iodine wikipedia iodine contents history edit property edit isotopes edit chemistry compound edit charge transfer complex edit hydrogen iodide edit binary iodide edit iodine halide edit iodine oxide oxoacid edit polyiodine compound edit organoiodine compound edit occurrence production edit application edit chemical analysis edit spectroscopy edit medicine edit elemental iodine edit formulation edit edit biological role edit dietary intake edit deficiency edit precaution edit toxicity edit occupational exposure edit allergic reaction edit dea list status edit popular culture edit reference edit bibliography edit navigation menu personal tool namespaces variant view search navigation contribute tool print export project language wikipedia free encyclopedia late accepted revision review december jump navigation jump search article chemical element use iodine disambiguation chemical element atomic number chemical element atomic number iodine iodine pronunciation ˈ aɪ ə d aɪ n d ɪ n d iː n eye dyn appearance lustrous metallic gray violet gas standard atomic weight r std iodine periodic table hydrogen helium lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon caesium barium lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury element thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon francium radium actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson br tellurium iodine xenon atomic number z group group halogen period period block p block element category halogen electron configuration kr 4d 5s 5p electrons shell physical property phase stp solid melting point k c f boiling point k c f density near g cm triple point k kpa critical point k mpa heat fusion kj mol heat vaporisation kj mol molar heat capacity vapour pressure rhombic p pa k k k t k atomic property oxidation state strongly acidic oxide electronegativity pauling scale ionisation energy 1st kj mol 2nd kj mol 3rd kj mol atomic radius empirical pm covalent radius pm van der waals radius pm spectral line iodine property natural occurrence primordial crystal structure orthorhombic thermal conductivity electrical resistivity c magnetic ordering diamagnetic magnetic susceptibility cm k bulk modulus gpa cas number history discovery isolation bernard courtois main isotope iodine half life t decay mode syn h ε γ te syn d ε te syn d ε te stable trace y β xe syn d β γ xe syn h β xe category iodine view talk edit reference iodine chemical element symbol atomic number heavy stable halogen exist lustrous purple black non metallic solid standard condition melt form deep violet liquid degree celsius boil violet gas degree celsius sublime easily gentle heat result widespread misconception teach science textbook melt element discover french chemist bernard courtois name year later joseph louis gay lussac greek ἰώδης violet colour iodine occur oxidation state include iodide iodate io periodate anion abundant stable halogen abundant element heavy essential mineral nutrient iodine essential synthesis thyroid hormones iodine deficiency affect billion people lead preventable cause intellectual disability dominant producer iodine today chile japan iodine compound primarily nutrition high atomic number ease attachment organic compound find favour non toxic radiocontrast material specificity uptake human body radioactive isotope iodine treat thyroid cancer iodine catalyst industrial production acetic acid polymer history property isotope chemistry compound charge transfer complex hydrogen iodide binary iodide iodine halide iodine oxide oxoacid polyiodine compound organoiodine compound occurrence production applications chemical analysis spectroscopy medicine elemental iodine formulation biological role dietary intake deficiency precautions toxicity occupational exposure allergic reaction dea list status popular culture reference bibliography history edit iodine discover french chemist bernard courtois bear manufacturer saltpetre essential component gunpowder time napoleonic wars saltpetre great demand france saltpetre produce french nitre bed require sodium carbonate isolate seaweed collect coast normandy brittany isolate sodium carbonate seaweed burn ash wash water remain waste destroy add sulfuric acid courtois add excessive sulfuric acid cloud purple vapour rise note vapour crystallise cold surface make dark crystal courtois suspect material new element lack funding pursue courtois give sample friend charles bernard desormes nicolas clément continue research give substance chemist joseph louis gay lussac physicist andré marie ampère november desormes clément courtois discovery public describe substance meeting imperial