#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define rep(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
#define rep1(i, n) for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
#define per(i, n) for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--)
#define per1(i, n) for (int i = n; i >= 1; i--)
using namespace std;
typedef long long int ll;
template <class T> using V = vector<T>;
template <class T> using VV = V<V<T>>;
/*--------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------------------------------------------------*/
ll f(ll n) {
    return n * (n + 1) / 2;
}

int main() {
    cin.tie(nullptr);
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);

    int T;
    cin >> T;
    rep(i, T) {
        int L, R;
        cin >> L >> R;
        if (2 * L <= R) {
            cout << f(R - 2 * L + 1) << "\n";
        } else {
            cout << 0 << "\n";
        }
    }
    return 0;
}
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long lint;
#define rep(i,n) for(lint (i)=0;(i)<(n);(i)++)
#define repp(i,m,n) for(lint (i)=(m);(i)<(n);(i)++)
#define repm(i,n) for(lint (i)=(n-1);(i)>=0;(i)--)
#define INF (1ll<<60)
#define all(x) (x).begin(),(x).end()
const lint MOD =1000000007;
const lint MAX = 1000000;
using Graph =vector<vector<lint>>;
typedef pair<lint,lint> P;
typedef map<lint,lint> M;
#define chmax(x,y) x=max(x,y)
#define chmin(x,y) x=min(x,y)

 
lint fac[MAX], finv[MAX], inv[MAX];
 
void COMinit() 
{
    fac[0] = fac[1] = 1;
    finv[0] = finv[1] = 1;
    inv[1] = 1;
    for (lint i = 2; i < MAX; i++)
    {
        fac[i] = fac[i - 1] * i % MOD;
        inv[i] = MOD - inv[MOD % i] * (MOD / i) % MOD;
        finv[i] = finv[i - 1] * inv[i] % MOD;
    }
}
 
long long COM(lint n, lint k)
{
    if (n < k)
        return 0;
    if (n < 0 || k < 0)
        return 0;
    return fac[n] * (finv[k] * finv[n - k] % MOD) % MOD;
}
 
lint primary(lint num)
{
    if (num < 2) return 0;
    else if (num == 2) return 1;
    else if (num % 2 == 0) return 0;
 
    double sqrtNum = sqrt(num);
    for (int i = 3; i <= sqrtNum; i += 2)
    {
        if (num % i == 0)
        {
            return 0;
        }
    }
 
    return 1;
}
   long long modpow(long long a, long long n, long long mod) {
    long long res = 1;
    while (n > 0) {
        if (n & 1) res = res * a % mod;
        a = a * a % mod;
        n >>= 1;
    }
    return res;
}
    lint lcm(lint a,lint b){
        return a/__gcd(a,b)*b;
    }
     lint gcd(lint a,lint b){
        return __gcd(a,b);
    } 
   
    int main(){
        lint x,y,a,b;
        cin>>x>>y>>a>>b;
        --y;
        lint ans=0;
        lint c=x;
        while(c<b/a){
            c*=a;
            if(c>y)break;
            ans++;
        }
        lint add=max(0LL,(y-c)/b);
        ans+=add;
        cout<<ans<<endl;

    }
      