def approximate_interactions(index, shap_values, X, feature_names=None):
    """ Order other features by how much interaction they seem to have with the feature at the given index.

    This just bins the SHAP values for a feature along that feature's value. For true Shapley interaction
    index values for SHAP see the interaction_contribs option implemented in XGBoost.
    """

    # convert from DataFrames if we got any
    if str(type(X)).endswith("'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>"):
        if feature_names is None:
            feature_names = X.columns
        X = X.values

    index = convert_name(index, shap_values, feature_names)

    if X.shape[0] > 10000:
        a = np.arange(X.shape[0])
        np.random.shuffle(a)
        inds = a[:10000]
    else:
        inds = np.arange(X.shape[0])

    x = X[inds, index]
    srt = np.argsort(x)
    shap_ref = shap_values[inds, index]
    shap_ref = shap_ref[srt]
    inc = max(min(int(len(x) / 10.0), 50), 1)
    interactions = []
    for i in range(X.shape[1]):
        val_other = X[inds, i][srt].astype(np.float)
        v = 0.0
        if not (i == index or np.sum(np.abs(val_other)) < 1e-8):
            for j in range(0, len(x), inc):
                if np.std(val_other[j:j + inc]) > 0 and np.std(shap_ref[j:j + inc]) > 0:
                    v += abs(np.corrcoef(shap_ref[j:j + inc], val_other[j:j + inc])[0, 1])
        val_v = v

        val_other = np.isnan(X[inds, i][srt].astype(np.float))
        v = 0.0
        if not (i == index or np.sum(np.abs(val_other)) < 1e-8):
            for j in range(0, len(x), inc):
                if np.std(val_other[j:j + inc]) > 0 and np.std(shap_ref[j:j + inc]) > 0:
                    v += abs(np.corrcoef(shap_ref[j:j + inc], val_other[j:j + inc])[0, 1])
        nan_v = v

        interactions.append(max(val_v, nan_v))

    return np.argsort(-np.abs(interactions))
Order other features by how much interaction they seem to have with the feature at the given index.

    This just bins the SHAP values for a feature along that feature's value. For true Shapley interaction
    index values for SHAP see the interaction_contribs option implemented in XGBoost.