institute france december gay lussac announce new substance element compound oxygen gay lussac suggest iode greek word ἰοειδής ioeidēs violet colour iodine vapor ampère give sample english chemist humphry davy experiment substance note similarity chlorine davy send letter date december royal society london state identify new element argument erupt davy gay lussac identify iodine scientist acknowledge courtois isolate element antonio grossich istrian bear surgeon use sterilization operative field introduce tincture iodine way rapid sterilization human skin surgical field early periodic table iodine give symbol j jod german property edit violet iodine vapour flask iodine fourth halogen member group periodic table fluorine chlorine bromine heavy stable member group scarce fugitive fifth halogen radioactive astatine study expense inaccessibility large quantity appear unusual property relativistic effect iodine electron configuration 5s 5p seven electron fifth outermost shell valence electron like halogen electron short octet strong oxidising agent react element order complete outer shell keep periodic trend weak oxidising agent stable halogen low electronegativity pauling scale compare fluorine chlorine bromine respectively astatine continue trend electronegativity elemental iodine form diatomic molecule chemical formula iodine atom share pair electron order achieve stable octet high temperature diatomic molecule reversibly dissociate pair iodine atom similarly iodide anion strong reduce agent stable halogen easily oxidise diatomic astatine go unstable readily oxidise existence settle halogen darken colour group descend fluorine pale yellow gas chlorine greenish yellow bromine reddish brown volatile liquid iodine conform prevail trend shiny black crystalline solid melt c boil c form violet gas trend occur wavelength visible light absorb halogen increase group astatine conform depend metallic turn specifically violet colour iodine gas result electron transition highest occupied antibonding π g molecular orbital low vacant antibonding σ u molecular orbital elemental iodine slightly soluble water gram dissolving ml c ml c potassium iodide add increase solubility formation triiodide ion polyiodide nonpolar solvent hexane carbon tetrachloride provide high solubility polar solution aqueous solution brown reflect role solvent lewis basis hand nonpolar solution violet color iodine vapour charge transfer complex form iodine dissolve polar solvent change colour iodine violet dissolve carbon tetrachloride saturated hydrocarbon deep brown alcohol amine solvent form charge transfer adduct pph charge transfer complex ch cl leave right dissolve dichloromethane ct complex second excess pph add ct complex form minute later excess pph add ct complex ph pi form immediately excess add contain ph pi melt boil point iodine high halogen conform increase trend group iodine large electron cloud easily polarise result molecule have strong van der waals interaction halogen similarly iodine volatile halogen large atomic radius halogens iodine low ionisation energy low electron affinity low electronegativity low reactivity halogen structure solid iodine interhalogen bond diiodine weak halogen sample gaseous iodine atmospheric pressure dissociate iodine atom c temperature great c require fluorine chlorine bromine dissociate similar extent bond iodine weak analogous bond light halogen gaseous iodine compose molecule bond length pm bond long single bond know long pm solid orthorhombic crystalline iodine crystal structure chlorine bromine record hold iodine neighbour xenon xe xe bond length pm iodine molecule significant electronic interaction occur near neighbour atom interaction rise bulk iodine shiny appearance semiconducting property iodine dimensional semiconductor band gap ev kj mol semiconductor plane crystalline layer insulator perpendicular direction isotope edit main article isotope iodine thirty seven know isotope iodine occur nature radioactive half life short primordial iodine monoisotopic mononuclidic atomic weight know great precision constant nature long live radioactive isotope iodine half life million year decay beta decay stable xenon form formation solar system completely decay away make extinct radionuclide useful date history early solar system old groundwater mobility environment presence determine excess daughter trace exist today cosmogenic nuclide form cosmic ray spallation atmospheric xenon trace terrestrial iodine occur open air nuclear testing hazardous incredibly long half life long fission product peak thermonuclear testing 1960 1970 terrestrial iodine excite state mössbauer spectroscopy