technique for CS in the past decade, and there are many studies about CS complications, there are few studies about shoulder pain as one of CS complications. Kikuchi et al. reported that women undergoing cesarean section under compined spinal epidural anaethesia experience shoulder-tip pain with great frequency. Our study was planned and performed to investigate if pre-emptive Ketorolac would decrease the incidence of intraoperative shoulder pain and improve discomfort during CS. 