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<h2>geom.c, geom2.c, random.c -- geometric and floating point routines</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>Geometrically, a vertex is a point with <em>d</em> coordinates
and a facet is a halfspace. A <em>halfspace</em> is defined by an
oriented hyperplane through the facet's vertices. A <em>hyperplane</em>
is defined by <em>d</em> normalized coefficients and an offset. A
point is <em>above</em> a facet if its distance to the facet is
positive.</p>

<p>Qhull uses floating point coordinates for input points,
vertices, halfspace equations, centrums, and an interior point.</p>

<p>Qhull may be configured for single precision or double
precision floating point arithmetic (see <a href="user.h#realT">realT</a>
). </p>

<p>Each floating point operation may incur round-off error (see
<a href="qh-merge.htm#TOC">Merge</a>). The maximum error for distance
computations is determined at initialization. The roundoff error
in halfspace computation is accounted for by computing the
distance from vertices to the halfspace. </p>
</blockquote>
<p><b>Copyright &copy; 1995-2015 C.B. Barber</b></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="#TOP">&#187;</a> <b>Geom</b>
<a name="TOC">&#149;</a> <a href="qh-globa.htm#TOC">Global</a> &#149;
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<a href="qh-stat.htm#TOC">Stat</a> &#149; <a href="qh-user.htm#TOC">User</a> </p>

<h3>Index to <a href="geom.c">geom.c</a>,
<a href="geom2.c">geom2.c</a>, <a href="geom.h">geom.h</a>,
<a href="random.c">random.c</a>, <a href="random.h">random.h</a>
</h3>

<ul>
<li><a href="#gtype">geometric data types and constants</a> </li>
<li><a href="#gmacro">mathematical macros</a>
</li>
<li><a href="#gmath">mathematical functions</a> </li>
<li><a href="#gcomp">computational geometry functions</a> </li>
<li><a href="#gpoint">point array functions</a> </li>
<li><a href="#gfacet">geometric facet functions</a> </li>
<li><a href="#ground">geometric roundoff functions</a></li>
</ul>

<h3><a href="qh-geom.htm#TOC">&#187;</a><a name="gtype">geometric data types
and constants</a></h3>

<ul>
<li><a href="libqhull.h#coordT">coordT</a> coordinates and
coefficients are stored as realT</li>
<li><a href="libqhull.h#pointT">pointT</a> a point is an array
of <tt>DIM3</tt> coordinates </li>
</ul>

<h3><a href="qh-geom.htm#TOC">&#187;</a><a name="gmacro">mathematical macros</a></h3>

<ul>
<li><a href="geom.h#fabs_">fabs_</a> returns the absolute
value of a </li>
<li><a href="geom.h#fmax_">fmax_</a> returns the maximum
value of a and b </li>
<li><a href="geom.h#fmin_">fmin_</a> returns the minimum
value of a and b </li>
<li><a href="geom.h#maximize_">maximize_</a> maximize a value
</li>
<li><a href="geom.h#minimize_">minimize_</a> minimize a value
</li>
<li><a href="geom.h#det2_">det2_</a> compute a 2-d
determinate </li>
<li><a href="geom.h#det3_">det3_</a> compute a 3-d
determinate </li>
<li><a href="geom.h#dX">dX, dY, dZ</a> compute the difference
between two coordinates </li>
</ul>

<h3><a href="qh-geom.htm#TOC">&#187;</a><a name="gmath">mathematical functions</a></h3>

<ul>
<li><a href="geom.c#backnormal">qh_backnormal</a> solve for
normal using back substitution </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#crossproduct">qh_crossproduct</a>
compute the cross product of two 3-d vectors </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#determinant">qh_determinant</a> compute
the determinant of a square matrix </li>
<li><a href="geom.c#gausselim">qh_gausselim</a> Gaussian
elimination with partial pivoting </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#gram_schmidt">qh_gram_schmidt</a>
implements Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization by rows </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#maxabsval">qh_maxabsval</a> return max
absolute value of a vector </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#minabsval">qh_minabsval</a> return min
absolute value of a dim vector </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#mindiff">qh_mindiff</a> return index of
min absolute difference of two vectors </li>
<li><a href="geom.c#normalize">qh_normalize</a> normalize a
vector </li>
<li><a href="geom.c#normalize2">qh_normalize2</a> normalize a
vector and report if too small </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#printmatrix">qh_printmatrix</a> print
matrix given by row vectors </li>
<li><a href="random.c#rand">qh_rand/srand</a> generate random
numbers </li>
<li><a href="random.c#randomfactor">qh_randomfactor</a> return
a random factor near 1.0 </li>
<li><a href="random.c#randommatrix">qh_randommatrix</a>
generate a random dimXdim matrix in range (-1,1) </li>
</ul>

<h3><a href="qh-geom.htm#TOC">&#187;</a><a name="gcomp">computational geometry functions</a></h3>