iodine radioisotope short half life long day medical application involve thyroid gland iodine enter body store concentrated half life thirteen hour decay electron capture emit gamma radiation nuclear medicine imaging include single photon emission compute tomography spect x ray compute tomography x ray ct scan half life day decay electron capture emit low energy gamma radiation second long live iodine radioisotope use biological assay nuclear medicine imaging radiation therapy brachytherapy treat number condition include prostate cancer uveal melanomas brain tumour finally half life day beta decay excited state stable convert ground state emit gamma radiation common fission product present high level radioactive fallout absorb contaminate food accumulate thyroid decay cause damage thyroid primary risk exposure high level chance occurrence radiogenic thyroid cancer later life risk include possibility non cancerous growth thyroiditis usual mean protection negative effect saturate thyroid gland stable form potassium iodide tablet take daily optimal prophylaxis medicinal purpose radiation therapy reason tissue destruction desire iodine uptake tissue radioactive tracer chemistry compound edit halogen bond energy kj mol x xx hx bx alx cx f cl br reactive stable halogen iodine reactive element example chlorine gas halogenate carbon monoxide nitric oxide sulfur dioxide phosgene nitrosyl chloride sulfuryl chloride respectively iodine furthermore iodination metal tend result low oxidation state chlorination bromination example rhenium metal react chlorine form rhenium hexachloride bromine form rhenium pentabromide iodine achieve rhenium tetraiodide token iodine low ionisation energy halogens easily oxidise significant cationic chemistry high oxidation state stable bromine chlorine example iodine heptafluoride dissociate light absorbance nm wavelength charge transfer complex edit iodine molecule dissolve ccl aliphatic hydrocarbon bright violet solution solvent absorption band maximum occur nm region assign π σ transition react lewis basis solvent blue shift peak see new peak nm arise formation adduct refer charge transfer complex hydrogen iodide edit simple compound iodine hydrogen iodide hi colourless gas react oxygen water iodine useful iodination reaction laboratory large scale industrial use unlike hydrogen halide commercially usually react iodine hydrogen sulfide hydrazine n h h o hi n room temperature colourless gas like hydrogen halide hydrogen fluoride hydrogen form strong hydrogen bond large mildly electronegative iodine atom melt c boil c endothermic compound exothermically dissociate room temperature process slow catalyst present reaction hydrogen iodine room temperature hydrogen iodide proceed completion h bond dissociation energy likewise small hydrogen halide kj mol aqueous hydrogen iodide know hydroiodic acid strong acid hydrogen iodide exceptionally soluble water litre water dissolve litre hydrogen iodide saturate solution water molecule molecule hydrogen iodide commercial call concentrated hydroiodic acid usually contain hi mass solution form azeotrope boiling point c g hi g solution hydroiodic acid concentrate past point evaporation water unlike hydrogen fluoride anhydrous liquid hydrogen iodide difficult work solvent boiling point low small liquid range dielectric constant low dissociate appreciably h hi ion case stable bifluoride ion hf weak hydrogen bonding hydrogen iodine salt large weakly polarising cation cs nr r et bu n isolate anhydrous hydrogen iodide poor solvent able dissolve small molecular compound nitrosyl chloride phenol salt low lattice energy tetraalkylammonium halide binary iodide edit nearly element periodic table form binary iodide exception decidedly minority stem case cause extreme inertness reluctance participate chemical reaction noble gas extreme nuclear instability hamper chemical investigation decay transmutation heavy element bismuth have electronegativity high iodine oxygen nitrogen halogen resultant binary compound formally iodide oxide nitride halide iodine nonetheless nitrogen triiodide name iodide analogous nitrogen trihalide give large size iodide anion iodine weak oxidising power high oxidation state difficult achieve binary iodide maximum know pentaiodide niobium tantalum protactinium iodide reaction element oxide hydroxide carbonate hydroiodic acid dehydrate mildly high temperature combine low pressure anhydrous hydrogen iodide gas method work best iodide product stable hydrolysis possibility include high temperature oxidative iodination element iodine hydrogen iodide high temperature iodination metal oxide halide iodine volatile