def write_headers(
        self,
        start_line: Union[httputil.RequestStartLine, httputil.ResponseStartLine],
        headers: httputil.HTTPHeaders,
        chunk: bytes = None,
    ) -> "Future[None]":
        """Implements `.HTTPConnection.write_headers`."""
        lines = []
        if self.is_client:
            assert isinstance(start_line, httputil.RequestStartLine)
            self._request_start_line = start_line
            lines.append(utf8("%s %s HTTP/1.1" % (start_line[0], start_line[1])))
            # Client requests with a non-empty body must have either a
            # Content-Length or a Transfer-Encoding.
            self._chunking_output = (
                start_line.method in ("POST", "PUT", "PATCH")
                and "Content-Length" not in headers
                and (
                    "Transfer-Encoding" not in headers
                    or headers["Transfer-Encoding"] == "chunked"
                )
            )
        else:
            assert isinstance(start_line, httputil.ResponseStartLine)
            assert self._request_start_line is not None
            assert self._request_headers is not None
            self._response_start_line = start_line
            lines.append(utf8("HTTP/1.1 %d %s" % (start_line[1], start_line[2])))
            self._chunking_output = (
                # TODO: should this use
                # self._request_start_line.version or
                # start_line.version?
                self._request_start_line.version == "HTTP/1.1"
                # 1xx, 204 and 304 responses have no body (not even a zero-length
                # body), and so should not have either Content-Length or
                # Transfer-Encoding headers.
                and start_line.code not in (204, 304)
                and (start_line.code < 100 or start_line.code >= 200)
                # No need to chunk the output if a Content-Length is specified.
                and "Content-Length" not in headers
                # Applications are discouraged from touching Transfer-Encoding,
                # but if they do, leave it alone.
                and "Transfer-Encoding" not in headers
            )
            # If connection to a 1.1 client will be closed, inform client
            if (
                self._request_start_line.version == "HTTP/1.1"
                and self._disconnect_on_finish
            ):
                headers["Connection"] = "close"
            # If a 1.0 client asked for keep-alive, add the header.
            if (
                self._request_start_line.version == "HTTP/1.0"
                and self._request_headers.get("Connection", "").lower() == "keep-alive"
            ):
                headers["Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
        if self._chunking_output:
            headers["Transfer-Encoding"] = "chunked"
        if not self.is_client and (
            self._request_start_line.method == "HEAD"
            or cast(httputil.ResponseStartLine, start_line).code == 304
        ):
            self._expected_content_remaining = 0
        elif "Content-Length" in headers:
            self._expected_content_remaining = int(headers["Content-Length"])
        else:
            self._expected_content_remaining = None
        # TODO: headers are supposed to be of type str, but we still have some
        # cases that let bytes slip through. Remove these native_str calls when those
        # are fixed.
        header_lines = (
            native_str(n) + ": " + native_str(v) for n, v in headers.get_all()
        )
        lines.extend(l.encode("latin1") for l in header_lines)
        for line in lines:
            if b"\n" in line:
                raise ValueError("Newline in header: " + repr(line))
        future = None
        if self.stream.closed():
            future = self._write_future = Future()
            future.set_exception(iostream.StreamClosedError())
            future.exception()
        else:
            future = self._write_future = Future()
            data = b"\r\n".join(lines) + b"\r\n\r\n"
            if chunk:
                data += self._format_chunk(chunk)
            self._pending_write = self.stream.write(data)
            future_add_done_callback(self._pending_write, self._on_write_complete)
        return future
Implements `.HTTPConnection.write_headers`.