 Investigators obtained clinical data including age, gender, duration of symptoms, predominant symptoms axial pain vs. leg pain, severity of neurogenic intermittent claudication NIC and degree of depression. Depression was assessed by the Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory BDI. The BDI is a standardized questionnaire to assess cognitive, affective, and somatic symptoms of depression. All data were obtained before performing ESI.Data about anterior epidural spreading and presence of concordant pain provocation were obtained during fluoroscopic guided parasagittal interlaminar or transforaminal ESI. Also total procedure time and amount of radiation exposure were checked. Investigators observed the epidural spread pattern after a 2 ml injection of contrast material, confirmed anterior epidural spread with a lateral view, and asked the participants if they had any concordant pain provocation or not. The participants were asked if the pain was in the same distribution as their original pain concordant or dissimilar or absent in both quality and location. 