metal halide carbon tetraiodide organic iodide example oxide react iodide c iodide example involve halogen exchange give involve reaction chloride excess iodide c iodide tacl ali excess tai alcl 3tacl5 3tai5 5alcl3 low iodide produce thermal decomposition disproportionation reduce high iodide hydrogen metal example tai ta c c thermal gradient ta iodide pre transition metal group lanthanide actinide oxidation state ionic nonmetal tend form covalent molecular iodide metal high oxidation state ionic iodide mi n tend low melt boil point halide mx n element electrostatic force attraction cation anion weak large iodide anion contrast covalent iodide tend instead high melting boil point halide element iodine polarisable halogen have electron contribute van der waals force naturally exception abound intermediate iodide trend give way similarly solubility water predominantly ionic iodide potassium calcium great ionic halide element covalent iodide silver low element particular silver iodide insoluble water formation qualitative test iodine iodine halide edit halogen form binary diamagnetic interhalogen compound stoichiometry xy xy xy xy x heavy y iodine exception iodine form possible diatomic interhalogen trifluoride trichloride pentafluoride exceptionally halogens heptafluoride numerous cationic anionic derivative characterise wine red bright orange compound icl dark brown purplish black compound cl apart pseudohalide know cyanogen iodide icn iodine thiocyanate iscn iodine azide iodine monochloride iodine monofluoride unstable room temperature disproportionate readily irreversibly iodine iodine pentafluoride obtain pure synthesise reaction iodine fluorine gas trichlorofluoromethane c iodine trifluoride trichlorofluoromethane c fluoride c iodine monochloride icl iodine monobromide ibr hand moderately stable volatile red brown compound discover independently joseph louis gay lussac humphry davy long discovery chlorine iodine mimic intermediate halogen bromine justus von liebig mislead mistaking bromine find iodine monochloride iodine monochloride iodine monobromide prepare simply react iodine chlorine bromine room temperature purify fractional crystallisation reactive attack platinum gold boron carbon cadmium lead zirconium niobium molybdenum tungsten reaction organic compound depend condition iodine chloride vapour tend chlorinate phenol salicyclic acid iodine chloride undergo homolytic dissociation chlorine iodine produce reactive iodine chloride tetrachloromethane solution result iodination main reaction heterolytic fission cl bond occur attack phenol electrophile iodine monobromide tend brominate phenol tetrachloromethane solution tend dissociate element solution bromine reactive iodine liquid iodine monochloride iodine monobromide dissociate x ix anion x cl br significant conductor electricity ionise solvent iodine trifluoride unstable yellow solid decompose c little know difficult produce fluorine gas tend oxidise iodine way pentafluoride reaction low temperature xenon difluoride necessary iodine trichloride exist solid state planar dimer cl bright yellow solid synthesise react iodine liquid chlorine c caution necessary purification easily dissociate iodine monochloride chlorine act strong chlorinating agent liquid iodine trichloride conduct electricity possibly indicate dissociation icl icl ion iodine pentafluoride colourless volatile liquid thermodynamically stable iodine fluoride react iodine fluorine gas room temperature fluorinating agent mild store glass apparatus slight electrical conductivity present liquid state dissociation pentagonal bipyramidal iodine heptafluoride extremely powerful fluorinating agent chlorine trifluoride chlorine pentafluoride bromine pentafluoride interhalogen react element low temperature fluorinate pyrex glass form oxyfluoride iof set carbon monoxide fire iodine oxide oxoacid edit structure iodine pentoxide iodine oxide stable halogen oxide strong o bond result large electronegativity difference iodine oxygen know long time stable white hygroscopic iodine pentoxide o know formation gay lussac davy easily dehydration iodic acid hio anhydride quickly oxidise carbon monoxide completely carbon dioxide room temperature useful reagent determine carbon monoxide concentration oxidise nitrogen oxide ethylene hydrogen sulfide react sulfur trioxide peroxydisulfuryl difluoride s o f form salt iodyl cation io reduce concentrated sulfuric acid iodosyl salt involve io fluorinate fluorine bromine trifluoride sulfur tetrafluoride chloryl fluoride result iodine pentafluoride react iodine pentoxide give oxyfluoride iof stable oxide know notably o o structure determine