 Prior to arrival in the operating room, a peripheral intravenous line will be inserted in a large forearm vein in all patients and 500 ml of saline will be infused. This is required to administer drugs and fluids during anesthesia and is routinely done in all patients. On arrival in the operating room, vital signs heart rate, non-invasive blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation and end-tidal CO2 will be measured in all patients standard of care during anesthesia. The RL-TIVA group will also have a non-traumatic, commercially available unilateral BIS electrode applied at the patients forehead. This EEG sensor will be connected to the BIS Covidien, Mansfield, MA, USA monitor to calculate the BIS. 