<ul>
<li><a href="geom2.c#detsimplex">qh_detsimplex</a> compute
determinate of a simplex of points </li>
<li><a href="io.c#detvnorm">qh_detvnorm</a> determine normal for Voronoi ridge </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#distnorm">qh_distnorm</a> compute
distance from point to hyperplane as defined by normal and offset</li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#facetarea_simplex">qh_facetarea_simplex</a>
return area of a simplex</li>
<li><a href="geom.c#getangle">qh_getangle</a> return cosine
of angle (i.e., dot product) </li>
<li><a href="geom.c#getcenter">qh_getcenter</a> return
arithmetic center for a set of vertices </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#pointdist">qh_pointdist</a> return
distance between two points </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#rotatepoints">qh_rotatepoints</a> rotate
numpoints points by a row matrix </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#sethalfspace">qh_sethalfspace</a> set
coords to dual of halfspace relative to an interior point </li>
<li><a href="geom.c#sethyperplane_det">qh_sethyperplane_det</a>
return hyperplane for oriented simplex using determinates
</li>
<li><a href="geom.c#sethyperplane_gauss">qh_sethyperplane_gauss</a>
return hyperplane for oriented simplex using Gaussian
elimination </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#voronoi_center">qh_voronoi_center</a>
return Voronoi center for a set of points </li>
</ul>

<h3><a href="qh-geom.htm#TOC">&#187;</a><a name="gpoint">point array functions</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="geom2.c#copypoints">qh_copypoints</a> return
malloc'd copy of points</li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#joggleinput">qh_joggleinput</a> joggle
input points by qh.JOGGLEmax </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#maxmin">qh_maxmin</a> return max/min
points for each dimension</li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#maxsimplex">qh_maxsimplex</a> determines
maximum simplex for a set of points </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#printpoints">qh_printpoints</a> print ids for a
set of points </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#projectinput">qh_projectinput</a> project
input using qh DELAUNAY and qh low_bound/high_bound </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#projectpoints">qh_projectpoints</a>
project points along one or more dimensions </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#rotateinput">qh_rotateinput</a> rotate
input points using row matrix </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#scaleinput">qh_scaleinput</a> scale
input points using qh low_bound/high_bound </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#scalelast">qh_scalelast</a> scale last
coordinate to [0,m] for Delaunay triangulations </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#scalepoints">qh_scalepoints</a> scale
points to new lowbound and highbound </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#setdelaunay">qh_setdelaunay</a> project
points to paraboloid for Delaunay triangulation </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#sethalfspace_all">qh_sethalfspace_all</a>
generate dual for halfspace intersection with interior
point </li>
</ul>

<h3><a href="qh-geom.htm#TOC">&#187;</a><a name="gfacet">geometric facet functions</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="geom.c#distplane">qh_distplane</a> return
distance from point to facet </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#facetarea">qh_facetarea</a> return area
of a facet </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#facetcenter">qh_facetcenter</a> return
Voronoi center for a facet's vertices </li>
<li><a href="geom.c#findbest">qh_findbest</a> find visible
facet or best facet for a point </li>
<li><a href="geom.c#findbesthorizon">qh_findbesthorizon</a>
update best new facet with horizon facets</li>
<li><a href="geom.c#findbestnew">qh_findbestnew</a> find best
new facet for point </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#getarea">qh_getarea</a> get area of all
facets in facetlist, collect statistics </li>
<li><a href="geom.c#getcentrum">qh_getcentrum</a> return
centrum for a facet </li>
<li><a href="geom.c#getdistance">qh_getdistance</a> returns
the max and min distance of a facet's vertices to a
neighboring facet</li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#findgooddist">qh_findgooddist</a> find
best good facet visible for point from facet </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#inthresholds">qh_inthresholds</a> return
True if facet normal within 'Pdn' and 'PDn'</li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#orientoutside">qh_orientoutside</a>
orient facet so that <tt>qh.interior_point</tt> is inside</li>
<li><a href="geom.c#projectpoint">qh_projectpoint</a> project
point onto a facet </li>
<li><a href="geom.c#setfacetplane">qh_setfacetplane</a> sets
the hyperplane for a facet </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#sharpnewfacets">qh_sharpnewfacets</a> true
if new facets contains a sharp corner</li>
</ul>

<h3><a href="qh-geom.htm#TOC">&#187;</a><a name="ground">geometric roundoff functions</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="geom2.c#detjoggle">qh_detjoggle</a> determine
default joggle for points and distance roundoff error</li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#detroundoff">qh_detroundoff</a>
determine maximum roundoff error and other precision constants</li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#distround">qh_distround</a> compute
maximum roundoff error due to a distance computation to a
normalized hyperplane</li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#divzero">qh_divzero</a> divide by a
number that is nearly zero </li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#maxouter">qh_maxouter</a> return maximum outer
plane</li>
<li><a href="geom2.c#outerinner">qh_outerinner</a> return actual
outer and inner planes
</ul>

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