reasonable guess iii v o io io respectively standard reduction potential aqueous species e h acid e oh base hoi io io hoi io io io io io io h io io h io io important oxoacid hypoiodous acid hio iodous acid hio iodic acid hio periodic acid hio h io iodine dissolve aqueous solution follow reaction occur h o hio h k ac mol l oh io h o k alk mol l hypoiodous acid unstable disproportionation hypoiodite ion form disproportionate immediately iodide iodate io io k iodous acid iodite stable exist fleeting intermediate oxidation iodide iodate iodate far important compound oxidise alkali metal iodide oxygen c high pressure oxidise iodine chlorate unlike chlorate disproportionate slowly form chloride perchlorate iodate stable disproportionation acidic alkaline solution salt metal obtain iodic acid easily oxidation aqueous iodine suspension electrolysis fume nitric acid iodate weak oxidising power halates react quick periodate know include expect tetrahedral io square pyramidal io octahedral orthoperiodate io io oh o oh o usually oxidise alkaline sodium iodate electrochemically oxide anode chlorine gas io oh io h o e io oh cl io cl h o thermodymically kinetically powerful oxidising agent quickly oxidise mn mno cleave glycol diketone ketol aminoalcohol diamine orthoperiodate especially stabilise high oxidation state metal high negative charge orthoperiodic acid h io stable dehydrate c vacuum metaperiodic acid hio attempt result nonexistent iodine heptoxide o iodine pentoxide oxygen periodic acid protonate sulfuric acid cation isoelectronic give salt bisulfate sulfate polyiodine compound edit iodine dissolve strong acid fume sulfuric acid bright blue paramagnetic solution include cation form solid salt diiodine cation obtain oxidise iodine antimony pentafluoride sbf c sb f sbf salt sb f dark blue blue tantalum analogue ta f know bond length pm pm miss electron remove antibonding orbital make bond strong short fluorosulfuric acid solution deep blue reversibly dimerise c form red rectangular diamagnetic polyiodine cation characterise include bent dark brown black centrosymmetric c h green black know asf alcl salt important polyiodide anion aqueous solution linear triiodide formation explain solubility iodine water increase addition potassium iodide solution k eq c polyiodide find solution contain iodine iodide crystallise salt large weakly polarise cation cs isolate organoiodine compound edit main article organoiodine compound structure oxidising agent acid organoiodine compound fundamental development organic synthesis hofmann elimination amine williamson ether synthesis wurtz couple reaction grignard reagent carbon iodine bond common functional group form core organic chemistry formally compound think organic derivative iodide anion simple organoiodine compound alkyl iodide synthesise reaction alcohol phosphorus triiodide nucleophilic substitution reaction prepare grignard reagent c bond weak carbon halogen bond minuscule difference electronegativity carbon iodine iodide good leaving group halogen extent organoiodine compound turn yellow store time decomposition elemental iodine commonly organic synthesis easy formation cleavage c bond significantly dense organohalogen compound thank high atomic weight iodine organic oxidising agent like iodane contain iodine high oxidation state acid common reagent oxidation alcohol aldehyde iodobenzene dichloride phicl selective chlorination alkene alkyne know use organoiodine compound call iodoform test iodoform chi produce exhaustive iodination methyl ketone compound capable oxidise methyl ketone follow drawback organoiodine compound compare organochlorine organobromine compound great expense toxicity iodine derivative iodine expensive organoiodine compound strong alkylate agent example iodoacetamide iodoacetic acid denature protein irreversibly alkylate cysteine residue prevent reformation disulfide linkage halogen exchange produce iodoalkane finkelstein reaction slightly complicate fact iodide well leaving group chloride bromide difference small reaction drive completion exploit differential solubility halide salt large excess halide salt classic finkelstein reaction alkyl chloride alkyl bromide convert alkyl iodide treatment solution sodium iodide acetone sodium iodide soluble acetone sodium chloride sodium bromide reaction drive product mass action precipitation insoluble salt occurrence production edit iodine abundant stable halogen comprise part million earth crustal rock compare fluorine ppm chlorine ppm bromine ppm element occur significant quantity element rank 61st abundance iodide mineral rare deposit concentrated economical extraction iodate