 In addition to the markers being collected, important covariate information, such as diet, sleep, and activities are being collected via, e.g., wearable wireless devices in order to take them into account in assessing the levels of the markers at a single data collection time or over time. One important aspect of the protocol is to identify changes, rather than specific levels, in marker status over time for an individual that might be indicative of tumor formation, essentially exploiting the concept of personalized thresholds discussed by Drescher et al. 