 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia BPD, also known as chronic lung disease CLD, is a major complication of premature birth and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia most commonly affects preterm infants who have required prolonged aggressive mechanical ventilation andor oxygen supplementation. Risk factors associated with BPD include degree of prematurity, infection, mechanical ventilation, oxygen concentration, and nutritional status. Despite significant advances in the care of preterm infants and improved survival, the incidence of BPD has been fairly static over the past decade. 