mineral instead example include lautarite dietzeite 8cacro mineral occur trace impurity caliche find chile main product sodium nitrate total contain iodine mass sodium iodate extract caliche reduce iodide sodium bisulfite solution react freshly extract iodate result comproportionation iodine filter caliche main source iodine 19th century continue important today replace kelp long economically viable source late 20th century brine emerge comparable source japanese minami kanto gas field east tokyo american anadarko basin gas field northwest oklahoma large source brine hot c depth source brine purify acidify sulfuric acid iodide present oxidise iodine chlorine iodine solution produce dilute concentrate air blow solution evaporate iodine pass absorbing tower sulfur dioxide reduce iodine hydrogen iodide hi react chlorine precipitate iodine filter purification iodine pack hi cl hcl h o hi h hi cl hcl source ensure chile japan large producer iodine today alternatively brine treat silver nitrate precipitate iodine silver iodide decompose reaction iron form metallic silver solution iodide iodine liberate displacement chlorine application edit half produce iodine go organoiodine compound remain pure element form potassium iodide inorganic iodine compound major use iodine compound catalyst animal feed supplement stabiliser dye colourant pigment pharmaceutical sanitation tincture iodine photography minor use include smog inhibition cloud seed use analytical chemistry chemical analysis edit test seed starch solution iodine iodide iodate anion quantitative volumetric analysis example iodometry iodine starch form blue complex reaction test starch iodine indicator iodometry iodine test starch detect counterfeit banknote print starch contain paper iodine value mass iodine gram consume gram chemical substance typically fat oil iodine number determine unsaturation fatty acid unsaturation form double bond react iodine compound biology linoleic acid alpha linolenic arachidonic acid aa c20 docosahexaenoic acid dha synthesize iodine iodolipid develop cell membrane evolution life important mechanism apoptosis carcinogenesis degenerative disease potassium k hgi know nessler reagent sensitive spot test ammonia similarly cu hgi precipitate reagent test alkaloid aqueous alkaline iodine solution iodoform test methyl ketone spectroscopy edit spectra iodine molecule consist exclusively ten thousand sharp spectral line wavelength range nm commonly wavelength reference secondary standard measure spectroscopic doppler free technique focus line hyperfine structure iodine molecule reveal line resolve component rotational quantum number j component odd rotational quantum number j odd measurable cesium iodide thallium dope sodium iodide crystal scintillator detection gamma ray efficiency high energy dispersive spectroscopy possible resolution poor medicine edit elemental iodine edit main article iodine medical use elemental iodine disinfectant element water soluble triiodide anion generate situ add iodide poorly water soluble elemental iodine reverse chemical reaction make free elemental iodine available antisepsis elemental iodine treat iodine deficiency alternative iodine produce iodophor contain iodine complexe solubilize agent iodide ion think loosely iodophor triiodide water solution example preparation include tincture iodine iodine ethanol iodine sodium iodide mixture ethanol water lugol iodine iodine iodide water form triiodide unlike tincture iodine lugol iodine minimise free iodine component povidone iodine iodophor antimicrobial action iodine quick work low concentration operate theatre specific mode action unknown penetrate microorganism attack particular amino acid cysteine methionine nucleotide fatty acid ultimately result cell death antiviral action nonlipid virus parvovirus sensitive lipid envelop virus iodine probably attack surface protein envelop virus destabilise membrane fatty acid react unsaturated carbon bond formulation edit medicine saturate solution potassium iodide treat acute thyrotoxicosis block uptake thyroid gland isotopes section isotope radiopharmaceutical iobenguane target thyroid thyroid type tissue usually iodide component nuclear fallout particularly dangerous owing thyroid gland propensity concentrate ingested iodine retain period long isotope radiological half life day reason people risk exposure environmental radioactive iodine fallout instruct non radioactive potassium iodide tablet typical adult dose mg tablet hour supply mg microgram ionic iodine typical daily dose iodine normal health order microgram dietary intake ingestion large dose non radioactive iodine minimise