 The most common causes of long-term subject and graft loss in kidney transplant recipients are cardiovascular disease and chronic allograft nephropathy CAN, respectively. Paradoxically, the principal immunosuppressive therapies for renal transplant, the calcineurin inhibitors CNIs, cyclosporine CsA and tacrolimus, directly contribute to long-term allograft loss and subject death, since they are inherently nephrotoxic and can cause or exacerbate cardiovascular risks including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus. 