uptake radioactive iodine thyroid gland diatrizoic acid iodine contain radiocontrast agent element high electron density atomic number iodine absorb x ray weak kev photoelectric effect innermost electron organoiodine compound intravenous injection x ray radiocontrast agent application conjunction advanced x ray technique angiography ct scanning present water soluble radiocontrast agent rely iodine edit main article iodine value production ethylenediamine dihydroiodide provide nutritional supplement livestock consume large portion available iodine significant use catalyst production acetic acid monsanto cativa process technology support world demand acetic acid hydroiodic acid convert methanol feedstock methyl iodide undergo carbonylation hydrolysis result acetyl iodide regenerate hydroiodic acid give acetic acid inorganic iodide find specialise use titanium zirconium hafnium thorium purify van arkel process involve reversible formation tetraiodide element silver iodide major ingredient traditional photographic film thousand kilogram silver iodide annually cloud seed induce rain organoiodine compound erythrosine important food color agent perfluoroalkyl iodide precursor important surfactant perfluorooctanesulfonic acid iodine clock reaction iodine serve test starch form dark blue complex popular educational demonstration experiment example seemingly oscillate reaction concentration intermediate product oscillate biological role edit main article iodine biology thyroid system thyroid hormones t t comparison iodine content urine france microgramme day region department average level urine iodine measure microgram liter end twentieth century iodine essential element life atomic number z heavy element commonly need live organism lanthanum lanthanide tungsten z microorganism require synthesis growth regulate thyroid hormones thyroxine triiodothyronine t t respectively name number iodine atom deficiency iodine lead decrease production t t concomitant enlargement thyroid tissue attempt obtain iodine cause disease know simple goitre major form thyroid hormone blood thyroxine t long half life t human ratio t t release blood t convert active t time potent t cell deiodinase process decarboxylation deiodination produce iodothyronamine t thyronamine t isoform deiodinase selenium enzyme dietary selenium essential t production iodine account molecular weight t t mg iodine concentrate thyroid tissue hormone iodine body find tissue include mammary gland eye gastric mucosa fetal thymus cerebro spinal fluid choroid plexus arterial wall cervix salivary gland cell tissue iodide enter directly sodium iodide symporter nis action iodine mammary tissue relate fetal neonatal development tissue partially unknown dietary intake edit recommendation united states institute medicine µg infant month µg child year µg child year µg adult µg pregnant woman µg lactation tolerable upper intake level ul adult μg day upper limit assess analyze effect supplementation thyroid stimulate hormone thyroid gland need μg day synthesise requisite daily amount t4 t3 higher recommend daily allowance level iodine necessary optimal function number body system include lactation gastric mucosa salivary gland brain cell choroid plexus thymus arterial wall natural source dietary iodine include seafood fish seaweed kelp shellfish dairy product egg long animal receive iodine plant grow iodine rich soil iodised salt fortify iodine form sodium iodide median intake iodine food united states μg day man μg day woman general population adequate iodine nutrition woman childbeare age pregnant woman have possible mild risk deficiency japan consumption consider high range μg day μg day dietary seaweed kombu kelp form kombu umami extract soup stock potato chip new study suggest japan consumption close μg day adult ul japan revised µg day iodine fortification program iodisation salt implement case iodine induce hyperthyroidism observe call jod basedow phenomenon condition occur mainly people risk appear high iodine deficiency severe initial rise iodine intake high deficiency edit main article iodine deficiency area little iodine diet typically remote inland area semi arid equatorial climate marine food eat iodine deficiency give rise hypothyroidism symptom extreme fatigue goitre mental slowing depression weight gain low basal body temperature iodine deficiency leading cause preventable intellectual disability result occur primarily baby small child render hypothyroidic lack element addition iodine table salt largely eliminate problem wealthy nation iodine deficiency remain public health problem develop world today iodine deficiency problem certain area europe information processing fine motor skill visual problem solve improve iodine repletion moderately iodine deficient child precaution edit toxicity edit iodine hazards ghs pictograms ghs signal word danger ghs hazard statement h312 h332 h315 h319 h335 h372 h400 ghs precautionary statement p261 p273 p280 p305 p351 p338 p314 nfpa fire diamond elemental iodine toxic take orally undiluted lethal dose adult human mg kg gram human weigh kg experiment rat demonstrate animal survive eat mg kg dose excess iodine cytotoxic presence selenium deficiency iodine supplementation selenium deficient population theory problematic partly reason toxicity derive oxidizing property denaturate protein include enzyme elemental iodine skin irritant direct contact skin cause damage solid iodine crystal handle care solution high elemental iodine concentration tincture iodine lugol solution capable cause tissue damage prolong cleaning antisepsis similarly liquid povidone iodine betadine trap skin result chemical burn report case occupational exposure edit people expose iodine workplace inhalation ingestion skin contact eye contact occupational safety health administration osha set legal limit permissible exposure limit iodine exposure workplace ppm mg m workday national institute occupational safety health niosh set recommend exposure limit rel ppm mg m workday level ppm iodine immediately dangerous life health allergic reaction edit people develop hypersensitivity product food contain iodine application tincture iodine betadine cause rash severe parenteral use iodine base contrast agent cause reaction range mild rash fatal anaphylaxi reaction lead misconception widely hold physician people allergic iodine allergy iodine rich seafood construe fact confirm report true iodine allergy allergy elemental iodine simple iodide salt theoretically impossible hypersensitivity reaction product food contain iodine apparently related molecular component person demonstrate allergy food product contain iodine allergic reaction patient food allergy shellfish egg milk etc increase risk contrast medium hypersensitivity medication patient allergy history question consult contain iodine administer dea list status edit phosphorus reduce elemental iodine hydroiodic acid reagent effective reduce ephedrine pseudoephedrine methamphetamine reason iodine designate united states drug enforcement administration list precursor chemical cfr popular culture edit pilot episode breaking bad container iodine visible 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imaging iodine allergy contrast administration lombardo p nairz k boehm patient safety iodine allergy manage patient iodine allergy receive iodinate contrast medium eur j radiol doi pmid katelaris constance iodine allergy label mislead australian prescriber doi skinner methamphetamine synthesis hydriodic acid red phosphorus reduction ephedrine forensic science international doi section substances cover bibliography edit greenwood norman earnshaw alan chemistry elements 2nd ed butterworth heinemann isbn portal access related topic chemistry portal find wikipedia sister project medium commons definitions wiktionary textbooks wikibooks quotations wikiquote source text wikisource learning resource wikiversity v t e periodic table large cell h li b c n o f ne na mg al si p s cl ar k sc ti v cr mn fe co ni cu zn ga ge se br kr rb sr y zr nb mo tc ru rh pd ag cd sn sb te xe cs ba la ce pr nd pm sm eu gd tb dy ho er tm yb lu hf ta w os ir pt au hg tl pb bi po rn fr ra ac th pa u np pu cm bk cf 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modulator authority control bne xx529206 bnf cb11966629x data gnd lccn sh85067769 ndl retrieve category iodine chemical element halogens reactive nonmetal diatomic nonmetal biology pharmacology chemical element dietary mineral oxidize agent gas color hide category cs1 julian gregorian uncertainty webarchive template wayback link cs1 error miss periodical page citation lack title pages citation have bare urls cs1 maint multiple name author list wikipedia pende change protect page article short description short description different wikidata good article use dmy date july use british english january wikiproject elements page engvar article contain ancient greek text chembox have ghs datum chembox container wikipedia article bne identifier wikipedia article bnf identifier wikipedia article gnd identifier wikipedia article lccn identifier wikipedia article ndl identifier personal tool log talk contributions create account log namespaces article talk variant view read edit view history 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